Motivational factors for recycling/reuse

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Opportunities to augment limited primary water sources Prevention of excessive diversion of water from
alternative uses, including the natural environment; possibilities to manage in situ water sources Minimization
of infrastructure costs, including total treatment and discharge costs Reduction and elimination of discharge of
waste water (treated or untreated) into receiving environment. Slope to overcome political, community and
institutional constraints.

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Environmental benefits of water recycling

Rupert Jhon
In addition to providing a dependable, locally controlled water supply, water recycling provides tremendous
environmental benefits. By providing an additional source of water, water recycling can help us find ways to
decrease the diversion of water from sensitive ecosystems. Other benefits include decreasing wastewater
discharges and reducing and preventing pollution. Recycled water can also be use to create or enhance
wetlands and riparian habitats. Recycling water onsite or nearby reduces the energy needed to move water
longer distances or pump water from deep within an aquifer. Tailoring water quality to a specific water use
also reduces the energy needed to treat water.

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Uses of recycled water
Agriculture Landscape Public parks Golf course irrigation Cooling water for power plants and oil refineries
Processing water for mills, plants Toilet flushing Dust control Construction activities Concrete mixing
Artificial lakes

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Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants it removes objects such as rags, paper,
plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances.
Some modern wastewater treatment plants use both coarse screens and fine screens. Sand & Grit removal is
the process used to remove sand, silt and grit from water. Grit (and sand) removal is often found in the
headworks of wastewater treatment plants.
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Process of waste water

Rupert Jhon
Screening is the first unit operation used at wastewater treatment plants it removes objects such as rags, paper,
plastics, and metals to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment, piping, and appurtenances.
Some modern wastewater treatment plants use both coarse screens and fine screens. Sand & Grit removal is
the process used to remove sand, silt and grit from water. Grit (and sand) removal is often found in the
headworks of wastewater treatment plants.

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primary clarifiers, provide about two hours of detention time for gravity settling to take place. As the sewage
flows through them slowly, the solids gradually sink to the bottom. Aerobic wastewater treatment processes
include treatments such as activated sludge process, oxidation ditches, trickling filters, lagoon-based
treatments, and aerobic digestion. ... Aeration provides oxygen to the helpful bacteria and other organisms as
they decompose organic substances in the wastewater Secondary Clarifiers Gravity sedimentation is one of the
most frequently used processes in wastewater treatment. Many wastewaters contain settlable suspended solids
that can be removed under quiescent conditions. Particles, solid, liquid, or gaseous that have a different density
from that of the suspension medium (water), will settle downward because of gravity or rise to the top because
of buoyancy. In other cases where suspended materials do not settle readily, upstream unit processes are used
to convert colloidal (nonsettlable suspended solids) and soluble pollutants into settlable suspended solids for
gravity sedimentation removal. Gravity filtration is a physical process for the separation of solids from liquids.
Used for filtering potable water or treated wastewater effluent in tertiary treatment applications, the underdrain
is the heart of every gravity filter. If the underdrain is well designed, durable and efficient, the filter will
provide many years of continuous service

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Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill
certain bacteria and other microbes in tap water as chlorine is highly toxic. In particular, chlorination is used to
prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. Dechlorination is a process
by which some or most of the chlorine is removed as per the required use. Dechlorination is carried out in
many instances, but the most complicated one of all is wastewater effluent dechlorination because of the need
to reduce the amount of total chlorine residual below 0.01mgCl2/L in the effluent to reduce toxicity to the
receiving water environment. Organic nitrogen in the effluent introduces complexity into chlorination and
dechlorination. Effluent is defined as "wastewater -treated or untreated - that flows out of a treatmentplant,
sewer, or industrial outfall. Generally refers to wastes discharged into surface waters". Tertiary phase this third
and last step in the basic wastewater management system is mostly comprised of removing phosphates and
nitrates from the water supply. Substances like activates carbon and sand are among the most commonly used
materials that assist in this process.

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Types and applications

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Most of the uses of water reclamation are non-potable uses such as washing cars, flushing toilets, cooling
water for power plants, concrete mixing, artificial lakes, irrigation for golf courses and public parks, and for
hydraulic fracturing. Where applicable, systems run a dual piping system to keep the recycled water separate
from the potable water. The main reclaimed water applications in the world are shown below:

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Kanang sumpay ana d ma pasa peru naa na sa imong word katong naka boxe
HEALT ISSUES

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The prime water-quality objective in any reuse scheme is to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases that
could occur through the use of reclaimed water. User water quality requirements must also be satisfied in
developing a successful reuse program, but the starting point remains the safe delivery and use of adequately
treated, reclaimed water. The risk of human exposure to reclaimed water-through inhalation, ingestion, or skin
contact can arise from accidental drinking of reclaimed water; drinking of water that has been contaminated by
reclaimed water; inadvertent ingestion at a recreation area using reclaimed water; frequent or long-term
exposure to aerosols near spray-irrigation or cooling-tower sites; working with reclaimed water; or eating of
raw food crops that have been irrigated with reclaimed water. In the early (sewer farm) uses of reclaimed
water, the health hazards were from the possibility of infectious disease transmission. In recent times, with the
advent of potable reuse at Windhoek, the recharge of groundwater basins for potable reuse and the growing
promotion of projects for direct or indirect potable reuse, serious concerns have been raised about the possible
health effects of long-term exposure to residual organic contaminants in the reused water.

A major advantage of non-potable reuse lies in the fact that chemical contaminants in the reclaimed
water do not have much opportunity for effects on health. Heavy metals in wastewaters are removed
from the liquid stream efficiently in conventional secondary treatment. Recent studies on long-term
land, application of wastewater have shown no tendency of heavy metals or trace organics to
accumulate in soils or plants grown on the site (37a). The need still exists, however, for control of
infectious bacteria and viruses to which the public might be exposed. Control of bacteria and their
reduction in reclaimed water to low levels are processes well understood. Much less is known about
treatment for removal of viruses. It is not known what concentrations of viruses are acceptable, even
in potable waters. Identification and enumeration of viruses in water and wastewater have been
hampered by the limitations of sampling techniques, problems of concentration of samples, the
complexity and high cost of laboratory procedures, and the limited number of facilities having the
personnel and equipment necessary to perform the analysis. Reclaimed water is considered safe
when appropriately used. Reclaimed water planned for use in recharging aquifers or augmenting
surface water receives adequate and reliable treatment before mixing with naturally occurring water
and undergoing natural restoration processes. Some of this water eventually becomes part of
drinking water supplies.