June 2017, Vol. 91, No. 6, Rs. 100. 80 pages.

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Price Rs. 600

CD on Concrete Bridges
An Icj Compilation
Concrete Bridges have been one of ICJ’s interest areas, and the Ninety-two papers have been divided into
journal has published several papers on this topic during the 13 categories, namely, Bridge construction,
critical period when the sophistication of bridge technology Bridges across major rivers, Rail and road
and construction were on the rise. bridges across Thane creek, Bridges on
Konkan Railway, Design and optimization
ICJ has now compiled important papers published in the
of bridges, Cable-stayed bridges, Pamban
last few decades on a CD showcasing bridge projects in the
bridge, First-of-its-kind bridges, Condition
country.
monitoring and rehabilitation of bridges,
The compilation has been done with the purpose of focusing on Seismic design of bridges, Integral bridges,
technological trends and archiving information. It is expected High performance concrete for bridges and
that this compilation will help provide a compact, ready Delhi Metro.
reference on various facets of concrete bridges.

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 Founded in 1927
THE INDIAN CONCRETE JOURNAL
June 2017, Volume 91, Number 6

Published by ACC Limited, L.B. Shastri Road, Near

Teen Haath Naka, Thane (W) 400604.
The contents of this journal are contributions
TECHNICAL PAPERS
of individual authors, and reflect their
independent opinions, findings, conclusions and

12
recommendations and do not necessarily imply Mix design methodology for greener concrete
that they reflect the views of the Publisher, ACC
Swanand Raikar
Limited. The Publishers are not liable for any
damage or inconvenience, caused to anyone who
may have acted on the information contained in
the publication.
Parametric study of pervious concrete with
The Indian Concrete Journal, ISSN 0019-4565
Copyright © 2017 ACC Limited. 19 changing cement content and w/c ratio
Tejas Joshi and Urmil Dave
ACC Limited - Registered Office – Cement House,
121, Maharshi Karve Road, Mumbai 400 020.
The copyright, database rights and similar rights
Understanding hysd reinforcing bars used in Indian
26
in all materials published in The Indian Concrete
Journal are owned by ACC Limited. None of construction industry (from seismic point of view)
this material may be used for any commercial Brijesh Singh, V.V. Arora and Lalit Yadav
or public use, other than for the purpose of fair
dealing, research or private study, or review of the
contents of the journal, in part or in whole, and
may not be reproduced or stored in any media for Gamma attenuation characteristics of high density concrete under
mass circulation without the prior written consent
of the publisher. 34 high temperature regimes
C.S. Pillai, A.R. Santhakumar, R. Mathiyarasu and J. Ashok Kumar

PUBLISHING / EDITORIAL / Performance of concrete by partially replacing fine aggregate

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41 with granulated blast furnace slag and cement with fly ash
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04 EDITORIAL

Editor: Ashish Patil

Editorial Team:
06 NEWS & EVENTS

Ulhas Fernandes
S.M. Abbas POINT OF VIEW: Long term losses in pre-stressed concrete member as
48 per IS 1343:2012 and IS 1343:1980
P. Markandeya Raju and T. Raghuram Sandeep

June 2017, Vol. 91, No. 6, Rs. 100. 80 pages.

THE INDIAN CONCRETE JOURNAL

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Cover image source:
www.fazzioconcrete.com
64
Cover June 2017.indd 1 27/05/2017 9:33:28 AM
POINT OF VIEW: Effect of finite size joint correction
on staging of grid type water tank
Abhay Khandeshe and R.K. Ingle

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 3

 EDITORIAL
EDITORIAL

From the Editor’s Desk...

We close this year with the issue of demonetisation of safety and remaining life expectancy. In order to have an
Rs.1000/- currency and replacement of old Rs.500/- accurate and reliable assessment, an arch dam in South

H opefully bywith
denomination
construction
from the While
the new
have arrived
scorching
time currency.
you readThis
sitesinwhere
Southern
this,has
monsoon
affectedwould
part oftoIndia
payments
heat and
most
bringing
labourers arerespite
made
Performance
aggregate with
of concrete
India was undertaken
varying
as aby case
partially
percentages
study replacing
of granulated
the properties of concrete in dams. Possible causes of
fine
to understand
blast
in cash. companies willthe heat
have to waves
manage experienced
arranging furnace slag, and
displacement and cracking
for cement with concrete
in arch fly ash indamvarious
were
this year!denomination currency at sites in the interim period,
smaller identified in this
replacements study.
levels are evaluated in this paper for different
many companies are employing innovative methods of concrete properties.
paying their
Depleting workmen.
resources, increased industrialisation leading to Load bearing walls, compound walls, retaining walls,
more waste generation is a burden on environment. It is dams,
Our chimneys,
Point of View bridge
sectionpiers, as masonry
has two structures
papers. The are
first paper
Computerthat
observed aided
COprograms
2 areare
emissions available
higher to
foranalyse
higher shear-
grade quite popular. Because of its low tensile strength, masonry
is on pre-stressed concrete members where long term
wall frameIninthis
concretes. high rise buildings.
paper, the authorHowever,
looks at a simpleways
various and components are designed to resist mainly compressive
losses due to creep, shrinkage of concrete and relaxation
to use recycled and waste materials, suggesting ways tothe
time saving numerical methodology for choosing a forces. Need for conservation of heritage structures has
of pre-stressing steel are studied as per Indian standards.
preliminary dimensions of a shear wall system is not there. motivated researchers to evaluate the seismic resistance of
greener concrete.
The authors in this paper suggest the same! Inaccurate
unreinforcedestimation of losses leads to serviceability
masonry structures.
problems like excessive camber, cracking of concrete, etc.
The porosity in pervious concrete minimizes storm water
Estimated over 60 Million houses are required to be built While revising
Frictional IS 1343:1980,
resistance many
of the soil modifications
around the pileonplays
lossesa
runoff. The design of each pervious concrete mix is unique
in rural and urban areas as per the Ministry of housing. critical
were role in the This
incorporated. pile’s ultimate
paper bringsbearing
out thecapacity
backgroundand
based on performance requirements. In this research,
Affordable housing – cost effective and fast dwelling units this directly affects
reasons for these changes.the construction quality of composite
different parameters
are the need like void
of the hour. ratio,
Glass compressive
Fibre Reinforcedstrength,
Gypsum piles, i.e., reinforced concrete pile inserting into soil
permeability andoffer
density are studiedsolution
to develop
thataaddresses
pervious cement mixed
(GFRG) panels an innovative The staging of pile.
waterAlthough
tower iscomposite
analysedpiles
and are applied
change in
concrete mix proportion.
construction speed at less cost. The authors in this paper in practical engineering, the theory of the characteristics of
buckling effect and dynamic properties of the grid type
have constructed model apartments to demonstrate this vertical bearing capacity of the pile is inconsistent and not
staging with varying number of columns are evaluated.
Steel bars used
with minimal steel in construction
requirement andare investigated
minimal on
involvement perfected. This paper in ‘Point of View’ suggests a practical
tensile properties to ascertain the level of conformity Authors conclude by suggesting a simple methodology of
of labour! and simple formula to calculate vertical bearing capacity of
to parameters mentioned in Indian and International calculation.
the composite pile. The second paper under in PoV studies
Can bond strength
standards. (between
Relationship steelcarbon
between and concrete) applied
percentage to the effect of high temperature on normal and high strength
as per
yield theultimate
and IS code tensile
for standard grade
strength for of concrete
different be used
diameters One
RC withIndia – One
and Tax!steel
without GSTfibres.
is one big change! Full impact
alsodetermined.
are for high strength concrete? As design parameters for of GST on construction cost will take some time to assess.
bond strength for high strength concrete is not defined in We hope India
However, what manages
will surelytoaffect
put behind the currency
is during crises
this transition
thenuclear
IS code, investigation to evaluate bondarestrength of high and leaps forward to a New Year!
period apart from tax and price, will be buying behaviour
In reactors, high density concrete preferred to
strength concrete is conducted which reveals a correlation inventory level of construction items. Some of these could
shield radiation. Concrete characteristics to shield radiation
of bond strength with compressive strength of concrete Write to us with your views and suggestions.
depend mainly on type of aggregates and moisture content impact your construction work. So factor for this and plan
and diameter of reinforcements.
in the mix. The effect of high temperature for varying your inventory in days to come!
Wishing you all A Very Happy New Year!
durations on gamma attenuation properties of high density
There are many dams that are over 50 years old. These With Best Regards,
concrete Best Regards,
‘age old mixes
dam’ with different
can be aggregates
characterized withtypes and steel
an increase in
shots are investigated by the authors in this paper.
structural deterioration resulting in impaired structural Ashish
Ashish Patil
Patil

4 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

 The Indian Concrete Journal December 2016
 NEWS & EVENTS
AKC’s June 2017 Programs
The June 2017 programs of Ambuja Knowledge Centre
include the following.
AKC Andheri
• T echnical Lecture on “Waterproofing & Rehabilitation”
on 16th June’2017 (Speaker: Er. Dipesh Rewari – Asst.
Manager Sales CS - BASF India)
• “ Basic Concrete Mix Design” workshop - 08th & 09th
June’2017.
• “Material Testing” workshop -15th&16th June’2017.
AKC –Thane
• T echnical Lecture on “Role of Microfine Material for
Enhancement of Durability” on 23rd June,17 (Speaker
Er. Yatin Joshi – National Head Alccofine Business –
Ambuja Cements Limited)
• “ Basics of RCC Design & Concept” Workshop on
13th&14th June’2017.
• “ Manufactured Sand” Workshop on 22nd and 23rd
June’2017.
AKC Belapur
• T echnical Lecture on “Fire Resistance in RCC Structure”
on 23rd June,17 ( Speaker Er. Sanjay Koyande –
Managing Director - CCRT Group )
Ambuja Cements Ltd., Mumbai
p: ++91 22 40667620 / 8291885509 / 9167334813
e: foundations.mumbai@ambujacement.com
w: www.foundationsakc.com
Northern Region - REALTY 2017
India’s real estate industry, the 2nd largest employer in India
is expected to touch US$ 180 billion by 2020 (according
6 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
to IBEF). It is also one of the biggest contributors to the
country’s gross domestic product (GDP) as well as one of
the largest sectors for foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows
in the country.
Till a few years ago, the industry grappled with several
challenges, including restricted access to funding, legislative
hurdles on aspects such as sanctions & approvals, and sub-
standard city infrastructure. However, all this is changing.
Recognizing the importance of real estate in the overall
growth and development of the country, the Government
has been working towards providing necessary incentives to
boost the sector. To this end, 2016 was a year of landmark
reforms; ranging from the formation of a strong regulator on
one side to easing of foreign investor norms on the other.
These reforms have resulted in a structural shift in real estate
and set the tone for the sector going forward.
Date: Start Date:Jul 19, 2017
Venue: Hotel The Leela Palace, Diplomatic Enclave,
Chanakyapuri, New Delhi - 110023, New Delhi, New Delhi,
India
Confederation of Indian Industry
p: 91-172-2602365, 2605868, 2607228
e: rajiv.raheja@cii.in
w: www. cii.in
Industrial Automation Southern
Region
India is on the move to achieve the 14% growth in
manufacturing sector on a sustained basis will be successful,
only if we adopt automation to raise productivity and reduce
costs. In such a dynamic market environment adopting
automation is a critical need to survive, grow and compete
globally. Today, operational visibility, optimizing energy usage
and building sustainable plants and ensuring plant safety is
not an option but a must need, given that we operate in
global open markets and economies.
Today’s ever-changing industrial controls technologies
offer new and innovative ways to approach automation
and control issues. Current economic conditions dictate
that manufacturing operations must produce product as
efficiently and reliably as possible. Industrial Automation will
work closely to develop new systems, or to cost-effectively
enhance the capabilities of existing machines to meet our
requirements.
 NEWS & EVENTS
The objectives of this conference are:
• T o understand the latest technologies, trends and
challenges in understanding the various aspects
of industrial automation and process control in
manufacturing to drive operational excellence and
productivity improvements. To connect participants to
the key technology players in the sector
• E
xplore possibilities of meeting the decision makers of
automation manufacturers/solution providers to create
new business models.
• T o understand companies present scenario and future
growth
The event is targeted at:
• T op officials/middle level managers from the Operations,
Engineering, Maintenance and Procurement Division
• Manufacturing systems/IT & networking professionals
• I ndustrial systems and machinery designers, systems
integrators, automation and control engineers
• S oftware development engineers for the discrete and
process production industries
Date: Jul 19, 2017
Venue: Chennai, India
Confederation of Indian Industry
p: 91-44-42444555
e: vedha.murali@cii.in
w: www. cii.in
India Composites 2017
Given the constraints in Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) demand
uptake, lack of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)
composites upstream ecosystem, and deficient capabilities in
the downstream manufacturing in India compared to global,
the FRP composites story in India has not taken off. CII has
commissioned a Study on Growth Strategies for Composites
in India. The study will highlight various means to drive
adoption of composites covering Aerospace & Defence,
Building & Construction, Transportation and Marine. The
conference will have sessions on:
Session on Aerospace & Defence (A&D)
A&D is a sector of strategic importance for the country.
However, we are still dependent on imports for Aerospace
Grade Composites (CFRP, Aramid Fibres Reinforced Polymer
(AFRP), S2-Glass) which are restricted for Defence use. This
creates uncertainty in the seamless supply of critical inputs
for our strategic defence manufacturing capabilities. In this
session, it will be discussed how one can:
• drive user growth in A&D sector in India
• evaluate the case for upstream manufacturing in India
(CF / Pre-preg)
• discuss how downstream capability building can be
enabled for global competitiveness against China/
South East Asia / South Americans for civil
• drive policy initiatives which can incentives private sector
companies to invest in A&D FRPs capabilities
Session on Building and Construction
Building and Construction sector is on the upswing given
government push via affordable housing, Smart Cities and
AMRUT, over and above rapid urbanisation which is driving
growth. There is a need to ensure that this growth does not
come at the cost of compromised quality. FRPs can play a
major role to ensure that buildings are safer, greener, and
much more aesthetic. In this session, it will be discussed how
one can work out:
• means to drive adoption of composites in various
segments of Real Estate and Infrastructure
• issues pertaining to down stream delivery capability
which hampers superior quality products being
manufactured at a large scale
• ways to drive policy to define quality standards which
allow FRPs a level playing field in this sector
Session on Railways
While composites are mainstream in Metro which follow
world class standards, the India railways is still much behind
the curve compared to the global counterparts. There is a
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 7
 NEWS & EVENTS
need to overcome any systemic inertia, and make the railways in achieving the SDGs will share their inspiring perspective
leap frog into composites usage. This can enable the Indian and intellectual insights on transforming the world.
Railways to address a lot of its strategic priorities - higher
speed, safety, service etc. In this session, one can share views The Summit will have a wide spread of keynote addresses,
on: plenaries, panel discussions, debates, master classes,
workshops, parallel sessions, hard talks/ TED style talks, in
• FRP adoption is happening globally
conversations and immense networking opportunities spread
• Learn from global examples for the rightful inclusion of over two full days on 6-7 September 2017 in New Delhi.
FRPs by RDSO / Railway Board
Date: Sep 06, 2017, End Date: Sep 07, 2017
Date: Aug 18, 2017 Venue: Hotel Le Meridien, New Delhi, India
Venue: Shangri-La’s - Eros Hotel, Ball Room, 19 Ashoka
Road, Connaught Place, New Delhi, Delhi, India Confederation of Indian Industry
p: 91-124-4346350
Confederation of Indian Industry e: banajyotsna.baruah@cii.in
p: 91-11-24682230–35 ; 41504514-19 w: www.@cii.in
e: raja.bhattacharjee@
w: www.cii.in
Concrete Show India 2017
The Indian Concrete Journal participated and had a stall
competition – best ferrocement
at the Concrete Show India 2017, held during May 4 to 6,
structure 2017 at Mumbai.
Ferrocement Society, Pune is organising a Competition for
best ferrocement structure award named after the Veteran
in Ferrocement Technology, Late V.D. Joshi. This is the fifth
year and they have felicitated the distinguished professionals
working in ferrocement up till now. All participants are
requested to send the entries early. The last day is August
15, 2017. This year they will distribute the awards on 3rd
September 2017. For more details, get in touch with them.

Ferrocement Society
p: +91- 25655380, 09921480126, 9422736252
e: ferrocement@gmail.com
w: www.ferrocementindia.com

12th Sustainability Summit

The 12th Sustainability Summit will strive to facilitate
achieving the set targets for Global goals. During the two
days, we will run several tracks focussing on Climate Change,
CSR, Digital inclusion, Responsible Businesses and Circular
Economy. These tracks will see further deliberations focussing
on Energy, Infrastructure, Agriculture, INDCs, Mobility,
Himalayan Ecosystem, Water, Education, Health & Nutrition,
Social Capital, Cashless Economy, Artificial Intelligence,
E-Commerce, Ethics, Responsible Mining, Consumption &
Production, Waste management, Biodiversity, Circular Cities.
The Summit will feature distinguished speakers, politicians &
thought leaders from across the globe, captains of Indian
industry & international CEOs, who are the beacon of hope
Over a period of three days, there were many visitors from
many sectors of the construction industry meeting exhibitors
and also attending the conference. At the conference,
the speakers gave talks on various interesting topics like
architectural concrete, high performance concrete, repair
solutions, smart cities, etc.
It was a good platform for all exhibitors to showcase their
innovative range of products and for engineers/architects to
see various options in products and services in the concrete
and construction industry.

8 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

NEWS & EVENTS

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 9

 NEWS & EVENTS
EVENT Report - Environment
Preservation in Sustainable
Development
The Indian Buildings Congress organized its Mid Term
Session and Seminar on “Environment Preservation in
Sustainable Development” on April, 07-08 2017 at J.W.
Marriott Chandigarh. The Convention was inaugurated by
Prof. Kaptan Singh Solanki, Hon’ble Governor of Haryana.
A developed society over the last few decades has become
synonymous with higher resource consumption. Use of
large variety of manufactured building materials, high level
of mechanization and high energy resources has put a lot
of strain on environment. As the development of human
civilization follows in ascending direction, the consumption of
land and other resources would increase, causing depletion
of the environment and its resources which may not be
sustained in future.
Today, the sustainability of built environment is hampered by
several factors, such as inadequacy of land, water, energy
and non availability of clean air. In India, the essential frame
work for sustainable development is built on democratic
continuity, devolution of power, transparency and people’s
participation. The central theme of planning process is better
use and management of land and other natural resources.
Sustainable habitat design has direct impact on energy and
resource consumption.
A copy of the Recommendations that emerged out of this
seminar is given as follows. The recommendations are
of special importance for environment preservation and
sustainable development of Smart Cities. Implementation of
these recommendations will go a long way for improving the
built environment scenario of the country.
Sustainable Development
• The human population is continuously increasing due
to which the level of consumption of natural resources
and production of wastes are progressively increasing.
Human activities, in nature are leading to problems
such as soil erosion, floods, droughts, climate changes
and degradation of the environment. Sustainable
development is therefore necessary to sustain the quality
of life, to ensure equitable use of resources for meeting
the needs of the present and future generations.
• Planning strategies for sustainable built environment
should essentially include integration of new development
with existing one through improvement and conservation
10 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
of environment, controlled consumption of resources,
rain water harvesting, landscaping, forestry, energy
norms etc. Disaster risk reduction should also be a part
of planning process.
Environment Preservation and Management
• Environmental concerns arise from negative effects
of the process of development. This includes effects
of unabated population increase, land degradation
caused by factors such as water & wind erosion, river
action etc. The forest wealth is dwindling due to over
exploitation. All this needs to be remedied.
• There is need to halt degradation of top-soil, prevent
pollutants reaching ground water aquifers besides
keeping a major drive for waste minimization and its
proper recycling and reuse.
• There is a need for an integrated land and water use
policy in the country.
Environmental Policies
• Environment impact assessment is an important tool in
formulating and executing developmental projects. It
needs to be done in the initial stage to know and prevent
any serious environmental damage during construction
and during the life of the built environment. It is
designed to predict the impact of legislative proposals,
policies, progammes on geophysical environment, so
that the development programme is consistant with
environmental clearance procedures in the country
and is environmentally sustainable.
• Delay in permission to start infrastructure projects
seeking environment clearance should be avoided.
Efforts should be made to give single window clearance
expeditiously.
Green Buildings
• Green buildings involve adopting techniques that
ensure that structures are designed, built, renovated,
operated or reused in an ecological and resource
efficient manner. This refers to buildings which make
optimum use of land, design, construction materials
etc. for a limited environmental impact.
• B
uilt environment should be planned considering
climatic factors, embodied energy in the materials &
energy consumption during use, associated health
hazards, life cycle cost and potential for reuse or future
recycling of used/discarded components/materials
besides resource conservation.
 NEWS & EVENTS
• Building heating, cooling, lighting and equipment
system all interact with each other and also with
building envelope and building site in complex ways.
All these could be integrated with computer modeling
and simulation tools to produce an intelligent building
with suitable Building Management System to ensure
energy conservation. Energy audit should be an annual
exercise.
• New building projects should be located along and
around corridors of public transport and have schools,
medical facilities, shopping and recreational facilities.
We should encourage walking and bicycling by
providing pedestrian friendly paths in the habitat. Rural
development needs to be emphasized since agriculture
alone cannot sustain villagers to fight rural poverty and
reduce migration to cities.
Energy Conservation & Renewable Energy Resources
• India’s energy sector has a mix of all resources available,
including renewable resources. The energy resources
in India are about 60% from coal, 10% from gas, 2%
nuclear, 16% hydro. Renewable resources such as small
hydro, wind, bio power and solar contribute around
12.5%. To solve the energy problem we have to harness
more and more of renewable energy resources.
• Energy supply contributes upto 26% of global GHG
emissions. Hence there is need for greater utilization of
solar energy, wind energy and bio-fuel energy.
• All buildings should be planned to be energy efficient
based on the principles of solar passive architecture
using reflective finishes, reduction in paved areas,
evaporative wind towers, solar chimneys etc.
Sustainable Building Materials
• For environmental sustainability, building materials play
an important role. It includes using renewable materials
such as recycled stone; recycled metal or using other
recyclable non toxic reusable materials. Using materials
which are extracted and manufactured locally at the
building location can minimize cost of transportation.
• Use of materials with low embodied energy such as
soil stabilized blocks, prefabricated ferrocement units
are recommended.
• Entrepreneurs located closer to thermal power plants
have to be encouraged to use utility materials such as
fly-ash by giving suitable financial incentives with a view
to control environment pollution and land degradation.
• Government should support research, education and
awareness campaign amongst the masses about
sustainable development & environmental concerns by
giving encouragement and suitable financial incentives
for new applications in this field.
– IBC press relase
CIDC honours Dr. S.K. Manjrekar
Dr. S.K. Manjrekar, Chairman &
Managing Director of Sunanda
Speciality Coatings Pvt. Ltd., has been
recently honoured with the ‘Industry
Doyen’ award by the Construction
Industry Development Council (CIDC).
The CIDC’s highest national honour was conferred on
Dr. Manjrekar as a recognition of his 40-year long crusade
in the Indian and global construction Industry, particularly
in the field of Technology and Knowledge Dissemination,
Technology Transfer, Research and Development Efforts and
Skills improvement initiatives.
p.r. swarup CIDC
Dr. P.R. Swarup, Director General,
Construction Industry Development
Council (CIDC)is now also the new
Chairman of the Indian Society for
Trenchless Technology (INDSTT),
a society established in 1995 with
the support of Ministry of Urban
Development, Govt. of India to
facilitate the introduction of Trenchless
Technology in rehabilitating and constructing the subsurface
infrastructure.
Dr. Swarup has also been nominated as President of
International Council of Consultants, an apex representative
organization of consultancy services. ICC was constituted
under the patronage of Former Chief Justice of India
Mr. Y.V. Chandrachud and several other senior luminaries
from Engineering Profession, to provide a common forum
for mutual interaction and co-operation amongst the
Consultants and to propagate and popularize the concept
of globalization of norms and standards of the professional
services provided by the Consultants.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 11
TECHNICAL PAPER

Mix design methodology for greener concrete

Swanand Raikar

The environmental hazards caused by the construction industry are a pressing concern in present time. CO2 emissions are
one of the most prominent issues. This report aims to develop a mix design methodology with a CO2 reduction percentage as
one of the initial parameters along with strength, workability and durability. This allows the user to obtain the mix proportions
of concrete, and achieve a desired CO2 reduction. The incorporation of this CO2 reduction percentage into the mix design
was done by developing two graphs which linked the CO2 reduction to the amount of cement substitution. To develop this
method, current methods of mix design were reviewed and their individual limitations were noted. A compilation of steps
from these established mix design methods was done to develop the new method. This report also deals with the potential
CO2 reduction and possible cost feasibility when higher grades of concrete are used to design structural members. It was
found that for flexural members (beams), using higher grades of concrete (from M20 to M40), increases the CO2 emissions
by approximately 26% and increases the cost by 13.07%. For compressive members under pure axial loading, the use of
higher grades of concrete has proven to be both more eco-friendly and more economical. The CO2 saving and economy
achieved for a grade shift from M20-M40 was 35.7% and 39.6% respectively. These findings and the methodology developed
are extremely significant and can be implemented in order to reduce the environmental impact by the CO2 emissions of the
construction industry.

