2014 Sixth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks
A New Contribution to Distribution Load
Flow Analysis for Radial and Mesh
Distribution Systems
Ravi Teja Bhimarasetti
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Kurukshetra
Kurukshetra, India
e-mail bvsrteja@gmail.com
Abstract— This paper presents a new and efficient
method for solving the load flow problem of a
distribution system. It is mainly based on network
topology, basic circuit laws and power summation
technique. The main contribution of this paper is: (i)
proposing a new and efficient load flow method for
radial and weakly meshed distribution systems, (ii)
evaluating the impact of load models, different X/R
ratios, load growth and tolerance levels, (iii) analysis of
impact of number of loops on weakly meshed
distribution systems, (iv) comparison of radial and
weakly meshed distribution system. The results are
obtained for voltage profile, total power losses time of
computation, and number of iterations. Computer
program coded to implement this power flow solution
scheme in MATLAB and successfully applied to several
practical distribution networks with radial and weakly
meshed structure. Effectiveness of the proposed load
flow method has been presented on IEEE 33 bus and
IEEE 69 bus radial and meshed distribution networks.
The proposed load flow method is compared with
existing load flow method Teng J. H. to demonstrate its
effectiveness. The test result shows that the proposed
method possesses faster convergence characteristics for
the distribution networks.
Keywords— Load flow, radial and mesh distribution
systems, load growth.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power flow analysis is a very important and basic
tool in the field of power system engineering. It is
used in the planning and design stages as well as
during the operational stages of a power system.
Some applications, especially in the fields of
optimization of power system and distribution
automation, need repeated fast power flow solutions.
In these applications, it is imperative that the power
flow analysis is solved as efficiently as possible.
With the development of microcomputer,
distribution-substation-owned computer programs
have become a necessity. However, the choice of
solution methods for the practical application is
difficult. It requires a careful analysis of comparative
merits and demerits of those methods available in
respect of memory storage requirements,
computation speed and convergence criterion. A
power flow method must be robust and time efficient
to tackle the special features of distribution system,
978-1-4799-6929-6/14 $31.00 © 2014 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/CICN.2014.255
10.1109/.255
Ashwani Kumar, member IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Kurukshetra
Kurukshetra, India
e-mail ashwa_ks@yahoo.co.in
such as: high R/X ratios of the line data, radial or
weakly meshed network structure, unbalanced
distributed load and large number of nodes etc. Due
to these reasons, the conventional Newton Raphson
method and Fast De-coupled Load Flow method fail
to converge to a solution [1-2]. Some efficient
algorithms for solving the load flow problem of a
radial distribution networks have been reported in the
literature [3]-[7]. However, these algorithms are not
suitable for a mesh network. Several load flow
algorithms specially designed for meshed distribution
systems have been reported in the literature [8-16].
Shirmohammadi D., et al [8] formulated the break
point impedance matrix and the load flow has been
carried out by calculating the break point voltage
mismatch. Based on the previous work [8], a
modified compensation based method was developed
in [9], which uses active and reactive power as flow
variables rather than complex currents. The
compensation based method for weakly meshed
networks presented in [8], was modified from single-
phase system to three-phase system [10]. The mesh
network is converted into radial network by breaking
the loops and the load flow has been carried out by
calculating power injections at the loop break points
by using a reduced order bus impedance matrix [11].
Author has further extended this work to the
distribution network having more than one feeding
source [12]. In [13], authors proposed an efficient
backward and forward sweep algorithm for the three-
phase power flow analysis of weakly meshed
distribution system. Teng J. H. [14], developed two
matrices - the bus-injection to branch-current matrix
and the branch-current to bus-voltage matrix - and a
simple matrix multiplication are used to obtain load
flow solutions. A new distribution power Flow
technique which is based on Equivalent Current
Injections with branch currents used as state variables
and the NR algorithm is used to assure rapid
convergence is presented in [15]. One of the main
disadvantages of the compensation-based methods is
that new databases have to be built and maintained.
In addition, no direct mathematical relationship
between the system status and control variables can
be found, which makes the applications of the
compensation-based algorithm difficult [14].
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 In this paper, a simple load flow method is results and discussions with the proposed load flow
proposed based on network topology, basic circuit method The results reveal the effectiveness of the
theory concepts and power summation technique. proposed model for the SVR in large distribution
The power summation method is an iterative systems.
technique which includes two steps: (i) Calculation of
the effective power at each node in backward II. PROPOSED LOAD FLOW APPROACH IN
propagation, (ii) then find the voltages at receiving DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
end node and losses of each branch in forward An efficient and simple load flow method is proposed
propagation. First we’ll calculate the effective power for analysis of the radial and weakly meshed network
required by each node of the radial network. The based on network topology and basic circuit laws
effective power will be modified from radial network (KCL and KVL). Radial distribution systems have
to mesh network by adding or subtracting the power poorest service reliability. In radial distribution
required at each node to flow the same loop current systems customers at far end of the substation suffers
in a loop and the loop current can be calculated by from major voltage drops and distributor near to
applying KVL in the loop. With the help of effective substation gets heavily loaded. To improve reliability
power at each node (considering the loop effect also), and provide better voltage regulation meshed
we’ll carry out the load flow. Due to the distinctive distribution networks are used by closing the tie line
solution techniques of the proposed method, the time- switches. Some distribution feeders serving high
consuming LU decomposition and forward/backward density load areas contain loops created by closing tie
substitution of the Jacobian matrix or admittance line switches. The simple radial distribution system is
matrix required in the traditional load flow methods shown in Fig. 1.The voltages can be calculated
and formation BIBC and BCBV matrices [14], tree
labeling [8, 9], breaking the loops and injecting by knowing effective powers at each node as
power injections [8, 9, 11, 12] are not required. The obtained from eqn. (29). For example, the
convergence ability of the proposed load flow loads of six bus radial network are shown in
algorithm is tested on different IEEE systems under Fig. 1. The effective powers at each node
different scenarios. Test results demonstrate the ܲሺͳሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͳሻǡ ܲሺʹሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺʹሻǡ ܲሺ͵ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͵ሻǡ ܲሺͶሻ ൅
feasibility and validity of the proposed method. The ݆ܳሺͶሻǡ ܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻܽ݊݀ ܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻ can be
proposed method is robust and time-efficient. This expressed by equivalent power injections as
paper is organized as follows. Section II presents the
methodology of proposed load flow method for
meshed distribution network. Section III gives the
ܲሺͳሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͳሻ ൌ ܲ‫ܮ‬ଶ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ଶ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ଷ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ଷ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅  ܲ‫ ଺ܮ‬൅ ݆ܳ‫ ଺ܮ‬൅
ۗ
‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ͳܤ‬ሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ͳܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ʹܤ‬ሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ʹܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫͵ܤ‬ሻ ൅
ۖ
݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫͵ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ܤ‬ͷሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬ͷሻ ۖ
ܲሺʹሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺʹሻ ൌ ܲ‫ܮ‬ଶ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ଶ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ଷ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ଷ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅  ܲ‫ ଺ܮ‬൅ ݆ܳ‫ ଺ܮ‬൅ ۖ
‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ʹܤ‬ሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ʹܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫͵ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫͵ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ൅ ۖ
݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ܤ‬ͷሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬ͷሻ 
ܲሺ͵ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͵ሻ ൌ  ܲ‫ܮ‬ଷ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ଷ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅  ܲ‫ ଺ܮ‬൅ ݆ܳ‫ ଺ܮ‬൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫͵ܤ‬ሻ ۘ
ۖ
൅݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫͵ܤ‬ሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ܤ‬ͷሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬ͷሻ
ۖ
ܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻ ൌ  ܲ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ସ ൅  ܲ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ൅ ݆‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ‫ܤ‬Ͷሻ ۖ
ܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻ ൌ  ܲ‫ܮ‬ହ ൅ ݆ܳ‫ܮ‬ହ ۖ
ܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻ ൌ ܲ‫ ଺ܮ‬൅ ݆ܳ‫ۙ ଺ܮ‬

