Convection

...
10/1/14
CONVECTION
Convection – heat transfer through a fluid in the presence of bulk
fluid motion
§  Forced convection - fluid moved by mechanical means eg. Fan,
propeller or pump
§  Natural convection – fluid moved by temperature difference

(followed by density difference)
...
FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept
CONVECTION
Convection or conduction depending on the

presence of any bulk fluid motion
1
...
10/1/14
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
Newton’s law of cooling
# &
Ts !T" ) %$ Ts !T" ('
q=hA (Ts !T" ) = ( =
s 1 R
hA s
...
where h = convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.oC)
FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE PIPES

§  Types of fluid, laminar or turbulent
– great effect on heat-transfer coefficient
§  More turbulent– greater heat-transfer coefficient
§  Reynolds number, NRe NRe = Dµ

"#
where
v = velocity of fluid (m/s)
!
µ = viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)
ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3)
D = diameter of pipe (m)
2
...
10/1/14
FORCED CONVECTION
Dimensionless numbers:
§  Prandtl number, NPr §  Nusselt number, NNu

µ
cµ
NPr = ! = P NNu = hD
k !c k k
P
where
µ = viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)

ρ = density of fluid (kg/m3)
k = thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m.K)
cP = heat capacity of fluid (J/kg.K)

...
h = heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
D = diameter of pipe (m)
LAMINAR FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE
Tbi fluid Tbo

v
Tw
NRe < 2100 & NReNP r D > 100 : haD 1
% 3 " µ %0.14
=1.86$$ NRe NPr D'' $$ µ b ''
"
L $" NNu '%& =
# a k # L& # w &
where
D = inside diameter of pipe (m) µ b = viscosity of fluid at bulk temperature (Pa.s)
!
L = length of pipe (m) µ w = viscosity of fluid at wall temperature, Tw (Pa.s)
ha = average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
(T bo
+ Tbi )
All physical properties at Tb mean = except µ w
2
(T w
# Tbi ) + (Tw
# Tbo )
q = haA∆Ta where "Ta =
0.14 2
!µ $
## b && ' 1.0
" µw %
FKKKSA ! Chem. Eng. Dept
3
...
10/1/14
TURBULENT FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE

Rate of heat transfer is greater
Many industrial heat transfer processes in the turbulent region
NRe > 6000 , 0.7 ≤ NP r ≤ 16000 &
L > 60:
D
hLD 1 " µ %0.14
NNu = = 0.027 NRe 0.8 NPr 3 $$ µ b ''
where k # w&
µ b = viscosity of fluid at bulk average temperature (Pa.s)

!
µ w = viscosity of fluid at wall temperature (Pa.s)
k = thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m.K)
cP = heat capacity of fluid (J/kg.K)
hL = heat transfer coefficient based on the log mean driving force ∆Tlm
(W/m2.K) ... (TW " Tbi ) " (TW " Tbo )
!TLM =
# T "T &
ln %% W bi ((
D = inside diameter of pipe (m) $ TW " Tbo '
TEMPERATURE PROFILE
Constant surface temperature, TW Constant surface heat flux, q/A
Fluid mean temperature changes during heating or cooling
4
...
10/1/14
TURBULENT FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE

Air at 1 atm total pressure (NRe > 2100) :
0.8
3.52"
hL =
D0.2
Water at T = 4 to 105oC :
!
0.8
" ( o %
hL =1429 1+ 0.0146 T C 0.2
$ '
#
D &
Organic liquids :
! 0.8
"
hL = 423
D0.2
Flow inside helical coils :
!
Hcoil =...hstraight pipes + (1 + 3.5D/Dcoil)
where
υ = velocity of fluid (m/s)
D = inside diameter of pipe (m)
EXAMPLE 4.5-1
Air at 206.8 kPa and an average of 477.6K is being heated as it flows through a
tube of 25.4 mm inside diameter at a velocity of 7.62 m/s. The heating medium
is 488.7K steam condensing on the outside of the tube. Since the heat-transfer
coefficient of condensing steam is several thousand W/m2.K and the resistance
of the metal wall is very small, it will be assumed that the surface wall
termperature of the etal in contact with the air is 488.7K. Calculate the heat-
transfer coefficient for an L/D> 60 and also the heat-transfer flux q/A.
Answers: 63.2 W/m2.K,701.1 W/m2
5
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE 4.5-2
Water is flowing in a horizontal 1-in schedule 40 steel pipe at an average