Keywords : Green concrete; cement replacement; carbon dioxide emission; fly ash; cost feasibility.

INTRODUCTION be applied, concrete with lower workability can be used.

Similarly in mass concreting, low heat cements are used in
Concrete is one of the most extensively used materials in the
order to reduce the heat of hydration. If normal concrete is
present age. The applications of this material are extremely
used for mass concreting, the concrete is subjected to uneven
wide-ranging and extend from mass constructions of dams
heat distribution which results in cracking. Concrete’s varied
and break waters, to the construction of infrastructure like
uses and flexibility make it a choice construction material,
buildings, roads, bridges. This variety in its applications is
being manufactured at a rate of 10 billion per year (as of
only possible because concrete is a highly flexible material.
2013) [1].
It is flexible not in terms of its physical flexibility, but in the
fact that it’s properties can be altered to suit the type of job
Despite these favourable properties, one of the major
on hand. For example, certain extremely reinforced elements
drawbacks of manufacturing concrete is its adverse effect
need very flowable concrete with a high workability in order
on the environment. Most of the raw materials needed to
to spread evenly through the reinforcement. However, in
manufacture concrete are mined from the earth. The sheer
certain situations where proper compaction techniques can
volume of this extraction due to the high demand of concrete
will leave a mark on the environment [2]. The most menacing
The Indian Concrete Journal, June 2017, Vol. 91, Issue 6, pp. 12-18. aspect is the CO2 expulsion due to the cement manufacture.

12 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
5-7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 production is the result manufacture. This not only reduces the environmental
of the cement manufacturing [3,4]. The CO2 emitted from impact of landfills, but also reduces the cost of the concrete.
concrete is mainly because of the cement used. Thus, the
CO2 generated from cement manufacture can be linked to 2.3 Green House Gas Emissions
the concrete industry which uses this cement. Due to the increasing awareness about global warming
and its ill-effects, the CO2 emissions due to concrete
As global development approaches its peak, industries are
manufacture are a major concern. The main contributor
growing every day. This industrial boom leads to the increase
to this CO2emission is the OPC mixed in the concrete. 1
in the waste generated by these industries as well. The most
kg of cement manufacture almost releases 0.66-0.82 kgs of
accepted waste disposal method currently used is landfills
CO2 [8]. In order to reduce global warming, green concrete
[5]. Gradually, this area available for landfill is depleting
must replace normal OPC concrete.
giving rise to another environmental issue of waste disposal.
3 WAYS OF PRODUCING GREEN CONCRETE
With the growing awareness to prevent degradation of
the environment, the aforementioned issues had to be Figure 1 broadly shows the various techniques of producing
resolved at the earliest. This gave rise to the term “Green Green Concrete.
Concrete”, referring to an environmentally friendly variant
of the regular concrete. This type of concrete not only aims 3.1 Cement Replacements
to satisfy all the necessary requirements of regular concrete, Being one of the biggest contributors to the CO2 emissions,
in terms of strength, durability and workability but also to replacing cements with other substances is a highly efficient
reduce the harmful effects on the environment. way of reducing CO2 emissions. The most common partial
substitutes for cement are discussed below along with their
2 THE NEED FOR GREEN CONCRETE advantages.
With the increasing demand for concrete, the rate of
manufacture of concrete is increasing every year. As of
2013, the demand was 1m3 per person per year [6]. With
such a massive rate of manufacture, the ill effects on the
environment have increased at a staggering rate. This further
increases the need for green concrete.

2.1 Sourcing of Raw Materials

Most of the raw materials used for making concrete are natural
and are extracted from the earth. Mining for aggregates uses
dynamites to blow up the rocks into manageable sizes which
affects the ground structure and often causes landslides etc.
River sand is extracted from the river bed and is used as fine
aggregate. This increases the depth of the river and affects
the river eco-system. The sheer volume of these extractions
is bound to leave a mark on the environment [7].

2.2 Waste Disposal Issue

As discussed earlier, the industrial boom led to an escalation
of waste generation which increases the demand for landfill
area [5]. Landfill areas are a non-renewable resource and
this depletion of available land is making the development
of new methods of waste disposal a necessity.

With the help of green concrete, certain wastes or by-products

(fly-ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, demolition
waste etc.) from various industries (coal power stations,
steel industry etc.) can be incorporated into the concrete

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TECHNICAL PAPER
Fly Ash
It is a by-product generated by the coal power industry.
It is one of the most important pozzolans, having a wide
number of advantages over ordinary Portland cement [9].
Fly ash reduces the heat of hydration and thus can be used
for mass concrete structures [9] where the internal heat of
hydration causes cracking problems. Additionally, the
replacement of cements with fly ash produces concretes
of much higher strength and durability. Apart from the
enhancement of properties, the use of fly-ash also has its
economic advantages. Being a by-product, the fact that
it is being used reduces the cost of the disposal and the
environmental impact on landfills. Furthermore, fly-ash
is generally cheaper than cements, thus it reduces the cost
of concrete. As per published literature, almost 60% of the
cement can be replaced with fly-ash which considerably
reduces the cost and the CO2 emission [10].
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS)
GGBFS, much like fly ash, enhances the properties of
concrete namely strength and durability. It also reduces
the heat of hydration, making it a suitable option for mass
concreting. In terms of green concrete, it can not only be
used as a partial replacement of cement, but it can also be
used at a replacement for natural aggregates [9].
There is one drawback which is the cost is almost as much as
OPC. Thus GGBFS does not have any large economic benefits,
but the other benefits overpower this and consumers are
opting for slag over cement even though it’s the same cost.
Silica Fumes
Silica fumes are the by-product of the semiconductor
industry. They improve the mechanical properties and
durability to such a large extent, that they are used in the
manufacture of High Performance Concrete. The silica
fumes have various disadvantages. The cost is more than
that of OPC and it is so fine, that handling it is difficult.
3.2 Aggregate Replacement
Aggregate replacement options are broadly divided into
two main categories namely, Manufactured Aggregates or
Recycles aggregates.
3.2.1 Manufactured aggregates are the aggregates which are
factory-made for the job. They could be fly ash aggregates
made out of fly-ash or manufactured sand (fine) which is
made by crushing rocks into the appropriate size.
3.2.2 Recycled Aggregates are the aggregates produced
from treating materials previously used. Post-consumer
14 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
Glass and recycled rubber are a few of the other recycled
aggregates used.
3.3 Alkali Activated Cements
Alkali activated cements are the binders which do not have
any OPC. They use alkali activators to activate the pozzolans
and form the binder matrix. The main advantages are low
energy cost, high strength and good durability as compared
to OPC [11]. Alkali activated cements use other industrial
wastes like fly ash and slag as well hence reducing the
disposal issue. Another major advantage is the reduction
of equivalent CO2 emission reduction as compared to the
traditional cement concrete
4 SELECTION OF THE MOST FEASIBLE GREEN
CONCRETE METHODS
1. It can be seen from literature [8], that geopolymers
produce approximately only 9% less CO2 as compared
to OPC. This is mainly due to high emissions cause
by the binders (sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate) as
well as the high curing temperatures needed.
2. Existing studies [12] state that a CO2 reduction of 22%
can be achieved using GGBFS and a reduction of 13%-
15% by using fly ash. Both these values are greater
than the reduction caused by geopolymers. Certain
papers do claim a higher reduction while considering
geopolymers, but as mentioned earlier, it was found
that their assumptions were inadequate leading to
higher values.
3. While deciding the more feasible option, the cost
is another major deciding factor. Since fly-ash and
GGBFS are waste by-products of the coal industry,
their cost is very minimal. Thus as compared to
geopolymers, blended cements using fly-ash, GGBFS
or both are a much cheaper option than regular OPC.
According to literature, geopolymers cost almost
two times the cost of OPC, which definitely makes
blended cements the preferred choice at the moment
[13].
4. With green concrete is in view, using blended
cements have another advantage over geopolymers.
Since waste products are incorporated into the
cement, the issue of disposal of these waste products
is minimised thus saving landfill areas and in turn the
environment.
5. From published papers it can be seen that both these
basic properties of concrete are highly dependent
TECHNICAL PAPER
of the type of activator used etc [14]. This makes
standardisation and achieving uniformity extremely
hard with the current knowledge of the material.
Thus it is the less preferred option at the moment until
further and more comprehensive research is done in
the field. One of the issues of standardisation is the
fact that geopolymers do not contain OPC and hence
will not meet the standards specifying the maximum
permissible SCM content [15].
By considering various factors and the key points mentioned
above, Partial replacement of cement has been chosen as the
method for manufacturing green concrete as opposed to the
use of alkali activated cements.
5 INCORPORATION OF CO2 EMISSION
REDUCTION INTO THE MIX DESIGN
The carbon-dioxide intensity (Ci) is a parameter which deals
with the amount of CO2 generated per m3 to develop unit
strength (1MPa). It has been found in published material
[16,17] that the most appropriate way of comparing CO2
emissions is by using the CO2 intensity. These are comparable
parameter for different strengths as they are calculated per
unit strength (per MPa). A further justification of the use of
this factor in the mix design is as follows.
The increase in strength of concrete is accompanied by the
increase in binder content. Higher strength requires a lower
water cement ratio, which in turn increases the strength. This
increase in binder content increases the CO2 footprint. But,
on the other hand, high strength concrete can also decrease
the size of the member thus reducing the amount of concrete
used which reduces the CO2 footprint Therefore, a factor
called carbon-dioxide intensity was used, which gives the
amount of CO2 released per m3 of concrete per MPa which
makes the CO2 comparison fair, as it is calculated per unit
volume per unit strength.
Figures 2 and 3 enable the incorporation of the desired
CO2 reduction percentage into the mix design. Based
on the required reduction percentage, from Figure 2 the
corresponding Ci is selected depending on the strength.
Once the Ci is got, using Figure 3, the corresponding cement
substitution percentage can be acquired in a similar way.
Using these two figures, carbon-dioxide reduction can
be incorporated into the mix design as an initial deciding
parameter just like strength, durability and workability.
Potential Issues and Solutions
Due to the high cement replacements (above 25%) by SCMs
in order the meet the CO2 reduction requirement, the strength
of the concrete may be insufficient. This can be rectified by
reducing the water-cement ratio in order to achieve a higher
strength for the same cement content and same replacement
percentage of cement.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 15
TECHNICAL PAPER
Table 1 : Dimension reduction with increase in strength Table 2 : Comparison of the Cost Feasibility and CO2
Strength Beam depth Column depth reduction for Beams and Columns
(MPa) (mm) (mm) Strength Baams Columns
(Mpa) CO2 Increase Cost Increase CO2 Saving Cost Saving
M20 311 981
% % % %
M25 310 785
20 nil nil nil nil
M30 309 654 25 7.8 3.2 13.2 15.9
M35 308 561 30 14.4 6.3 22.8 26.6
35 20.3 9.5 30.0 34.0
M40 308 491
40 26.0 13.1 35.7 39.6
M45 307 437 45 30.8 14.6 40.3 44.7
M50 307 393 50 35.7 16.3 44.2 48.9

Due to this reduction in the water-cement ratio, the
workability may be reduced, which can be corrected by using
admixtures like plasticisers or super-plasticisers depending
on the required increase in workability.
6 CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION AND COST
FEASIBILITY
Cement is undoubtedly the greatest contributor of the
CO2 emissions by concrete. Cement also contributes to the
strength of concrete i.e. higher grades of concrete required
more cement, implying they emit more CO2 per m3.
But the flipside to this discussion is the fact that higher
grades of concrete reduce the section sizes of the structural
elements. Thus less amount of concrete is used which in turn
results in a CO2 reduction. Higher grades of concrete are
more expensive than lower grades of concrete (per m3), but
lower volumes of concrete are used which could result in
lowering the effective cost.
In this study, 7 beams and 7 columns will be designed for
identical loading situations but varying concrete grades
(M20-M50). The total CO2 reduction and the cost will be
calculated and compared for each member, and, whether
the possibility of using higher grades of concrete in order to
reduce CO2 emissions in concrete is a feasible option will be
discussed.
For beams, the assumed load was 10 kN/m for a span of 3 m
and constant width of 300 mm. For columns the load was a
pure axial load of 2500 kN with a constant width (300 mm)
and varying depth. As the strength was increased, Table 1
shows the variation in the breadths of the column and beam
cross-section respectively.
For beams, with the increase in strength, the depth reduces
only by a negligible amount. This is due to the fact that beams
are designed for bending. Thus increasing the compressive
strength of concrete has a very low impact on the section size
when the amount of steel reinforcement is kept more or less
constant. Also as the span increases, the governing factor for
depth is the deflection of the beam and not bending. And
thus section reduction is not achieved.
Columns are compression members. In this calculation,
a pure axial load of 2500 kN has been considered. As the
grade of concrete increases, the depth of the cross section
reduces drastically. This is because the column is under pure
compression. Using a higher grade of concrete implies the
increase in compressive strength of concrete which directly
reduces the section size. If bi-axial bending was considered,
such a high section economy would not have been achieved.
BEAMS
As reflected in Table 2, due to a lack of section size reduction,
use of higher grades of concrete for flexural members not
only emits more CO2 but also turns out to be more expensive.
Thus the theory of using higher grades of concrete for flexural
members in order to reduce the CO2 emissions is invalid.
COLUMNS
In the case of compression members (columns), the increase
in the grade of concrete achieves a high sectional economy.
This reduction in the depth of the cross section not only
reduces the CO2 contribution, but also makes the design
more cost effective.
7 CONCLUSION
With the growing awareness concerning the environmental
impacts, namely the Carbon dioxide emissions of the
construction industry, less harmful variants of the
conventional OPC concrete have been developed. It was learnt
from the literature that the partial replacement of cement
helps in achieving a higher CO2 reduction as compared to
geopolymers. The use of fly-ash results in a 13-15% CO2

16 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
reduction, whereas GGBS can go as high as 22% in the same.
Both these values surpass geopolymers, which have a CO2
reduction of 9%. The low CO2 reduction value is due to the
lack of knowledge about the material and its manufacturing
methods. Geopolymers do have the potential to substitute
the partial replacement method in the future, but till the time
standardization and more efficient manufacturing methods
are not developed, its use on a large scale in the construction
industry will be on hold. Thus making partial replacement of
cement is the more appropriate choice for the current time.
With this dissertation, using the method of partial
replacement of cement, the mix design methodology has
successfully been developed. The key advantage of this
mix design method is the fact that it takes into account
the desired CO2 reduction percentage, when deciding the
amount of cement to be substituted. For the first time has
CO2 reduction been a deciding factor alongside the usual
parameters of strength, workability and durability which
sets this mix design apart from the ones currently used in
the industry.
While studying the potential CO2 reduction and cost
feasibility of using higher grades of concrete to design
structural members, it was found that for flexural members
(beams), the use of higher grades of concrete not only results
in a higher CO2 emission, but also turns out to be more
expensive. For a change from M20-M40 grade of concrete,
the CO2 emissions increase by approximately 26% and the
cost increases by 13.07%. For compressive members under
pure axial loading, the use of higher grades of concrete has
proven to be both more eco-friendly and more economical.
The CO2 saving and economy achieved for a grade shift from
M20-M40 was 35.7% and 39.6% respectively.
Being one of highest contributors of CO2 emissions, it is
the responsibility of the construction industry to make a
conscious effort in reducing these emissions. With the help
of the techniques discussed and the mix design method
developed in this dissertation, these emissions can be
reduced drastically and it could prove to be the first step
towards a greener construction industry.
Suggestions for future work
More material research can be carried out for alkali activated
cements in order to develop standards and uniformity
making more user-friendly and adaptable into mix designs.
Trial mixes should be cast for higher CO2 reduction
percentages (implying higher levels of replacement of
cement). Due to this cement substitution, in order to achieve
the required strength, the water-cement ratio must be
reduced which is usually an iterative procedure. By casting
various mixes, a trend can be analysed between the water-
cement ratio reduction and the particular CO2 reduction.
The incorporation of this into the mix design makes it more
user-friendly and less iterative.
References
1 Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2”. Gartner, E. 34,
2004, Vol. 9, pp. 1489-98.
2. Concrete as a Green Building Material. Meyer, C. 2005.
3. A life-cycle assessment of portland cement manufacturing;
comparing the traditional process with alternative technologies.
Huntzinger, Deborah N and Eatmon, Thomas D. 2008, Journal
of Cleaner Production.
4. The Greening of The Concrete Industry. Meyer, C. 8, 2009,
Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 31, pp. 601-605.
5. Solid Waste Authority. Landfill Depletion Model. West Palm
Beach : s.n., 2012.
6. Industrially interesting approaches to “low-co2” cements. Gartner,
Ellis. 9, 2004, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 34, pp.
1489-1498.
7. Concrete as a Green Building Material. Meyer, C. Vancouver :
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on
Construction Materials, 2005.
8. Carbon dioxide equivalent(CO2-e) emissions: A comparison between
geopolymer and OPC cement Concrete. Turner, Louise K and
Collins, Frank G. 2013, Construction and Building Materials,
Vol. 43, pp. 125-130.
9. The greening of the concrete industry. Meyer, C. 2009, Cement
and Concrete, Vol. 31, pp. 601-605.
10. Making concrete greener with fly ash. Malhotra, V M. 5, 1999,
Concrete International, Vol. 21, pp. 61-66.
11. Shi, Caijun, Krivenko, Pavel V and Roy, Della. Alkali-Activated
Cements and Concrete. New York : Taylor & Francis, 2006.
12. Green House Gas Emissions due to Concrete Manufacture. Flower,
David J M and Sanjayan, Jay G. 5, 2007, Green HOuse Gas
Emissions, Vol. 12, pp. 282-288.
13. Costs and carbon emissions for geopolymer pastes in comparison
to ordinary portlend cement. McLellan, Benjamin C, et al. 2011,
Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 19, pp. 1080-1090.
14. Workability an mechanical properties of alkali activated slag
concrete. Collins, F G and Sanjayan, J G. 3, 1999, cement and
concrete research, Vol. 29, pp. 455-458.
15. The role of inorganic polymer technology in development of green
concrete. Duxson, Peter, et al. 12, 2007, Cement Concrete
Research, Vol. 37, pp. 1590-1597.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 17
TECHNICAL PAPER
16. Assessment of CO2 reduction of alkali-activated concrete. Yang, 19. Green Concrete Structures. Glavind Mette. 1, 2011, Structural
Keun-Hyeok, Song, Jin-Kyu and Song, Keum-Il. 2013, Journal Concrete, Vol. 12, pp. 23-29.
of Cleaner Production, Vol. 39, pp. 265-272.

17. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO2 20. Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia. Use of recycled
emissions from concrete. Yang, Keun-Hyeok, et al. 2014, Journal Aggregates in Constructtion. Australia : s.n., 2008.
of cleaner production, pp. 1-10.

18. ACI Committee, 233. Ground Granulated Blast-furnace slag 21. Factors affecting the strength of alkali-activated slag. Wang, Shao-
as a cementitious constituent in concrete. Farmington Hills : Dong, Scrivener, Karen L and Oratt, P L. 6, 1994, Cement and
American Concrete Institute Report ACI 233R-95, 1995. Concrete Research, Vol. 24, pp. 1033-1043..

Swanand C. Raikar holds a B.E.(Civil) from Mumbai University and Masters in Structural Engineering
from the University of Sheffield, UK. He is Sr. Engineer at M/s Structwel Designers & Consultants,
Mumbai and he has worked in a wide array of fields such as material testing, non-destructive testing,
structural design and structural repairs. He is currently pursuing specialisation in material testing and
non-destructive testing of concrete and other building materials. His areas of interest include material
technology and structural engineering.

18 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER

Parametric study of pervious concrete with

changing cement content and w/c ratio
Tejas Joshi and Urmil Dave

Pervious concrete was first used in the nineteenth century but it has only recently begun to increase in popularity. In the present
study, pervious concrete was produced using 4.75-10 mm aggregates and 10-20 mm. The main properties to be studied were
void ratio, compressive strength permeability and density. For the investigation, cement contents were used in the range from
3 3
250-400 kg/m at an interval of 50 kg/m . The aggregate/cement ratio was kept constant as 4. Three w/c ratios were used as
0.3, 0.35 and 0.4. Smaller size of aggregate was more suitable for making pervious concrete. Results of two aggregate size
4.75-10 mm and 10-20 mm are included in this paper.

Keywords: Pervious concrete; aggregate size; water cement ratio; void ratio; compressive strength; permeability.

1. INTRODUCTION enough strength, while allowing for sufficient hydraulic

Pervious concrete is also named as porous concrete
or permeable concrete. In pervious concrete, carefully
controlled amount of water and cementitious materials are
used to create a paste that forms a thick coating around
aggregate particles. A pervious concrete mixture contains
little or no sand which creates a substantial void content
in it. Using sufficient paste to coat and bind the aggregate
particles together creates a highly permeable system with
interconnected voids which drains quickly. The proper
utilization of pervious concrete is a recognized Best
Management Practice by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) for providing first-flush pollution control and
storm water management
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
ACI [1] recommended that the falling head method
developed by Neithalath could be used to determine the
water permeability of pervious concrete. Typical void
ratio for pervious concrete is 18-35% (ACI, 2010; Tennis
et al 2004) [1,2]. This range is considered ideal to provide
The Indian Concrete Journal, June 2017, Vol. 91, Issue 6, pp. 19-25.
conductivity. Void ratio was shown to increase with a
decrease in aggregate to cement ratio Park & Tia [3]. The
void content is defined as the total percentage of voids
present by volume in a specimen. As porosity increases,
permeability increases and compressive strength decreases
and vice versa. The void content is generally between 15-
25% and permeability is generally between 2-30 mm/s [4].
The densities are in the order of 1600 to 2000 kg/m3 [4] is
common with the typical compressive strength in the range
of 2.8 to 28 MPa [4].
1.3 NEED OF STUDY
Pervious concrete is an answer for taking out storm
water runoff. The high level of porosity in pervious
concrete adequately minimizes runoff. The design of each
pervious concrete mixture is unique based on performance
requirements. Therefore, this study includes different
parameters to develop a pervious concrete mixture
proportion. With all the possibilities from varying cement
content, w/c ratio and aggregate size graphs are to be
developed from which we can find out the proper mix
design for pervious concrete.

