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proven effective way to save numerous lives. To realize such life – saving technique, an
where there is not enough amount of blood supply to provide everyone who needs it.
Though the Philippine Red Cross together with other organizations aid in
accumulating an ample blood supply, studies show that a qualified donor shall still
donate twice a year in order to provide the needed amount for sustainable supply of
In line with the aforementioned issue, this study seeks to assess the factors
affecting the students of Naga College Foundation to decide whether or not to donate
blood. It particularly deals with their perception on blood donation considering certain
factors specifically their knowledge about blood donation and level of intent considering
questionnaire using the four - point scale. The questionnaire also required the
respondents to identify their profile in terms of age, sex and weight. The survey
Based on the data gathered, the respondents were classified as blood donors
and non – donors. On as to their profile, the respondents’ mean age is 20 and their
mean weight is 50 kilograms. Results also showed that majority of the subjects of the
study is comprised of female (86.67%) and the males constitute only 13.33% of the
sample size.
1
Moreover, there was also no significant difference between the perception of the
blood donors and non – donors regarding the level of knowledge. This implies that the
respondents, regardless being a blood donor or not, have a sufficient and accurate basic
knowledge regarding the qualifications to being a blood donor and the benefits that it
may bring. With regard to the level of intent, results also reflect that helping the
students realize the importance and benefits that blood donation may bring may boost
the students’ desire to support others by means of donating blood. Whereas, when
external factors are considered, results show that blood donors, as they have already
The non – donors, however, do not consider this as reasons why they should voluntarily
donate blood.
These two variables – level of knowledge and level of intent has a weak positive
correlation having r = 0.192. Meaning to say, more knowledge about blood donation
may increase the respondents’ level of intent to donate blood. This suggests that
programs can be done to encourage students to voluntarily donate blood. In line with
this result, researchers suggest that others may conduct a project study by having
seminars at school that will explain to the students the importance and benefits brought
by donating blood, emphasizing that it is not only a means of saving others’ lives but as
2
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM
As the population grows around the globe, the demand for a lot of essential
resources also increases. There is a known significant increase with the demand for the
so called “needs” of humanity in order to survive. This also corresponds to the problem
of demand for the adequate supply for such needs. And one of the most frequently used
endeavors when it comes to its demands and supply. There is a non-stop increase with
the demand for healthcare related endeavors, particularly the demand for adequate and
safe blood units throughout the globe. This is critical for the lives of those who are in
need and for the future individuals who might be in need in order to thrive during life
The non-stop increase of the demand for adequate and safe blood units affects
the supply in ways that it is continuously increasing drastically. While the supply itself for
blood units tends to whether remain stagnant or increase slowly, which causes lots of
And yes, they found the most effective solution, which is conducting most of
their bloodletting activities within college schools and universities. This helped them
adapt with the increasing demand for blood units, enabling them to have an easy access
for adequate and safe blood supply. Hence, about 85-94% of bloodletting activities were
3
being held at college schools and universities (Red Cross Naga City). It is advantageous
to them for it is where we could find concentrated population of eligible blood donors.
allocate safe blood supply, sustaining its adequacy and ensuring accessibility. Some
sources of knowledge about blood donation are from the television (54%),
camps (10%) and even heard from people (4%). However, the task of recruiting blood
donors (young adults) remains one of the major challenges. Lack of time, fear of
needles & not understanding what’s involves are all given as reasons for young
According to Philippine Red Cross, Naga, Camarines Sur, about 1200 units of
blood is needed on a monthly basis. Yet about 600-800 of blood units were the actual
collection. Hence, this would mean definitely a lot of deaths for hospitals with patients
desperately in need of blood transfusion. Even though there is a nonstop effort being
College schools and universities is most likely the place where they conduct
bloodletting activities. Knowing that it is where the greatest resources of blood could be
found and that it is the haven of great population with eligible, possible voluntary blood
the country. Despite of the fact that college schools and universities may be a source of
adequate and safe blood units, the said agencies kept on experiencing difficulties on
4
It is probably caused by the out looked approach, methods or practices that
would definitely help increase the supply for blood being collected within college schools
and universities and gain voluntary blood donors from colleges. It proves these
endeavors to exist, for countless of blood donors are from outside each colleges and
universities. Instead of collecting blood from those young adults who could be found
within each institution, most individuals who promote the said activity tend to motivate
voluntary blood donors outside the college school and bring them in in order to
among young adults enrolled within college institutions. As well as the level of their
intent to donate blood due to a lot of misconceptions about blood donation. This is
Therefore the myriad opportunities to collect adequate and safe blood supply is
being affected as well as the mere purpose of conducting bloodletting activities within
This study looked into the Level of Selected Young Adults’ Knowledge of Blood
Donation & Relationship with Intent to Donate Blood in Naga College Foundation S/Y
a. age
b. sex
5
c. weight
a. internal and;
b. external
ASSUMPTION
3. The level of intent to donate blood could be influenced by internal and external
factors.
