Polytechnic University of the Philippines

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
CEA Bldg. NDC Compound, Pureza St.

INTEGRATIVE COURSE – HYDRAULICS 2

HYDRAULICS 2
Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
Q=Av A1v1=A2v2= A3v3 Efficiency=100%(Output/Input)
M=ρQ E=v2/2g+ p/γ+z 1 hp=746 Watts=550ft-lb/sec
W=γQ Power= QγE 1 Watt=1N-m/s=1 Joules/sec

MAY 2014. Situation 6 – A certain fluid have a specific gravity of 1.25

flows through a 150-mm-diameter pipe with mean velocity of 1.2 m/s.
18. Determine the volume flow rate.
A. 0.01767 m3/s C. 0.02121
B. 0.02651 D. 0.03181
19. Determine the mass flow rate.
A. 26.507 kg/s C. 17.671
B. 21.206 D. 31.809
20. Determine the weight flow rate.
A. 207.96 N/s C. 311.94
B. 259.95 D. 173.30
MAY 2011. Situation 4 – A pump draws 24 liters per second of water from
reservoir C and lifts it to reservoir D as shown in Figure 402. The head
lost from C to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 150-mm suction line
and the head lost from 2 to D is 25 times the velocity head in the 100-
mm discharge line.
1. What is the power delivered by the pump to the system in hp?
A. 73.21 C. 83.87
B. 65.93 D. 79.62
2. What is the pressure head at point 1 in meters of water?
A. 19.62 C. 32.67
B.23.56 D. 16.58
3. What is the pressure head at point 2 in meters of water?
A. 234.89 C. 271.42
B. 321.67 D. 178.43
Fluid Flow Measurement
C or Cd=Q/QT For orifice:
h2
A s dh
Cv= v/vT v= cv√(2gH) t=∫
h1
Q
A s1 A s 2
h2 dh
Cc= a/A Q=CA√(2gH) A s1 + A
t=∫ s2

h1
Q
C or Cd=CcCv H=Head Upstream-
MAY 2015. A jet is issued from the side of a tank under a constant as
shown. The side of the tank has an inclination of 1H to 1V. The total
depth of water in the tank is h1=6.70 m and the orifice is located h2=3.7
m above the bottom of the tank. Neglecting air resistance and assuming
Cv=1.0, determine the following:
47. The maximum height to which the jet will rise above the
orifice.
A. 1.5 meters C. 1.85
B. 2 D. 2.5

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 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
CEA Bldg. NDC Compound, Pureza St.

INTEGRATIVE COURSE – HYDRAULICS 2

48. The point “x” the jet will strike a horizontal plane 1.20 m
below the bottom of the tank.
A. 10.87 meters C. 10.39
B. 12.35 D. 9.2
49. The time it takes for the jet to strike a horizontal plane 1.20
m below the bottom of the tank.
A. 1.763 seconds C. 1.725
B. 1.695 D. 1.735

MAY 2012. Situation 26 – Two vertical tanks are connected near the
bottom by a short tube having a cross sectional area of 0.00625 m2, the
cross-sectional areas of the tanks are 8 m2 and 2 m2 respectively. The
tank contains water with the water surface in the larger tank 4 m above
the tube and in the smaller tank 1 m above the tube. Assume a constant
discharge coefficient of 0.72.
83. Find the flow of water to the smaller tank if the head is
constant.
A. 43.9 L/s C. 34.5
B. 28.5 D. 39.4
84. Find the time for the water surface in the two tanks to reach
the same elevation.
A. 321 s C. 231
B. 278 D. 432
85. Find the time for the water surfaces in the tanks to be 1 m
apart.
A. 117.5 s C. 154.2
B. 103.1 D. 134.9
A 1.25 cm diameter orifice, in a vertical wall of a tank under a
constant head of 5.50 m, discharge 0.450 m3 in 9.5 min. Find the
coefficient of discharge.
A. 0.69 C. 0.65
B. 0.60 D. 0.62
Fluid Flow in Pipes
Darcy-Weisbach Manning’s Hazen Williams
fL v 2 6.35n 2 L Q2
hf = hf = 4 Q = 0.2785C1D2.63S0.54
D 2g D3

0.0827 fL Q
2 10.29 n2 LQ2 10.67 L Q1.85
hf = hf = 16 hf =
D
5
D3 C 11.85 D4.87
Re = υDρ/μ Pipes connected in series parallel
Pipes connected in
ν = μ/ρ Q1= Q2= Q3=Q Q= Q1+ Q2+ Q3
For non-circular pipes, D=4R HL= hf1+ hf2+ hf3 HL= hL1= hL2= hL3

MAY 2015. Situation 9 – Reservoir B in the figure receives 0.06 m3/s of

flow. Determine the following:
53. The flow in line AD.
A. 0.219 m3/s C. 0.233
B. 0.203 D. 0.173

54. The flow in line DC.

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 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
CEA Bldg. NDC Compound, Pureza St.