Bus 4 Bus 5
(1)
B4
B3
Bus 1 Bus 3 PL4+jQL4 PL5+jQL5
Bus 2
S/S B1 B2
Bus 6
B5
PL2+jQL2 PL3+jQL3
Fig. 1. Simple radial distribution system

PL6+jQL6

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 LOOP-2
Bus 5
Bus 4
B4

B3
Bus 3
Bus 1 PL4+jQL4 PL5+jQL5
Bus 2
S/S B1 B2
LOOP-1
Bus 6
B5
PL3+jQL3
PL2+jQL2
LOOP-3
Fig. 2. Simple meshed distribution system with three PL6+jQL6
loops
The simple distribution system with three loops
addition to make the network as a mesh network is
shown in Fig. 2. The mathematical modeling for load
flow analysis of weakly meshed distribution network
is explained in detail as below. In the presence of tie
lines, the current in the each branch from radial
network to mesh network will be changed because of
the tie line currents. From Fig. 1, let the current
flowing in branch 2 in radial network is IB2. In Fig. 2,
because of the loop-3, the modified current in branch
2 is IB2 – Iloop-3. That means the effective power at
receiving end node of each branch in the loops will
be changed from radial network to mesh network.
The modified effective power at all nodes in each
loop will be decided by the receiving end node
voltage of the branches in that loop. So modified
effective power can be calculated by adding or
subtracting the effective power (in radial) with power
at the node which is multiplication of the loop current
with the receiving end node voltage of each branch in In the presence of tie lines the effective power at
the loop. receiving end of each branch is recalculated as:
ܲሺͳሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͳሻ ൌ ܲሺͳሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͳሻ
ۗ
ܲሺʹሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺʹሻ ൌ ܲሺʹሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺʹሻ ۖ
‫כ‬
‫כ‬
ܲሺ͵ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͵ሻ ൌ ܲሺ͵ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͵ሻ െ ൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ͵ሻ ‫ כ‬ሾܸሺ͵ሻሿ ൟ 
  ۖ
‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫  כ‬
ܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻ ൌ ܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻ ൅ ൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ ‫ כ‬ሾܸሺͶሻሿ ൟ  െ ൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺʹሻ ‫ כ‬ሾܸሺͶሻሿ ൟ 
 