HYPOTHESIS
6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Patient. Through this study, there will be an easy access of blood to those
patients who are in need. They were given a new sense of hope to live, thus,
search of adequate blood. The hospital will be able to provide bags of blood to those
patients who are in need, reducing the percentage of patients dying caused by lack of
blood supply.
Donors. Aside from the fact that they provide essential blood for the medical
industry, it also gives them the feeling of satisfaction knowing that they’ve made a
difference in someone else lives. They would definitely benefit from this research, for
they would be able to increase the number of their companions. They would be also
Community. Family, friends, and neighborhoods that are in need of blood will
also have an easy access to blood units whenever needed. As well as it would help
increase the monitoring capability of the following; 1) back to back blood collecting and,
2) distribution agencies for some significantly increasing blood borne and sexually
Immunodeficiency virus).
Bicol Medical Center could collaborate with colleges and universities to promote blood
agencies like Philippine Red Cross also help in promoting voluntary blood donation.
7
School. The institution itself would be more motivated to help increase the
blood units being collected per bloodletting activity yearly, and eventually save lives in
the process.
The Researchers. This study will help the researchers to fulfill their goal of
having the research and hopefully pass the subject. The study also helps the
researchers to conduct a research that may help them individually in their chosen
profession.
The future researchers. They would be able to have future reference for their
own researchers and myriad opportunities for innovative and effective methodologies
would be available for them in promoting blood donors and increase blood unit
This study will be conducted to assess the level of knowledge and relationship of
intent to donate blood among selected young adults of Naga College Foundation. The
respondents of this study would be 150 Naga College Foundation College Young Adults
The non-teaching and teaching personnel are not included in this study. Yet, the
chosen respondents in this study are that Selected Young Adults who are officially
DEFINITION OF TERMS
8
There are terms defined in this study to make the discussions clear.
Young Adult. In this study, the young adults are the college students aging
from 18-29 years old, who are officially enrolled at Naga College Foundation during first
Intent. The state of mind with which an act is done. In this study intent is the
state of mind of the selected young adults of NCF when it comes to blood donation, as
well as their willingness to participate whether they already have the knowledge about
the level in which the respondents were aware and understands the importance of blood
donation.
the respondents who are willing to donate blood and those who are about to become
behavior is defined as the response of the selected young adults of NCF regarding blood
donation.
9
Notes
1. www.redcross.ph
2. www.departmentodhealth.ph
3. www.educblood.donation.eu
4. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/26971186
5. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/28542841
6. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/22443506
7. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/24033122
8. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/25623894http://europepmc.org/abstract/ME
D/26408074
9. Red Cross Naga City, Camarines Sur
10
CHAPTER II
This chapter deals with a review of related literature and studies, which have a
significant bearing on this study. The researcher viewed books, and published and
unpublished articles both foreign and local, which provided relevant facts and
A. RELATED LITERATURE
Donating blood is such a heroic and noble act to do for it enables an individual to
save others’ lives. However there are varieties of reasons as to why some people are
They are scared of needles. Many people feel that way at first. However, most
They are busy. People thought that donating blood would take up their time and
will reason out that they have a lot of things to do either in work, school, and other
personal errands.
No one asked them. There is simply no other way to supply the blood needed by
hospital patients but for the generous donors who are willingly and actively reach out
They’ve already donated. The human blood is being renewed every one hundred
twenty (120) days; therefore, donors can donate their blood every three months or
twice a year.
11
They’re afraid of getting blood diseases. A new sterile needle is used for each
They thought their blood is not compatible with the patients’ blood. Every type of
blood is needed daily to meet every patient needs. Common blood type is in high
demand so the donor does not need to worry. However, a less common blood type is in
short supply. Therefore, different type of blood may it be the common or the less
They don’t have enough blood to spare. The average adult body has 56 liters of
blood. Medical staff will assess the donor like reviewing the medical history if he/she is
capable of donating blood. And if he’s not capable they will not allow him for the mean
time but will assure him he could still donate given that the standard for donating has
been met.
They have a rare blood type, so will wait until there is a special need. Blood type
that is rare or special is almost always in short supply. There is a constant need for
these blood types in order to avoid having to recruit specific blood type in crisis.