temperature of 65.6oC and a velocity of 2.44 m/s. It is being heated by
condensing steam at 107.8oC on the outside of the pipe wall. The steam-side
coefficient has been estimated as ho = 10500 W/m2.K. Calculate the
a)  Convective coefficient hi for water inside the pipe. Ans:13324 W/m2.K
b)  overall coefficient Ui based on the inside surface area. Ans: 4586W/m2.K
c)  Heat transfer rate q for 0.305m of pipe with the water at an average
temperature of 65.6oC. Ans: 4935W
...
EXAMPLE
Water flows through a 5-m long 25-mm Sch. 40 pipe at 11L/min. If the water
enters at 10oC and the wall temperature is at 80oC, what is the exit temperature
of the water? Ans: 54oC
Inside diameter of pipe = 0.02664 m

Solution is by trial and error:
1.  Guess Tbo
2.  Determine properties at average temperature.
3.  Determine if it is laminar or turbulent.
4.  Determine the heat transfer coefficient.
! P Tbo ! Tbi = hi Ai !TLM or AVE
5.  Calculate outlet temperature from: mC ( )
6.  Repeat until converged.
6
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE
10o C + 40o C
Lets T0 = 40o C, Tave = = 25o C
2
At the average temp.
! =997.08 kg/m 3 , µ =0.8937 !10-3 kg/m-s, c P = 4.182 kJ/kg K, k = 0.6081W/m.K, N Pr =6.2239
At Tw , µ w = 1.0029 !10-3kg/m-s
4D 2
Ax = = 5.57 !10"4 m 2
4
v=
( )( )(
11 L/min 1 m 3 / 1000 L 1 min/60 sec ) = 0.329 m/s
2
5.57 !10 m "4
( )( )(
m! = ! vA = 997.08 kg/m 3 0.329 m/s 5.57 !10"4 m 2 = 0.1827 kg/s )
N Re =
4m!
=
( ) ...
4 0.1828 kg/s
= 9778.41 ! turbulent
! Dµ 3.14 (0.02664 m ) 0.8937 !10-3 kg/m-s
( )
EXAMPLE
0.14 0.14
hL D ! $
0.8 1/3 µ b
! 0.8937 $
N Nu = = 0.027N Re N Pr ## && = 0.027(9778.41)0.8 (6.2239)1/3 # &
k " µw % " 1.0029 %
hL (0.02664)
N Nu = = 76.0729, hL = 1736.48 W/m 2 K=1.736 kW/m 2 K
(0.6081)
'TLM =
(80 (10) ( (80 ( 40) = 30
= 53.608 K
! 80 (10 $ ! 70 $
ln # & ln # &
" 80 ( 40 % " 40 %
Ai = ! DL = (3.14)(0.02664 m)(5 m)=0.418 m 2
! P 'T = hL Ai 'TLM
mC
(0.1827 kg/s)(4.182 kJ/kg-K)'T = (1.736 kW/m 2 -K)(0.418 m 2 )(53.608 K)
'T = 50.9137
T0 = 10 + 50.9137 = 60.9137 o C
7
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE
Set Tbo = 60o C

10o C + 60o C
Then Tave = = 35o C
2
Water at 35oC:
! =995.13 kg/m 3 , µ =0.7269 !10-3 kg/m-s, cP = 4.183 kJ/kg K, k = 0.6239W/m.K,
N Pr = 4.8581
( )( )(
m! = ! vA = 995.13 kg/m 3 0.329 m/s 5.57 !10"4 m 2 = 0.1824 kg/s )
...
EXAMPLE
4m! 4 (0.1824 kg/s)
N Re = = = 1.2 !104 " turbulent
! Dµ 3.14 (0.02664 m ) 0.7269 !10-3 kg/m-s
( )
0.14 0.14
hL D ! $
0.8 1/3 µ b
! 0.7269 $
N Nu = = 0.027N Re N Pr ## && = 0.027(1.2x104 )0.8 (4.8581)1/3 # &
k " µw % " 1.0029 %
hL (0.02664)
N Nu = = 80.1564, hL = 1877.24 W/m 2 K=1.877 kW/m 2 K
(0.6239)
'TLM =
(80 (10) ( (80 ( 60) = 50
= 39.91 K
! 80 (10 $ ! 70 $
ln # & ln # &
" 80 ( 60 % " 20 %
Energy balance on the liquid:
! P 'T = hL Ai 'TLM
mC
(0.1824 kg/s)(4.183 kJ/kg-K)'T = (1.877 kW/m 2 -K)(0.418 m 2 )(39.91 K)
'T = 41.0
Tbo = 10 + 41.0 = 51 o C
Repeat until converge.
8
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE
Set Tbo = 53o C