ۘ
‫כ‬ ‫כ‬
ܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻ ൌ ܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻ ൅ ൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ ‫ כ‬ሾܸሺͷሻሿ‫ כ‬ൟ  െ ൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺʹሻ ‫ כ‬ሾܸሺͷሻሿ‫ כ‬ൟ ۖ
‫כ‬ ‫כ‬
ۖ
ܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻ ൌ ܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻ െ ൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ ‫ כ‬ሾܸሺ͸ሻሿ‫ כ‬ൟ  െ ൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ͵ሻ ‫ כ‬ሾܸሺ͸ሻሿ‫ כ‬ൟ ۙ
(2) ݆ܳሺͶሻሿȀܸሺͶሻሽ‫ כ‬൅ ܼସହ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻሿȀܸሺͷሻሽ‫ כ‬െ ܼଷ଺ ‫כ‬
ሼሾܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻሿȀܸሺ͸ሻሽ‫ כ‬ሻ (5)
Apply KVL in each loop:
For loop 2:
For loop1:
െ ቀሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ሻ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻቁ െ ቀሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ൅ ܼଷହ ሻ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺʹሻቁ ൌ
ܼଷସ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻ ሿȀܸሺͶሻሽ‫ כ‬൅ ܼସହ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻ ሿȀ
ܸሺͷሻ‫͵ܼכ‬͸‫כ‬ሾܲሺ͸ሻ൅݆ܳሺ͸ሻሿȀܸሺ͸ሻ‫כ‬൅ܼͷ͸‫݌݋݋݈ܫכ‬ሺͳሻൌͲ (3) െሺെܼଷସ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻሿȀܸሺͶሻሽ‫ כ‬െ ܼସହ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͷሻ ൅
݆ܳͷሿȀܸሺͷሻ‫כ‬
(6)
ܼଷସ ‫ כ‬ቀሼሾܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻሿȀܸሺͶሻሽ‫ כ‬൅ ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ െ ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺʹሻቁ ൅ ܼସହ ‫כ‬
For loop 3:
ቀሼሾܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻሿȀܸሺͷሻሽ‫ כ‬൅‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ െ ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺʹሻቁ െ ܼଷ଺ ‫כ‬
ቀܼଷ଺ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻቁ ൅ ቀሺܼଶଷ ൅ ܼଷ଺ ൅ ܼଶ଺ ሻ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ͵ሻቁ ൌ െሺെܼଶଷ ‫כ‬
ቀሼሾܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻሿȀܸሺ͸ሻሽ‫ כ‬െ ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ െ ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ͵ሻቁ ൅ ܼହ଺ ‫כ‬
‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ ൌ Ͳ ሾܲ͵൅݆ܳ͵ሿȀܸሺ͵ሻ‫͵ܼכ‬͸‫כ‬ሾܲ͸൅݆ܳ͸ሿȀܸሺ͸ሻ‫( כ‬7)
(4) Eqns. (5-7) can be represented in matrix form as:
ቀሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ൅ ܼଷ଺ ൅ ܼହ଺ ሻ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻቁ െ ቀሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ሻ ‫כ‬
‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺʹሻ൯ ൅ ܼଷ଺ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ͵ሻ ൌ െሺܼଷସ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͶሻ ൅

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 ሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ൅ ܼଷ଺ ൅ ܼହ଺ ሻ െሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ሻ ܼଷ଺ ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺͳሻ
቎ െሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ሻ ሺܼଷସ ൅ ܼସହ ൅ ܼଷହ ሻ Ͳ ቏ ቎‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺʹሻ቏
ܼଷ଺ Ͳ ሺܼଶଷ ൅ ܼଷ଺ ൅ ܼଶ଺ ሻ ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ͵ሻ
ሺܼଷସ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻሿȀܸሺͶሻሽ‫ כ‬൅ ܼସହ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻሿȀܸሺͷሻሽ‫ כ‬െ ܼଷ଺ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻሿȀܸሺ͸ሻሽ‫ כ‬ሻ
ൌ െ቎ ሺെܼଷସ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͶሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͶሻሿȀܸሺͶሻሽ‫ כ‬െ ܼସହ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺͷሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺͷሻሿȀܸሺͷሻሽ‫ כ‬ሻ ቏
ሺെܼଶଷ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺ͵ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͵ሻሿȀܸሺ͵ሻሽ‫ כ‬െ ܼଷ଺ ‫ כ‬ሼሾܲሺ͸ሻ ൅ ݆ܳሺ͸ሻሿȀܸሺ͸ሻሽ‫ כ‬ሻ
Diagonal elements of loop impedance matrix