Schools and Universities, there is a significant need for adequate blood supply within the
country. “There is a non-stop Demand for blood”, as the former Department of Health
secretary Dr. Paulyn Jean B. Rosell-Ubial, MD, MPH, CESO II once said. “We felt like that
it was difficult because giving blood is personal, it is not something you ask other people
to do for you,” Cuvin said. Having read what Cuvin said, we realized that in order to
boost the number of blood supply as well as voluntary blood donors, we really need
things to get a little personal when it comes to promoting blood donation activities. An
12
active and person-to-person basis of motivating possible voluntary blood donors may
21-65 years old, being informed about blood transfusion and its life-saving benefits
through either the education system or the life experiences had made people more likely
to intend to donate blood. The intention for future blood donation far outweighs past
practice of blood donation. The high level of willingness to donate blood needs to be
programs need to target behavior change using diverse approaches including the use of
current blood donors and local leaders as change agents. Evidence-based interventions
to retain blood donors as regular donors are of paramount importance. Further studies
to understand the root causes among non-blood donors as well as the reasons behind
The findings showed that in order to retain regular blood donors as we try to
because of the fact that, Yes there is an undeniable effort to motivate non-blood donor
to become voluntary blood donor. But there is a significant decrease among the
The chronic worldwide shortage of blood for transfusions has led to research on
the subject of blood donation. The Theory of Planned Behavior (Azjen and Madden,
1986) is one of the theoretical contexts examined as basis for studying this issue.
13
According to this theory, the individual’s beliefs and attitudes towards a behavior, the
performing the behavior may be overcome- determine the intention to engage in the
Nowadays, the scenario of blood shortage has been serious issue throughout the
world. Consequently, this has made blood donation as an area under discussion. One of
the ideas that best suit the requirement for calling more blood donors is through
application of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Even though it is just an extension
of Theory of Reasoned Action, however, both have consistent groundwork where they
try to examine the connection between beliefs, attitudes, normative influence, intention
and behaviors except for an additional component of Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC)
in TPB.
perform a specific behavior or known as behavioral intention will likely cause the actual
he or she will likely involve in an actual behavior of learning process such as listening to
the lecture and participating in the class. According to the theory, the origin of both
intention and actual behavior are from individual’s personal attitudes, subjective norms.
In an attempt to predict an individual intention and actual behavior, TPB spell out three
main factors which are an Attitude toward Behavior (ATB), Subjective Norms (SN), and
Attitude towards Behavior (ATB). The first construct of TPB is the ATB where it is
defined as an overall evaluation of one’s behavior. The construct indicate the degree of
the performance behavior is valued. Usually ATB is accessed through behavioral belief
14
where it links the interest behavior with the expected outcomes. This is because;
for an instance, when a person holding a belief that smoking will relieve his or her
stress, he or she will have the willingness or tendency to perform the behavior of
smoking.
individual social pressure or influence to involve into a specific behavior. TPB explained
comply with motivation that an individual in common, where a person like to perform
something that other person such as their family members, friends, supervisor, or the
society like to perform since they perceived the behavior is appropriate to perform. This
is where, a person will be using information about others’ in order to adjust their own
behavior and as a result, he or she will perform the same behavior and perceived it as a
over one’s own behavior. Usually, PBC will tend to exist when a person estimate the
level of difficulty for him or her to perform a specific behavior. This is where the
individual control belief will influence his or her actual behavior. At the time a person
perceived factor that present in common which may facilitate the performance of the
actual behavior, he or she is said to have PBC. This is because, PBC will assist the
prediction one’s intention to perform since the factors may influence one’s decision. As
for example, a person may have a high willingness to donate his or her blood if he or
15
she is confident with his or her ability to survive after the blood transfusion process. But
for those who feel that blood transfusions are not in his or her control, he or she will
tend to not to engage with the actual behavior. However, sometimes, PBC is often
their capabilities to produce a performance that influences events affecting their lives.
This confusion has been cleared by Bandura, whereby, in the study conducted, he
provided the distinction between both terms. He concluded that what makes the two
Generally, TPB, a well-known theory for number of disciplines has been adapted
in many prior studies and has shown predictive success of the required behavior. Not
only in predicting the intention to donate blood, but also the intention of halal food
purchasing the usage of technology among students and teachers, condom used as well
In the field of donation, it is examined that, most prior studies conducted to test
the constructs of TPB have shown significant association between the constructs of ATB,
SN and PBC with the intention to donate blood. All the TPB components are proving to
be relevant and significant in foreseeing the people’s intention to perform the behavior.
For example, in determining the intention to donate blood, Ben Natan and Gorkov have
successfully performed a study among 190 Israeli Jewish age range from 17 to 60. They
found that all the three factors in TPB were good predictors of the intention to donate
blood in which perceived behavioral control was found the best. The study also high
lightened the difference behavioral beliefs between those who had donated blood and
who had never donated blood whereby those who had never donated their blood have a
greater tendency to believe that blood donation and transfusion process is horrible
16
experience to have. Beforehand, worked out by a group led by Godin, they have shown
that people who ever donated their blood in live has more power of perceived behavioral
control as well as moral norms as compared to those who never donated their blood.
Later, this finding also has been successful supported by the study conducted in
Australia led by Robinson among 195 residents of Queensland. The thing that differs the
study performed by Ben Natan and Gorkov is that the respondents of this study are
randomly self-selected from the total number of 5, 466 residents, in which only non-
donors were analyzed. Both studies implied that, people who have high intention to
donate their blood in the future had a strong feeling of commitment to donate their
blood and had a high level of perceived behavioral control with regards to blood
donation. Though each study has their own findings, however, majority of the study
and found that when subjects had less fear of needles and/or blood and did not
perceived the process as painful and time consuming, they had more positive views of
population they studied had almost never donated blood, they compared those who had
signed up to donate blood with those who had never done so and found the former to
have more positive social norms in regard to blood donation. As Caldini and Trost (2013)
explained, social norms are simply rules of behavior that are observed or adopted by
most people within a social grouping. They guide our actions without being enforced by
the law.