10o C + 53o C
Then Tave = = 31.5o C
2
! =995.66 kg/m 3 , µ =7.830 !10-4 kg/m-s, c P = 4.183 kJ/kg K, k =0.6034W/m.K, N Pr = 4.8581
( )( )( )
m! = ! vA = 995.66 kg/m 3 0.329 m/s 5.57 !10"4 m 2 = 0.18246 kg/s
N Re =
4m!
=
(
4 0.18246 kg/s )
= 1.1137 !104 " turbulent
! Dµ 3.14 0.02664 m 0.783!10-3 kg/m-s
( )( )
0.14 0.14
hL D ! $
0.8 1/3 µ b
! 0.783 $
N Nu = = 0.027N Re N Pr ## && = 0.027(1.1137x104 )0.8 (4.8581)1/3 # &
k " µw % " 1.0029 %
h (0.02664) ...
N Nu = L = 76.2645, hL = 1786.1 W/m 2 K=1.786 kW/m 2 K
(0.6239)
EXAMPLE
!TLM =
(80 !10) ! (80 ! 53) = 43
= 45.14 K
" 80 !10 % " 70 %
ln $ ' ln $ '
# 80 ! 53 & # 27 &
! P !T = hL Ai !TLM
mC
(0.1824 kg/s)(4.183 kJ/kg-K)!T = (1.786 kW/m 2 -K)(0.418 m 2 )(45.14 K)
!T = 44.16
Tbo = 10 + 44.16 = 54.16 o C
Close enough. Tbo = (53 + 54.16)/2 = 53.58oC
9
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE 4.5-5
A hydrocarbon oil at 150oF enters inside a pipe with an inside diameter of 0.0303
ft and a length of 15 ft with a flow rate of 80 Ibm/h. The inside pipe surface is
assumed constant at 350oF, since steam is condensing outside the pipe wall,
and has a very large heat-transfer coefficient. The properties of the oil are cpm =
0.50 Btu/Ibm.oF and km =0.083 Btu/h.ft.oF. The viscosity of the oil varies with
temperature as follows: 150oF ,6.50 cp; 200oF , 5.05 cp; 250oF , 3.50 cp; 300oF ,
2.82 cp; 350oF , 1.95 cp. Predict the heat-transfer coefficient and the oil outlet
temperature, Tw.
Answers: 20.1 Btu/h.ft2.oF, 255oF
...
EXAMPLE
Water is to be heated from 15oC to 65oC as it flows through a 3-cm internal

diameter, 5-m long tube. The tube is equipped with an electric resistance heater
that provides uniform heating throughout the surface of the tube. The outer
surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in steady operation all the heat
generated in the heater is transferred to the water in the tube. If the system is to
provide hot water at a rate of 10 L/min, determine the power rating of the
resistance heater. Also, estimate the inner surface temperature of the pipe at the
exit.
Answers: 34.6kW, 115oC
10
...
10/1/14
TRANSITION FLOW INSIDE A PIPE
2100 < NRe < 6000 :
...
where
G = mass velocity of fluid (kg/s.m2) = υρ
FLOW THROUGH TUBE ANNULUS
where
Dh = hydraulic diameter of annulus
11
...
10/1/14
ENTRANCE-REGION EFFECT ON HEAT-TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT
At entrance, h = ∞
Entrance region L/D ≅ 60 Fully developed region
At L/D ≅ 60, h = hL
0.7
h = 1 + &$ D #! 2 < L < 20
hL $L!
% " D
h = 1 + 6&$ D #! 20 < L < 60

hL $L! D
% "
where ...
h = average heat transfer coefficient for a tube of finite length L
hL= heat transfer coefficient for a very long tube
LIQUID METAL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Turbulent flow, NRe > 6000 :
Uniform heat flux, 100 < NPe < 104 & L > 60 :
D
h D
N = L = 0.625 N 0.4
Nu k Pe
Constant wall temperature ( L > 60, NPe > 100 ) :