(8) ܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሺ݅ǡ ݅ሻ ൌ ܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሺ݅ǡ ݅ሻ ൅ ܾܽ‫ݏ‬ሺ‫ܥ‬ሺ݆ǡ ݅ሻሻ ‫ܼ כ‬௣௨ ሺ݆ሻ

ሾܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሿ ‫ܫ כ‬௟௢௢௣ ൌ െሾܸ‫݌݋݋݈ܦ‬ሿ (9) (16)

The currents in each loop can be determined as:
ିଵ
‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ൌ ሾܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሿ ‫ כ‬ሾെܸ‫݌݋݋݈ܦ‬ሿ
Where,
‫݁ݏ‬ǡ ‫ ݁ݎ‬are sending and receiving end
respectively
݊݀ ൌ ܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫݉݁ݐݏݕݏ݊݋݅ݐݑܾ݅ݎݐݏ݄݅݀݁ݐ݊݅ݏ݁ݏݑܾ݂݋‬
݈݊ ൌ ܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫݉݁ݐݏݕݏ݊݋݅ݐݑܾ݅ݎݐݏ݄݅݀݁ݐ݊݅ݏ݈݂݁݊݅݋‬
ܾ‫ ݏ݄݁ܿ݊ܽݎ‬ൌ ܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫݇ݎ݋ݓݐ݈݁݊ܽ݅݀ܽݎ݊݅ݏ݈݂݁݊݅݋‬
݈݅݊݇‫ ݏ‬ൌ ܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫ݏ݈݁݊݅݁݅ݐ݂݋‬
݈݁݁݉݁݊‫ ݏݐ‬ൌ ܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫ ݏ݄݁ܿ݊ܽݎܾ݈ܽ݅݀ܽݎ݂݋‬൅
ܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫ݏ݈݁݊݅݁݅ݐ݂݋‬
ܼ‫ ݑ݌‬ൌ ܴ‫ ݑ݌‬൅ ݆ ‫ ݑ݌ܺ כ‬ൌ
݅݉‫݇ݎ݋ݓݐ݁݊݊݋݅ݐݑܾ݅ݎݐݏ݄݅݀݁ݐ݊݅ݏ݈݈݈݂݁݊݅ܽ݋݁ܿ݊ܽ݀݁݌‬
‫ ܣ‬is the bus incidence matrix [16]
B is the basic cut set matrix [16]
‫ ܥ‬is the basic loop incidence matrix [16]
ܲሺ݅ሻ is the sum of the real power load of all nodes
beyond node i plus the real power load of node i itself
plus the sum of the real power losses of all the
branches beyond node i.
ܳሺ݅ሻ is the sum of the reactive power load of all
nodes beyond node i plus the reactive power load of
node i itself plus the sum of the reactive power losses
of all the branches beyond node i.
‫ ݒ‬is the vector of previous iteration bus voltages
ܸ is the vector of present iteration bus voltages
ܲ‫ܮ‬ሺ݅ሻǡ ܳ‫ܮ‬ሺ݅ሻ are the real and reactive power load
demands at node i
„
‫ܣ‬ൌቂ ቃ (11)
Ž
ିଵ
‫ܤ‬௟ ൌ ‫ܣ‬௟ ‫ כ‬ሺ‫ܣ‬௕ ሻ (12)
‫ܥ‬௕ ൌ െ‫ܤ‬௟ 
(13)
‫ܥ‬௟ ൌ ݁‫݁ݕ‬ሺ݈݅݊݇‫ݏ‬ǡ ݈݅݊݇‫ݏ‬ሻ
‫ ܥ‬ൌ ሾ‫ܥ‬௕ Ǣ ‫ܥ‬௟ ሿ (15)
1. Calculation of loop impedance matrixሺܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሻ.
ܼ݈‫ ݌݋݋‬ൌ ሺܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫ ݏ݈݂݇݊݅݋‬ൈ ܰ‫݋‬Ǥ ‫ݏ݈݂݇݊݅݋‬ሻ
݂‫ ݅ݎ݋‬ൌ ͳǣ ݈݅݊݇‫ ݆ݎ݋݂݀݊ܽݏ‬ൌ
ͳǣ ݈݁݁݉݁݊‫ݏݐ‬
(10)
Off diagonal elements of loop impedance matrix
ܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሺ݅ǡ ݆ሻ ൌ ܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሺ݅ǡ ݆ሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬ሺ݇ǡ ݅ሻ ‫ܥ כ‬ሺ݇ǡ ݆ሻ ‫כ‬
nodes ܼ௣௨ ሺ݇ሻ (17)
ܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሺ݆ǡ ݅ሻ ൌ ܼ݈‫݌݋݋‬ሺ݅ǡ ݆ሻ
(18)
݂‫ ݅ݎ݋‬ൌ ͳǣ ݈݅݊݇‫ݏ‬ǡ ݂‫ ݆ݎ݋‬ൌ ݅ ൅
ͳǣ ݈݅݊݇‫ ݇ݎ݋݂݀݊ܽݏ‬ൌ ͳǣ ܾ‫ݏ݄݁ܿ݊ܽݎ‬
2. Backward sweep to sum up the real and reactive
power loads: starting from the last branch and
moving towards the root node, the effective real
and reactive power load demands are:
ܲ‫ܮ‬൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݇ሻ൯ ൌ ܲ‫ܮ‬൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݇ሻ൯ ൅ ܲ‫ܮ‬൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݇ሻ൯