17
This finding was supported by a study performed among 116 Canadians by
Godin et al. (2009) who found that people who had donated blood in the past and who
expressed a high intention to donate blood in the near future had a strong feeling of
personal commitment to donate blood and a high level of perceived control perceived
anticipated regret towards the idea of not donating blood and intention to donate blood.
Additional support for the effect of the model variables is provided by Giles et al
(2012) in their study of 100 Irish students. They found that subjective norms, i.e.,
parents, spouses and friends who support the intention to donate blood, predict a
greater intention to donate blood. It must be stated that these two studies were held
model, other variables influencing the decision to donate blood have also emerged, such
as level of knowledge about blood donation (Lemmens et. al. 2011). Godin et al (2013)
also found that having donated blood in the past and the shorter the length of time that
elapsed since the last donation predicted a greater intention to donate in the near
future. This is reinforced by Chamla et. al. (2014) who found that the more donors
performed blood donations during the first year after their initial donation the higher the
Many studies attempt to characterize the average donors. Godin et. al. (2005)
found that the average donor is a 50-70 year-old male, married, with a higher
education. They found that there was a high likelihood that donors would be familiar
with someone in their social environment who is in need of a blood transfusion, while
Boulware et. al. (2009) identified the average blood donor as a 20-50 year-old male who
18
donates through organized professional r social groups. In summary, factors identified in
the various studies as influencing blood donation were not found to be homogenous,
due to difference between the research populations (for example, students versus
The Republic Act No. 7719 or also so called the “National Blood Services Act of
1994” was made to have--- An act promoting voluntary blood donation, providing for an
adequate supply of safe blood, regulating blood banks, and providing penalties for
should be a humanitarian act; the people should also know that blood donation is a
professional medical services and should not be a sale product. It is also indicated that
all blood banks should be approved by the Department of Health and been manage by
an authorized physician of the said department. People who will not follow the law will
be imprisoned for not less than one (1) month or more than six (6) months or wil pay a
penalty of not less than five thousand (5, 000.00) or not more than fifty thousand (50,
000.00), and for those who will establish blood banks or center without any license will
be imprisoned not less than twelve (12) years and one day and will not be more than
twenty (20) years or will pay not less than fifty thousand (50, 000.00) or will not be
NSTP coordination among universities and colleges. The blood donation activities
are incorporated in the NSTP as part of the school curriculum. Students under this
The Pledge 25. A project of Philippine National Red Cross (PRC)- Red Cross
Youth (RCY) in support of voluntary blood donation drives. It is a group of young blood
19
givers where members after being motivated to become voluntary blood donors, will
pledge to regularly donate blood three (3) to four (4) times a year starting the age 18
until they reach 25 years old. After this period, they will be joining the other blood
donors’ group as: Blood Galloners’ Club of the National Blood Services (NBS) for their
members and a leader, registered at the PRC pool of volunteers. It aims to encourage
stand by donors, 9 will be part of Community Health and Nursing Services and 9 other
Partnership with BLEED Foundation. The word BLEED stands for Blood Lettings
National Blood Services in its advocacy of providing adequate, safe and quality blood
supply to the people. Pioneered by the Elizabeth Seaton School, they assist by
conducting regular blood donation activities among their students. This noble project is
also imparted to the other schools by: information campaign and recruiting volunteer
There are many benefits for those who donated blood, if we donated several
times a year we are likely in better physical shape than those who doesn’t and it can
also reduce the risk for acquiring several diseases. It also lowered the risk for having
cancer and also reduces the chance of having heart diseases. It also helps to have a
20
After donating blood, they will receive a donor’s card that will give them the
privilege to be the priority if they needed blood, unlike non-donors than they needed to
B. RELATED STUDIIES
Related to Blood Donation Among the Healthcare Support Staff of Tertiary Care Hospital
in Gujarat, India” by Mullah, F., et al (2012), the reasons of the staff of not donating
blood are: blood is not used properly, nobody approached me, i am scared, bad
experience of others, not eligible for donation, will lose weight and become weak, blood
bank does not provide blood for free, and no incentive or award.