D
h D
N = L = 5.0 + 0.025 N 0.8
Nu k Pe
where
NPe = Peclet number = NReNPr
12
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE 4.5-3
A liquid metal flows at a rate of 4.00 kg/s through a tube having an inside
diameter of 0.05m. The liquid enters at 500K and is heated to 505K in the
tube. The tube wall is maintained at a temperature of 30K above the fluid
bulk temperature and constant heat flux is also maintained. Calculate the
required tube length. The average physical properties are as follows:
µ = 7.1 x 10-4 Pa.s, ρ= 7400 kg/m3, cp = 120 J/kg.K, k = 13 W/m.K
Ans: 0.203 m
...
LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
13
...
10/1/14
LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
q = hLA∆T lm = haA∆Tam = UA∆T lm

∆T am = ½( ∆T1 + ∆T2) where ∆T am = arithmetic mean temperature
"T # "T where ∆T = log mean temperature difference

"T = 1 2
lm
lm
"T ...
ln 1
"T 2
∆T lm always less than ∆T am

EXAMPLE 4.5-4
A heavy hydrocarbon oil which has a cpm = 2.30 kJ/kg.K is being cooled in a heat
exchanger from 371.9K to 349.7 K and flows inside the tube at a rate of 3630 kg/h.
A flow of 1450 kg water/h enters at 288.6K for cooling and flows outside the tube.
a)  Calculate the water outlet temperature and heat-transfer area if the overalL Ui
= 340 W/m2.K and the streams are countercurrent
b)  Repeat for parallel flow
Answers: 2.66 m2, 2.87m2
14
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE
A counterflow, concentric tube heat exchanger is used to cool the lubricating oil
for a large industrial gas turbine engine. The flow rate of cooling water through
the inner tube (Di = 25 mm) is 0.2 kg/s, while the flow rate of oil through the outer
annulus (Do = 45mm) is 0.1 kg/s. The oil and water enter at temperatures of 100
and 30oC, respectively. The overall heat transfer coefficient is 37.8 W/m2.K.How
long must the tube be made if the outlet temperature of the oil is to be 60oC?
Engine oil: cp = 2131 J/kg.K, µ= 3.25 x 10-2 kg/m.s, k = 0.138 W/m.K.
Answer: 66.5m
...
EXAMPLE
Water enters a 2.5-cm-internal-diameter thin copper tube of a heat exchanger at

15°C at a rate of 0.3 kg/s, and is heated by steam condensing outside at 120°C.
If the average heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m2 oC, determine the length of
the tube required in order to heat the water to 115°C.
Answer: 61m
15
...
10/1/14
FLOW PARALLEL TO FLAT PLATE

For heat transfer along the entire length of the surface, L,
for laminar flow: 5
NRe,L < 3 x 10 , NPr > 0.7 :
N
hL
= 0.664 N 0.5 N 1
= 3
Nu k Re, L Pr
For turbulent flow:

NRe,L > 3 x 105 , NPr > 0.7 :
NNu = hL =0.0366 N0.8 N1Pr3

k Re, L
where
NRe, L = L!µ " depends on: geometry, surface finish, pressure gradient, etc.
&$...
T + T #!
All physical properties at T = % w b " where T = average bulk fluid temp.
b
f 2
EXAMPLE 4.6-1
A smooth, flat, thin fin of copper extending out from a tube is 51 mm by 51 mm

square. Its temperature is approximately uniform at 82.2oC. Cooling at 15.6oC
and 1 atm abs flows parallet to the fin at a velocity of 12.2 m/s.
a)  For laminar flow, calculate the heat-transfer coefficient, h
b)  If the leading edge of the fin is rough so that all of the boundary layer or film
next to the fin is completely turbulent, calculate h.
Answer: 60.7 W/m2.K, 77.2 W/m2.K
16
...
10/1/14
CYLINDER WITH AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO FLOW
...
NRe = 2000
17
...
10/1/14

hD 1
N = =CN m N 3
Nu k Re Pr
NRe m C
1 -4 0.330 0.898
4 – 40 0.385 0.911
40 – 4 x 103 0.466 0.683
4 x 103 – 4 x 104 0.618 0.193
4 x 104 – 2.5 x 105 0.805 0.0266
NRe = D!
µ
"
where υ = undisturbed free stream velocity approaching the cylinder

...
&$ T + T #!
All physical properties at T = % w b"
f 2
FLOW PAST SINGLE SPHERE
hD 1
N = = 2 + 0.6 N 0.5 N 3
Nu k Re Pr
NRe = 1 - 70000 & NP r = 0.6 - 400 NRe = D!