INTEGRATIVE COURSE – HYDRAULICS 2

A.
0.143 m3/s C. 0.159
B. 0.113 D. 0.173
55. The elevation of reservoir B.
A. 92.76 m C. 91.06
B. 90.04 D. 89.09
MAY 2012. Situation 29 – Water flows in a 400-mm-diameter pipe at the
rate of 600 liters per second. The pipe has a length of 60 m.
92. Compute the head loss using Darcy-Weisbach formula with f=0.028
A. 4.98 m C. 4.65
B. 5.02 D. 4.88
93. Compute the head loss using Hazen William’s formula with C1=92.
A. 4.65m C. 4.88
B. 4.98 D. 5.02
94. Compute the head loss using Manning’s formula with n=0.013.
A. 5.02m C. 4.98
B. 4.88 D. 4.65
MAY 2014. Situation 9 – The total flow in the pipe system shown in the
figure is 0.86 m3/s. Assume f=0.032 for all pipes.
Pipe 1: D = 400 mm, L = 400 m
Pipe 2: D = 600 mm, L = 350 m
Pipe 3: D = 500 mm, L = 420 m
27. What is the flow in line 1?
A. 0.259 m3/s C. 0.448
B. 0.362 D. 0.152
28. What is the flow in line 2?
A. 0.152 m3/s C. 0.274
B. 0.448 D. 0.259
29. What is the flow in line 3?
A. 0.124 m3/s C. 0.259
B. 0.152 D. 0.448
NOVEMBER 2004. Situation 2 – Crude oil having density of 856 kg/m3 and
dynamic viscosity of 72x10-4 Pa-s flows in a 75-mm-diameter pipe 1250 m
long, at the rate of 0.12 m/s.
3. What is the nearest value to the Reynold’s Number?
A. 1236 C. 1070
B. 1520 D. 1860
4. What is the nearest value to the friction factor?
A. 0.0518 C. 0.0344
B. 0.0598 D. 0.0421
5. What is the nearest value to the total head lost in meters?
A. 0.634 C. 0.515
B. 0.421 D. 0.731

Open Channel
Most Efficient Sections (regular sections)
Engr. APFIII v2 For rectangular section: For triangular section:
3|Page
Specific energy,
2 1 H= +d Minimum specific energy = 3/2 dc
1 2g
v = R 3 2S 2 b=2d; R=d/2 θ=90°; A=d2
FN=
n Q B
3 For trapezoidal section:
Section Factor = A
For circular section: √ A
B
 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
CEA Bldg. NDC Compound, Pureza St.

INTEGRATIVE COURSE – HYDRAULICS 2

CE Board
Nov. 2004.
MAY 2014 Situation 12 - An open channel has a bottom width of 4.5 m. The
velocity of flow is 1.2 m/s. Determine the discharge under the following
conditions:
36. Most efficient trapezoidal section.
A. 31.57 m3/s C. 19.09
B. 24.94 D. 38.97
37. Trapezoidal section with one side vertical and the other
sloping 45 degrees and depth of flow of 2/3 the base width.
A. 17.07 m3/s C. 21.60
B. 26.67 D. 13.07
38. Minimum seepage with side slope of 65 degrees.
A. 8.91 m3/s C. 13.93
B. 6.82 D. 11.28

NOVEMBER 2013. Situation 5 – Uniform flow occurs in a 10-meter-wide

rectangular channel. The flow on the channel is 24.8 m3/s and the depth
of flow is 1.20 m. Roughness coefficient n=0.012.
13. Calculate the slope of the channel.
A. 0.00064 C. 0.00048
B. 0.00025 D. 0.00093
14. What is the specific energy of flow in meters?
A. 1.698 m C. 1.568
B. 1.997 D. 1.418
15. Compute the boundary shearing stress in Pascals.
A. 7.5 C. 6.8
B. 6.1 D. 5.4

Engr. APFIII 4|Page

 Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
CEA Bldg. NDC Compound, Pureza St.

INTEGRATIVE COURSE – HYDRAULICS 2

Celerity,
c
Time for the pressure to travel, T=2L/c
Types of closure:
1. Instantaneous closure (tc=0)
P=ρcυ
2. Rapid/sudden closure (tc ≤T)
P=ρcυ
3. Slow closure (tc>T)
P=2Lρυ/T

C=
√ EB
ρ
For rigid pipes

√(
EB
C=
E B∗d For non-rigid pipes
ρ
Et )
Situation. Water is flowing at 2.2 m/sec in a cast iron pipe with
diameter of 600 mm. A pipeline 350 m long. The pipe has a thickness of
20 mm and the bulk modulus of water is 2.2 x 10^9 Pa and that steel is
1.4 x 10^11 Pa. Determine the following:
10. What is the celerity of pressure wave?
A. 1223 m/s C. 1360
B. 1438 D. 1193
11. If the valve is closed instantaneously, what will be the water
hammer pressure experienced in the pipe.
A. 2529.4 kPa C. 2690.6
B. 2472.6 D. 2730.1
12. What length of time should be allowed for closing the valve to
avoid the water hammer pressure?
A. 0.382 secs C. 0.285
B. 0.570 D. 0.421

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