According to the research of Md. Kharim, R., et.al., 2012,, entitled “Factors
were collected from 490 students among them 304 (62%) students were male, only 8%
selected students do not know their own blood group. More than half of the students
are from urban areas (62.7%). The study revealed that 34.3% participants donated
blood in some occasions and among the non-donor participants, 73.3% showed positive
attitude towards blood donation. Among the blood donors, 42.3% of the respondents
are involved with some blood donation organizations. Most of the students have
misconception (65.9%) about the universal donor blood group while only 10.4%
students have the correct knowledge about the universal donor blood group. 23.7%
respondents reported that they don’t have any knowledge about the minimum age of
eligible blood donor. About 64.4% are aware of the universal receiver blood group and
26.7% students are unaware of this. A small portion of the students (10.9%) have
21
misconception about universal blood group receiver. Most of the students (84.9%) have
correct knowledge about the minimum eligible age of blood donor. The time interval
between two successive blood donations must be three (3) months and 57.6% students
were aware of this statement. Among donor students whoever donated blood, 7.2%
said that they donated blood at blood bank, 37.5% said they donated blood at hospital,
8.9% said they donated blood at blood donation organization and a good portion of
students (46.6%) said they donated blood directly and 16.1% reported that they
donated blood by responding to any advertisement while 83.9% revealed that they
never donated blood by responding to any advertisement. Among the graduate student
blood donors, 54.8% were gone through the screening process all the time and 32.5%
never gone through any process. 7.7% were sometimes gone through the screening
process. Among non-donor students, 28.6% students informed that they are not able to
donate blood, where 21.1% noted that the reason is fear. 39.8% said that they were
not ever asked to donate blood and 4.7% think that it is time consuming. 4.0% students
Donation Among Healthcare Support Staff of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Gujarat, India”
by Mullah, F, et.al finds out that 91% of the respondents felt that blood donation was
not safe. Only 16% had adequate knowledge about eligibility of blood donation and all
of them were females. 39% of the respondents had donated blood themselves and 79%
had family history of blood donation. None of the sociodemographic factors except
young age were found to be associated with better knowledge or positive perceptions
about blood donation. Many among those who had donated blood also did not perceived
blood donation as safe. Apprehension about blood being not properly used and not
22
having been approached by anyone were commonest reasons for not donating blood. It
was concluded in this study that the knowledge about safety, eligibility, and motivation
for blood donation is very poor among the healthcare support staff. Efforts must be
made to educate these employees and promote voluntary blood donation among them.
bodies may be considered to promote blood donation among healthcare support staff. It
was found out that thirty one (31) of the respondents had several fears about donating
blood. Commonest was about becoming weak (21) followed by fear of getting infections
(12) and other unspecified harmful effects. The respondents also suggested various
incentives and methods to encourage blood donation among employees of the hospital
like issuing donor cards; providing awards; providing certificates; honoring during
According to the result of the study entitled “Knowledge, Attitude and Trends of
the Palestinian community on Blood Donation”--- Most of the interviewees 93% of them
are males and 92% are females. Concerning the sources from where the interviewees
heard about blood donation, the result shows that they heard about blood donation
from relatives, friends, and mass media. Low percentage (30%) of the interviews
indicated knowledge of blood donation, could state the right concept of blood donation.
43% of the interviewees know that could be transferred to injured people due to
accidents, 74% knows that it could be transferred to sick, 18% to women during
delivery, 27% during surgeries and 22% indicated that blood could be transferred to the
other cases such as: anemic individuals and those suffering from thalassemia. 55% of
the interviewees said that AIDS could be transmitted through blood. Blood donation
23
According to the conclusion on the study in Hong Kong, which is all about young
people’s blood donation behavior, stated that---- Recruitment strategies should focus on
the enhancement of health education programs related to blood and blood donation for
young people to increase their awareness on blood and alleviate their misconception
According to the result and conclusion of the study entitled “Attitude, Belief and
males and 274 females, the majority of the sample were non donor. These non-donors
were between ages 18-39 years old. Almost 68% of the respondents who participated in
the study believed that blood donation was too harmful. 30% said that they will not
donate their blood even if there is an urgent need of blood because of the risk of getting
infectious diseases.
This study was also supported by a study performed by Beverly Picloy, RMT et al.
(2015) who found that the students of medical technology in Our Lady of Lourdes
College Foundation, Daet, Camarines Norte who had donated blood in the past and high
intention to donate blood in the near future had a strong feeling of commitment to
donate blood and had a strong feeling of perceived behavioral control in regard to
donating blood. The findings of the study also proved that the factors that inhibit the
medical technology students to donate blood had a significant relationship with intent to
donate blood.