ܳ‫ܮ‬൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݇ሻ൯ ൌ ܳ‫ܮ‬൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݇ሻ൯ ൅ ܳ‫ܮ‬ሺ‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݇ሻሻ
(19)
ܲሺ‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݇ሻሻ ൌ ܲ‫ܮ‬ሺ‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݇ሻሻ

ܳሺ‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݇ሻሻ ൌ ܳ‫ܮ‬ሺ‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݇ሻሻ
(20)
݂‫ ݇ݎ݋‬ൌ ͳǡʹǡ͵ǡ ǥ Ǥ ݈݊
ܲ௔௖௧ ൌ ܲܽ݊݀ܳ௔௖௧ ൌ ܳ (21)
Where ܲܽܿ‫ݐ‬Ƭܳܽܿ‫ ݐ‬are the actual effective loads at
each node (excluding losses)
3. Voltage drops in each loop containing radial
branches
ܸ‫݌݋݋݈ܦ‬ሺ݅ሻ ൌ ܸ‫݌݋݋݈ܦ‬ሺ݅ሻ ൅ ‫ܥ‬ሺ݆ǡ ݅ሻ ‫ܼ כ‬௣௨ ሺ݆ሻ ‫כ‬
‫כ‬
൛ൣܲሺ‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻሻ ൅ ܳ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯൧Ȁܸ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ൟ (22)
݂‫ ݅ݎ݋‬ൌ
ͳǣ ݈݅݊݇‫ ݆ݎ݋݂݀݊ܽݏ‬ൌ ͳǣ ܾ‫ݏ݄݁ܿ݊ܽݎ‬
4. Calculate the currents in each loop
‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ൌ ሺܼ݈‫ି ݌݋݋‬ଵ ሻ ‫ כ‬ሺെܸ‫݌݋݋݈ܦ‬ሻ
(23)
5. Modify the effective real and reactive powers at
receiving node of each branch
(14)
‫כ כ‬
ܲ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݅ሻ൯ ൌ ܲ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݅ሻ൯ ൅ ‫ ݈ܽ݁ݎ‬ቀ‫ܥ‬ሺ݅ǡ ݆ሻ ‫ כ‬൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ݆ሻ ‫ כ‬ൣܸ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݅ሻ൯൧ ൟ ቁ
ቑ

‫כ כ‬
ܳ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݅ሻ൯ ൌ ܳ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݅ሻ൯ ൅ ݅݉ܽ݃ ቀ‫ܥ‬ሺ݅ǡ ݆ሻ ‫ כ‬൛‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ݆ሻ ‫ כ‬ൣܸ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݅ሻ൯൧ ൟ ቁ
(24)
݂‫ ݅ݎ݋‬ൌ ͳǣ ܾ‫ ݆ݎ݋݂݀݊ܽݏ݄݁݊ܿܽݎ‬ൌ ͳǣ ݈݅݊݇‫ݏ‬