µ
"
&$ T + T #!
f 2
18
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE 4.6-2
Using the same conditions as example 4.6-1, where air at 1 atm abs pressure
and 15.6oC is flowing at a velocity of 12.2 m/s, predict the average heat-transfer
coefficient for air flowing past a sphere having a diameter of 51 mm and an
average surface temperature of 82.2oC. Compare this with the value of h = 77.2
W/m2.K for the flat plate in turbulent flow.
Answer: 56.1 W/m2.K
...
COOLING A NUCLEAR REACTOR
19
...
10/1/14
FLOW PAST BANKS OF TUBES OR CYLINDERS
...
In-line tube rows staggered tube rows
S P = Tube spacing parallel to flow.

Sn = Tube spacing normal to flow.
S P' = Diagonal tube spacing for staggered rows.
20
...
10/1/14
NNu = hD = C NRem NPr 1 3

k
where Dυmax ρ
N Re = µ
υSn
In-line tube rows υmax =
Sn − D
Staggered tube rows
υSn υS
υmax = or υmax = 2(Sʹ′ n
Sn − D p − D) &$ T + T #!
... All physical properties at T = % w b"
f 2
q = hA(Tw-Tb) = mcpΔT where m = mass flowrate at entrance = υρAx

k
Values of m & C in Table 4.6-2 for tubes > 10 transverse rows
21
...
10/1/14

k
Correction factor in Table 4.6-3 for tubes < 10 transverse rows
...
Procedure for solving tube bank problems:

Given: tube geometry, inlet temperature, tube surface temp., fluid velocity.
1.  Assume an outlet temperature.
2.  Determine properties of the fluid at the average temperature.
3.  Calculate max. velocity based on geometry.
4.  Calculate Reynolds number based on max. velocity.
5.  Determine average heat transfer coefficent.
6.  Determine overall q from total area of all tubes using temperature
difference between tube wall and average fluid temperature.
7.  Determine mass flow rate from: m! = ! vAx Ax = cross-sectional area
8.  Use ! P !T
q = mC to determine temperature drop.
9.  Continue until guessed Tbo = calculated Tbo.
22
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE 4.6-3
Air at 15.6oC and 1 atm abs flows across a bank of tubes

containing four transverse rows in the direction of flow and
10 rows normal to the flow at a velocity of 7.62 m/s as the
air approaches the bank of tubes. The tube surfaces are
maintained at 57.2oC. The outside diameter of the tubes is
25.4 mm and the tubes are in-line to the flow. The spacing
Sn of the tubes normal to the flow is 38.1 mm and Sp is
also 38.1 mm parallel to the flow. For a 0.305-m length of
the tube bank, calculate the heat transfer rate.
Answer: 5852 W
...
FLOW IN PACKED BEDS or FLUIDIZED BED

&c µ #
h $ p ! 2 3 2.876 0.3023
)J = ) $ ! = +
H c (' ' $ k ! N N 0.35
p % "f Re Re
NRe = 10 - 10000
where
υ = superfifcial velocity based on cross-section of the empty
container (m/s)
ε = void fraction
D G'
N Re = µp
f
G = superficial mass velocity (kg/m2) = υ ρ

Subscript f indicates properties at film temperature
23
...
10/1/14
FREE CONVECTION
...
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

VERTICAL PLANES & CYLINDERS
Length L < 1 m
m
N = hL = a⎜⎜ L ρ gβ
⎛ 3 2 ΔT cPµ ⎞⎟ = a(N N )m
Nu k ⎜
⎝ µ 2 k ⎟⎟⎠ Gr Pr
where
NGr = Grashof number
∆T = ( Tw – Tbmean) = positive temp. difference (K)
β = volumetric coefficient of expansion of the fluid in
1/K (for gases β is 1/(TfK)
g = 9.80665 (m/s2)
&$ T + T #!
f 2
24
...
10/1/14

VERTICAL PLANES & CYLINDERS
m
N = hL = a⎜⎜ L ρ gβ
⎛ 3 2 ΔT cPµ ⎞⎟ = a(N N )m
Nu k ⎜
⎝ µ2 k ⎟⎠
⎟
Gr Pr
Values of m & a from Table 4.7-1
...
EXAMPLE 4.7-1
A heated vertical wall 0.305 m high of an oven for baking food with the surface at
505.4K is in contact with air at 311 K. Calculate the heat-transfer coefficient and the
heat transfer/ 0.305 m width of wall. Note the heat transfer for radiation will not be
considered.
Answer: 7.03 W/m2.K,127.1 W
25
...
10/1/14

HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS
m
hDo ⎛⎜ Do 3ρ2gβΔT cPµ ⎞⎟ NGrNPr = 104 - 109
N = = a⎜ ⎟ = a(N N )m
Nu k ⎜ µ2 k ⎟⎠ Gr Pr
⎝
...
EXAMPLE
A 6-m long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot-water pipe passes through a

large room whose temperature is 20oC. If the outer surface temperature of the pipe
is 70oC, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection.
Answer: 498 W
26
...
10/1/14

HORIZONTAL PLATES
ΔT cPµ ⎞⎟ = a(N N )m
m
= hL = a⎜⎜ L ρ gβ
⎛ 3 2
N
Nu k ⎜
⎝
µ 2 k ⎟⎠
⎟
Gr Pr
L = length of a side of a square plate, linear mean of the 2 dimensions for a
rectangle or 0.9 Dcircular disc
Upper surface
Hot Plate of heated or
(Ts > T∞) lower surface
of cooled
plates
Cold Plate Upper surface of

(Ts < T∞) Cooled or lower
... surface of
heated plates

HORIZONTAL PLATES
ΔT cPµ ⎞⎟ = a(N N )m
m
= hL = a⎜⎜ L ρ gβ
⎛ 3 2
N
Nu k ⎜
⎝
µ2 k ⎟⎠
⎟
Gr Pr
L = length of a side of a square plate, linear mean of the 2

dimensions for a rectangle or 0.9 Dcircular disc
27
...
10/1/14
NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER:

SIMPLIFIED EQUATIONS
Holds for
104 < NGrNPr < 109
L3ΔT < 4.7 m3.K
...
At pressures other than 1 atm, the heat transfer coefficients are multiplied by a correction
factor:
For NGr N Pr from 104 to 109 multiply by P1/ 2
For NGr N Pr > 109 multiply by P 2 / 3
where P is in atmospheres.
28
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE 4.7-2
Repeat example 4.7-1 but use the simplified equation.

Answer:6.88 W/m2.K ,124.4 W
...
NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSED SPACES :

SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTOR
29
...
10/1/14
NATURAL CONVECTION IN ENCLOSED SPACES

GASES ENCLOSED BETWEEN VERTICAL PLATES
For NGrNPr < 2 x 103 : N = h" =1
Nu k
For 6 x 103 < NGrNPr !< 2 x 105 :

14
⎛ δ 3 ρ 2 gβΔT c P µ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟ (N N )1 4
h δ ⎝ µ2 k ⎟⎠ Gr Pr
N = = 0.2 = 0.2
Nu k ⎛⎜ L δ ⎞⎟
19
⎛⎜ L δ ⎞⎟
19
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
For 2 x 105 < NGrNPr < 2 x 107 :

13
⎛ δ 3 ρ 2 gβΔT c P µ ⎞
⎜⎜ ⎟ (N N )1 3
h δ ⎝ µ2 k ⎟⎠ Gr Pr
N = = 0.073 = 0.073
Nu k ⎛⎜ L δ ⎞⎟
19
⎛⎜ L δ ⎞⎟
19
... ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛⎜ T1 + T2 ⎞⎟⎠
L">3 All physical properties at Tm = ⎝
2
!

LIQUID ENCLOSED BETWEEN VERTICAL PLATES
For NGrNPr < 1 x 103 :
N = h" =1
Nu k
For 1! x 103 < NGrNPr < 1 x 107 :

14
⎛ δ 3 ρ 2 gβΔT c P µ ⎞
L">3 ⎜⎜ ⎟ (N N )1 4
µ2 k ⎟⎠
N = hδ = 0.28 ⎝ = 0.28 Gr Pr
Nu k ⎛⎜ L δ ⎞⎟
14
⎛⎜ L δ ⎞⎟
14
! ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
"$
T1 + T2%'&
All physical properties at Tm = #
2
!
30
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE 4.7-3
Air at 1 atm abs pressure is enclosed between two vertical plates where L = 0.6 m
and δ = 30 mm. The plates are 0.4 m wide. The plate temperatures are T1 = 394.3
K and T2 = 366.5 K. Calculate the heat-transfer rate across the air gap.
Answer: 12.74 W
...
LIQUID OR GASES IN A VERTICAL ANNULUS
T1 &$ D2 # D1)'(
D1 "=%
2
D2 T2
! Same equations as for vertical plates
Ao − A i
Cylindrical annulus: Am =
A
ln o
Ai
Spherical annulus: Am = A o A
i
31
...
10/1/14