The related literature and studies reviewed revealed insights and constructs of
24
The statement of Secretary Dr. Paulyn Jean B. Rosell-Ubial, MD, MPH, CESO II
and Sir Tony Monponbanua of Red Cross, Naga Chapter, were all focused on promoting
Studies conducted by Azjen and Madden, Caldini and Frost, Lemminens, Ben
Natan, Gorkov and Beverly Picloy had bearings with the present work. They all identified
the causes by which individuals were not able to donate their own blood, as well as the
factors which help influence them in the actual behavior of donating blood. The findings
of their studies were different from each other; however, the Theory of Planned
Behavior greatly influenced and help the researchers thrive in their own research
endeavors.
schools and universities, particularly Naga College Foundation. It ought to study the
overlooked possible opportunities to increase the blood supply rather the blood units
being collected within the school. And eventually save lives in the process. Additional
reason why this study is unique among the other research conducted, is that every
study that has been conducted focused on the prediction of the intention of every
individual to donate blood. This study tries to influence as well as to increase the level of
25
AZJEN’S THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR
26
The framework of this study was based on the Azjen’s Theory of Planned
Behavior. A useful social psychological model that can be used to assist the thinking of
people when considering why people perform particular behaviors is that theory of
planned behavior. The theory of planned behavior, seeks to explain why people perform
certain actions. They do so because they form an intention to carry out the action.
Intentions are influenced by the person’s beliefs, the social pressure to conform to the
wishes of others, and their perceived ability to carry out the action. According to the
blood donation, the more knowledgeable an individual in donating blood, the influence
of the significant others and the individual’s conviction too perform blood donation.
27
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
ONE HUNDRED
SELECTED
AND FIFTY
YOUNG ADULTS
SELECTED
LEVEL OF
YOUNG ADULTS QUESTIONNAIRE
KNOWLEDGE
OF NAGA METHOD
AND INTENT TO
COLLEGE
DONATE BLOOD
FOUNDATION
28
The concept used in the study is Input-Process Output. This plan was applied to
one hundred and fifty (150) young adult students of Naga College Foundation through
the use of questionnaire method for the researcher to assess the level of knowledge and
relationship of intent to donate blood among selected young adults, and how many of
The plan ought to subject the selected respondents who are officially enrolled at
and answered by the respondents. As we assess their knowledge and level intent to
donate blood. In order to obtain the research utmost purpose, which is to help promote
voluntary blood donors, increase the blood units being collected and save lives in the
process.
29
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the details of method and procedure that were used to
answer the research problems of the study. Particularly it includes the research design,
sampling design, research instruments, sources of data, data gathering procedures, and
the statistical treatment that are used in the analysis and interpretation of data.
A. Research Design
conduct the research. It is the plan for how the study will be conducted. It concerned
with the type of data to be collected and the means used to obtain these data.
The study utilizes the descriptive research. The descriptive research is also
known as statistical research which describes data and characteristics about the
population and phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answered the questions
who, what, where, when, and how. This study aims to determine and assess the level of
B. Sources of Data
Since, the title of this study is “Level of Knowledge and Relationship of Intent to
Donate Blood among Selected Young Adults” the data and information were gathered
from primary and secondary sources. The primary sources are from selected
respondents in Naga College Foundation. The secondary sources are from library review,
30
C. Respondents
The respondents of the study are composed of the selected non-donor and
D. Sampling Technique
Purposive sampling was used to select the respondents as samples of the study.
The design is based on choosing individuals as samples according to the purposes of the
researcher. A respondent is chosen as part of the sample because of the good evidence
that is a representative of the total population. The criteria set by the researcher in
1. Young adult students who have never donated blood yet and those who have
In this study, the researcher utilized questionnaire method as the main data-
gathering instrument to obtain the respondents’ profile (non-donor or donor), and the
determine the level of the selected respondents’ knowledge of blood donation as well as
the relationship with their intent to donate blood. The questionnaire was made clear,
31
simple and direct to the point, so as to obtain relatively objective responses that could
2.) To assess the level of intent of the selected respondents to donate blood in
definitely enable them to assess both the level of knowledge and intent of the
The following are the descriptions of some statistical procedures that are used in
the study.
2. Chi-square Test
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The chi-square test is used to test if there is a relationship between
the level of respondents’ knowledge and their level of intent to donate blood.
(𝑂 − 𝐸)
X2= x2 = ∑
Where:
𝜀= summation
𝑂 = 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
E= Expected frequency
Where:
c= number of columns
r= number of rows
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CHAPTER 4
This chapter presents the results based from the data gathered throughout
conducting the study and the conclusions formulated in accord. The manner in which
the data are presented are in line with how it appears on the statement of the problem.
A. Age
The summary of the data gathered regarding the respondents’ age is shown
below on Table 1.