1232
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1231
 6. Solve the radial network to calculate the voltages branch j. [3]
and losses at the receiving end node of each
ଶ
‫ ܣ‬ൌ ቀܲ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ‫ݑ݌ܴ כ‬ሺ݆ሻቁ ൅ ቀܳ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ‫ݑ݌ܺ כ‬ሺ݆ሻቁ െ ͲǤͷ ‫ כ‬൬ܾܽ‫ ݏ‬ቀܸ൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ቁ ൰ ۗ
ۖ
‫ ܤ‬ൌ ට‫ ܣ‬െ ൫ܴ‫ ݑ݌‬ሺ݆ሻ ൅ ܺ‫ ݑ݌‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ‫ כ‬ቀܲ ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൅ ܳ ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ቁ
ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ ଶ 
ۘ
ۖ
ܸ൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൌ ξ‫ ܤ‬െ ‫ܣ‬ ۙ
(25) Step 5: Calculate the effective real and reactive
powers at receiving end node of the each branch in
backward direction using eqn. (19-20).
ோ೛ೠ ሺ௝ሻ‫כ‬ൣ௉మ ൫௥௘ሺ௝ሻ൯ାொమ ൫௥௘ሺ௝ሻ൯൧ Step 6: Calculate the voltage drops in each loop
‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ݆ሻ ൌ మ (ܸ‫ ݌݋݋݈ܦ‬matrix) using eqn. (22). ۗ
௔௕௦ቀ௏൫௥௘ሺ௝ሻ൯ቁ ۖ
 each loop using eqn.
Step 7: Calculate the currents in
௑೛ೠ ሺ௝ሻ‫כ‬ൣ௉మ ൫௥௘ሺ௝ሻ൯ାொమ ൫௥௘ሺ௝ሻ൯൧
‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ݆ሻ ൌ (23). ۘ
௔௕௦ቀ௏൫௥௘ሺ௝ሻ൯ቁ
మ
Step 8: Modify the effective real ۖ and reactive powers
ۙ
(26) at receiving end of each branch with the help of loop
currents calculated in step 6 using eqn. (24).
݂‫ ݆ݎ݋‬ൌ ͳǣ ܾ‫ݏ݄݁݊ܿܽݎ‬ Step 9: Calculate voltage at receiving end and real
7. Calculate the power losses in the tie lines using and reactive power losses of each branch in the
the loop currents forward direction using eqn. (25-26).
ଶ
Step 10: Calculate the real and reactive power losses
‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ݆ ൅ ܾሻ ൌ ቂܾܽ‫ ݏ‬ቀ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ݆ሻቁቃ ‫ܴ כ‬௣௨ି௧௜௘ ሺ݆ሻ in the tie line with the help of loop currents
ቑ
ଶ
‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ݆ ൅ ܾሻ ൌ ൣܾܽ‫ݏ‬ሺ‫ܫ‬௟௢௢௣ ሺ݆ሻሻ൧ ‫ܺ כ‬௣௨ି௧௜௘ ሺ݆ሻ
calculated in step 6 using eqn. (27)
(27) Step 11: Calculate the effective real and reactive
power losses at each receiving end node of the branch
݂‫ ݆ݎ݋‬ൌ ͳǣ ݈݅݊݇‫ݏ‬ in backward direction using eqn. (28).
8. Backward sweep to sum up the real and reactive Step 12: Update the effective power at each node
power losses: starting from the last branch and using eqn. (29)
moving towards the root node, the effective real Step 13: Find the voltage mismatch ሺ݈ܸ݀݁ሻ using
and reactive power losses are: eqn. (30). Update the voltages using eqn. (31).
Step 14: Find error in voltage݅Ǥ ݁Ǥ݈ܸ݀݁௠௔௫ . If it is
‫݈݊݌ݐ‬൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൌ ‫݈݊݌ݐ‬൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൅ ‫݈݊݌ݐ‬൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈݌‬ሺ݆ሻ less than 0.0001 then load flow is converged
ቋ
‫݈݊ݍݐ‬൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൌ ‫݈݊ݍݐ‬൫‫݁ݎ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൅ ‫݈݊ݍݐ‬൫‫݁ݏ‬ሺ݆ሻ൯ ൅ ‫ݏݏ݋݈ݍ‬ሺ݆ሻ otherwise go to step 5.
(28) Step 15: Once load flow is converged bus voltages
and power losses are known.
݂‫ ݆ݎ݋‬ൌ ͳǣ ݈݁݁݉݁݊‫ݏݐ‬ Step 16: Stop.
9. Update the effective real and reactive power load The proposed load flow method for meshed
at each node (including losses) distribution system can easily applied to radial
distribution systems by ignoring the steps 3, 5, 6, 7
ܲ ൌ ܲ௔௖௧ ൅ ‫݈݊݌ݐ‬ and 9 in the above algorithm. In case of radial
ൠ
ܳ ൌ ܳ௔௖௧ ൅ ‫݈݊ݍݐ‬ network number of tie lines is zero, so number of
(29) elements is equals to number of branches. Also the
10. Voltage deviations in present and previous treatment for load flow of radial distribution system
iterations is explained in flow chart shown in Fig. 3.
݈ܸ݀݁ ൌ ‫ ݒ‬െ ܸ (30) Table 1: Exponents for different static load models
10.1 Convergence Criterion [17]
݈ܸ݀݁௠௔௫ ൌ ƒšሺƒ„•ሺ݈ܸ݀݁ሻሻ Load component ࢔࢖ ࢔ࢗ
Battery charge 2.59 4.06
10.2 Updating Voltages Fluorescent lamps 2.07 3.21
Constant power 0 0
‫ݒ‬ൌܸ (31) Constant impedance 2 2
Fluorescent lighting 1 3
(A) Algorithm for proposed load flow solution of Air conditioner 0.5 2.5
weakly meshed distribution systems Constant current 1 1
Step 1: Read bus data and line data. Resistance space heater 2 0
Pumps, funs other motors 0.08 1.6
Step 2: Initialize the bus voltages as ‫ݒ‬ሺ݅ሻ ൌ ͳǤͲ Incandescent lamps 1.54 0
Compact fluorescent lamps 1 0.35
Step 3: Built the Basic loop incidence matrix (C). Small industrial motors 0.1 0.6
Large industrial motors 0.05 0.5
Step 4: Calculate the loop impedance matrix using Industrial 0.18 6.00
eqns. (16-18). Residential 0.92 4.04
Commercial 1.51 3.40