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TECHNICAL PAPER
Table 1. Physical properties of ordinary Portland Cement Table 3. Pervious concrete mix proportions for size (A)
Properties Result Specifications in Aggregate
Achieved IS 12269:1987
Mix Aggregate Water / Cement Aggregate
for 53 grade OPC
Name Size (A) cement Content Content
Fineness in m2/kg 351 Min 225 Ratio
3
(kg/m ) (kg/m3)
Soundness By Le chatelier method in 0.4 Max 10 Mix 1 0.30
mm 4.75-10 mm 250 1000
Mix 2 0.35
Initial setting time in minutes 35 Min 30
Mix 3 0.40
Final setting time in minutes 240 Max 600
Mix 4 0.30
3 days compressive strength in MPa 28.75 Min 27 4.75-10 mm 300 1200
Mix 5 0.35
7 days compressive strength in MPa 39.85 Min 37
Mix 6 0.40
28 days compressive strength in MPa 54.47 Min 53
Mix 7 0.30
Specific gravity 3.15 3.15 4.75-10 mm 350 1400
Mix 8 0.35
Mix 9 0.40
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mix 10 0.30
Mix 11 4.75-10 mm 0.35 375 1500
2.1. Ordinary portland cement Mix 12 0.40
Ordinary Portland cement, as per Indian Specifications IS Mix 13 0.30
8112:1889 [6] was used for this investigation. The physical Mix 14 4.75-10 mm 0.35 400 1600
properties of are presented in Table 1. Mix 15 0.40

2.2 Aggregate a cement content of 250 kg/m3 and the aggregate/cement

Locally available 6 mm - 10 mm and 10 mm - 20 mm crushed ratio of 4:1 is used. So 1000 kg/m3 of coarse aggregates were
aggregates have been used as coarse aggregates. Two sizes used. For research investigation aggregate size used 4.75 –10
of crushed angular aggregate were used in this investigation. mm (Size A) and 10-20 mm (Size B).The mix proportions for
They were tested as per Indian Standard Specifications pervious concrete mixture cement content was 375 kg/m3
IS 383:1970 [7]. Their physical properties are given in Table 2. also included in this study. For experimental investigation
as shown in Table 3 and Table 4 shows two sets of aggregate
2.3 Water sizes are taken such as 4.75 –10 mm(Size A) and 10-20
Water plays an important role in concrete preparation as it mm(Size B). These mixture were used throughout the study.
actively participates in chemical reactions with cement. Pure
portable water was used for the preparation of concrete
mixture. Table 4. Pervious concrete mix proportions for size (B)
aggregate
3. MIX PROPORTION Mix Aggregate Water/ Cement Aggregate
Name Size (B) cement Content Content
Proportions of pervious concrete mixture was done to Ratio (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
produce concrete having adequate workability, strength, Mix 16 0.30
permeability and void ratio. The mix proportion includes Mix 17 10-20mm 0.35 250 1000
five types of cement content between 250 - 400 kg/m3 at Mix 18 0.40
50 kg/m3 interval. For each cement content, 3 w/c ratio are Mix 19 0.30
used as 0.3, 0.35 and 0.4. For each w/c ratio, For example, Mix 20 10-20mm 0.35 300 1200

Mix 21 0.40
Mix 22 0.30
Table 2. Physical properties of coarse aggregate Mix 23 10-20mm 0.35 350 1400
Sr. No. Coarse aggregate Result Achieved Mix 24 0.40
1 Specific gravity 2.95 Mix 25 0.30
3 Mix 26 10-20mm 0.35 375 1500
2 Unit weight (kg/m ) 1580
Mix 27 0.40
3 Fineness modulus 6.63
Mix 28 0.30
4 Water absorption (%) 1.09 Mix 29 10-20mm 0.35 400 1600

Mix 30 0.40

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TECHNICAL PAPER
4. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.1 Preparation of specimens
Pervious concrete specimens were prepared using 150
mm x 150mm x 150mm moulds. The specimens cast were
demoulded after 24 hours and kept in normal curing for the
required age such as 7 and 28 days. In this study results are
included for 28 days.
4.2 Compressive strength test
The compressive strength of pervious concrete has been
evaluated on hydraulic testing machine. For the compressive
strength test, cubes of size 150mm x 150mm x 150 mm are
tested in compression in accordance with the test procedures
given in IS 516:1959 [8].
the end of the 28 days. Permeability of pervious concrete is
calculated using equation 1.
...(1)
where,
k = water permeability
A1=cross-sectional area of the specimen (150mm)
A2 = cross-sectional areas of the tube (150mm)
l = length of the specimen (150 mm)
t = time =17.75s
h1 = the initial water head (300 mm)
h2 = the final water head (1 mm)

4.3 Permeability test

For the measurement of the permeability of pervious 150 ×150 1
log = 23.28mm / s
concrete instrument is suggested by the ACI-522R [1]. 150 × 17.75 300
The falling head method was used to measure the water
permeability. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the
permeability test setup. 300 mm water heads were adopted 4.4 Void ratio
for measuring permeability of pervious concrete. For
The void content was determined according to the ASTM
measuring permeability of pervious concrete cylinder of size
C1688 [5]. The void content is defined as the total percentage
150 x 150 mm are cast. Cylinders are cast in the PVC pipe. In
of voids present by volume in a specimen. The void content
this study permeability of pervious concrete is measured at
of pervious concrete is calculated using equation 2.

Void content (%) = ...(2)

where,
D = (Mc-Mm)/Vm (Density)
Mc = mass of measure filled with concrete
Mm = net mass of concrete by subtracting mass of measure
Vm = volume of measure
T = Ms/Vs (Theoretical Density)
Ms = total mass of materials batched
Vs = total absolute volume of materials

*Sample calculation.
For making 3 cubes by using 250 kg/m3 cement content with
and 0.3 w/c, following are the requirements.
Cement = 3.725 kg.
Aggregates = 16.9 kg.
Sand = 0 kg.
Water = 1.12 kg.

This sample calculation includes 6-10 mm size of aggregates

with 375 kg/m3 cement content, 0.3 w/c ratio. The values
below are the average of 3 cubes.

Mc-Mm = 5.265 kg

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TECHNICAL PAPER
Vm = 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.15 m3 = 0.003375 m3
D = 5.265/0.003375 = 1880 kg/m3
D = 1560 kg/m3
T=(3.725+14.9+0+1.12)/((3.725/(3.15*1000))+(16.9/
(2.71*1000))+(0/(2.66*1000))+ (1.12/(1*1000)))
T = 2531 kg/m3.
Void content (%) = ((2531-1560)/2531)*100
= 25.12%.

4.5 Density
Density of pervious concrete has been evaluated by ratio of
weight of cube to the volume of cubes.

D = weight of cube/ volume of cube

5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 5 shows the results for Pervious Concrete at the age
Figure 2 which shows the maximum compressive strength
of 28 days for density, compressive strength, permeability
17.10 MPa achieved using w/c ratio is 0.4 with cement
and void content for aggregate Size A. Table 6 includes
content 400 kg/m3. Table 5 summarises the compressive
the results for Pervious Concrete at the age of 28 days
strength of pervious concrete. In Table 5 pervious concrete
respectively for density, compressive strength, permeability
showed the significantly lower strength the normal concrete.
and void content for aggregate size B.
As expected, pervious concrete resulted in low compressive
strength due to its high void content compare to normal
5.1 Effect of w/c ratio on compressive strength of
concrete.
pervious concrete with changing cement content (28
days) for Size A aggregate 5.2 Effect of w/c on permeability of pervious concrete
The compressive strength of pervious concrete increases for changing cement content (28 Days) for size A
with increasing in w/c and cement content which is shown aggregate
Permeability of pervious concrete decreases with increasing
Table 5. 28 days results for Size (A) Aggregate with w/c and cement content which is shown in Figure 3 which
different cement content shows maximum permeability 23.28 mm/s achieved using
Aggregate size( 10-4.75mm ) 28 Days 0.3 w/c and 250 kg/m3 cement content. During study, it was
Cement w/c Compressive Void Permeability Density observed that more cement content creates more cement
(kg/m3) strength MPa content (mm/s) (kg/m3)
%
0.3 3.71 25.12 23.28 1950.50
250 0.35 4.67 24.5 22.21 1975.10
0.4 5.12 23.7 21.98 2105.30
0.3 5.50 24.98 20.69 2003.20
300 0.35 6.10 23.95 19.76 2115.40
0.4 6.98 23.10 19.41 2150.80
0.3 7.53 24.1 18.6 2010.30
350 0.35 8.65 23.18 18.1 2127.20
0.4 9.10 22.97 17 2175.30
0.3 9.3 23.5 16.5 2020.21
375 0.35 13.49 22.88 15.37 2137.12
0.4 14 21.5 14.98 2185.5
0.3 15.10 22.75 13.2 2112.50
400 0.35 16.98 21.1 12.2 2198.90
0.4 17.10 18.88 11.5 2217.40

22 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER

paste. So due to that reason permeability gets reduced. In

350 kg/m3 with w/c ratio 0.3 gives compressive strength
Table 5 pervious concrete showed the significantly decreases
7.53 Mpa and permeability 18.06 mm/s.
permeability with increasing cement content.
5.5 Effect of w/c ratio on compressive strength of
5.3 Effect of w/c on density of pervious concrete for
pervious concrete with changing cement content (28
changing cement content (28 Days) for size A aggregate
days) for size B aggregate
Figure 4 shows that the density increases with increases in
The compressive strength of pervious concrete increases
w/c ratio and cement content. It was found that the behaviour
with increasing in w/c and cement content which is shown
of pervious concrete is similar to the normal concrete. In
Figure 6 which shows the maximum compressive strength
Figure 6 shows the maximum density 2217 kg/m3 achieved
17.10 MPa achieved using w/c ratio is 0.4 with cement
using w/c ratio is 0.4 with cement content 400 kg/m3. In
content 400 kg/m3.Table 6 summarises the compressive
Table 5 pervious concrete showed the density increases the
strength of pervious concrete. In Table 6 pervious concrete
compressive strength. Density of pervious concrete is less as
compared to conventional concrete.
Table 6. 28 days results for Size (B) Aggregate with
5.4 Effect of compressive on permeability of pervious different cement content
concrete for changing cement content (28 Days) for size Aggregate size (20-10mm) 28 Days

A aggregate Cement w/c Compressive Void Permeability Density

(kg/m3) strength MPa content (mm/s) (kg/m3)
The water permeability under 300 mm water head %
summaries Table 5. The water permeability of pervious 250 0.3 3.10 25.5 24.29 1908.15
concrete is significantly influenced by pore structure which
0.35 3.75 24.65 23.25 1935.70
is affected by compaction and grading. Figure 5 shows
0.4 3.98 23.8 22.28 2088.20
that compressive strength is increased and permeability
decreased for pervious concrete. Figure 5 shows for 300 0.3 4.50 25.2 21.73 1998.90
0.35 4.98 24.55 20.77 2098.20
0.4 5.65 23.3 20.51 2115.20
350 0.3 5.98 24.88 19.79 2001.20
0.35 6.50 23.2 19.43 2117.20
0.4 6.98 23.1 18.79 2165.20
375 0.3 7.19 23.8 18.5 1989.2
0.35 8.28 23.95 17.98 2120.5
0.4 10.09 21.7 16.5 2165.4
400 0.3 10.20 22.85 15.73 2098.50
0.35 10.98 21.22 15.2 2155.50
0.4 11.20 19.6 14.2 2212.20

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TECHNICAL PAPER
showed the significantly lower strength the normal concrete.
As expected, pervious concrete resulted in low compressive
strength due to its high void content compare to normal
concrete.
5.6 Effect of w/c on permeability of pervious concrete
for changing cement content (28 days) for Size B
aggregate
Permeability of pervious concrete decreases with increasing
w/c and cement content which is shown in Figure 7 which
shows the maximum permeability 24.29 mm/s achieved
using 0.3 w/c and 250 kg/m3 cement content. During
study, it was observed that more cement content creates
more cement paste. So due to that reason permeability gets
reduced. In Table 6 pervious concrete showed significant
decrease in permeability with increasing cement content.
24 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
5.7 Effect of w/c on density of pervious concrete for
changing cement content (28 Days) for Size B aggregate
Figure 8 shows that the density increases with increases
in w/c ratio and cement content. It was found that
the behaviour of pervious concrete is similar to the
normal concrete. Figure 8 shows the maximum density
2212 kg/m3 achieved using w/c ratio is 0.4 with cement
content 400 kg/m3. In Table 6 pervious concrete showed
the density increases the compressive strength. Density
of pervious concrete is less as compared to conventional
concrete.
5.8 Effect of Compressive on permeability of pervious
concrete for changing cement content (28 days) for size
B aggregate
The water permeability under 300 mm water head
summaries, Table 6. The water permeability of pervious
concrete is significantly influenced by pore structure which
is affected by compaction and grading. Figure 9 shows
that compressive strength is increased and permeability
decreased for pervious concrete. Figure 9 shows for
300 kg/m3 with w/c ratio 0.4 gives compressive strength
4.50 Mpa and permeability 21.73 mm/s.
6. CONCLUSION
The following conclusions are drawn based on the
experimental investigations carried out on pervious concrete.
• It has been found that void content of pervious concrete
increases at the same time, compressive strength of
pervious concrete was decreasing.
TECHNICAL PAPER
• Experimental investigation results show that increased for use of the resources and facilities of the University for
density, reduced the void content. conducting the experimental work.

• The graphical results show that compressive strength

increase permeability decreased for pervious concrete.
• Based on investigation it was found that with using
different water cement ratio and different cement
contents gives appropriate results for pervious
concrete.
• Using more cement content creates more paste in
pervious concrete, due to that it may create clogging
of pervious concrete at bottom.
• It has been observed that density increase led to
increase in compressive strength of the pervious
concrete.
References
1. ACI Commmittee 522 (2006). “Pervious concrete,” ACI
International, Farmington Hills.
2. Tennis, P.D., M.L. Leming, and D.J. Akers, Pervious concrete
pavements. Portland cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, &
National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Silver Spring,
Maryland, 2004.
3. Sung-Bum Park, and Mang Tia (2013), “An experimental study
on the water-purification properties of porous concrete”, Cement
and Concrete Research P.NO. 177–184
4. NRMCA. (2004). “What, why, and how? Pervious concrete,”
Concrete in Practice Series. CIP 38.

• It has been concluded that the larger size of aggregate
reduces the compressive strength of pervious concrete.
Smaller size of aggregate gives more compressive
strength. The aggregate size 4.75 to 10 mm is more
suitable for pervious concrete.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Director, Institute of Technology,
Nirma University, Ahmedabad, for giving the permission
5. ASTM C1688 –“Standard Test Method for Density and Void
Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious Concrete”.
6. ______Specifications for 53 grade Portland cement, , IS 8112:1989,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
7. ______Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources
for concrete, IS 383:1970, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
8. ______Methods of tests for strength of concrete, IS 516:1959, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

Tejas M. Joshi, B.E (Civil), M. Tech (CASAD), is pursuing his PhD at the Department of Civil Engineering,
Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. He is Research Scholar and an Assistant
Professor in Department of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University. His research
areas are concrete technology, special concretes and design of structures.

Dr. Urmil Dave, BE (Civil), ME (Structures), PhD (Civil), is a Professor at Nirma University, Ahmedabad.
He has more than 20 years of teaching and industry experience. His research areas are concreting materials
and techniques, non-destructive testing of structures and repair and rehabilitation of structures. He has
published a number of papers in national and international conferences and journals. He has been invited
for giving expert talks in various programmes by industries and academic institutions. He has organized
different short term training programmes, seminars and conferences. He has been actively involved in
consultancy and testing work related to concreting materials and repair and rehabilitation of structures.

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 25

TECHNICAL PAPER

Understanding hysd reinforcing bars used in Indian

construction industry (from seismic point of view)
Brijesh Singh, V.V. Arora and Lalit Yadav

Tensile behaviour was investigated for reinforcing steel bars used in the Indian Construction Industry; this was done to
ascertain the level of conformity of the tested parameters with the Indian & other International standards. The samples from
total of eight (08) companies operating in India were investigated. In the study, results of large number of tests of different
brands have been analysed and discussed. The mean, standard deviation and values of test results have been worked out and
their distribution pattern was studied. Experimental test results of the ratio of TS/YS indicated that there is need to increase
the TS/YS ratio for Fe-500/500D grade steel as majority of steel manufacturers are providing higher ratio of TS/YS than
those specified value in IS: 1786. This increase will help in improving ductility of rebars in situations where high inelastic
deformations of structural members as demanded by design philosophies are required. From results of study, it can also be
inferred that, for steels of same brand with better quality control, the maximum Yield Strength values can easily be restricted
to match the requirements of Fe-500S as given in IS:1786 or ACI code. ASTM A706/A706M and AS/NZS 4671 specifies
both minimum and maximum Yield Strengths for all the steel grades while no upper capping is given on higher limit of Yield
Strength in IS code for all the steel grades except for steel grades with “S” series, which is must to avoid undesirable brittle
shear failure of structures. Also a study was carried out to determine the relationship between carbon % and yield and ultimate
tensile strength for three different diameters. It was observed that no clear relationship was observed as results varied with
respect to yield and ultimate strength for steel bars commonly used in Indian Construction Industry. ASTM A706/A706M and
AS/NZS 4671 specifies both minimum and maximum yield strengths while no upper capping is given on higher limit of yield
strength in IS code which is must to avoid undesirable brittle shear failure of structures under earthquake loadings.

Keywords: Yield; ultimate; tensile; yield ratio.

1.0 INTRODUCTION by post rolling process or by adopting additional measures

during manufacturing of billets. In India, there has been
Reinforced concrete structure is designed on the principle
an increasing demand for high strength deformed bars.
that steel and concrete act together to withstand induced
Two most common types of manufacturing process for
forces. The properties of thermal expansion for both steel
reinforcing bars of higher strength using mild steel involve
and concrete are approximately the same; this along with
either cold-working or a heat treatment process. The process
excellent bendability property makes steel the best material
of cold working involves stretching and twisting of mild steel
as reinforcement in concrete structures. Another reason
beyond yield plateau to obtain cold twisted deformed (CTD)
steel works effectively as reinforcement is that it bonds well
bars of increased strength (proof strength), though it reduces
with concrete. Higher strength is imparted to rebars either
the available ductility in the material. The other method uses
a thermo-mechanical treatment (TMT) process in which red
The Indian Concrete Journal, June 2017, Vol. 91, Issue 6, pp. 26-33. hot rebars are quenched through a series of water jets causing

26 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
a hardened outer layer (martensite structure) surrounding
softer core (ferrite-pearlite structure). The resulting rebars
has higher yield strength than parent mild steel and is
characterized with definite yield point, superior ductility,
weldability and bendability. These bars are also referred as
quenched and self-tempered (QST) or simply QT bars [1-3].
TMT bars of grade Fe415, Fe500 and Fe550 are available in
India. Now-a-days, alloy steels are also being introduced as
reinforcing steel. Micro alloying is found to be an efficient
way to improve the properties of steel for rebars. The rebars
are graded according to their specified yield strength. These
are Fe415, Fe500, Fe550 and Fe600. The design of reinforced
concrete structures in seismically active regions requires
special considerations unique to this kind of exposure. Due
to the narrow focus on test results, more specifically on the
individual Tensile Strength (TS) and Yield Strength (YS) of
reinforcing bars, the critical relationship between the two
properties expressed as the ratio TS/YS is often times not
considered appropriately [4]. Taken together as the Ratio TS/
YS (known as the “Strain Hardening Value “or “Ductility ratio”),
it indicates the ductility capacity of the structural member
or component where it was used. The larger this ratio, the
better for the structure. A large TS/YS ratio means a greater
energy absorption capability before failure. In addition,
larger deformations are experienced which could serve as
visible warning to building occupants prior to total failure or
collapse and therefore less brittle behaviour is experienced.
Since strength and ductility related capacities in RC flexural
members are largely controlled by steel reinforcing bars,
it places certain special requirements on their properties,
especially those controlling the inelastic portion of the
strength-strain curve which largely depends on the method
of rebar manufacturing besides metallurgical/chemical
compositions of the steel used [5-9].
One of the most important parameter affecting tensile
properties of steel is %age of Carbon in it. Literatures show
that higher carbon contributes to the tensile strength of steel,
that is, higher load strength, bearing capacity and vice versa.
Lower carbon content less than 0.1 % will reduce weldability
and in turn will reduce the strength. Higher carbon content
of 0.3 % and above brittleness makes the steel bar unweldable
and brittle. The limit of Carbon % given in IS 1786:2008 for
grade Fe-500 is 0.3% max.
This study presents overview of different brands of High
yield strength deformed bars used in construction and is
easily available. Most common grade adopted & available
presently in small to large scale construction in India i.e. Fe-
500/ 500D of various diameters was chosen for the study and
tested for mechanical properties and analysis was carried
out. Three different diameters of three different brands of
Fe-500 grade were also chosen to study variation in tensile
properties over change in %age of Carbon content in it.
2.0 SAMPLES PREPARATION AND TESTS
2.1 Sample’s Collection
Samples of various brands (08 in total) of steel locally
available and grade Fe-500/ 500 D which are generally
used were collected and tested and results of mechanical
properties were analyzed. Eight different brands of steel
of six commonly used diameters (8,10,12,16,20 & 25 mm)
available were tested.
2.2 Sample’s Labelling
All the brands of which the samples were collected were
labelled in an alphabetical order as A, B, C, D, E, F, G & H.
The order of identification does not mean A is better than B,
as the designations are only for identification purposes. For
example: A.1(12) and A.2(10) imply company A and sample
1, twelve millimeter diameter for tensile test and company
A and sample 2, twelve millimeter diameter for tensile test
respectively and so on.
2.3 Tensile Tests
The samples were tested for mechanical properties such as
yield strength /0.2 percent proof strength, ultimate tensile
strength and elongation as per IS 1786 and IS 1608. Apart
from this, variation in yield and tensile strength was also
studied with respect to carbon percentages in steel.
3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Yield strength, ultimate tensile strength,
elongation and ultimate strength/yield
strength ratio
The yield strength and Ultimate tensile Strength obtained
for different diameter bars are given in Tables 1 to 6. IS 1786
specifies minimum value of ultimate tensile strength as 1.08
times yield strength but not less than 545 Mpa & 1.10 times
yield strength but not less than 565 Mpa for Fe-500 & Fe-500
D respectively. Specified minimum yield strength value as
per IS 1786:2008 is 500 Mpa for Fe 500 & Fe-500D. However,
no capping is put on the higher limit. It is undesirable to
have actual yield strength much higher than its minimum
specified value that is considered in design. This is because
higher the actual yield strength of rebars, higher would
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 27
TECHNICAL PAPER
be the ultimate moment capacity of a RC section. Again, Table 1. Yield Strength values of 8 mm diameter bars
increase in flexural strength of a member will enhance the Brand Steel Elong- Yield Ultimate Ultimate
shear demand on the member under seismic loads. This identification Grade ation strength Tensile Strength
(Mpa) Strength / Yield
scenario could lead to higher risk of brittle shear failure (Mpa) Strength
of the member rather than a ductile flexure failure, which Ratio
is against the spirit of safe a seismic design criterion of A A.1(8) Fe-500D 25.00 577 676 1.17
RC section. From this consideration, specification of both A.2(8) Fe-500D 27.50 582 684 1.18
minimum and maximum yield strengths in ASTM A706/ C C.1(8) Fe-500 27.50 565 646 1.14
A706M and AS/NZS 4671 (for rebars to be used in seismic C.2(8) Fe-500 27.50 534 642 1.20
design) is effective [10, 11, 12]. A higher yield stress will: E E.1(8) Fe-500 28.21 555 638 1.14
E.2(8) Fe-500 25.64 610 683 1.11
F F.1(8) Fe-500 28.95 664 750 1.13
• Induce higher concentrations of shear and bond
G G.1(8) Fe-500 25.00 588 673 1.14
stresses at time of development of the yield moments
during seismic loading. Shear and bond type failures
are explosive and brittle modes of failure and should
Table 2. Yield Strength values of 10 mm diameter bars
therefore be avoided.
Brand Steel Elong- Yield Ultimate Ultimate
• Attract larger lateral forces as a rule because energy identification Grade ation strength Tensile Strength
(Mpa) Strength / Yield
absorption initiated at yielding or partial yielding is (Mpa) Strength
postponed and thus higher seismic inertia forces are Ratio
generated further complicating the problem. A A.1(10) Fe-500D 24.00 609 709 1.16
A.2(10) Fe-500D 22.45 597 706 1.18
• Prevent the formation of an extended yield plateau B B.1(10) Fe-500 18.37 605 691 1.14
which is undesirable. An extended or longer yield
C C.1(10) Fe-500 22.92 589 682 1.16
plateau is desirable and stems from requirements of
C.2(10) Fe-500 27.08 610 714 1.17
capacity design. It is necessary that the shear strength
D D.1(10) Fe-500 22.92 590 691 1.17
of all elements and flexural strength of sections not
E E.1(10) Fe-500 25.00 564 661 1.17
intended as plastic hinges should exceed the forces
E.2(10) Fe-500 20.00 607 690 1.14
corresponding to development of flexural overstrength
F F.1(10) Fe-500 25.00 621 753 1.21
at the designated plastic hinge locations. If the rebar
G G.1(10) Fe-500 20.00 556 661 1.19
exhibits early and rapid strain hardening, the steel
H H.1(10) Fe-500 22.00 629 702 1.11
stress at a section with higher ductility may exceed
H.2(10) Fe-500 26.53 597 694 1.16
the yield stress by an excessive margin.