Age f x fx <CF
17-19 71 18 1278 71
26-28 3 27 81 140
29-31 2 30 60 142
32-34 0 33 0 142
35-37 1 36 36 143
n = 143 fx = 2883
Results show that the mean age of the respondents is 20.16. This, however is
seemed to be greatly affected by an extreme value whose range corresponds to age 35-
37. That is why researchers also consider the mode which is equal to 17.13 and is in the
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modal class 17-19. Still, the computed mode appears to be not the appropriate measure
of average for the data because by looking closely into the raw data, only two
individuals have an age of 17. Another measure of central tendency which is the median
tells that the median value is 19.53 which is quite close to the previously computed
B. Sex
Male Female
Donor 8 12
Non – Donor 42 88
Total 50 100
Table 2 shows that the respondents is mostly composed of female. Out of 150
respondents, 50 are female which is equivalent to 66.67% of the sample size while the
100
80
60
40
20
0
Donor Non - Donor
Male Female
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As reflected on figure 3, the number of non – donors is significantly larger than
that of the blood donors. In fact, looking closely at their frequencies, 130 of 150
respondents are non – donors of blood which is 86.67% of the sample size. The
remaining 13.33% on the other hand are the only blood donors in the respondents. Of
the 130 donors, 88 are female and the males are 42. On as to the non – donors of
blood, 12 are female and the remaining 8 are comprised of male. Females domineered
C. Weight
Weight f x fx <CF
(in kg)
38-42 18 40 720 18
43-47 25 45 1125 43
48-52 32 50 1600 75
67-72 1 70 70 115
73-77 0 75 0 115
78-82 0 80 0 115
n = 118 fx = 5990
Results show that the mean weight of the respondents is 50.76 kilograms. This
implies that though there are individuals who are not qualified to be blood donors
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considering the weight requirement, the respondents, in general, are still qualified to
d. Health Status
donation, the responses on the survey questionnaire which is analyzed using the
following scale:
The following tables show the perception of blood donors and non - donors from Naga
College Foundation on the practice of blood donation based on their level of knowledge
A. Level of Knowledge
2 3.40 Agree
4 2.30 Disagree
5 3.50 Agree
7 1.95 Disagree
8 2.30 Disagree
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9 3.50 Agree
10 3.05 Agree
The blood donors at Naga College Foundation strongly agree that blood donation
can save lives, both male and female can donate blood but they must be 50 kilograms
or above to be able to do so. Furthermore, with a weighted mean ranging from 3.05 –
3.50, they agreed that blood is always in demand and to be able to donate blood, one
must be 16 – 65 years old. They also agreed that donating blood is safe and is
performed for at least twice a year. On the other hand, they disagreed with the ideas
that blood donation is anti – life, it can cause health problems and could even lessen the
2 3.17 Agree
3 3.04 Agree
4 2.45 Disagree
5 2.78 Agree
6 3.42 Agree
7 2.28 Disagree
8 1.98 Disagree
9 3.04 Agree
10 2.86 Agree
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Similarly, those who donate blood strongly agreed that blood donation can save
lives. They also agreed with the facts that blood is in demand at all times, it is safe, can
be performed for at least twice a year and both sexes can donate provided they meet
the qualifications of being in the age range of 16 – 65 years old and weigh at least 50
By comparing the responses of the two groups, there is not enough evidence to
support the claim that there is a significant difference between the responses of the non
– donors and the blood donors since t – test results are -2.11<0.92<2.11.
B. Level of Intent
With reference to the survey questionnaire used as a data gathering tool in the
study, the questions under the category ‘Level of Intent’ can be divided into two groups
analyze the level of intent of the respondents in view of the internal factors while
factors.
39
Considering the internal factors, the blood donors agreed that they have the
willingness to donate blood. On the contrary, results show that the non - donors clearly
know that their blood is needed as an additional supply but they just opt not to donate.
With regards to the similarities in the results of the two groups, they both agreed that
had they known further about the benefits that it may bring them especially to their
health and can even help them live a healthier life and can lessen the probability of
acquiring diseases, then it could have even encouraged them to do so (Table 6).
With a weighted mean of 3.55, blood donors strongly agreed that they would
definitely donate blood for the benefit of evaluating their health status through the
laboratory tests that are being run therewith. Furthermore, they also agreed with the
idea of donating blood had they known its other benefits like free medical check – up.
Results also show that the donors can be further encouraged to donate blood if they
would be given extra points or be excused from classes in exchange of doing so. They,
though, disagree to donate blood just because they see their friends doing so. The non
– donors also have the same idea with the donors. However, they conflict on two points.
40
That is, being excused in class or extra points from their professor would not encourage
Using Statistical Package for Social Sciences 21 (SPSS 21), the relationship
between the respondents’ level of knowledge and level of intent was analyzed by
Level_of_Knowledge Level_of_Intent
Pearson 1 .192
Correlation
Level_of_Knowledge Sig. (2- .416
tailed)
N 20 20
Pearson .192 1
Correlation
Level_of_Intent Sig. (2- .416
tailed)
N 20 20
Table 7. Correlation Between the Level of Knowledge and Level of Intent of
the Respondents
respondents’ level of knowledge and level of intent. The direction of the relationship is
positive. Simply put, they are positively correlated. Meaning, these variables tend to
increase together. However, the magnitude or strength of the association is weak (0.1 <
Results show that the respondents already have an accurate knowledge about
the basic points regarding blood donation which was shown by agreeing on the
questions which has to be agreed on and responding disagree on what should have to
41
be disagreed. Yet, such knowledge can still be improved by certain intervention
programs, say, seminars at school that will explain to the students the importance and
benefits brought by donating blood, emphasizing that it is not only a means of saving
others’ lives but as well as their own. This is in line with the results that had they further
understood its benefits well, then they could have been encouraged to donate blood.