GASES IN HORIZONTAL PLATES L T
c
Lower plate hotter than the upper : δ
For 7 x 103 < NGrNPr < 3 x 105 : 14 T
⎜ δ ρ gβΔT c P µ ⎟
⎛ 3 2 ⎞
= hδ = 0.2⎜ h
14
N ⎟ = 0.2(NGr N Pr )
Nu k ⎜⎜ µ2 k ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
For NGrNPr >3 x 105 :
13
N = hδ = 0.061⎜
⎛
⎜ δ 3 ρ 2 gβΔT c P µ ⎞⎟⎟ = 0.061(N N ) 1 3
Nu k ⎜⎜
µ2
k ⎟⎟ Gr Pr
⎝ ⎠
LIQUID IN HORIZONTAL PLATES

Lower plate hotter than the upper :
For 1.5 x 103 < NGrNPr < 1x 109 :
...
13
N = hδ = 0.069
⎛
⎜
⎜
δ ρ 2 gβΔT c P µ ⎞⎟⎟ N 0.074 = 0.069(N N ) 1 3 N 0.074
3
Nu k ⎜⎜ µ2
k ⎟⎟
Pr Gr Pr Pr
⎝ ⎠
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
32
...
10/1/14
BOILING
Evaporation - at liquid–vapor interface
Boiling – at solid–liquid interface when a liquid is brought into contact with a
surface maintained at a temperature sufficiently above the saturation
temperature of the liquid.
...
Boiling takes different forms, depending on the ΔTexcess=Tw- Tsat

BOILING
nucleate boiling
transition boiling
film boiling
33
...
10/1/14
NUCLEATE BOILING
Water boiling on the outside of submerged surfaces at 1 atm abs pressure :
HORIZONTAL SURFACE
h = 1043 ⎛⎜⎝ ΔT⎞⎟⎠
13 q
< 16 and 0 < ΔT < 7.76
A
h = 5.56 ⎛⎜⎝ ΔT⎞⎟⎠
3 q
16 < < 240 and 7.32 < ΔT < 14.4
A
VERTICAL SURFACE
17 q
h = 537 ⎛⎜⎝ ΔT⎞⎟⎠ <3 and 0 < ΔT < 4.51
A
h = 7.95 ⎛⎜⎝ ΔT⎞⎟⎠
3
3 < q < 63 and 4.41 < ΔT < 9.43
A
where : ΔT = Tw – Tsat. K
When pressure = p atm, h x p 0.4
...
FORCED CONVECTION
p
BOILING INSIDE TUBES
3
h = 2.55 ⎛⎜⎝ ΔT⎞⎟⎠ e 1551 where p in kPa
FILM BOILING
HORIZONTAL TUBE ⎛
⎜ k ν 3 ρ ν ⎛⎜⎝ρ l − ρ ν ⎞⎟⎠g⎛⎜⎜h fg + 0.4cp ΔT⎞⎟⎟ ⎟⎟
⎞
14
⎜ ν
h = 0.62
⎜
⎝ ⎠
⎟
⎜
⎜⎜ Dµ ν ΔT ⎟
⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
where ΔT = (Tw – Tsat. )K (Tsat = temperature of sat. vapor)
kv = thermal conductivity of vapour (W/m.K)
ρv = density of vapour (kg/m3)
ρl = density of liquid (kg/m3)
hfg= latent heat of vapourization at Tsat. (J/kg)
D = outside tube diameter (m)
µv =viscosity of vapour (Pa.s)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2)
Tf
(Tw + Tsat )
All physical properties of vapour at =
2
34
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE
Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a mechanically polished stainless

steel pan placed on top of a heating unit. The inner surface of the bottom of the pan
is maintained at 108oC. If the diameter of the bottom of the pan is 30 cm, determine
a)  the rate of heat transfer to the water and
b)  the rate of evaporation of water.
Answer: 1610 W, 7.133 x 10-4 kg/s
...
CONDENSATION
Saturated vapour comes in contact with a solid whose surface temperature is
below the saturation temperature
1) film-type condensation
Film of condensate on the surface –
main resistance to heat transfer
More common
2) Dropwise condensation
Small droplets on surface, grow and coalesce, slide down