• If there is considerable variation in the yield strength,

the actual flexural strength of a plastic hinge may Table 3. Yield Strength values of 12 mm diameter bars
greatly exceed the intended value postponing its Brand Steel Elong- Yield Ultimate Ultimate
Identification Grade ation strength Tensile Strength/
formation until more critical loading is sustained. This (Mpa) Strength Yield
can cause unexpected plastic hinging at unintended (Mpa) Strength
and more dangerous locations [13]. Ratio
A A.1(12) Fe-500D 23.33 591 695 1.18
A.2(12) Fe-500D 25.00 601 705 1.17
The Yield Strength and Ultimate Tensile Strength obtained B B.1(12) Fe-500 21.67 584 685 1.17
for different diameter bars are given in Tables 1 to 6. The C C.1(12) Fe-500 23.33 570 666 1.17
yield strength of different brands of steel studied, varied C.2(12) Fe-500 25.04 573 657 1.15
from 482.00 to 704.00 N/mm2 with an average value of D D.2(12) Fe-500 22.03 521 602 1.16
580.10 N/mm2. E E.1(12) Fe-500 25.00 553 656 1.19
E.2(12) Fe-500 23.33 584 680 1.16
F F.1(12) Fe-500 23.73 594 672 1.13
The values beyond ± 3 SD from mean were considered
F.2(12) Fe-500 22.03 600 709 1.18
outliers and accordingly the bottom two values of Yield
G G.1(12) Fe-500 23.33 587 693 1.18
Strength and corresponding Ultimate Tensile Strength were
H H.1(12) Fe-500 18.03 622 714 1.15
rejected as outliers. The distribution of results is near normal
H.2(12) Fe-500 25.00 584 681 1.17
distribution as is seen from the Histogram of results obtained

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TECHNICAL PAPER
Table 4. Yield Strength values of 16 mm diameter bars
Brand Steel Elong- Yield Ultimate Ultimate
identification Grade ation strength Tensile Strength/
(Mpa) Strength Yield
(Mpa) Strength
Ratio
A A.1(16) Fe-500D 25.32 348 517 1.49
A.2(16) Fe-500D 21.25 563 679 1.21
B B.1(16) Fe-500 22.5 580 682 1.18
C C.1(16) Fe-500 20 534 665 1.25
C.2(16) Fe-500 23.75 540 657 1.22
D D.1(16) Fe-500 18.99 586 694 1.18
D.2(16) Fe-500 18.99 704 865 1.23
E E.1(16) Fe-500 25 603 707 1.17
E.2(16) Fe-500 21.25 586 695 1.19
F F.1(16) Fe-500 25 631 719 1.14
G G.1(16) Fe-500 20 558 647 1.16
H H.1(16) Fe-500 20.25 548 688 1.26

and the normal probability distribution function curve of

results against the Yield Strength values (Figures 1 and 2).
Table 5. Yield Strength values of 20 mm diameter bars
Brand Steel Elong- Yield Ultimate Ultimate
identification Grade ation strength Tensile Strength The Standard Deviation (SD) in Yield Strength test results
(%) (Mpa) Strength / Yield comes out to 38.13. Considering normal distribution of Yield
(Mpa) Strength
Ratio
Strength, it can be seen that the maximum limit of yield
A A.1(20) Fe-500D 24.24 612 707 1.16
strength works out to 625.83 N/mm2 for the given mean
A.2(20) Fe-500D 21 567 684 1.21
and standard deviation for confidence level of 90 % as given
B B.1(20) Fe-500 21.21 588 686 1.17
below:
C C.1(20) Fe-500 21 508 606 1.19
C.2(20) Fe-500 23 518 624 1.20 Fymax= Fy + 2x1.65x SD
D D.1(20) Fe-500 21.43 482 590 1.22
E E.1(20) Fe-500 24 521 630 1.21
The limit on maximum Yield Strength given in IS 1786 for
E.2(20) Fe-500 21 559 673 1.20
Fe-500S and other international codes like ACI for all grades
F F.1(20) Fe-500 22.45 399 573 1.44
of steel is 1.25 times Yield Strength. Based on the data
G G.1(20) Fe-500 19.8 564 686 1.22
H H.1(20) Fe-500 20 619 739 1.19
H.2(20) Fe-500 25 572 677 1.18

Table 6. Yield Strength values of 25 mm diameter bars

Brand Steel Elong- Yield Ultimate Ultimate
identification Grade ation strength Tensile Strength/
(%) (Mpa) Strength Yield
(Mpa) Strength
Ratio
A A.2(25) Fe-500D 20.8 570 667 1.17
B B.1(25) Fe-500 21.6 546 652 1.19
C C.2(25) Fe-500 18.75 636 741 1.17
E E.1(25) Fe-500 20.8 556 678 1.22
E.2(25) Fe-500 19.2 567 685 1.21
F F.1(25) Fe-500 22.58 642 729 1.14
F.2(25) Fe-500 20.97 552 642 1.16
G G.1(25) Fe-500 20.8 521 642 1.23

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TECHNICAL PAPER
analysed for different brands of steel, in present case also
the maximum limit of Yield Strength comes out to 1.25 times
Yield Strength considering not more than 5 percent values
beyond maximum. In cases of steels of same brand with
better quality control, this standard deviation can further be
reduced. Therefore, specifications of steel Fe-500 & Fe-500
D can easily be modified to match the requirements of Fe-
500S as given in IS 1786 or ACI code with respect to upper
capping on yield strength. The Ultimate Tensile Strength of
different brands of steel studied varied from 590 N/mm2
to 865 N/mm2 with average value of 682.49 N/mm2. The
standard deviation in Ultimate Tensile Strength test results
comes out to 40.47. The distribution pattern of Ultimate
Tensile Strength results is shown in Figures 3 and 4. The
results of Ultimate Tensile Strength has been discussed in
this paper in terms of TS/YS ratio.
30 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
The Elongation and Ultimate Strength/Yield Strength Ratio
obtained for different diameter bars are given in Tables 1
to 6. Although the ACI Code and most international codes
pertaining to Reinforced Concrete Design in Earthquake
Zones, such as the UBC specify that the TS/YS ratio shall
not be less than 1.25. The tensile strength of grade 500E
by AS/NZS 4671 is specified to fall within 1.15 to 1.4 (for
500E grade) times the characteristics yield strength, which
is used in design. It is not possible for direct comparison on
elongation as different codes have different specifications for
testing elongation. However, the requirements of elongation
specified in IS 1786 is in line with other international
specifications for Fe 500 grades from ductility consideration
[10]. It is not possible for direct comparison on elongation
as different codes have different specifications for testing
elongation. However, the requirements of elongation
specified in IS 1786 is in line with other international
specifications for Fe 500 grades from ductility consideration
[10].
ACI Code and few international codes pertaining to
Reinforced Concrete Design in Earthquake Zones, such as
the UBC specify that the TS/YS ratio shall not be less than
1.25 for all steel grades. However, the Tensile Strength
of grade 500E by AS/NZS 4671 is specified to fall within
1.15 to 1.4 (for 500E grade) times the Characteristics Yield
Strength, which is used in design. In Indian standard IS:
1786, minimum TS/YS ratio for Fe-500 & Fe-500 D is 1.08
and 1.10 respectively. For Fe-500S series, IS 1786 specifies
minimum TS/YS ratio of 1.25.
TECHNICAL PAPER
The Elongation and Tensile Strength/Yield Strength Ratio
obtained for different diameter bars are given in Tables 1 to
6. The ratio of Ultimate Tensile Strength to Yield Strength
(TS/YS) of different brands of steel studied varied from 1.11
to 1.26 with an average value 1.18. The distribution pattern
of TS/YS results is shown in Figures 5 and 6.
The standard deviation for ratio of Ultimate Tensile Strength
to Yield Strength (TS/YS) results comes out to 0.03. Large
number of data were analysed and while calculating the
standard deviation and mean two extreme higher values
corresponding to rejected Yield Strength and Ultimate
Tensile Strength values and having level of significance less
than 1 percent were rejected as outliers as per IS:8900. From
the test results of TS/YS as shown below it is seen that near
normal distribution curve and the lower (5%) limit of TS/
YS is 1.13 considering TS/YSmin (5%) = TS/YS-1.65σ (which
means that not more than 5 percent results are expected to
fall below this limit).
In cases of steels of same brand with better quality control,
this standard deviation can further be reduced and thereby
TS/YS ratio can easily be achieved to a minimum value of
1.15. The same 1.15 or more TS/YS is seen in majority of
cases i.e. in 84 percent cases for the samples tested. Based
on the experimental test results of the ratio of TS/YS, it is
important to increase the TS/YS ratio for Fe-500/500D grade
steel from 1.08/1.10 to 1.15 as majority of brands are meeting
this requirement even though IS: 1786 limit is lower for Fe-
500/500D. This increase will help in improving ductility of
rebars in situations where high inelastic deformations of
structural members as demanded by design philosophies
are required. Such design cases are earthquake resistant
design, design for impact load, design of slab & beams with
adjustment of support moments/load against gravity load,
etc.
3.2 Variation of Yield Strength & Ultimate
tensile Strength with Carbon %age
Various samples of different brands were chosen for three
different diameters (8, 10 & 16 mm) (Grade Fe-500) and
tested for yield strength and tensile strength. Also the carbon
% of the tested specimens was determined to see the effect
of Carbon % on the yield and tensile Strength and same are
shown in Figures 7 to 8.
Carbon is generally considered to be the most important
alloying element in steel and increased amounts of carbon
increase hardness and tensile strength, as well as response to
heat treatment (hardenability). Increased amounts of carbon
will reduce weldability. From the analysis of test results, no
clear trends were observed for relationship between carbon
% and yield strength and ultimate tensile strength for steel
bars commonly used in Indian Construction Industry. Past
Studies [11] has shown that carbon effect only significantly
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 31
TECHNICAL PAPER
appears in steels when percentage of carbon is more than
0.4 percent. In present case all the values are below limiting
value of 0.3 percent given in Indian Standard IS:1786-2008.
CONCLUSION
Based on the analysis of test results and literature survey it
is concluded that:
1. The average Yield Strength, Ultimate Tensile Strength
and ratio of TS/YS from the experimental test results
2 2
are found to be 580.10 N/mm , 682.49 N/mm and 1.18
respectively.
2. Experimental test results of the ratio of TS/YS indicated
that it is important to increase the TS/YS ratio for Fe-
500/500D grade steel from 1.08/1.10 to 1.15 as majority
of brands are meeting this requirement even though IS:
1786 limit is lower for Fe-500/500D. It can be inferred
that, for steels of same brand with better quality
control, this standard deviation can further be reduced
and thereby TS/YS ratio can easily be achieved to a
minimum value of 1.15. The same 1.15 or more TS/YS
is seen in majority of cases i.e. in 84 percent cases for
the samples tested. This increase will help in improving
ductility of rebars in situations where high inelastic
deformations of structural members as demanded by
design philosophies are required.
3. From results of study, it can also be inferred that,
for steels of same brand with better quality control,
the maximum Yield Strength values can easily be
restricted to match the requirements of Fe-500S as
given in IS:1786 or ACI code. ASTM A706/A706M and
AS/NZS 4671 specifies both minimum and maximum
yield strengths for all the steel grades while no upper
capping is given on higher limit of Yield Strength in
IS code for all steel grades except for steel grades with
“S” series which is a must to avoid undesirable brittle
shear failure of structures.
4. From the analysis of test results, no clear trends were
observed for relationship between carbon % and yield
strength and ultimate tensile strength for steel bars
commonly used in Indian Construction Industry and
all the values are below limiting value of 0.3 percent
given in Indian Standard IS:1786-2008.
5. Very high yield strengths are observed in many cases
and are not meeting criteria of AS/NZS 4671 for grade
500E (high ductility for earthquake prone region) with
respect to upper capping on yield strength.
32 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
References
1. H
are, J. (2005). Quenched and tempered reinforcing steel.
SESOC Journal, 18:1, 30-31
2. V
iswanatha, C. S. (2004). A journey through Indian reinforcing
bars. The Indian Concrete Journal, 78:1, 14-18
3. V
iswanatha, C. S. et al. (2004). Sub-standard rebars in the
Indian market: An insight. The Indian Concrete Journal, 78:1,
52-55
4. E
milio M. Morales, MSCE Significance Of The Ratio Of Tensile
Strength To Yield Stress (Ts/Ys) Of Reinforcing Bars
5. T
owl, K. and Burrell, G. (2005). Reinforcing steel in New
Zealand-Pacific steel future product range and design issues.
SESOC Journal, 18:1, 24-28
6. B
rooke, N., Megget, L. and Ingham, J. (2005). Factors to
consider in the use of grade 500E longitudinal reinforcement
in the beams of ductile moment resisting frames. SESOC
Journal, 18:1, 14-22
7. M
cDermott, F. (1996). Interrelationships between reinforcing-
bar physical properties and seismic demands. ACI Structural
Journal, ACI, 95:2, 175-182
8. M
acchi, G., Pinto, E. P. and Sanpaolesi, L. (1996). Ductility
requirements for reinforcement under Eurocodes. Structural
Engineering International, 249-254
9. D
.C. Rai Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur,
India S.K. Jain, IIT Gandhinagar, India , I. Chakrabarti Tata
Steel, Jamshedpur, India Evaluation of Properties of Steel
Reinforcing Bars for Seismic Design
10. Prabir C. Basu, Shylamoni P. and Roshan A. D Characterisation
of steel reinforcement for RC structures: An overview and
related issues
11. Adnan Calik, Akin Duzgun, Osman Sahin and Nazim Ucar,
Effect of carbon content on the mechanical properties of
medium carbon steels. Z. Naturforsch. 65a, 468 – 472 (2010);
received December 1, 2008 / revised July 17, 2009
12. Standard specification for low-alloy steel deformed and plain
bars for concrete reinforcement, ASTM A 706/A 706M-01,
American Society of Testing Materials, USA
13. Steel reinforcing materials, AS/NZS 4671: 2001, Standards
Association of NZ
14. ______Plain and reinforced concrete - Code of Practice, IS 456 2000,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
15. ______High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete
reinforcement specification, IS 1786: 2008, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, India.
TECHNICAL PAPER
Brijesh Singh holds a B.E. in Civil Engineering; M.Tech. in Structural Dynamics. He is a Manager in the
Centre for Construction Development and Research at NCB, Ballabgarh, Haryana, India. He has overall
experience of eight years in the field of condition assessment of concrete structures, quality assurance and
audit of concrete structures and research and development in the field of cement and building materials. His
major research interests are durability of concrete and high strength concrete. He has published more than 25
research papers in various international, national, conferences and journals. He is a member of IRC committee
B-4 on prestressed concrete bridges and member of asset management panel of National Building Code in BIS.

V.V. Arora is a Joint Director and Head of Centre for Construction Development and Research in National
Council for Cement and Building Materials (NCB), Ballabgarh, Haryana, India. He has more than 30 years
of experience which includes construction of bridges, industrial and institutional projects, structural design
and research and development in the field of cement and building materials. His major research interests
are durability testing of concrete, service life design, residual life assessment of concrete structures, high
strength concrete, fibre reinforced concrete etc. He has published more than 50 research papers in various
international, national, conferences and journals. He is chairman and member of various BIS committees,
IRC committee and also member of ISO panel of BIS on cement and concrete.

Lalit Yadav holds a B.Tech in Civil Engineering. He is a Deputy Manager in the Centre for Construction
Development and Research in National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh, Haryana,
India. He has overall experience of three years in the field of quality assurance and audit of concrete structures
and research and development in the field of high strength concrete and geopolymer concrete.

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 33

TECHNICAL PAPER

Gamma attenuation characteristics of high density

concrete under high temperature regimes
C.S. Pillai, A.R. Santhakumar, R. Mathiyarasu and J. Ashok Kumar

High density concrete (HDC) is used as radiation shield in nuclear reactors, where the temperature is expected to vary upto
120°C. Radiation shielding characteristics of concrete depend mainly on type of aggregates and moisture content in the mix. In
the study, the effect of high temperature (120°C) for varying durations on gamma attenuation properties of four concrete mixes
with granite, haematite and steel shots were investigated. The parameters like density, Gamma Attenuation Factor (GAF) of mixes
were compared. Variation in, density and the GAF is observed only during first 14 days of heat treatment, which did not vary
shielding property of concretes significantly. Further, the GAFs were simulated theoretically.

Keywords: High density concrete; radiation attenuation; temperature; aggregates.

introduction
Of all shielding materials, concrete is probably the most
extensively used in nuclear facilities because of its relatively
low cost and ease of fabrication [1]. In addition to this, in
case of mixed gamma and neutron field as encountered in
nuclear reactor, concrete is most suitable choice of material
for radiation shielding. Concrete is made with much higher
density aggregates to improve its attenuation characteristics
and to reduce the space requirement for shielding. These
high-density concretes can have very different compositions
and densities depending on the mix design and nature of
aggregates added. Radiation shielding properties of concrete
may vary depending on the concrete composites [2].
The 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR), which
is reaching its advanced stage of completion in India, uses
heavy density (3.85 g/cm3 ) concrete in the roof slab of main
reactor vessel for radiation shielding [3]. Normal density
concrete is used in the inner and outer vaults of the reactor.
During normal operation, the hot pool within the pool type
reactor is at 550°C while roof slab is maintained at 120°C and
The Indian Concrete Journal, June 2017, Vol. 91, Issue 6, pp. 34-40.
reactor vault is kept below 65°C. Under Safety Grade Heat
Removal condition the temperature could rise upto 85°C in
the vault [4]. Concretes used in reactors as structural as well
as shield material, are subjected to elevated temperatures
ranging from 65°C to 120°C [3,4], for different durations
throughout the operation life of the reactor. Due to heating,
water content in the concrete undergoes changes with
respect to temperature and exposure time [4,5]. Optimum
shielding design of nuclear facilities requires knowledge of
the attenuation characteristics of the shielding material under
various temperature regimes [6]. There have been reports
on shielding properties of haematite-containing concrete. A
few have studied [7] the effects of different concentrations of
haematite on physical and mechanical properties of concrete
and have concluded that these properties improved with
higher concentration of haematite aggregates. In a study,
with different aggregates (dolomite, serpentine)including
haematite the samples [8]were subjected to temperatures
from 20- 800°C(considering fire hazard) for 240 hours and
tested for mechanical and shielding properties. It was
concluded that the mix which contains hematite aggregates
have the best attenuation coefficients for both gamma ray
and neutrons and the best resistance for high temperature
effects. But there is little information regarding mechanical

34 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
Table 1. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Normal and
high density concrete aggregate
S.No. Aggregate Specific Gravity of Water Absorption % of
Type Coarse Fine Coarse Fine
Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate Aggregate
1 Normal 2.6 - 2.7 2.55 – 2.66 0.5 – 0.6 1.5 – 2
Density
2 High 4.7 – 4.8 3.9 – 4.1 0.3 – 0.4 4.8 – 5.4
Density

2.4 g/cm3 with the identification mark ‘A’. Haematite

and shielding properties of concrete under sustained and
cyclic temperatures, just above 100°C (boiling point of water)
as encountered in reactor environment. Thus, the effect of
elevated, sustained and cyclic temperatures on radiation
attenuation characteristics of concrete samples with granite
aggregate, haematite aggregate and steel shots, having
densities 2.4 to 4.2 g/cm3 has been studied. The details of
measurements carried out to study the gamma attenuation
characteristics and the salient results obtained are discussed
in this paper along with theoretical validation.
Materials and methods
In all the concrete mixtures Portland cement was used.
The chemical and physical properties of the cement
conforming to IS 8112:2013 have been used [9]. The locally
available siliceous sand and crushed granite were used as
fine aggregate for granite aggregate concrete of density
aggregates were used for designing high density concrete
of 3.6 g/cm3 with the identification mark ‘B’. In addition
to the haematite aggregate, high chrome high carbon steel
shots of diameter 4 mm and 2 mm were used for designing
high density concrete of 3.9 g/cm3 and 4.2 g/cm3, with the
identification marks of ‘C‘ and ‘D’ respectively. The concrete
specimens, concrete A, concrete B and concrete C have been
designated and referred as A, B and C hereafter throughout
the text. The sieve analysis of all in aggregate of the normal
density and high density aggregate is given in the Figure 1.
Specimen preparation
Mix design was done using the absolute volume method to
obtain denser concrete. Four types of concretes A,B,C&D
with three cubes in each density, a total of 12 cubes were cast.
A pan type concrete mixer was used in the production. The
dimension of each cube was 150mm x 150mm x 150mm. The
specimen size is representative of the degree of homogeneity
within any concrete element and hence suited to study
the bulk attenuation characteristics rather than the linear
attenuation as followed in the literature[10,11]. The cubes
were cast in iron moulds and de-moulded after 24 hours.
All the cubes were then sufficiently cured for 28 days in the
curing tank. Physical properties of normal and high density
aggregates (conforming to ASTM C637-14)[12] and density
of the different types of concrete as measured are given in
Tables 1 and 2.

Table 2. Measured density values of concrete samples

S.No Sample Concrete make Target Actual Density Cement content Water / cement
Density (g/cm3) (g/cm3) ratio
(g/cm3 )

1 A Normal Aggregate with River Sand 2.4 2.50 0.42 0.37

2 B Haematite Aggregates 3.6 3.65 0.42 0.44
3 C Haematite Aggregate with steel shots 3.9 4.02 0.42 0.42

4 D Haematite Aggregate with steel shots 4.2 4.29 0.42 0.42

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 35

TECHNICAL PAPER
Test procedures
Heat treatment
Thermal cyclic chamber with an operating temperature
range of ambient to +250°C with rate of heating of
4°C/min was used for this study. All the samples were
arranged in the chamber and then the temperature was set
at 120°C. The samples were kept in the chamber for a period
of 14, 28 and 56 days (durations at which usually concrete
properties are tested). The temperature cycle of the concrete
samples starting from it curing, temperature exposure and
testing is shown in Figure 2. After each stage of the heat
treatment, the samples were weighed and studied for its
gamma attenuation characteristics.

Estimation of density loss

After each stage of heat treatment the specimens were taken
out from the thermal cyclic chamber and their weights
were carefully measured immediately and then placed in
an air tight box to prevent the absorption of moisture in
the samples. From the weight loss the density of concrete
samples were calculated and same is presented in Figure 3.
Divya Rani et al reported the normal density concretes
when subjected to temperature upto 90°C were not showing
any change in density beyond 50 days [4]. In the present
investigation, loss of density was high in the first 14 days in
all the samples, whereas beyond 14 days it was negligible.
This may be due to the higher temperature (120°C) regime.
In the ranges of temperature upto 120°C, free, capillary
and gel pore water will be evaporating. Since the density
reduction is minimal after 14 days the free water would have
evaporated completely. Also, comparatively the density
reduction in normal density concrete (A) was relatively
more than the heavy density concrete.