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Fig. 3. Flow chart of proposed load flow algorithm
for meshed distribution network
III. MODEL OF LOAD GROWTH
For future expansion and planning of the
distribution systems, it is desirable that a system
engineer must know the future estimate of the system
solutions for planning and expansion or the efficient
operation of distribution systems. The load growth
(LG) pattern is essential to know for future planning
and expansion of the distribution systems. In this
paper work, load growth is modeled as:
‫݀ܽ݋ܮ‬௜ ൌ ‘ƒ† ൈ ሺͳ ൅ ”ሻ୫
r =annual growth rate
m=plan period up to which feeder can take the load
In this paper work r=0.07 and m=5. The load growth
is incorporated for all the systems to consider the
impact of load growth on voltage profile, total real
and reactive power losses, number of iterations and
convergence time.
A. Static load models
In conventional load flow studies, it is presumed that
active and reactive power demands are specified
constant values, regardless of the amplitude of
voltages in the same bus. In actual power systems
operation, different categories and types of loads
such as residential, industrial, and commercial loads
are present. The nature of these types of loads is such
that their active and reactive powers are dependent on
1234
1235
1233
the voltage and frequency of the system. Moreover,
load characteristics have significant effects on load
flow solutions and convergence ability. Common
static load models for active and reactive power are
expressed in a polynomial or an exponential form.
The characteristic of the exponential load models can
be given as:
௏ ௡೛
ܲ ൌ ܲ௢ ቀ ቁ (33)
௏೚
௏ ௡೜
ܳ ൌ ܳ௢ ቀ ቁ (34)
௏೚
Where ݊௣ and ݊௤ stand for load exponents, ܲ௢ and ܳ௢
stand for the values of the active and reactive powers
at the nominal voltages.ܸ and ܸ௢ stand for load bus
voltage and load nominal voltage, respectively.
(B) Polynomial load model:
In this paper, a realistic static load model is
considered that represents the power-voltage
relationship as a polynomial equation of voltage
magnitude. It is usually referred to as the ZIP model,
as it is made up of three different load models:
constant impedance (CZ), constant current (CI) and
constant power (CP). The real and reactive power
characteristics of ZIP load model are given as:
௏ ଶ ௏
ܲ ൌ ܲ௢ ሾܽ௣ ቀ ቁ ൅ ܾ௣ ቀ ቁ ൅ ܿ௣ ሿ
௏೚ ௏೚
௏ ଶ ௏
ܳ ൌ ܳ௢ ሾܽ௤ ቀ ቁ ൅ ܾ௤ ቀ ቁ ൅ ܿ௤ ሿ
௏೚ ௏೚
Where, the sum of the ZIP load coefficients for both
P, and Q loads is equal to 1.
ܽ௣ ൅ ܾ௣ ൅ ܿ௣ ൌ ͳ ,ܽ௤ ൅ ܾ௤ ൅ ܿ௤ ൌ ͳ
In this paper work ܽ௣ =ܽ௤ =0.3, ܾ௣ ൌ ܾ௤ =0.2, ܿ௣ ൌ
ܿ௤ =0.5 Po and Qo are the real and reactive power
consumed at a reference voltage Vo..
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Load flow analysis is performed with existing
method as well as proposed method for both radial
and meshed distribution systems. The comparison of
(32)
results corresponding to voltage profile, total real
power loss (TPL) in kW and total reactive power loss
(TQL) in kVAR, iterations (ITER) and cpu time in
seconds is obtained. The proposed load flow method
has been evaluated on two IEEE benchmark
distribution systems and the results are presented for
IEEE 33 and 69 bus test systems. Two IEEE test
systems 33-bus [18] and 69-bus [19] are taken for
analysis of balanced radial and meshed distribution
systems. The proposed power flow algorithm is
implemented using MATLAB Version 7.0.4 and tested
on Windows 7, Intel Core - 3rd gen., 2.4 GHz, 2 GB
RAM.The results for radial and weakly meshed
distribution systems have also been obtained for
comparison. The popular voltage dependent load
models, load growth, different R/X ratios and
different loading conditions have been considered to
study the impact on convergence ability. The effect
of the loops has also been incorporated to observe the
impact on the system performance. The voltage bus meshed distribution systems respectively. The
profile, total power losses, number of iterations and convergence characteristic of the proposed method is
impact of load models, load growth and increase in R also analyzed for different R/X ratios at different
and X on CP load model are given in Tables 2 for 33 loading conditions. Battery charge, Fluorescent
weakly meshed distribution networks respectively. lamps, Constant impedance and industrial load
Convergence time plot with CP, CI, CZ, ZIP load models are converging in high number of iterations.
models and the plot of percentage improvement in The results show that the proposed load flow method
cpu time of proposed method with respect to [14] are is in close agreement with already existing methods.
shown in Figs. 4 & 5 for 33 and in Figs. 6 & 7 for 69
Table 2. LOAD FLOW RESULTS FOR 33-BUS MESHED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Bus No [14] Proposed Bus [14] Proposed Bus No [14] Proposed
V (p.u) V (p.u) No V (p.u) V (p.u) V (p.u) V (p.u)
1 1 1 14 0.960756 0.960715 27 0.971304 0.971359
2 0.997093 0.997093 15 0.958881 0.958844 28 0.966812 0.966839
3 0.986568 0.986595 16 0.957035 0.957006 29 0.95959 0.95961
4 0.9833 0.983359 17 0.953348 0.953339 30 0.956409 0.956424
5 0.980286 0.980365 18 0.952767 0.952758 31 0.953364 0.953365
6 0.973318 0.973374 19 0.995204 0.99518 32 0.952848 0.952844
7 0.972559 0.972591 20 0.979455 0.979414 33 0.952575 0.952571
8 0.96583 0.9658 21 0.976547 0.9765
9 0.965877 0.965825 22 0.975899 0.975852
10 0.966422 0.966351 23 0.980834 0.98084
11 0.966579 0.966506 24 0.96962 0.969634
12 0.965695 0.965628 25 0.966285 0.966299
13 0.962076 0.962027 26 0.972423 0.97248

