Let's consider the strain-displacement relations for shear strains.

I'll go back to my edge aligned along the x direction.

But now I'm looking at displacements in the y direction, also.
So this point will displace by an amount v in the y direction.
So this is the y direction.

And this will displace by an amount v plus delta v in the y direction.

After I apply my loads, this will look like that.

So it's elongated by delta u in the x direction.
And it's moved up by an amount delta v in the y direction.
And you'll get a skewing.
And earlier, we called the skewing angle theta.
It's the same thing.

Tan theta is then just that divided by that.

And I can divide through by delta x.

In the numerator, I'll get delta v over delta x.
And in the denominator, I'll get that.
Then I look in the limit as delta x tends to 0.
And I can replace them with partial derivatives.
So I'll get tan theta is partial v, partial x, in the numerator.
And then here, I'll get partial u, partial x.

I'll say that du dx is much less than 1.

And that's a normal strain.
So the normal strain is much less than 1.
I'll also say that the skewing theta is much less than 1.

That means that, essentially what I'm saying is that dv dx is much less than 1,
or tan theta is very small.
And because this implies that tan theta is very small,
I can replace tan theta by just theta.

And so tan theta becomes theta.

And I can knock out this term due to that assumption.
And I'll just get this over here.

And essentially I'm assuming that the strains are small.

This is a normal strain, that's related to the shear strain.
So the assumption embedded in this relation
is that I have small strains, both for normal and shear.

Now we are interested, if I go back to a previous figure that I had,

I looked at this skew angle theta.
We have a corresponding skew angle lambda here.
And you may recall that the engineering shear strain is the sum of those two.
So let's take a look at a corresponding expression for lambda.
In that case, I'm looking at an edge aligned in the y direction.
And it's going to elongate by delta v in the y direction.
And also this corner is going to move with respect
to this corner in the x direction.
And that amount is going to be delta u.
And if I go through and do the same kind of development as I did for theta,
I'll get this expression for lambda, du dy.
And you can intuitively see that if I increase
the gradient of u in the y direction, it means that the u here
will be more different than the u here.
And so lambda will increase.
And the engineering shear strain is theta plus lambda.
So I get that term here.
And then the previous term I had was dv dx.
So I'll get the cross derivatives.
And the assumption embedded is that the strains are small.
Similarly, I'll get for the engineering shear strain in the yz plane,
it's a corresponding expression.
And in the zx plane.
This gives me three additional relations when I consider the shear strain.
But I haven't introduced any new variables.
So that actually closes the equation set.
I should mention that these derivations have
a lot of overlap with the derivations that I
cover in the Big Ideas in Fluids.
One main difference is that there, one is talking about the strain rates
because a fluid particle deforms continuously
when you apply a force on it.
And so now we have the equation set that is closed.
And I'll summarize the equation set in the pre-analysis for the bike crank.
And then we'll go and solve the structural response of the bike crank, in ANSYS.
And essentially, it's using the same set of equations when
we do the bolted flange example, also.
And a lot of the static structural examples
that you do, in ANSYS or another finite element analysis tool,
are going to use these set of equations or some variation of it.
So these equations are very important.