Gamma attenuation testing

Gamma attenuation testing is carried out before and after
each campaign of heat treatment. Three samples for each
density were subjected to testing. Directly from thermal
chambers the specimens were weighed, before each
radiation test and then placed in a closed container such that
there is no moisture absorption from the atmosphere until
radiations tests are conducted.

A handheld gamma spectrometer (FLIR make Identifinder)

and a 60 Co gamma source of strength 1.7 MBq
(0.046 mCi) was used for testing. The testing set-up is shown
in Figure 4 along with positioning of detector and source and
typical gamma spectrum recorded. The detector was placed
at the centre of face and the source placed in the opposite
face of each block. In order to place the source exactly at
the centre of the face of concrete block, a suitable source

36 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
placing arrangement was made using thermocol as shown
in Figure 4.

A 60 seconds gamma spectrum was recorded for each

measurement. The counts in the energy region between
1080 keV and 1430 keV covering photopeak areas of
1173 and 1332 keV gammas were recorded for each
measurement. The net count in the Cobalt-60 energy
region for each measurement was obtained by subtracting
background counts of same duration. Measurement [10]
is repeated along all three axis of sample and three repeat
measurements were made for each axis. The mean value of
counts are used for estimating gamma attenuation factor.

Gamma Attenuation Factor (GAF)

In order to study the effect of heat treatment on the gamma
attenuation characteristics of concrete, GAF was arrived
using the formula

...(1)

where C0 is net counts observed in the detector without

concrete block, Ct is the net counts measured with concrete
block.

Variation of GAF with temperature treatment

For all the samples just after curing (i.e, prior to the heat
treatment) the Gamma Attenuation Factors (GAF) were
calculated. Then after each heat exposure GAFs were
calculated. GAF values are presented in Figure 5. It is
observed that the GAF increased with density from 0.8 to
0.95. The first heat treatment of 14 days at 120°C shown

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 37

TECHNICAL PAPER
Table 3. Elemental composition data Theoretical simulation of GAF
Element Wt % for Normal concrete Wt % for High density
In order to further validate the experimental results
(2.4 g/cm3 ) concrete (3.6 g/cm3 )
theoretical simulation of GAF is attempted using point
Before HT After HT Before HT After HT
kernel code IGSHIELD [13]. This method uses point kernel
Si 15.95 19.46 2.57 2.3 tracing technique representing the transfer of energy by the
Ca 19.28 22.25 8.63 8.84 uncollided flux along a line of path that is combined with an
Al 1.853 1.99 0.714 0.572 appropriate buildup factor to account for the contribution
Fe 3.81 4.35 52.16 53.42 of scattered photons. For a distributed volume source, the
Mg 1.7 2.26 1.33 1.42
point kernel is integrated over the source volume for all
probable energies emitted.
S 0.46 0.46 0.23 0.24
Na 0.89 1.54 0.21 0.15
K 0.79 0.8 0.094 0.084 The dose rate D(r) is thus represented as an integral equation
P 0.03 0.06 0.0021 0.002
(2)
H 4.55 2.51 3.74 2
O 50.6 44.35 31 31
where,

k = Flux-to- dose conversion factor,

= Source density (Bq/cc)

measurable reductions in GAF value; but subsequent
treatment of 28 & 56 days did not reduce the GAF value
further. It is also observed that the change in GAF is more
(upto 3%) in low density concrete sample than in the high
density sample (0.6%). However the magnitude of observed
change in GAF values is small. This indicates that the material
loss from the samples resulted the reduction in GAF could
be elements of low atomic number i.e, like water molecules.
The observed variation is of the order of 3% for ordinary
concrete, 1.5% for 3.6 g/cm3 concrete and 0.6% for concrete
with density more than 4 g/cm3 .
= Dose buildup factor at gamma ray energy E
m = Gamma ray linear attenuation coefficient at energy E
= Distance between the detector and source point
This integral is replaced by summation by discretising the
source in to small pieces of definite volume. For calculations,
point source located at the center of volume element with
the source strength present in that volume is considered.
The optical distance from this point to the detector location
is calculated by the Combinational Geometry package.
The dose rate is calculated by substituting the appropriate
values in equation (2). The dose rates thus estimated are
summed up over the entire region of the source and over
all possible gamma ray energy groups. The buildup factors
), E) used in the QAD-CG code is based on the
ANSI/ANS-6.4.3-1991[14].

Table 4 : Comparison of values of Gamma Attenuation The exact geometry of the experimental setup was modeled
factor obtained from IGSHIELD results with in IGSHIELD and the entire volume of the concrete sample
measurements was divided into 100 cells for dose rate calculations. For
Sample Exposure status Gamma Attenuation Deviation modeling purpose, the density of the sample is assumed to
Factor (GAF) (%) be uniform and the elemental composition used for normal
Exper- IGSHIELD and high density concrete is given in Table 3.
iment
Before HT 0.806 0.857 6.35
A (2.4 g/cm3 )
After HT (14 d) 0.784 0.861 9.87 The Table 4 presents the results of gamma attenuation factor
Before HT 0.910 0.804 -13.7 obtained from computational study which is found to be
B (3.6 g/cm3 )
After HT (14 d) 0.897 0.794 -11.5 good agreement with measurements.

38 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
The simulated GAF values for normal density concrete
are closely matching within 10%. But for higher density
the deviation is more than 10%. In modeling the density is
assumed to be uniform throughout the sample block. But in
actual condition, there could be non-uniformity due to the
heterogeneity in the distribution of high density aggregates.
This could be the reason for the observed deviation. Thus,
the theoretical simulation values validated the measured
values.
Conclusions
The effect of heating on the gamma attenuation characteristics
of high density concrete samples was investigated in this
paper for a sustained and cyclic temperature regime of 120°C.
The investigation showed the loss of density only during
the first 14 days of heat treatment in all the samples. The
density reduction in normal concrete was relatively more
than the heavy density concrete. As expected the Gamma
Attenuation Factor (GAF) is increasing with density. When
samples were subjected to heat treatment the GAF values
reduced proportional to the duration of heat treatment. The
reduction is more during the first 14 days of heat treatment.
This may be due to the expected loss of free water present in
the concrete samples. Treatment beyond 14 days, i.e, 28 & 56
days did not have much influence on GAF. The magnitude
of variation in the GAF factor is prominent in lower density
samples than in the higher density samples. The observed
changes in gamma attenuation factors are smaller in
magnitude. This further indicates that the reduction in the
weight of concrete is due to loss of some low Z element
in the constituents of the concrete mix. The experimental
GAFs were validated with theoretical simulation. Hence, the
results of this study clearly indicate that the sustained and
cyclic heat treatment at 120°C up to 56 days did not affect
the gamma attenuation properties of high density concretes.
Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank, Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for
Atomic Research, without whose support, this work would
not have been possible and also Shri. S. Chandrasekaran, Shri.
S. Viswanathan, Smt. R. Preetha and Shri. B. Venkatraman
for their valuable advice and technical support.
References
1. M.F. Kaplan, Concrete Radiation Shielding, Concrete Design
and Construction Series, Longman Scientific & Technical,
New York, New York, 1989.
2. M.H. Kharita, M. Takeyeddin, M. Alnassar and S. Yousef,
“Development of special radiation shielding concretes using
natural local materials and evaluation of their shielding
characteristics”, Progress in Nuclear Energy 50 (2008) 33-36.
3. K Velusamy, P Chellapandi, S C Chetal and Baldev Raj,
“Overview of pool hydraulic design of Indian prototype fast
breeder reactor”, Sadhana, Vol. 35, Part 2, April 2010, pp.
97–128, Indian Academy of Sciences .
4. S.Divya Rani, Manu Santhanam, V.Venkatachalapathy,
C.Sivathanu Pillai, “Permissible temperature in fast breeder
reactor vault concrete”, Indian Concrete Journal,pp-11-
20(February 2013).
5. G.L.England, Khoylou and N.Pore, “Pressure and moisture
flow in concrete: steady and transient temperatures”,
th
Transactions of 146 International Conference on Structural
Mechanics in Reactor Technology vol. 5, Division H., Lyon,
France, pp. 491–501.August 1997.
6. Junya Sumita, Kazuhiro Sawa and Eiji Takada Keiko Tada,
“An Investigation of the Effects of Water Content on the
Shielding Performance of the Primary Upper Shield in the
High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR)”, Journal
of NUCLEAR SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY, Supplement 1,
p. 73-77 (March 2000).
7. Osman Gencel, Witold Brostow, Cengiz Ozel, Mümin Filiz,
“Concretes Containing Haematite for Use as Shielding
Barriers”, Materials Science , Vol. 16, No. 3. 2010
8. S. Yousef, M. AlNassar, B. Naoom, S. Alhajali, M.H. Kharita,
“Heat effect on the shielding and strength properties of some
local concretes”, Progress in Nuclear Energy, 50 (2008), 22-26.
9. ______Indian Standard 43 grade Portland Cement Specification,
IS 8112:2013, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
10. Mohammed M. Al-Humaiqani, Ahmed B. Shuraim and Raja
Rizwan Hussian, “Gamma radiation shielding properties
of high strength high performance concretes prepared with
different types of normal and heavy aggregates”, Asian
Transactions on Engineering (ATE ISSN: 2221-4267), Volume
03, Issue 02.
11. Osman Gencel, Ahmet Bozkurt, Erol Kam and Turgay Korkut,
“Determination and calculation of gamma and neutron
shielding characteristics of concretes containing different
haematite proportion”s, Annals of nuclear energy , 38 (2011),
2719-2723.
12. ASTM C 637-14: Standard Specification for Aggregates for
Radiation-Shielding Concrete.
13. “IGSHIELD: A new interactive point kernel gamma ray
shielding code”, K.V. Subbaih et al, Annals of Nuclear
Energy, 35 (2008)- 2234-2242.
14. Gamma-Ray Attenuation Coefficients and Buildup Factors
for Engineering Materials Standard ANSI/ANS-6.4.3-1991.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 39
TECHNICAL PAPER

C. Sivathanu Pillai is Post Graduate in Structural Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna
University; M.S in Civil Engineering from South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, USA; pursuing
PhD at Sathyabama University, Chennai. He is former Chief Engineer and Associate Director, IGCAR,
Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. He has extensive experience in the design, development and construction of
nuclear safety related structures and radiological laboratories. He has published several papers in national
and international journals and presented many papers at conferences. His special interests are development
of special concretes for nuclear power plant structure.

A.R. Santhakumar, MSc.(Eng.), PhD (New Zealand), is former Dean and Chairman of Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Anna University, Chennai. He is also former Emeritus Professor, IIT Madras, Chennai.
Besides teaching, he guides PhD students and is a research supervisor for PhD students in Sathyabama
University. He has published two books and has received ACCE Nagadi Award for the best book published
on Transmission Lime Towers Mc.Graw Hill, Singapore (International Edition) 1993 from Association
of Consulting Civil Engineers India. His book on Concrete Technology (2006) was published by Oxford
University Press and includes all latest developments in concrete construction engineering.

R. Mathiyarasu has completed his Postgraduation in Physics from Bharathiar University Coimbatore,
NGM College, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu; one-year postgraduate Diploma in Medical Radioisotope Techniques
at Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai. He is Head, Radiation Dosimetry
Section, IGCAR, Kalpakkam. His assignments include radiation protection, internal radiation dosimetry,
gammatography - a NDT technique in evaluating shield integrity of lead poured vessels and public
awareness campaign.

Ashok Kumar J. holds a B.E in Civil Engineering and MBA in Human Resource Management from Anna
University, Chennai. He is a Technical Officer in Civil Engineering Group, IGCAR, Kalpakkam. He has
more than 10 years of experience in development of various types of concretes. His area of interest includes
concrete technology, advanced concrete materials, R&D related to high density concrete and other special
concrete for nuclear applications, self-compacting concrete and site quality control.

40 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER

Performance of concrete by partially replacing fine

aggregate with granulated blast furnace slag and
cement with fly ash
Manjunath H. and B.R. Patagundi

The overuse of river sand for construction has various undesirable social and ecological consequences. As a solution for this, industrial wastes
such as Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBS) can be used to replace partially sand and cement by fly ash. This research aims to investigate the
possibility of replacing GBS as a sand substitute in concrete. In this investigation, natural sand was replaced by GBS in various percentages
(10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80%), with water cement ratio of 0.4 and cement was partially replaced by 20% fly ash. Tests
were done for fine aggregate and GBS sample. Different mix proportions for different percentage replacement of fine aggregate was obtained
for M30 grade concrete as per IS 10262:2009. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength tests were done for the
concrete with various % GBS in concrete.

Keywords: Granulated blast furnace slag; fly ash; plasticisers.

INTRODUCTION b) Fly ash

In the present day scenario the society wants a major point
in the environment protection and building safe structures,
due to this the civil engineers today tend to use various
materials to construct different types of buildings. The
reduction of consumption of energy and natural materials
are the important units of the society. In the last 15-20 years
the various urban waste materials are being used in the
buildings. The usage of various waste materials is one of the
main applications in the construction industry as traditional
and reciprocal materials [11].
a) Granulated blast furnace slag (GBS)
GBS is the by product of steel industry. Granulated blast
furnace slag is a non-metallic product and it consists of
calcium silicates and calcium alumina silicates and few other
chemical compositions are also found out while testing the
granulated blast furnace slag material.GBS is dependent on
method of cooling the molten slag like other forms of slag
are also used. Previous results of GBS are good and specific
results are found out when used in concrete [4].
The Indian Concrete Journal, June 2017, Vol. 91, Issue 6, pp. 41-47.
Fly ash is one of the major unit materials of cementitious
products. Present day so many mineral admixtures are found
like saw dust, quarry dust, fly ash, etc. Fly ash is one of the
mineral admixtures of cement. Now a day’s cement is also
become costly for society for that purpose people also use fly
ash as a replacement for cement. Fly ash is the by-product of
pulverised burning coal in Thermal Power plants. In recent
years fly ash is most commonly used cementitious material
in concrete [2].
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this paper are
• To study the properties of concrete with some
commercial plasticizers.
• To study the strength properties of concrete when
sand replacement by GBS and cement replacement
by fly ash.
• To compare the properties of normal concrete and
concrete when sand replaced by GBS and cement by
fly ash.

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 41

TECHNICAL PAPER
• To obtain the optimum percentage replacement of sand
by GBS in concrete.
• To obtain the results from Non-destructive digital
indicating test for the quality of concreting.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
d) Water
Potable water is used in this investigation both for mixing
and curing with pH of 7.5.
e) Granulated blast furnace slag
GBS used (Table 4) is brought from the a steel plant located
in Torangal, Bellary district, Karnataka.

a) Cement Table 4. Basic properties of GBS

In this project work Ordinary Portland Cement of 43 grade is Sl. No. Properties GBS (Raw slag)
used. Table 1 shows the results of basic properties of cement. 1 specific gravity 2.6
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1.48
Table 1. Basic properties of cement
2 1.      Loose 1.62
Sl. No Properties Obtained Value
2.      Compacted  
1 Fineness test 2.96% 3 Water absorption 0.3

2 Normal Consistency 34% 4 Natural moisture content (%) Nil

a) Initial setting time 90 minutes 5 Sieve analysis Zone 2
3
b) Final Setting time 600 minutes
Fine particles (<0.075 mm)
4 Specific Gravity 3.08 6 8
%

b) Fine aggregate f) Fly ash

Natural river sand of size 4.75 mm - 0.015 mm conforming In this project work, Class F fly ash has-been used, which is
zone II of IS 383:1970 is used as fine aggregate. Table 2 shows collected from the a power plant in Raichur. Table 5 shows
the test results of basic properties of fine aggregates. the basic properties of fly ash.

Table 2. Basic properties of fine aggregates Table 5. Basic properties of fly ash.
Sl. No Properties Values
Sl.No Properties Values
1 specific gravity 2.84
1 Specific gravity 2.66
2 fineness 6.99%
2 Water Absorption 0.50%

g) Superplastisizer
The admixture used in this study, was of another era in view
c) Coarse aggregate
of adjusted polycarboxylic ether and was free of chloride and
low salt. Also, it was good with a wide range of concretes.
Natural crushed stone collected from local quarry with 20
Table 6 shows the properties of superplastisizer.
mm - 10 mm size is used as coarse aggregate. Table 3 shows
the test results of basic properties of coarse aggregates. Table 6. Basic properties of superplastisizer
Sl.No Properties Values
Table 3. Basic properties of coarse aggregates.
1 Aspect Light Brown Liquid
Sl. No Properties Values
2 Relative Density 1.08 ±0.01 at 25°C
1 Specific Gravity 2.59 3 Ph >6
2 Sieve Analysis 3.39 4 Chloride Ion Content < 0.2%

42 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
CONCRETE MIX DESIGN Calculation of compressive stresses
Mix proportion used in this study is 1:2.0:2.68 (M30) with
The compressive stress is measured by using the formulae
water-cement ratio of 0.4% and super plasticizer of 0.6%.

Batching and mixing of materials

Weigh batching and machine mixing are adopted in this
study for concrete production. The percentage replacement
of ordinary cement by FA and GBS and their material weight Size of the specimen = 150mmx150mmx150mm
are shown in Table 7.
Flexural strength test
Preparation and casting of specimens
This test is conducted to find out the modulus of rupture as
1. Measurements of the materials follows. Flexural strength test specimens were of dimensions
150mm x 150mm x 700mm. Two point loading was adopted
2. Mixing of the concrete
on an effective span of 500 mm while conducting the flexural
3. Placing, compacting and finishing of concrete strength test as per IS 516:1959.

4. Curing of specimens Calculation of modulus of rupture

Testing of specimens Sf = (P.a/B.D2)

Three type of tests are carried out on hardened concrete
where ‘a’ is greater than 133 mm
1. Compressive strength test
Sf= (3P.a/B.D2)
2. Flexural strength test
where ‘a’ is greater than 110 mm. But less than 133 mm
3. Split tensile strength
Size of specimen = 700mmX150mmX150mm
4. Non destructive test
Split tensile strength test
Compressive strength test
This test is conducted by putting the cylinder specimen on
The bearing surface of the supporting and loading frame was a level plane between the loading surfaces of a pressure
wiped spotless and any free sand or other material expelled testing machine. Tensile strength test specimens were of 150
from the surface of the mould. Compressive strength test mm diameter and 300 mm length. Split tensile strength test
specimens were of dimensions 150 x 150 x 150 mm and were was conducted on these specimens as per IS 5816:1999
tested as per IS 516:1959.

Table 7. Mix proportion per cubic meter

Fine Aggregate Coarse Aggregate
Water (W) Kg / m3 Cement (C) Kg/m3 % of Fly Ash % of GBS GBS Kg/m3
(FA) Kg/m3 (CA) Kg/m3
140 385 0 769 0 0 1032
140 308 20% 692.1 10 76.9 1032
140 308 20% 615.2 20 153.3 1032
140 308 20% 538.3 30 230.7 1032
140 308 20% 461.4 40 307.6 1032
140 308 20% 384.5 50 384.5 1032
140 308 20% 307.6 60 461.4 1032
140 308 20% 230.7 70 538.3 1032
140 308 20% 153.3 80 615.2 1032

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 43

TECHNICAL PAPER
Exactly when the load is associated along the generatrix, a
part on the vertical distance across of cylinder is subjected to
an even compressive stress of

(2p/πLD)

P - compressive load on the cylinder

L - length of cylinder
D - diameter

Size of specimen = 300mmX150mm

Non destructive test

Versatile Ultrasonic Non-destructive Digital Indicating
Test is utilized for this reason. Two transducers, one as
transmitter and the other one as beneficiary, are utilized to
send and get 55 kHz recurrence, Figures 1 and 2. The speed
of the wave is measured by setting two transducers, one on
every side of solid component.

The time that the wave takes to travel is perused out from
the instrument and the speed of the wave can be computed
as follows.

V=L/T

where, V = The Wave Velocity, km/sec.

L = Distance between transducers, mm.
T = Travelling time, sec.

Placing the transducers to the concrete element can be done

in three formats, as shown in Table 8.

Table 8. Concrete quality

Sr. Pulse velocity by cross
Concrete quality grading
No. probing, (km/sec)
1 Above 4.5 Excellent
2 3.5 to 4.5 Good
3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium
4 Below 3.0 Doubtful
Note: In case of ‘doubtful’ quality, it may be necessary to carry out
further tests

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. Compressive strength test:
The 7-day strength of concrete is given in Table 9.

44 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

TECHNICAL PAPER
Table 9 . 7 days strength of concrete by using two
plasticizers
7 days average strength
Plasticizers (0.6%)
(N/mm2)
Plasticizer 1 24.44
Plasticizer 2 27.406
Figure 3 shows the Compressive strength of concrete by
using two plasticizers. The concrete cube specimens cured
for 7 days and tested for compressive strength. From the test
the compressive strength of concrete cubes using plasticizer
2 is more than plasticizer 1. Plasticizer 2 gives 12 to 14%
more strength than plasticizer 1. Therefore plasticizer 2 is
considered for the present experimental study.
Figures 4 and 5 show the results of compressive strength
of cubes. Almost 7 days compressive strength is achieved
at 60% to 65% replacement of sand by GBS as shown in
the Figure 4. From Figure 5, 28 days compressive strength
gradually increases upto 30% replacement of sand by GBS
and after 30% strength gradually decreases. This Indicates
that replacement of sand by GBS is the optimum at 30 % .
2. Flexural strength test
Figure 6 shows the results of flexural strength of beams for
28 days curing. For 28 days curing of beams, the flexural
strength reached maximum at 30% replacement of sand by
GBS. This shows that at 30% GBS replacement, the resistance
against bending of concrete beam is increased. After 30%
replacement of sand by GBS the flexural strength decreases.
3. Split tensile strength test
Figure 7 shows the split tensile strength test, it is seen that
the split tensile strength of the concrete cylinder is gradually
increases at 30% by GBS and then decreases. The maximum
result found at 30% replacement of GBS. It indicates the
optimum percentage of replacement.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 45
TECHNICAL PAPER
4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
Figure 8 shows the pulse velocity of 150X150X150 mm size
cube for 28 days curing period. From the IS code 13311(Part
1): 1992 table 2 shows the results of Velocity Criterion for
Concrete Quality Grading. From the IS code table, the testing
of specimens gives the above 4.5 km/sec results, therefore
the results of specimens have excellent velocity.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the above study the following conclusions were
drawn.
1. The replacement of fine aggregate by GBS up to 30%
increases the compressive strength for a 20% fly ash
substitute for cement.
2. Maximum compressive strength has been achieved
for the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash and fine
aggregate by 30% GBS.
3. Maximum flexural strength has been achieved for
the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash and fine
aggregate by 30% GBS.
4. Maximum split tensile strength has been achieved for
the replacement of cement by 20% fly ash and fine
aggregate by 30% GBS.
5. From strength point of view, the optimum percentage
replacement of fine aggregate by GBS is noted as 30%.
46 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
6. As the percentage proportion of GBS is increased
beyond 30%, the decrease in the mechanical properties
is observed.
7. The workability of the concrete is also affected by the
increase in the percentage proportion of GBS.
References
1. Dr S.L. Patil, J.N. Kale, S Suman (2012), “ Fly ash concrete: A
technical analysis for compressive strength”, International
Journal Of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, Volume
II, Issue I, pp 128-129.
2. Prof. Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr L.B.Zala, Dr.F.S.Umrigar(2012),
“Experimental investigations on partial replacement of cement
with fly ash in design mix concrete”, International Journal Of
Advanced Engineering Technology, Issue IV, Volume III, pp
126- 129.
3. J.N.Akhtar, T.Ahamad, M.N.Akhtar,H.Abbas(2014), “Influence
of Fibres and Fly Ash on Mechanical properties of Concrete”,
American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Volume
2, No.2,pp 64-69.
4. M C Nataraja, P G Dileep Kumar, A S Manu, M C Sanjay,
“Use Of Granulated Blast Furnace Slag As Fine Aggregate In
Cement Mortar”, International Journal of Structural and Civil
Engineering Research, volume 2, No.2,pp 61-68
5. Mohammed Nadeem, Arun D. Pofale, “Utilization of Industrial
Waste Slag as Aggregate in Concrete Applications by Adopting
Taguchi’s Approach for Optimization.
6. TEXT BOOK - Shetty M. S., (2013), “Concrete Technology -
Theory and Practical”, S.Chand Publishing.
7. ______Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design,
IS 10262:1982 (Reaffirmed 2004) Bureau of Indian Standard,
New Delhi.
8. ______Specification for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural
Sources for Concrete, IS 383:1970, Bureau of Indian Standard,
New Delhi.
9. ______Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, IS 2386 (Part I,
III)-1963: Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
10. ______ Methods of test for Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete,
IS 5816:1999, Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi.
11. Nadeem M., Pofale A.D. (2012). “Replacement of Natural Fine
Aggregate with Granular Slag - A Waste Industrial By-Product
in Cement Mortar Applications As An Alternative Construction
58 Materials.” International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications Vol. 2 pp 1258 -1264.
12. Isa Yuksel, Omer Ozkan, and Turhan Bilir, “Use of Granular
Blast – Furnace Slag in Concrete as Fine Aggregate”, ACI
Materials Journal, V. 103, No. 3, May – June 2006.
13. Singh, S.P. and Murmu, M. “Eco-friendly concrete using by-
products of Steel industry”.
TECHNICAL PAPER

Manjunath Hanumappa is pursuing his M.Tech. in Structural Engineering from S.G. Balekundri Institute
of Technology, Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka. His research interests are
performance of concrete by partially replacing fine aggregate with granulated blast furnace slag and cement
with fly ash. He is an active member of Institute of Engineers, India.