Moreover, the results regarding the correlation also support this idea. That is, if the
respondents have more knowledge about blood donation, then their intent to donate
42
CHAPTER 5
This chapter presents the summary of findings about the study. From the
findings, conclusions were drawn. Recommendation for future works to improve this
SUMMARY
This study looked into the factors affecting the voluntary blood donation among
Findings:
1. The mean age of the respondents in Naga College Foundation is 20 years old.
2. The respondents are mostly comprised of female which are 66.67 of the sample
3. are male.
4. Some respondents do not qualify for the weight requirement but the mean
5. 130 of 150 respondents are non – donors of blood which is 86.67% of the
sample size. The remaining 13.33% on the other hand are the only blood donors
in the respondents.
Findings:
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It was found out that both blood donors and non – donors at Naga College
Foundation agree that blood donation can save lives, both male and female can donate
blood but they must be 50 kilograms or above to be able to do so. Furthermore, with a
weighted mean ranging from 3.05 – 3.50, they agreed that blood is always in demand
and to be able to donate blood, one must be 16 – 65 years old. They also agreed that
donating blood is safe and is performed for at least twice a year. On the other hand,
they disagreed with the ideas that blood donation is anti – life, it can cause health
Conclusion:
The respondents already have an accurate knowledge about the basic facts
regarding blood donation which was shown by agreeing on the questions which has to
Recommendation:
measured by means of administering a test covering the topic about blood donation.
That is, instead of the questionnaire being in a form of survey type, it will be test
questions which are to be checked then tallied. Future researchers may consider this in
Problem 3: What are the respondents’ blood donation level of intent in terms of internal
Findings:
1. Considering the internal factors, the blood donors agreed that they have the
willingness to donate blood. On the contrary, results show that the non - donors
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clearly know that their blood is needed as an additional supply but they just opt
not to donate. The two groups, on the other hand, both agreed that had they
known further about the benefits that it may bring them especially to their health
and can even help them live a healthier life and can lessen the probability of
2. The respondents’ level of intent in terms of external factors show that they
consider the free medical check – up and laboratory tests run to be points to be
considered on as to why they should donate blood. However, the two groups
varied idea considering the other external factors. That is, blood donors’ decision
donors, on the contrary, disagreed to donate blood even when they can be
excused from class or will be given extra points for doing so.
Conclusions:
1. Helping the students realize the importance and benefits that blood donation
may bring may boost the students’ desire to support others by means of
donating blood.
not consider this as reasons why they should voluntarily donate blood.
Findings:
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It was found out that a positive correlation exists between the respondents’ level
of knowledge and level of intent. Yet, the correlation between these two variables is
Conclusion:
The variables tend to increase together. Thus, more knowledge about blood
Findings:
It was found out that the level of knowledge can still be improved. Same idea
applies with the respondents’ level of intent. The thing is, the intent appeared to be
somehow dependent on the person’s level of knowledge because of the weak positive
Conclusion:
at school that will explain to the students the importance and benefits brought by
donating blood, emphasizing that it is not only a means of saving others’ lives but as
well as their own. This, in turn will not only enhance their knowledge but will also
motivate and empower students to donate blood if they are qualified donors.
Recommendation:
46
Appendix A
A. Donors
Level of Knowledge
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 19 0 1 0 3.90
2 10 8 2 0 3.40
3 12 7 1 0 3.55
4 3 4 9 4 2.30
5 11 8 1 0 3.50
6 15 5 0 0 3.75
7 1 4 8 7 1.95
8 3 2 7 8 2.30
9 12 6 2 0 3.50
10 3 15 2 0 3.05
Level of Intent
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 3 5 11 1 1.60
2 9 9 2 0 3.35
3 6 5 4 5 2.60
4 5 4 9 2 2.60
5 3 9 8 0 2.75
6 8 8 4 0 3.20
7 8 7 5 0 3.15
8 9 9 2 0 3.35
9 11 8 1 0 3.50
10 11 9 0 0 3.55
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B. Non – Donors
Level of Knowledge
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 88 42 0 0 3.68
2 41 74 11 4 3.17
3 33 78 14 1 3.04
4 10 50 59 11 2.45
5 10 88 29 0 2.78
6 70 51 3 0 3.48
7 14 35 57 22 2.28
8 15 20 56 26 1.98
9 32 72 25 1 3.04
10 19 83 22 3 2.86
Level of Intent
Strongly Strongly Weighted
Agree (3) Disagree (2)
Agree (4) Disagree (1) Mean
1 2 37 74 12 2.15
2 30 73 22 2 2.96
3 19 22 57 29 2.19
4 18 20 55 29 2.08
5 14 52 49 11 2.47
6 35 78 13 3 3.10
7 31 65 25 5 2.88
8 53 52 15 5 3.10
9 39 62 20 4 2.47
10 49 61 13 2 3.13
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