Large area devoid of any liquid, exposed directly to vapour
On contaminated surfaces & when impurities are present
35
...
10/1/14
CONDENSATION
VERTICAL SURFACE (LAMINAR NRe < 1800 ):
14
3 ⎞
⎜ ρ ⎛⎜ ρ − ρ ⎞⎟gh L ⎟
⎛
hL ⎜ l ⎝ l ν ⎠ fg
N Nu = = 1.13⎜ ⎟
⎟
kl ⎜⎜ µ l k l ΔT ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
where ΔT = (Tsat –Tw. )K (Tsat = temperature of sat. liquid)
kl = thermal conductivity of liquid (W/m.K)
ρv = density of vapour (kg/m3)
hfg= latent heat of condensation at Tsat. (J/kg)
L = vertical height of surface or tube (m)
µl =viscosity of liquid (Pa.s)
... gravity (m/s2) = 9.8066
g = acceleration of
Tf
(Tw + Tsat )
2
CONDENSATION
LONG VERTICAL SURFACE (TURBULENT
13
AT BOTTOM):
3 ⎞
⎜ gρ 2 L ⎟
⎛
hL 0.4
N Nu == 0.0077⎜⎜ l ⎟ ⎛ N
⎟ ⎜
Re
⎞
⎟
kl ⎜ µ 2
l
⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
where m = total mass of condensate at tube or plate bottom (kg/s)
kl = thermal conductivity of liquid (W/m.K)
4m 4Γ
NRe = Reynolds number = πDµ = µ (substitute D for W for plate)
l l
Γ= m/πD or m/W (W = width).
µl =viscosity of liquid (Pa.s)
L = vertical height of surface or tube (m)
g = acceleration of gravity (m/s2) = 9.8066
Tf
(Tw + Tsat )
2
36
...
10/1/14
EXAMPLE
Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2-m-high and 3-m-wide

vertical plate that is maintained at 80oC by circulating cooling water through the
other side. Determine
a)  the rate of heat transfer by condensation to the plate and
b)  the rate at which the condensate drips off the plate at the bottom
Answer: 0.282 kg/s,6.45 x 105 W
37

Convection

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Convection

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

...

§ Natural convection – fluid moved by temperature difference

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Convection or conduction depending on the

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

Newton’s law of cooling

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FORCED CONVECTION INSIDE PIPES

§ More turbulent– greater heat-transfer coefficient

§ Reynolds number, NRe NRe = Dµ

§ Prandtl number, NPr § Nusselt number, NNu

µ = viscosity of fluid (Pa.s)

k = thermal conductivity of fluid (W/m.K)

cP = heat capacity of fluid (J/kg.K)

LAMINAR FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE

Tbi fluid Tbo

TURBULENT FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE

µ b = viscosity of fluid at bulk average temperature (Pa.s)

Constant surface temperature, TW Constant surface heat flux, q/A

Fluid mean temperature changes during heating or cooling

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

TURBULENT FLOW INSIDE HORIZONTAL PIPE

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Water is flowing in a horizontal 1-in schedule 40 steel pipe at an average

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Inside diameter of pipe = 0.02664 m

Set Tbo = 60o C

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Set Tbo = 53o C

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Water is to be heated from 15oC to 65oC as it flows through a 3-cm internal

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

TRANSITION FLOW INSIDE A PIPE

2100 < NRe < 6000 :

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FLOW THROUGH TUBE ANNULUS

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

ENTRANCE-REGION EFFECT ON HEAT-TRANSFER

h = 1 + 6&$ D #! 20 < L < 60

LIQUID METAL HEAT-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Constant wall temperature ( L > 60, NPe > 100 ) :

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

LOG MEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE

q = hLA∆T lm = haA∆Tam = UA∆T lm

"T # "T where ∆T = log mean temperature difference

∆T lm always less than ∆T am

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

Water enters a 2.5-cm-internal-diameter thin copper tube of a heat exchanger at

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

FLOW PARALLEL TO FLAT PLATE

For turbulent flow:

NNu = hL =0.0366 N0.8 N1Pr3

A smooth, flat, thin fin of copper extending out from a tube is 51 mm by 51 mm

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

CYLINDER WITH AXIS PERPENDICULAR TO FLOW

FKKKSA Chem. Eng. Dept

§  Natural convection – fluid moved by temperature difference

§  More turbulent– greater heat-transfer coefficient

§  Reynolds number, NRe NRe = Dµ

§  Prandtl number, NPr §  Nusselt number, NNu