Dr. B.R. Patagundi holds B.E. and M.Tech. Degrees from NITK, Suratkal Karnataka; PhD from Shivaji
University, Kolhapur. He is Professor in S.G. Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
He has over 28 years of teaching experience. His area of interest is on performance of concrete by partially
replacing fine aggregate with granulated blast furnace slag and cement with fly ash. He has published 12
papers in international/national journals and about 25 papers in international/ national conferences.

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 47

 POINT OF VIEW

Long term losses in pre-stressed concrete member

as per IS 1343:2012 and IS 1343:1980
P. Markandeya Raju and T. Raghuram Sandeep

In prestressed concrete structures, Creep and Shrinkage
of concrete and Relaxation of prestressing steel are long
term phenomena and cause gradual loss of compression in
concrete and tension in prestressing steel. Their inaccurate
estimation leads to serviceability problems like excessive
camber and cracking of concrete. While revising IS 1343:1980,
many modifications were incorporated in time dependent
losses. There is a need to understand the background of these
changes before applying and this article is a beginning in
this direction. After discussing various parameters affecting
Long term losses, the calculations involved and inferences
on results were presented. A typical example explaining
calculation of losses based on both codes is also presented.
1. Introduction
Losses in prestressed concrete structures can be categorised
as shown in Table 1.
In properly designed and manufactured members, the
loss of stress due to Creep, Shrinkage and Relaxation of
steel account for major portion of the total loss. So their
magnitudes are vital in arriving at the residual prestress. A
reasonably accurate prediction of these losses is important
to ensure satisfactory performance of structures in service.
If prestress losses are underestimated, the tensile strength
of concrete can exceed under service loads, causing cracking
and unexpected excessive deflection. On the other hand,
overestimating prestress losses can lead to excessive camber
and an uneconomical design. To determine with precision
the extent of the losses from them is a challenging task. The
scientific model presented in [1] the new code (IS 1343:2012)
provides an accurate mathematical model that is in line with
Model Code 90 [2] (CEB MC-90).
The objective of this paper is to discuss in detail, each
parameter of long term loss as mentioned in the new code
(IS 1343: 2012) and to explain them with a typical example
based on assumed data. The results are compared with those
obtained based on old code [3] (IS 1343:1980).

Table 1. Categorisation of losses

Instantaneous Losses or Initial Losses of Prestress Time Dependent Losses or Final Losses of Prestress
1. Loss of prestress due to Elastic deformation of beam 1. Loss of prestress due to Bending of the beam
2. Loss of prestress due to Relaxation
2. Loss of prestress due Anchorage slip
or creep of prestressing steel
3. Loss of prestress due to Friction between tendon and duct
(a) Curvature effect 3. Loss of prestress due to Shrinkage in the beam
(b) Wave effect or Length effect
4. Losses of prestress due to Controlled prestressing force
4. Loss of prestress due to Temperature changes
5. Loss of prestress due to Elongation of the tendon.

48 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

POINT OF VIEW
2.Creep in concrete
Creep in concrete is associated with time, level of applied
stress, density of concrete, cement content, water cement
ratio, thickness of the elements and atmospheric conditions
like humidity and temperature. Creep is particularly
important in prestressed concrete as the continued long term
shortening of concrete in compression leads to reduction
in prestressing force. The creep strain is proportional to
elastic strain at lower stress levels in concrete. Hence most
of the statutory codes express creep strain as a factor times
elastic strain and the factor is called ‘’Creep co-efficient”.
Several factors influence creep of concrete. Some of the most
important factors influencing creep are presented, with
an emphasis on those factors that are most important for
evaluating residual prestress.
2.1 Age at loading
The strength of concrete increases with time due to the
hydration of the cement i.e., creep decreases with age at
loading. Creep is inversely proportional to the degree of
hydration, and hence the type of cement will influence the
creep. For instance, at the same age of loading, the use of
slow-hardening cement will increase creep compared with
the use of standard Portland cement.
At higher prestress levels, creep stress is not proportional
to Elastic stress and the rate of change of creep with Elastic
stress increases and the variation is non-linear as shown
in Figure  1. In addition, other factors which influence
the hydration of the cement, such as water/cement ratio,
moisture conditions and temperature, will also affect the
creep at a given age of loading. Assuming a constant stress
state in the concrete, the gain in strength with time reduces
the creep since the stress-strength ratio will decrease. The
age at loading will also decrease the contribution from the
drying creep on the total strains since most of the drying of
the concrete would have already occurred without affecting
the creep behaviour.
2.2 Untensioned reinforcement
The untensioned reinforcement in concrete has a restraining
effect on the creep strain as some of the concrete stress will be
transferred to reinforcement as the long-term strains due to
creep and shrinkage develop. They will reduce the prestress
loss in the tendons but not the loss of stress in concrete. Oh
et al. (1995) studied the effect of different reinforcement
ratios on creep of high-strength concrete and observed that
the reduction of creep strain in concrete with reinforcement
ratios of 0.64% and 1.78% was 15% and 33% respectively
[5,6] (Figure 2).
2.3 Size
The main influence of size on creep is in drying state (after
curing period). The size of the structure affects the drying
rate and thus the drying creep rate. Creep decreases as the
volume to surface ratio increases. A possible explanation for
the size effect on creep is that since the drying is much slower
for larger structures, the hydration in the inner parts of the
structure will continue and thus relatively higher concrete
strength is achieved, which reduces creep, when the drying
process initiates [6].
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 49
 POINT OF VIEW
2.4 Properties of concrete
The properties of concrete that have significant influence
on creep are those which affect the strength development
in concrete i.e., water-cement ratio and type and fineness of
cement. Considering the same age at loading and applied
stress, the use of different types of cement will influence
creep. Slow-hardening cements will exhibit the largest creep
strains and rapid- hardening cements, the lowest. Another
property worth mentioning is the fineness of cement which
also influences the development of concrete strength. The
finer the cement, the higher the specific surface area and
faster is the rate of development of strength. Similarly the
aggregate content of the concrete will have a restraining
effect on the creep deformations since the aggregate does
not undergo creep. The most frequently used aggregates,
such as granite and gneiss, have very low volume change
and significantly high modulus of elasticity and thus higher
restraining capacity than the cement paste. This lowers the
creep in concretes with higher aggregate content.
2.5 Relative humidity
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of partial pressure
of water vapour to the equilibrium or saturated vapour
pressure. A concrete member is said to be in moisture
equilibrium if the moisture in the surrounding air is same
as that in the member. The ambient relative humidity that
is in moisture equilibrium with the surrounding air will
have very low influence on creep in concrete. The higher
the relative humidity, lesser the drying and hence resulting
in lower creep values. However, the moisture content of
the concrete specimen will influence creep. The lower the
moisture content the lower the creep. Results from several
studies indicate that completely dry specimens exhibit
significantly lower or no creep than those containing small
amounts of moisture. Further as temperature increases,
equilibrium vapour pressure increases and hence relative
humidity decreases.
In IS 1343:1980, ultimate creep coefficients are presented for
different ages of loading. These recommendations are only
for structures where losses need not be evaluated at various
stages. They are not valid for evaluation of residual prestress
or deflection or camber in structures at various stages of
stressing/loading/measuring. IS 1343:1980 has no mention
of the effect of relative humidity and element thickness on
loss of prestress. Although IS 1343:2012 calculates creep co-
efficient for a given relative humidity and element thickness,
accurate prediction of relative humidity on the day of loading
during design calculations is not practically possible. Further
there is a need to incorporate the effect of untensioned
reinforcement in the model for the determination of creep
50 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
co-efficient. Majority of the short comings of IS 1343:1980
are addressed in IS 1343:2012 with a scientific mathematical
model that incorporates various parameters. However, this
model is valid only if stress in concrete does not exceed one-
third of characteristic compressive strength of concrete and
concrete should be of normal concrete ranging from M30 to
M60. These models are not applicable for special concretes
[1].
3. Shrinkage in concrete
Concrete starts to lose moisture and undergoes a change
in volume (due of chemical reaction between cement and
water) towards the end of curing period. This phenomenon,
known as concrete shrinkage, starts to develop rapidly
after the end of the curing period. Excess water in concrete
evaporates and cement matrix around aggregate contracts.
Shrinkage is basically divided into two components namely
Autogenous shrinkage and drying shrinkage. Autogenous
shrinkage occurs during early hydration and is caused by
the internal consumption of water during hydration as the
hydration products occupy less volume than the unhydrated
cement and water [7]. Drying shrinkage is caused by loss of
water from concrete to the atmosphere [7]. Generally this
loss of water is from the cement paste, but with a few types
of aggregates (with high water absorption), the main loss
of water contributing to the drying shrinkage of concrete
is from aggregate. Drying shrinkage is relatively slow and
the stress it induces when restrained is partially relieved by
tensile creep. The rate of drying shrinkage is dependent upon
the relative humidity of the surrounding air and the element
geometry. The drying shrinkage is partially reversible, i.e.
upon rewetting; the swelling strains will be less than the
preceding shrinkage strains [6]. Similar to creep, shrinkage
also depends on various factors that are presented below.
3.1 Properties of concrete
Generally, higher the water-cement ratio, greater is the
shrinkage. The water content in concrete has maximum
influence on shrinkage as it is proportional to the amount
of water that can leave the pore system of concrete. The
increase in cement content at constant water-cement ratio
also increases shrinkage. This is because, the hydrated
cement occupies less volume than cement paste in concrete.
Another factor which influences the shrinkage is aggregate
content. Since the aggregate is minimally affected by
moisture changes in concrete, it does not shrink and thus has
a restraining effect on concrete.
3.2 Untensioned reinforcement
Similar to the effect of aggregate, untensioned reinforcement
has a restraining effect on shrinkage of concrete. In prestressed
POINT OF VIEW
concrete, shrinkage is unrestrained as untensioned steel is not
considered for evaluating losses. There may be a reduction
in shrinkage loss if the effect of untensioned reinforcement
is considered. Oh et al. (1995) studied the effect of different
reinforcement ratios on shrinkage of concrete and observed
that the reduction of shrinkage strain in concrete with
reinforcement ratios of 0.64 % and 1.78% was 14% and 30%
respectively [5,6]

3.3 Size
The size of a concrete member mainly influences the drying
rate and there by the rate of shrinkage significantly. It also
has an effect on the final shrinkage strain. The influence of
size on shrinkage of a concrete member is proportional to
the volume to surface ratio, i.e. ratio of volume of member
to the surface in contact with surrounding air. The lower
the ratio, faster is the development of shrinkage. But the
5. Example problem
final shrinkage strain decreases with increase in volume to
surface ratio, which means that final shrinkage strain is size A post-tensioned concrete beam shown in Figure 3 is stressed
dependent [6]. on 7th day.

Span of the beam = 20.0 m

3.4 Relative humidity
The moisture content of the concrete specimen if not in
moisture equilibrium with ambient relative humidity will
have influence on drying shrinkage. The lower the moisture
content the lower is the shrinkage because the rate of drying
is faster.
IS 1343:1980 defines the values of ultimate shrinkage strain
depending on age of loading alone and states that it has to be
increased by 50% under dry atmospheric conditions for post-
tensioned members. Whereas IS 1343:2012 has incorporated
various parameters affecting shrinkage as discussed above.
However, the new model as per revised code does not factor
in, the age of loading which is true to the practical situation.
4. Relaxation of steel
Under sustained loading of prestressing force, the strand
steel gradually relaxes. The resulting reduction in prestress
is called Relaxation loss. Relaxation loss increases with
prestress and temperature. The relaxation losses of low-
relaxation strands are considerably less than the loss in
normal-relaxation strand. Relaxation of a prestressing strand
depends on the stress level in the strand. However, because
of other prestress losses, there is a continuous reduction of
the strand stress, which causes a reduction in relaxation [6].
To understand the process of calculation of long-term losses
a typical example is considered for study.
Diameter of strand = 9.5 mm
Number of strands =10
Grade of concrete = M35
Curing period = 5 days
Relative humidity (RH) = 80%.
Loss due elastic shortening = 5%
Nominal cover to steel = 75 mm.
Live load =10 kN/m
Age at which live load is subjected on the beam = 45 days.
The following are evaluated
1. Residual prestress on 28, 45, 70, 90, 25550 days when
all strands are stressed on 7th day. (Single stage
stressing)
2. Residual prestress on 28, 45, 70, 90, 25550 days when
5 strands are stressed on 7th day and remaining 5
strands on 28th day. (Multistage stressing)
5.1 Creep
As per Clause 6.2.5 of IS 1343:2012, creep loss is evaluated
based on creep co-efficient method. The final creep co-
efficient given in the Table of Clause 6.2.5 can also be arrived
by equations given in the same clause and corresponding
sub-clauses. The final creep co-efficient given in the table
corresponds to grade of concrete ranging from M30 to M60,
subject to the condition that the compressive stress does