TPL(KW) 121.8523 121.7891

TQL(KVAr) 87.22858 87.26143
ITER (Nos.) 3 3
TIME(s) 0.050239 0.047645

Proposed load flow method results with different load models (cases)
CP CI CZ ZIP LG-(CP) Inc in R Inc in X
TPL(KW) 121.7891 113.0649 105.5418 114.8256 247.5227 134.6014 122.182
TQL(KVAr) 87.26143 80.93429 75.48324 82.21131 177.4906 87.81648 96.15604
ITER (Nos.) 3 3 4 3 3 3 3
Min V (p.u.) 0.952571 0.95441 0.956049 0.954032 0.932299 0.949324 0.950862

% Improvement with proposed load

flow method w.r.t Ref [14]
Ref [14] Proposed
10
0.056
% Improvement

8
0.054
Time in sec.

0.052 6
0.05 4
0.048
2
0.046
0.044 0
CP CI CZ ZIP CP CI CZ ZIP

Different load models Different load models

Fig. 5. Percentage improvement in time for 33 bus

Fig. 4. Execution time plot for 33 bus meshed mesh distribution system
distribution system

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1234

Ref [14] Proposed
0.059
Time in sec.
0.054
0.049
0.044
CP CI CZ ZIP
Different Load models
Fig. 6. Execution Time plot for 69 bus meshed
distribution system
VI. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a new and efficient method for
solving the load flow problem of a distribution
system is proposed. The proposed method is
compared with existing methods and it has been
shown to be superior in the number of iterations,
computationally efficient, and the robustness of
convergence while the solution accuracy is well
maintained. The proposed load flow approach is in
close agreement with the existing methods. The
proposed load flow method has been tested on two
IEEE benchmark distribution systems under different
loading conditions, different R/X ratio, different
static load models, and considering load growth also.
Load flow problem under different load conditions
and for various ratios R/X has been determined with
the proposed to check its convergence. It can be
observed that the proposed method converges with
varying load conditions and R/X ratios. It has been
found from the cases that the method has good and
fast convergence characteristics. Because of
distinctive solution techniques of the proposed
method, the time intensiveness due to LU
decomposition and forward/backward substitution of
the Jacobian matrix or admittance matrix required in
the traditional load flow methods and formation
BIBC and BCBV matrices, tree labeling, breaking the
loops and injecting power injections are not
necessary. Test results show that the proposed
method is faster and converges with load variations
and different R/X ratios and is suitable for large-scale
distribution systems.
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1236
1237
1235
% Improvement with proposed load flow method
w.r.t Ref [14]
10
% Improvement
8
6
4
2
0
CP CI CZ ZIP
Different load models
Fig. 7. Percentage improvement in time for 69 bus
mesh distribution system
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