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 51

 = a factor totakenallowas =for Notional
the effect creep co-efficient
of relative ( to
The
humidity a)which
=notionalfactor
= on thethe
to
creep
Co-efficient creep
allow
notional co-efficient
for
co-efficient
describingthe effect
creep reaches
isofgiven
development
coefficient. relative asymptotically
with time onwith
by humidity time
the notio
can be Where value reached in 70 years). ( =) a factor
can be taken as value reached in 70 years).to allow ( ) for ( the) effect of relative humidity on the notion
The notional creep co-efficient is given (by )
( ) = Co-efficient describing developmentThe⁄ notional with time creep co-efficient is given by ⁄ ( ) ( )
= a factor ( = to Notional
= Co-efficient
) allow creep
for the co-efficient
describing
effect of relative to which
development
humidity the creep with
on theco-efficient
time notional reaches
creep asymptotically
coefficient. √
⁄ with time
( ) ( )
POINT OF (VIEW ) = Creep strain at time can
The notional creep co-efficient
t>tbe o. taken as value reached in 70 years).
√
is given by = a factor to allow for the effect of relative humidity √ ( on ) the( notio
)
The notional creep co-efficient is given ⁄ by ⁄
( ) = Initial strain = a at factor (to allow
loading. for the effect of relative⁄ humidity on the notional creep coefficient.
) = Co-efficient describing=development withfor time effect of relative humidity ⁄ ⁄ oninthe notion
not exceed 0.36fck. These values can be used where the end RH =aRelative factor
√ to(humidityallow ) ( )the of the ambient environment √
√ ( ) ( )
results are not sensitive ⁄
= Initialtotime preciseof loading.values.
The notional creep co-efficient
percentage
is given by
√√
⁄
= a factor
RH = Relative humidity of the ambient environmentto allow for the effect of relative
RH =in humidity
Relative
percentage ⁄ on the notional
humidity of the ambient environment creep coefficient. in percentage
= a factor to allow for theRH effect √
of relative humidity on the notional creep coefficient.
The creep co-efficient is given by = Relative humidity of the ambient environment ⁄
in percentage
The creep coefficient ( ) is given by ho= notional √factor (Approximately ( ) ( the ) distance √ travelled by
h ⁄ by
ho= notional factor (Approximately the distance water molecule from⁄the centre point of the cross-section toby water
= notional
otravelled ⁄factor
water (Approximately
molecule from the
the distance
centre travelled
point
√ of the
( )( ) hcross-section
o=
(notional factor (Approximately the distance travelled
RH = Relative humidity of
(( the
)) ambient environment in humidity
percentage ⁄ by by water
cross-section to the surface of the to
= a factor concrete)
allow ( for )it is
the given
the effect
surfacebyof√ of to
)√relative thethe surface itof
concrete)
√ isthe
on theconcrete)
given notional
by itcreep
is givencoefficient.
( )( () ) (( )) RH = Relative
cross-section to humidity
the surface of of
thethe ambient
concrete) environment
it is given
√ in percentage
by
( )
h = notional factor (Approximately the distance travelled
⁄ by water molecule from the centre point of th
(Where RH = Relative humidity of the ( )ambient environment in percentage ⁄
o
) ⁄of the ambient
(( )) = Creep strain at time
= Creep strain at time t>to.o.o.o. t>t cross-section
o. to the surface of the RH
concrete)h o= = notional
Relative
it is given factor
humidity
by (Approximately the distance
environment travelled
in by water
percentage
√ √
= Notional creep
ho=o. notionalco-efficient factor to (Approximately
which the creep the cross-section
co-efficient
distance reaches
travelled to asymptotically
theby surface
√ waterofmolecule thewithconcrete)
timefrom itthe
(this isvalue
given
centreby point of the
( ) = Creep strain at time t>t
(( )) = = Initial
Initialcan strain
strainbe atat loading.
takenloading.
as RH o.
value = Relative
reached humidity
in 70 years). ofof the ambient henvironment
o= notional factor in (Approximately
percentage the distance travelled by water
cross-section to the surface the concrete) it is given
= Area ofenvironment by
cross-sectional
cross-section ⁄ area) (mm )
2
in(mm
2
= Area of cross-sectional RH = Relative area (mm 2)
humidity of the ambient percentage
( ) = Initial strain at loading. cross-section
= Area of to the surface
cross-sectional
( ) of the(mm
area concrete)
2) it is given by
= = The perimeter of the member in contact with = The
the atmosphere perimeter of
or by the
exposed
√ water tomember in contact
drying (mm). with the atmosphere or
==Initial
Initialtime
Initial timeof
time of
of loading.
loading.
( loading.
) = Co-efficient ho= notional describing factor (Approximately
development with time the distance travelled molecule from the centre point of the
ho= notional factor (Approximately the distance travelled by water moleculethe
= = The perimeter
perimeter of
( ofthe
) member
the member in contact
in with
contact with
from atmosphere
the centreorp
the
= Initial time of loading. cross-section
= Area RHof tocross-sectional
= the surface
Relative of area
humidity the concrete)
(mm
of the2) it is given
ambient by
environment in percentage
The creep creep coefficient )) is atmosphere or exposed to drying (mm).
eny by The coefficient
The notional
(( is given
creep given by
by cross-section
co-efficient is given to theby surface of the concrete) it is given by
= Area
( )The
= = Creepperimeter strain ofatthe time member t>to. in contact withofthe cross-sectional
atmosphere or area (mm2) to drying (mm).
exposed
ven by The creep coefficient (
( () ) ( ( ) ) ( ) =isagiven ) = Area byofhcross-sectional
o= notional
(( for))the factor area
(( of(Approximately
(mm
)) 2) ( strength = The) =the distanceallow
perimeter oftravelled
the for member byeffect
water of molecule
in contact from
with strength
the theon
atmospherecentre p
or
factor to allow
( ) = Initial strain at
effect
loading.
concrete ( =) Area ( a)of factor
on thetonotional
cross-sectional
the
creep
area
coefficient
(mm 2)
concrete the no
cross-section to the surface of (
= The perimeter of the member in contact with the atmosphere or exposed to drying (mm).the concrete)
) = a factor it is
to given
allow by
for the effect of concrete strength on the no
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = The perimeter of the member in contact with the atmosphere or
Where
Where
where = a factor to allow = for the
Initial time effectof of relative humidity
loading. 2) on the notional creep coefficient.
=
( Area ) = of cross-sectional
a factor to allow for area the (mmeffect of concrete strength on the notional creep
Where = Area of cross-sectional √ area√(mm2) √ coefficient √
which
ch the thecreep =
creep Notionalco-efficient
co-efficient
= Notional
Notionalcreep creep
reaches co-efficient
reaches asymptotically
creepco-efficient
co-efficient to
asymptotically
= which
The
to which
to with
which thewith
perimeter creep
time
the creep the time
of co-efficient
the
(this (thismember
value
co-efficient
creep co-value reaches
⁄ in contact
reaches asymptotically
( with
)
asymptotically= a the
factor with
atmosphere
to
with allowtime
time (this
or
for exposed
the
(this value
effect
value to √drying
of concrete
concrete (mm).strength
strength
√ on the no
The creep = The perimeter
coefficient ( ) ofis the member
given by in contact with the atmosphere or exposed to drying (mm).
years).
oars). can be taken as value reached in 70 )years). onage the
which the can=creep
efficient be taken
Notional reaches as
co-efficient value
creep reached
asymptotically
reaches a in(factor
( ) = asymptotically
co-efficient to 70which
with =to
years).
timea allow
factor
(this
the withtovalue
creep
for allow
time
the forbe
can
(this
co-efficient
effect the
ofvalue effect
reaches
concrete of concrete =notional
(asymptotically
) at strength
a factor creep
to oncoefficient
allow
with the
timefornotional
the effect
(this creep
value of coefficient
concrete age at loading on th
= Area of cross-sectional
√ (( √ )(mm
area ) =loading
a2)factor √
on
to the
allow notional
for the creep
effect coefficient
of concrete strength on the no
70 years).takencan be as value
taken as reached
value in 70 years).
reached in 70 years). = (a factor ) to allow ( for ) the effect of concrete age at loading on th
evelopment
opment with (( with time)) = Co-efficient
Co-efficient describing
=time describing development development = The with
with time
time
perimeter of the member in contact with the atmosphere or exposed √ √
to drying (mm).
⁄
( ) = a
( ) = a factorwith factor to allow for the effect of concrete strength on the notional creep coefficient
development
by byThe
( with ) = timeCo-efficient describingWhere development ( ) to allow
timefor
= a factor
the effect √
to allow
of concrete √ age at loading on the notional creep coefficient
√ for the effect of concrete strength on the notional creep√coefficient
s given
ven The notionalnotional creep creep co-efficient
co-efficient is
is given
given by by ( ) = a factor to allow for the effect of√concrete age at loading on t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
is given The by notional creep RH = Relative
co-efficient humidity =is
is Notional
given
= given of
a factor the
by creep
ambient
byto allow for co-efficient
environment to which
in the
percentage creep co-efficient reaches asymptotically with time (this valu
( () () )( ) ( ) (( the )) effect
(( )) of concrete age√at loading on the notional (creep ) coefficient
( )
can be taken ( as)value = a factorreached to allow in 70 for √( )effect
the
years). = aa factor
factor totoallow
of concrete allow forfor
strength thethe effect
on effect
the of concrete
of concrete
notional age coefficient
creep at
ageloading
at on th
√ √
( ho)= notional
( ) factor (Approximately the ( distance
) ( travelled
) loading by water
on
( ) coefficient. ( )the molecule
notional from
creep the centre
coefficient point of the
of relative
relative humidity humidity
== aa factoron the
factor on tothe
to allow
allownotional
notional for thecreep
forcreep
the effect
effect coefficient.
coefficient.of relative
relative humidityhumidity on on the the notional
notional creep
cross-section to the ) of
= )a =factor
( ( surface to concrete)
Co-efficient
of the allowdescribing
for it the is effect of
development
given
creep coefficient.
byconcretewith age at time loading on the notional (creep ) coefficient
( )
ct of relative = humidity
a factor onallow
to the notional
for the creep of
effect coefficient.
relative = a factor on
( ) humidity to allow
the for thecreep
notional effectcoefficient.
of concrete age at loading on the notional creep coefficient
⁄ ⁄ = a factor to allow for the effect of relative humidity
⁄⁄ on ( ) ( ) √ √
the
√ notional√⁄ creep coefficient. The notional creep √
co-efficient is given by ( ) ( )
√⁄
( ) = a factor to allow for the effect of concrete age at loading on the notional creep coefficient
√ √ ⁄ ( ) ( )
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
√ √ = Area of cross-sectional area (mm √
2)
⁄ ( )= a factor to allow √ ⁄ for the effect of relative humidity on the notional creep coefficient.
( )the atmosphere or exposed to drying (mm).
= The perimeter of the member in contact with
bient RH
environment
t environment = √
Relativein humidity
percentage of the ambient environment √ in percentage
train at time RH t>t = in percentage
Relative humidity of the ambient environment in percentage
o.( ) = Creep strain at time t>t = 2.28 (from ⁄( 7) th day ( ) to infinity)
o.
mbient environment in percentage
ye the hRH
hoooo=
distance
distance = travelled
=travelled
Relative
notional
notionalby
humidity
factor
by water
water
factor
of the ambient
(Approximately
molecule
molecule
(Approximately from the
from theenvironment
the distance
the
centre
distancecentre point inofpercentage
travelled
point
travelled ofby
the by the water
water moleculemolecule from
√
from the the centre
centre point point of of thethe
strain at loading. ( ) = Initial strain at loading. Similarly the ultimate or notional creep co-efficients are
oncrete)
rete) it isit givenis given
cross-section by by to the
( surface
) = a of
factor the to concrete)
allow for it
the is given
effect by
of concrete strength on the notional creep coefficient
ely the distancehcross-section travelled to the by surface of the concrete)
water molecule
oo= notional factor (Approximately the distance travelled by water evaluated
from the it iscentre
given point by of the molecule from for ⁄ the centre point
28,45,70,90, 365 and of the infinity (70 years i.e.
of loading.
concrete) it is
cross-section given by
= Initialtotime the surface
of loading. of the concrete) it is given by 365 70 = 25550) √ days and presented in the Table 2. Creep
co-efficient is directly proportional to creep loss. The values
cient ( ) is given bycoefficient ( RH ) is = Relative by humidity√of the ambient √ environment in percentage
TableThe creep
2. Notional creepco-efficient given from the table clearly indicate that the members which are
stressed at the early age will have more loss due to creep and
( ) =( a factor ) areaho(mm =( notional
mm 222)
) 2) =
t, Area
Area of
= days of cross-sectional
cross-sectional area (mm
to allow 2))for the factor
effect ( (Approximately
of )concrete(age )at theloading
distance on travelled
the notional by creepwater coefficient
molecule from the centre point of th
n contact with the atmosphere or (IS 1343:2012)
exposed to drying (mm). loss decreases with the increase in the age of loading.
ontact with =the The
== The atmosphere
perimeter or
of exposed
the member to drying
cross-section
in contact (mm). (ISto
with1343:1980)
the surface
the atmosphere of the concrete)
or exposed it is
to given
drying by (mm).
(mm ) 2
Areaperimeter of the member
of cross-sectional area (mm in contact
22) with the atmosphere or exposed to drying (mm).
Where
7 0.64 2.28 2.20
r in contact with the atmosphere or
= The perimeter of the member in contact with exposed to drying (mm). the atmosphere or exposed to dryingas (mm).
28 0.49 1.75 1.60 Creep co-efficient per IS 1343:1980 is given in Clause 5.2.5.1
reep co-efficient =toNotional which the creep
creep co-efficient
co-efficient to reaches
which asymptotically
the creep co-efficient with time
reaches
for (this
age value
asymptotically
of loading on th
7with, 28thtimeand(this365thvalue day. Co-efficients for
45 0.45 1.60 1.57
value reached in 70 years). ( ) ( )
fect of concrete can be
))strength taken on as value reached in 70 years). remaining days are interpolated and presented in Table 2.
of concrete (( strength
70 = on the
= aa factor
factor 0.41tothe
to allow
allownotional
notional forcreep
for the
1.47
the creep
effect coefficient
coefficient
effect of
of concrete
concrete 1.54strength
strength on on the the notional
notional creep creep coefficient
coefficient
effect
icientof concrete
describing
90
( )( =strength development
a )factor
0.39
on the
to allow withnotional
time
for
1.40 creep
the effect = Area of cross-sectional
coefficient
of concrete
1.51
strength area
on the(mm
2)
notional creep coefficient
365 = Co-efficient
0.30 describing
1.07 = The development 1.10 with time For thiswith casethe study it can be observedtothat the (mm).
old code
perimeter of the member in contact atmosphere or exposed drying
√ √ √ √
25550 is given 0.13 0.47 √ - √ √ underestimates the creep co-efficient values for age of
eep co-efficient The notional by creep co-efficient is√given by
√ √ √ √
ectconcrete
of of concrete ((age))age =
at a
= a at factor
loadingloading
factor to
onallow
to on the
the
allow for the( effect
fornotional
notionalthe ) creep
creep
effect (of )concrete
coefficient
coefficient
of concrete age
age at at loading
loading( )on on(thethe) notional
notional creep creep coefficient
coefficient
fect of concrete age at loading on the notional ( )
creep= a factor
coefficient to allow for the effect of concrete strength on the notional creep coefficient
( ) = a factor to allow for the effect of concrete age at loading on the notional creep coefficient
allow
52 for the Theeffect
Indian = aof relative
factor
Concrete to humidity
allow
Journal for 2017
June the oneffectthe notional of relative creep coefficient.
humidity on the notional creep coefficient.
 loss. The
d loss decreases values
with from theintable
the increase clearly
the age indicate that the members which
of loading. In theare stressed
present case,atmember
the earlyisage will on 7th day and losses are eval
stressed
= 2.28
have more (from
loss due7to day
th
creeptoand
infinity)
loss decreases with the increase in the Inage
the of
present case, member is stressed on 7th day and losses are eval
loading.
notional creep co-efficients are evaluated for 28,45,70,90, 365 and (infinity ) (70
[ years ]
3:1980 is given in Clause 5.2.5.1 for age of loading on 7 th, 28th and 365th day. ( )
ys and presented in the
Creep co-efficientTable 2. Creep
as perinISTableco-efficient
1343:1980 is directly proportional to creep ( ) [ ]
2. is given in Clause 5.2.5.1 for age of loading on 7 th, 28th and 365th day.
he tablePOINT OF VIEW
ys are interpolated and presented ( ) [ ( )]
clearly indicate that the
Co-efficients for remaining members which
The co-efficient are stressed at
‘0.38’ is a fraction
days are interpolated the early
and presented age will
of the ultimate creep co-efficient that has occurred from 7 day to 28
in Table 2. th ( th )
eep and loss decreases with theday increasei.e. creep in theco-efficient
age of loading. for 7 values to 28 days is The co-efficient ‘0.38’ . Similarly is a fraction of the ultimate
creep co-efficient creep co-efficient
for respective
served that the old
loading upcode to 45 underestimates
days and over theestimates
creep co-efficient after then. The for age The co-efficient ‘0.38’ is a fraction of the ultimate creep co-efficient
over estimates For thisafter
development
casethen.studyThe
of Clause
it can
creep with
days beare
developmenttime
evaluated
observed
isage ofthat
given creepand
thepresented
in Clause
old code
with in given3.in day
is Table
timeunderestimates
6.2.5.2
thei.e.
day i.e.
creepcreep co-efficient
co-efficient
creep co-efficient
for 7for
values
befor
to age28 days is
7 to 28 in days is
. Sim
. Sim
IS 1343:1980 is given in 5.2.5.1 for of loading on 7 th, 28of th and 365thCreep day. co-efficient cannot estimated respective intervals
s follows.of loading up to 45 days and over estimates after then. The development of creep with time is given in days are evaluated and presented in Table 3.
IS 1343:2012 as follows. with daysrespect are evaluated to IS 1343:1980and presented as there are in Table 3.
no guidelines to arrive
ng days are Clauseinterpolated
6.2.5.2 ofand presented
IS 1343:2012 asinfollows.
Creep co-efficient Table 2.cannot be estimated in respective intervals with respect to IS 1343:1980 as there are no
at creep co-efficient for evaluating residual prestressing
guidelines to arrive at creep co-efficient for evaluating Creep co-efficient
residual prestressingcannot be force estimated at various in respective
stages. intervals with
( that ) the forceCreepatco-efficient
various stages. cannot be estimated in respective intervals with
n be observed [ old code underestimates ] the creep co-efficient values forguidelines age to arrive at creep co-efficient for evaluating residual prest
( ) guidelines to arrive at creep co-efficient for evaluating residual prest
s and over estimates after then. The development ( of creep
) [ with time is ] given in
5.2 Shrinkage ( ) 5.2 Shrinkage
2012 as follows. 5.2 Shrinkage
where
Where As per IS 1343:2012 Clause 6.2.4. Total shrinkage As 5.2strain
Shrinkage
per ISis 1343:2012
given by Clause 6.2.4. Total shrinkage strain is
he moment considered, given by
As per IS 1343:2012 Clause 6.2.4. Total shrinkage strain is given by
t = age of( concrete ) [ in days at the ] moment considered, As per IS 1343:2012 Clause 6.2.4. Total shrinkage strain is given by
( )
n days, Where
too= age of concrete at loading in days, where
= total shrinkage train Where
elative humidity (RH in percentage) and notional member size (h0 in mm). Where
= drying shrinkage strain = total
= total shrinkage
shrinkage strain train
sed asthe
ys at =
percentage. =coefficient
coefficient
moment considered, depending
depending on relative
on relative humidity humidity (RH in
(RH percentage)
in and notional
= total shrinkage member size train(h0 in mm).
= drying shrinkage strain
ge of relative percentage)
RH relativeand
=humidity) notional
humidity member as
expressed size (h0 in mm).
percentage. == drying
drying shrinkage
shrinkage strain strain
ding in days, RH0 = 100 (that is, 100 percentage of relative humidity)
RH = relative humidity expressed as percentage. = autogeneous shrinkage strain
ng [on relative
( humidity
) ] (RH in percentage) and notional member size (h0 in mm).
expressedRH = 100 (i.e. 100% of the relative
as 0percentage. [ humidity)
( ) ] Table
Table mentioned
mentioned in in the the Clause
Clause 6.2.4.2 6.2.4.2 of of IS IS1343:2012
1343:2012gives givesthe value
= autogeneous shrinkage strain the values of autogeneous shrinkage strain with respect to
ercentage of relative humidity) = autogeneous shrinkage strain respect to grade of concrete. These values have been multiplied by 1
RH = relative humidity expressed as percentage. grade of concrete. These values have been multiplied by
[ ( ) ] to get the actual values. This strain is the ultimate strain or tota
Table mentioned in the Clause 6.2.4.2 of IS 10 61343:2012 gives the values of autogeneous
= autogeneous
and hence itthe
hasshrinkage
to beitof strain
divided by 10Whereas 6
toshrinkage
get the strain with
actual
Table mentioned [ ( in the)Clause ] 6.2.4.2 of IS 1343:2012 member = autogeneousgives
will experience values
shrinkage its autogeneous
life time.
strain shrinkage thestrain with
development o
[ ( ) ] respect to grade of concrete. These values values.have been
This multiplied
strain is the by 10
ultimate
6 and hence
strain orit has
total to be divided
autogeneous by 10 6
respect to grade of concrete. These values have been multiplied by 10 6 and hence
given by equation mentioned in Clause 6.2.4.4 which is as follows. it has to be divided by 10 6
to get the 28 actual
th day.values. This strain is shrinkage the
Table =ultimate
mentionedstrainstrain in or
the total
Clause autogeneous
6.2.4.2 ISshrinkage
of shrinkage
1343:2012 strain
gives thethat a
value
stressed on 7th day and losses are evaluated to get theonactual values. This strain is theTable ultimateautogeneous
mentioned strainthat or
in
atotal
shrinkage
the
member
Clause
will
strain
autogeneous
6.2.4.2
experience
of IS
it its life
1343:2012
time.
strain
gives that
the avalue
In the present case, membermember is stressed will onexperience
7 day anditlosses
th its lifeare time. Whereas
evaluatedWhereas
respect onto28 the
theth
gradedevelopment
day.
development
of concrete. of autogeneous
ofTheseautogeneous
values have shrinkage
shrinkage
been with
with
multiplied time by is 10
member will experience it its life time. Whereas respectthe development
to grade of concrete. of autogeneous
These valuesshrinkage have(been ) with ( time
)
multiplied is by 10
= given
autogeneous by equation shrinkage mentioned strain in Clause 6.2.4.4 time iswhich
given isby as follows.
equation mentioned in Clause 6.2.4.4 which
[ ( ) ] to get
Table the actual
mentioned
= autogeneous values.
in the Clause
shrinkage This strain of
6.2.4.2
strain is IS the1343:2012
ultimategives straintheorvalue total
( ) [ ] given by equation mentioned in Clause 6.2.4.4 to get
is as
which theisactual
follows.
as follows.values. This strain is the ultimate strain or total
( ) member
respect to will
grade experience
of concrete. it its
Theselife time.
values Whereas
have been the development
multiplied by o
10
( )in 7the[ day ] 1343:2012member ( ) the ( √ ) o
) will experience ofitautogeneous
its life time. shrinkage Whereas development
th
In the present case, member Table is stressed
mentioned on Clauseand 6.2.4.2
losses
( of)IS (by gives the
( )values strain with
given
to Table get the
( ) mentioned equation
actual
( ) in mentioned
values. This
the6Clausein6.2.4.2 in Clause
strain is 6.2.4.4
the which
ultimate
of IS 1343:2012 is as
strain
gives follows.
or
the value total
mber
tion is theareultimate
ofstressed evaluated
on 7thcreep day onand28 th
day.
losses
respect
co-efficient arethat toevaluated
grade
has occurredof on 28thfrom
concrete. day. These7th day valuesto 28 haveth givenWhere,
beenby equation
multiplied mentioned
by 10 and hence Clauseit has6.2.4.4 to be which
divided is byas follows.
106
member will experience it its life time. Whereas
have been multiplied by 1o
the development
The is co-efficient ‘0.38’ is to.aSimilarly
fraction of thevalues.ultimateThis creep co-efficient trespect
= time
that toin grade
daysoroftotal concrete. th These values
get the actual strain is the ultimate ( )has occurred
strain from )7 day
autogeneous to 28 shrinkage( )strain that a
th
7 to 28 days creep co-efficient for respective given by equation ( mentioned √ in Clause 6.2.4.4 which isstrain (as)follows.
day i.e. creep co-efficient for 7 to 28 days is . Similarly to
( )(get ) = the
creep Total actual
(strain values.
co-efficient ) forThis
√occurred at strain
a
respective given ispoint
the ultimate
of
( time.
) ( ) or tota
ed in Table 3. = 2.28 (from 7 th day
member Where,to infinity)
will = 2.28
experience (from it7 th day to infinity)
its life time. Whereas the development of autogeneous shrinkage with time is
( ) [ Where, ] member will
) =isco-efficient experience describing it its life
autogeneous shrinkage with time. o
time. Whereas the development
te or notional days creep
Similarly are
theevaluated
ultimate
co-efficients and
or presented
notional
are
(given evaluated
=)creep
t by inin
equation
time Table
co-efficients
for
days 3.
28,45,70,90,
mentioned are in evaluated
365 and infinity
Clause for 28,45,70,90,
6.2.4.4 (70(years
which 365follows.
as and infinity (70 years
where,
given by equation mentioned in Clause ( )(which) (as)( follows. √ )
0) daysi.e. and365
in presented 70 = 25550) in thedaysTable andt2.=Creep
time inco-efficient
presented days
to in
( ) the Table isoccurred
directly
2.asCreep proportional tois=creep
Autogeneous shrinkage strain that6.2.4.4can(occur ) in aismember( √in)its
stimated respective intervals with respect
( ) = Total IS strain
1343:1980 at aco-efficient
there are
given nopoint Where,
directly
of time. proportional to creep
a fraction ofclearly
Creep the ultimate
co-efficient creep
cannot co-efficient ) = Total
(clearly that )has
strain
(which occurred
occurred from
at aatgiven7the
th day pointtotWhere, 28of thtime.
m theloss.
-efficient table The
for
The values
evaluating
co-efficientindicate
from
residualthe
‘0.38’thatistablea be
the
prestressing estimated
members
fraction indicate
force
( ) =ofco-efficient
the in respective
at that
are
various
ultimate stressed
the intervals
members
stages.
creep
describing co- with
autogeneouswhich
early respect
t
(=age
=
are
)time will
shrinkage
time
toin(IS
stressed ) 1343:1980
days
in days
at the
with time. as there
early age will are no
( ) )
nt for 7 to 28 days is ( ). =Similarly
co-efficient creep co-efficient
describing for
autogeneous respective Inshrinkage
t = of the
time present with
inindays time.
case, for M35 grade concrete, (the ( ()
autogeneous
)
√ shri
to creep have guidelines
and more
lossloss
efficient thattodue
decreases arrive
has at creep
tooccurred
with
creep theand fromco-efficient
increase
loss in( the
decreases
th
=7Autogeneous
day )toforage
28evaluating
with
th of
day loading.
thei.e.
shrinkage residual
increase
creepstrain in(prestressing
the) age
that can force
loading.
occur a at variousinstages.
member its life time.
reep strain
presented in Table 3.at time t>t o.
= Autogeneous shrinkage strain that can occur Where, ( ) = Total
inTotal strain
a (member occurred
in its life time. at a given point of time.
co-efficient for 7 to 28 days is 0.38 (x 2.28 ) =0.85. Similarly ( ) ( )6.2.4.2 ( ) =is
) = in
(time
strain
co-efficient
occurred
√ )describing at a given point of time.
autogeneous (shrinkage with time.
t = days ) ( time. √ )
snitial
per IS Creep
strain 5.2
creep Shrinkage
1343:1980
co-efficient
at is given
co-efficient
loading. as inper Clause
for ISWhere,
1343:1980
5.2.5.1
respectiveIn the is
for
days given
presentageare ofin loading
case, Clause
evaluated
for 5.2.5.1
on and
M35 7 grade
th, for
28 ageth and of365
concrete,
(
loading
th ) =
day. co-efficient
on
= co-efficient
the
th
autogeneous
thdescribing
7 , 28 describing and 365 day.
shrinkage
th autogeneous
autogeneous
strain from shrinkage
shrinkage
the table with
with
in Clause
eept bestrain
estimated at timeint>t )o.= Creep
(strain
respective strain
intervals Inatthe time
with t>t
respect to IS for1343:1980 as there are Where,(= )Autogeneous
= Total strain shrinkage
occurred strain
at a giventhat can
point occur
of in
time. a member in its
4. Total
maining shrinkage
Co-efficients
days are interpolated
presented for
in is given
remaining
Table 3.and t by
days
=presented
time are
6.2.4.2
present o. case, M35 grade
isin Table 2. and presented in Tabletime.
ininterpolated
days
concrete, 2. no the autogeneousshrinkage
= Autogeneous shrinkage strain
strain that from can theoccur table
in ain Clausein
member its
eep As per for IS 1343:2012
evaluatingClause 6.2.4. Total shrinkage force strain is given by The (
t = time ) = co-efficient
in days shrinkage describing autogeneous shrinkage with time.
timeco-efficient
of loading. residual6.2.4.2 prestressing
( )at=loading. is at various
Total strain occurred at a given point of time.
stages. autogeneous strain is computed for different time inte
tial strain at loading. ( ) = Initial strain In the present
= )Autogeneous
=present
Total case,shrinkage
strain for M35 strain grade concrete,
that cancan occurthe autogeneous
in a member inshri
its
t can Forbe observed
this case that study theit old
can code be observed
(underestimates that the describing
) = co-efficient the
old creep
code underestimates
co-efficient
autogeneous values In for
the
shrinkage
(creep
=
the Autogeneous
age case, occurred
co-efficient
with time.
shrinkage
for M35
values for at a given
strain
grade
age point
that
concrete, ofthetime.
occur in a
autogeneous shri
coefficient ( ) is given by 6.2.4.2 )= is co-efficient (describing autogeneous ofshrinkage with shrinkag
time.
days
ime ofofand loading
loading.over estimates
upInitial
to 45time days
afterofand then. =over Theautogeneous
estimates
Autogeneous development after
shrinkage ofthen.
creep The
strain with development
that time
can ismember
occur The
6.2.4.2
given(of
in is inin
co-efficient
acreep
itswith
member
life time.
time
intimeits gives
)lifeis given
time. the infraction autogeneous
Table 3. =
Where Creep co-efficient loading.
forThe
The various
autogeneous intervals shrinkage
shrinkage
strain
strain is
is computed
computed In the
for
for different
present
different case,
time for intervals
M35
intervals
example co-efficient for 7 days is ‘0.41’ which indicates thatin
= Autogeneous shrinkage grade
and
strain
and presentedthe
concrete,
presented
that can in
occur
in Table
Tablein a4.
4.
autogeneous
member shriits
41%
343:2012Clause as follows.
6.2.5.2 of IS 1343:2012 as ( follows.
) ( )
se 6.2.4. Total shrinkage strain is given(As by
per IS 1343:2012) In
6.2.4.2 the present
is case, for M35 grade concrete, the autogeneous
oefficient (= total ) isshrinkage
The givencoefficient
creep by train Inth the ( present ) is given case, by for (M35 gradethe concrete, (the autogeneous) has shrinkage occurred strainupto from 7 day.
th
the tableRemaining in Clause 59% will o
The co-efficient ) thgives fractionshrinkage
The of autogeneous
autogeneous straincase, shrinkage
shrinkage
from the M35 table that
strain inhas has
is
Clause occurred
computed 6.2.4.2 isupto‘t’
for different days. time For inte
= drying shrinkage
t, days Stressed onstrain 7 The day co-efficient Stressed(on ) 28gives day the fraction of
The In autogeneous
the
summation present
autogeneous of shrinkage
column
shrinkage for3 in that
Table
straingrade4 occurred
concrete,
gives
is computed the upto‘t’
totalthe days.
autogeneous
percentage
for different For shri
of autog
time inte
6.2.4.2 is
example co-efficient for 7 days is ‘0.41’ which indicates that 41% of the total autogeneous shrinkage
( ) [ (example ) ] ( ) [for (7 days ) is] ‘0.41’ ( )days
(( ) co-efficient ) has occurred ( )upto 7th which day.
6.2.4.2toindicates
is 25550 days
Remaining 59%
that which 41% ofis the always total 100% autogeneous
i.e. factorshrinkage 1.00, and su
7 - ) has occurred upto 7 day. The co-efficient
autogeneous
Remaining 59% ( )will
shrinkage
will gives
occur
occur the
strainfrom
from
fraction
is 7th day to
computed
7 for25550
th dayoftoautogeneous
25550
th day. The
th day. shrinkag
different time
The inte
nal creep co-efficient to0 which the(creep 0 co-efficient reaches -
asymptotically th
with autogeneous
Thetotal time (this
co-efficient shrinkage
value strain that occurred
( ) gives the fraction of autogeneous from 0 days to 25550
shrinkag day
n 28 Where 0.38 0.85 summation of column
0column 3 in Table 3 in0 Table 4 gives theexample percentage
co-efficient of autogeneous
for 7 days is strain
‘0.41’ that
whichhas occurred
indicates from
that 041%
Where summation
en as value reached in 70 years).The autogeneous shrinkage strain is computedThe of 4 gives the total
example percentage
co-efficient of autogeneous
for summation
7 days strain
isis ‘0.41’ that has
which occurred from 0
train 45 0.44 1.01 days to 25550 0.35 days which 0.62 is always 100% The
(The
for autogeneous
different
i.e. factor
co-efficient
time
1.00,shrinkage
intervals
has (and
) shrinkage )occurred
strain
and presented
givesstrain theupto
computed
fractionof th column
7column day.
in Tablefor 4indicates
Remaining
of autogeneous
different
4.
gives the
59%
that
total
will
shrinkag
41%
o
days to 25550 days which is always 100% time
( i.e.
5.2.1 autogeneous
factor
Drying
intervals 1.00,
Shrinkage
and ) and
presented
has summation
occurred in Table
upto isofcomputed
4.
7 4
th day. Remainingfor different
gives the 59% time
total willinte o
nal creep co-efficient 70 = Notional
to0.51whichcreep the creep co-efficient
1.16 co-efficient
autogeneous to0.46 which
reaches
shrinkage the asymptotically
creep
0.80 co-efficient
strain that occurred with reaches time
from (this
asymptotically
0 days valueto 25550 with
days time
i.e. (this value
1.00 .
n days t at
= age
the
Co-efficient describing moment
of concrete considered,
in days
development at the moment
with time 0.51
autogeneous considered, summation
example of column
co-efficient 3
for in 7 Table
days 4 isgives
‘0.41’ the total
which percentage
indicates of
that autog41%
n as value reached 90 can in be 700.55
takenyears).as valueThe1.25 reached in shrinkage
co-efficient 70 years).
( ) gives strain
0.89 that occurred summation
the fraction of autogeneousofshrinkage
from 0 days tocolumn 25550 days 3 in that
i.e. 1.00
Table has4occurred
gives the upto‘t’ total percentage .
days. Forof autog
365 0.76 1.73 0.75 1.32 (days
The Drying
The to shrinkage
25550 days
co-efficient
co-efficient ) has which
generally occurred
gives is
beginsalways
the
theupto at 7the
fraction
fraction 100%
th day.
endof
of i.e.
of factor 1.00,
Remaining
curing
autogeneous
autogeneous 59%
period. and will
Dryisuo
t loadingto= age in25550
days,
of concrete atgiven
loading example
in5.2.1
days, co-efficient
Drying for 7 days
Shrinkage is ‘0.41’ which daysindicates to 25550that days41% ( )
which of the is always 100% i.e. factor
total autogeneous 1.00,shrinkag
shrinkage and su
nal creep co-efficient 1.00is by2.28 1.00 1.25 autogeneous
summation
of
shrinkage IS 1343:2012 of shrinkage
column
as
thatshrinkage follows
has occurred 3 strain
in Table that
upto‘t’4 occurred
givesdays. Forthe from
total 0 days
percentage
example to 25550
co-25550of day
autog
o-efficient describing )development
= Co-efficient 5.2.1 Drying
time Shrinkage example co-efficient for 7 days that7is th ‘0.41’ which indicates that day 41%
( ( with describing development
) has occurred with upto time 7th day. autogeneousRemaining 59% will occur strain from occurred
day to from 255500thdays day.toThe
days( to 25550 days ) has which
occurred is always upto 7 100%
th day.i.e. factor 1.00,
Remaining 59% and will suo
nding on = relative
coefficient humidity
depending (RHsummation
on
in percentage)
relative
Dryinghumidity of and
) (notional
(shrinkage
column (RH in
)3generally
in percentage)
member
Table begins
4 gives size atand
the(hthe0 notional
inend
total mm). member
of curing
percentage size
period.
of autogeneous(hDrying
0 in mm). shrinkage
strain that is
hasgiven
occurred by Clausefrom 6.2.4.3
0
al creep co-efficient The notional is given creep Drying shrinkage
by co-efficient is givengenerally
by begins at the end 5.2.1 of Drying
autogeneous
summation curing of Shrinkage
period.
shrinkage
column Drying3strain shrinkage
in Table that4 occurred
gives is thegivenfrom
totalby0percentage
Clause
days to6.2.4.3 25550of autogday
dity expressed
RH = relative as percentage.
humidity expressed days oftoIS as percentage.
1343:2012
25550 days aswhichfollows is always 100% i.e. 5.2.1 Drying
factor 1.00,Shrinkage
and summation of column 4 gives the total
torpercentage
toRHallow for of IS 1343:2012 as follows Where,
notional creep coefficient.days to 25550 days which is always 100% i.e. factor 1.00, and su
00 0 = 100 ofthe
(that effect
relative is, 100 of percentage
relative humidity
humidity) autogeneous of relative on the
) (humidity)
( shrinkage ) strain that occurred ( ) from ( 5.2.1 ) 0 days
Drying to 25550generally
shrinkage days i.e. The1.00
begins
Indian Concreteat the end Journalof June
curing 2017 .
period. 53 Dryin
Drying
autogeneousDrying
= Total
shrinkage Shrinkage
drying shrinkage
generally
shrinkage strain begins strain
that atthat
occurredthe aend member
fromof curing will
0 days undergo
period.
to 25550Dryin in i
day
of IS 1343:2012 as follows
 hat can occur in a member in its life time.
012 gives the values of autogeneous shrinkage strain with
( ) = Initial strain at loading.
( ) multiplied( by 10√6 and
een ) hence it has to be divided by 106
en point of time.
concrete, the autogeneous shrinkage The autogeneous strain from the table
shrinkage in
strain Clause
is computed for different
The autogeneous shrinkage straintime intervals for
is computed anddifferent
presented time in intervals
Table 4. and presented
mate
eneous strain
shrinkageor total withautogeneous
time. shrinkage
The autogeneous strain
= Initial that a of loading.
shrinkage
time strain is computed for different time intervals and presented in Table 4.
thecan
hat POINT
development
occur in a member of OF VIEW
autogeneous
in lifeshrinkage
itsThe time. with time is
co-efficient The gives
( ) coefficient
creep The the fraction
co-efficient isofgiven
( the )fraction autogeneous
( ) by gives theshrinkage fraction ofthat has occurred
autogeneous shrinkageupto‘t’ that days.has Foroccurred
tich
of is
time.
as follows. The co-efficient ( ) gives of autogeneous shrinkage that has occurred upto‘t’ days. For
example co-efficient for 7example days is co-efficient ‘0.41’ whichforindicates 7 days that is ‘0.41’ 41%which of theindicatestotal autogeneousthat 41% of shrinkage
the total autog
shrinkageefficient
concrete, with
the time.
for 7 daysshrinkage
autogeneous is ‘0.41’ which example
strain indicates
from co-efficient
the thattable 41% for
in 7Clause
of days is ‘0.41’
the which indicates
percentage (50 and 80). that These41%values of theare total
given autogeneous
in the table shrinkage of
computed for different time intervals( and presented ) has inoccurred
Table( 4. upto 7th day. ) hasRemaining
occurred 59%
(upto will
) 7 occur
th day. ( from)
Remaining 7 th day to 25550th day. The th
59% will occur from 7 day to
occur(in) totala memberautogeneousin its lifeshrinkage
time. ( ) has occurred upto 7 Clause
th 6.2.4.3 of IS59%
day. Remaining 1343:2012.will occur from 7 day to 25550 day. The
th th
summation of column 3 in Table 4 gives the total percentage of autogeneous strain that has occurred from 0
upto 7th day. Remaining 59% will occur
summation fromsummation
of column 7th3 day in Table to of4column 3 in Table 4 gives the total percentage of autogeneous strain that ha
gives the total percentage of autogeneous strain that has occurred from 0
ction of autogeneous shrinkage days that to has
25550 Where
occurred
days upto‘t’
which is days.
always For100% i.e.
e, the autogeneous
th
( 25550√ )day.shrinkage The summation strain of from
days column the25550
to 3 in Table
table days
in Clause
days 4which to
gives the 25550 days
is always 100% IS factor
which
1343:2012is1.00,
always
i.e. factor isand not summation
100%
1.00,clear andon
i.e. factor
summation
of column
source 1.00,
from and 4 gives
which
of column
summation
RH thehastotal
4 gives
of column
to
the total
0.41’ which indicates that 41% of the total
autogeneous autogeneous
shrinkage strain shrinkage
that
autogeneous occurred from
shrinkage 0 days to 25550
strain that occurred days i.e.
from 1.00 0 days to can25550 days .
i.e. 1.00for
total percentage of autogeneous autogeneous shrinkage
= Notional strain
shrinkage creep that
strain has that occurred
co-efficient be
to which considered.
from the0 days Hence
creeptoco-efficient in general
25550 daysreaches 50% be considered
i.e. 1.00asymptotically with time .(this v
computed for different
7th day. Remaining 59%time willintervals
occur from and presented
7th day toin25550 Table th 4.day. The
occurred from 0 days to 25550 days can which
be taken is always
as value 100%
reached in 70internal
years). members of the building or structure which are not
ves the total percentage of autogeneous 5.2.1 Drying strain that has occurred
Shrinkage 5.2.1 from 0Shrinkage
Drying exposed to atmosphere and 80% for components which are
me. i.e. factor 1.00, and summation 5.2.1 ofDrying
column 4 gives
Shrinkage the total
ction
s 100% i.e.of autogeneous shrinkage
factor 1.00,shrinkage and summation that has occurred
of occurred
column 4from upto‘t’gives days.
the total For
ed forwith autogeneous
different time intervals andofstrain
presented that ( ) = Co-efficient 0 days to
describing exposed to atmosphere.
development with time
kage
0.41’
curred which
from time.
0indicates
days toi.e. that days
25550 41% i.e.10the
Drying 1.00 totalinautogeneous
-6shrinkage
Table 4.
generallyDrying shrinkage
begins .at the endgenerally
shrinkage of curingbegins period.atDrying the endshrinkage of curing is given Drying
period. by Clause 6.2.4.3 is given
shrinkage
25550 days 1.00 45 Drying shrinkage generally begins at the end of curing period. Drying shrinkage is given by Clause 6.2.4.3
r 7inth aday.
member Remainingin its life 59% time.
will of occur from 7The
IS 1343:2012 th day to 25550th day. The
as notional
follows creep of IS 1343:2012 as follows
of IS 1343:2012 as follows co-efficient In the present
is given by case study M35 grade concrete and RH = 80%
f autogeneous
ves the total percentage shrinkage that has occurred
of autogeneous strain upto‘t’that hasdays. occurred For from 0
5.2.1 Drying Shrinkage are considered. From the table in Clause 6.4.2 for M35 grade
which 100% indicates
s autogeneous i.e. factor that1.00,
shrinkage 41% of summation
strain
and thefromtotalthe autogeneous
table
of column in Clause 4shrinkage
gives the total ( ) as(292.000 )
of concrete, is obtained 10-6after interpolation.
y. Remaining
the end Drying 59%
of curing shrinkage
will occur generally
from
In the 7 begins
day
thpresent to at
25550
case the th end
study day. M35 of
The curing
grade concrete In
and the
RH present
= 80% case
are study
considered. M35 grade
From concrete
the table in and RH =6.4.2
Clause 80% are con
curred from 0 days period.
to 25550Drying days shrinkage
i.e.
Where, 1.00 is given by Clause Where,6.2.4.3 .
period. Drying
total percentage of autogeneousfor shrinkage strain is
M35that Where,
given has by Clause
ofoccurred 6.2.4.3 of IS for M35 grade of concrete, is obtained as 292.000 10 -6after interp
grade =concrete, casefrom
a shrinkage
factor to is0 obtained
allow for theaas 292.000
effect of relative 10 after humidity interpolation.
on the notional creep coefficient.
-6
=In In
Totalthe the present
drying
present case study
study strain
=M35 M35
Total thatgrade
grade
drying concrete
member Drying
concrete
shrinkage will
andand
shrinkageRH
undergo
RH
strain = =80% 80%
thatstrain
in aits
are are at
life considered.
infinity
time
considered.
member i.e. (70
will for From
From
undergo years
70 years
the the
in table
=table
25550
its inin
life days)Clause
Clause
time 6.4.2
i.e. 6.4.2
for 70
1343:2012 as follows
i.e. factor 1.00, and summation of column = Total
4 givesdrying the shrinkage
total strain that a member will undergo in its life time i.e. for 70 years
forforM35
= coefficient M35grade gradeofofconcrete,
depending concrete,
on=notional
coefficient isisobtained
obtained
size ho andisas
depending as
given
the 292.000
292.000
on bynotional
values of
10 10k -6 afterinterpolation.
for
-6after
size interpolation.
corresponding
h and the values h are
of k given
for in table
corresponding of h oar
=Table
coefficient depending on(70notional
years = size Dryingho days)
and the
shrinkageis values
h
⁄ strain of kohatfor corresponding
infinity
o
(70 years =h25550
h
oare given days)inistable givenofby
rfrom 0 days
different timeto 25550
intervals daysand i.e.presented
1.00
Drying shrinkage in
Clause 6.2.4.3 of IS 1343:2012. 4. strain .
at infinity 25550 given by
Clause 6.2.4.3 of IS 1343:2012.
the end of curing period. Drying shrinkage Clause is 6.2.4.3
givenofby IS Clause
1343:2012.
6 6.2.4.3 = 25550
0.987 days) √292.00 10-6 6
ho = notion Drying
Drying shrinkage
shrinkage
factor = 125.217 strain
strain
ho mm atinfinity
= atnotion infinity (70
factor (70years
=years = =25550
125.217 mmdays) isisgiven givenbyby
ogeneous
that a member shrinkage that has occurred Inh othe= notion
present
upto‘t’ days.factor
case For =
study125.217 M35 mm grade concrete
= and
288.318 RH 10 = -6 80% are considered. From the table = 288.318in Clause 10-66.4.2
where,will undergo in From its lifetable timeof i.e.Clause
for 70 6.2.4.3,yearsFrom aftertable
6
of Clause k6.2.4.3,
interpolation
6
h= 0.987 after interpolation ⁄ k h = 0.987
From
for M35table grade of ofClause concrete, 6.2.4.3, after isof interpolation
obtained The
as time kis
292.000 h=given
development 0.98710-6by of10
after drying shrinkage
interpolation. strain with time is given by Cl
alindicates
size ho and thatthe41% values of of forThe
thekh total development
autogeneous
corresponding
= unrestrained hof drying
shrinkage
oaredrying givenshrinkagein=table
shrinkage
strain
unrestrained
with
which depends drying = =288.318
288.318
on
shrinkage grade 10
Clause
of-6 -6concrete
which
6.2.4.5
depends
as follows
and on relative
grade humidity
ofwith
concrete (RH) and relativ
d of curing period. = Total Drying shrinkage is given= by Clause
unrestrained 6.2.4.3
drying shrinkage The
which development
depends √ on ofgradedrying of shrinkage
concrete andstrain relative time is
humidity (RH)
maining 59% will occurdrying shrinkage
from 7expressed
th day to 25550
Thein strain
terms
th that
development day.of apercentage
Themember
ofof drying will
(50shrinkage strain with time(50 isgiven
given by Clause 6.2.4.5 asfollows
follows
The development drying
expressed inand
shrinkage terms 80). of These
strain
given
with values
percentage
by
time
Clause
are
is given
and
6.2.4.5
by
80).
as
in the table
Clause
These
follows
6.2.4.5
values of as Clause
are given6.2.4.3
in of IS
the table of C
percentage undergo in its life strain
of autogeneous time i.e. that for expressed
Drying
70 occurred
has yearsshrinkage in from
terms 0 of
strain percentage
at infinity (50years
(70 and = 80).
( 25550These
) days) valuesisin givenare by given in the table of Clause ( )6.2.4.3 of IS
1343:2012. RH = Relative humidity
1343:2012. of the ambient environment percentage
that a member
factor 1.00,khand will undergo in
summation its life time
Where,
ofIS column 1343:2012.
4 i.e.
gives for 70 years 6 Where,
erpolation = 0.987 1343:2012 is notthe clear total on
ISthe source
1343:2012 from which
is not clear RHonhas (to
source ( be ) considered.
) from which RH Hence has in to general
be considered. 50% canHence be in ge
al
0 size
days h
to and
25550=the
coefficient
values
days i.e. ofdepending
1.00k for onIS
corresponding
= notional
total1343:2012
h =
drying size
h ish. onot
notional
are
shrinkage and
given clear
factor in values
on source
(Approximately
table
strain of
occurred from
at a which
the =
=
given total RHdrying
288.318
distance
point hasof toshrinkage
10
travelled
time-6 be considered.
‘t’ inbydays. strainmolecule
water Hence in
occurred atgeneral
from a given
the centre 50%
pointcan pointbe o
of time
ge which depends on grade ofconsidered
o h concrete Where,
Where, and
for o relativemembers
internal o humidity
considered of (RH)
the building or structure which are not exposed
for internal members of the building or structure which are not exposed to atm to atmosphere and 80%
of kh for corresponding h(oare The given
considered in
development table
cross-section
= co-efficient for of Clause
internal
of drying
to
describing the 6.2.4.3
members shrinkage
surface
the of
of
drying the building
strain
the with
(
concrete)
shrinkage ) or=
time
it structure
co-efficient
is is
given given by which
describing
by are
Clause not theexposed
6.2.4.5 drying
as to
follows atmosphere
shrinkage with and 80%
time.
0 and 80). These values are given in the ) table
= = total ofdrying
Clause
drying 6.2.4.3
shrinkage of IS
strain occurred
where, atawith
agiven
given time. point ofoftime time‘t’‘t’inindays.days.
member will of IS 1343:2012.
undergo in its life timefor components
i.e.for
It is given 70total
forcomponents
by the
which
years equation
areshrinkage
which
exposed
for components
are exposed
mentioned
tostrain
in
occurred
atmosphere.
which areatexposed
to atmosphere.
Clause It is
6.2.4.4given of by
IS the
point
to
11343:2012
atmosphere.
equation as mentioned
follows in Clause 6.2.4.4 of IS 11343:20
(( )= ) =co-efficient
co-efficientdescribing describingthe thedrying
dryingshrinkage
shrinkagewith withtime. time.
herpolation
o and the values of kh for corresponding hoare given in table of
k = 0.987 ( )
from which ho =RH
h
notionhas factor
to be considered.
= 125.217 It mmItisHence
isgiven
given in
byby general
thetheequation 50% can
equation be
mentioned
mentioned ininClause = total
Clause drying
6.2.4.4
6.2.4.4 ofofISIS shrinkage
11343:2012
11343:2012 strain occurred at a given point
asasfollows
follows
uring period. Drying onshrinkage is given by Clause 6.2.4.3 ( )
ge which
he building depends
or structure grade
whichofare notWhere,
concrete exposed and relative
to atmosphere humidity and(RH) 80% ( of )
time ‘t’ (in days. )
( )
o0 atmosphere.
and 80).From These tablevalues are given
of Clause 6.2.4.3, the =table
in after totalofdrying
interpolation Clause shrinkage
0.987 ofstrain
kh=6.2.4.3 IS occurred (at a given ) point
( (√ ) )
of time ‘t’ in days. ( ) √
) ==co-efficient
Area of cross-sectional area (mm
on kh= 0.987 2)
( describing the drying ) ) = co-efficient
( (shrinkage with time. describing the drying shrinkage with
( ))
(with √√
h depends
which = on grade
has toofbe
unrestrained concrete
drying and isrelative =by The
humidity perimeter (RH) on of thebe member in contact
time. of the atmosphere or exposed to drying (mm).
from RH =shrinkage
considered. age It of given
Hence which
concrete in depends
the
general
at the equation 50%
beginning grade
mentioned
can of drying in shrinkage
Clause
= age6.2.4.4
ofi.e.concrete
no IS
of 11343:2012
at thecuring
days ashas
beginning followsof drying
been done shrinkage i.e. no of day
80). These
he building values
of concrete
or structureare given
andwhich in
relative the
are table
humidity
not of
exposed Clause
(RH) to 6.2.4.3
expressed
atmosphere of
in IS
terms
and of
80% = 5 days (assumed in the present problem)
= 5 days = (assumed
ageofofconcrete in the present
concrete problem) of drying shrinkage i.e. no of days curing has been done
will undergo in its life time i.e. for 70=years age atatthe thebeginning
beginning of drying shrinkage (i.e. no) of days curing has been done
oeratmosphere. =5 5days days(assumed(assumedininthe thepresent
presentproblem) problem)
hich RH has = ( )
the values of kto be considered.
h for corresponding Hence hoareingiven general 50% of
in table can be ( () ) √ on the notional creep coefficient ( )
ding or structure which are not exposed to atmosphere and 80% ( ) ( ) = a factor to allow for the effect of concrete strength ( )
( ) √( ( )) ( ) √
phere. = age of concrete at the beginning (of( drying )) shrinkage i.e. no of days curing has been done
= 0.987 (( )) √√
Table 4. AutogeneousDrying shrinkage =shrinkage
5 days strain (assumed
strain on in 7theth day presentis problem) Drying √ shrinkage√strain on 7th day is
pends on grade of concrete and relative humidity (RH)
t, days Coeff.Describingautogeneous Drying shrinkage shrinkage strainonon7Coeff. 7thday day isis
of autogeneous Autogeneous shrinkage strain occurred during
hese values are given in the table ofDrying Clauseshrinkage of strain
th
6.2.4.3 IS shrinkage strain occurred ( age ) atinterval
the = Coeff.
strain with time ( as (t ))= a factor to allow for the
( ) effect of concrete loading on theofnotionalautogeneous creep shrinkage
coefficient
during( the)interval strain occurred during the interval
( ) √ X Eca ( 45 10 )
-6
RH has to be considered. Hence in general
Similarly drying 50% can be strains are computed
shrinkage Similarly
for different drying time shrinkage
intervalsstrains are computed
and presented in thefor different
Table 5. time in
r structure which are not exposed to Drying atmosphere shrinkage and 80% strain on 7 th day is -6
7 0.41
Similarlydrying
Similarly dryingshrinkage shrinkagestrains 0.41 (Up
strains are tocomputed
are 7th day) for
computed fordifferent
differenttime 18.49
timeintervals X 10 and
intervals (On 7th
andpresented day)
presented ininthe theTableTable5.5.
. The co-efficient ) gives the fraction of drying The co-efficient
(shrinkage
) ( ) that gives the upto‘t’
( has) occurred fraction of drying shrinkage that h
( -6days. For example,
28 0.65 0.24 10.89 X 10
co-efficient The for 28 days is ‘0.29’
co-efficient ( )which
gives indicates
the fractionco-efficient
that of 29%
drying offortotal 28 days
shrinkage drying isthat
‘0.29’
shrinkage
has which
occurred( indicates upto‘t’days.that
days. 29% For ofexample,
)total dry
45
The
0.74
co-efficient ( ) gives the fraction of drying shrinkage that has occurred
0.09 3.85 X 10
upto‘t’
-6 For example,
has occurred co-efficient upto for 28 days. Remaining 71% will has occur
occurred from upto 28of28
th day days. to Remaining
25550 th day. 71% The will
summationoccur from of 28 th )d
co-efficient for 2828days days isis‘0.29’
‘0.29’which which indicates
indicates that
that 29%29% of total total drying
drying shrinkage
shrinkage (( )
70 column Similarly
0.814 inoccurred
has drying
Table 5 upto shrinkage
gives thedays.
28 strains
total are0.07
percentage
Remaining column
computed of drying
71% 4 in
for
will Tablefrom
different
strain
occur 5time
that gives
28hasth the
intervals total
occurred
day 3.32
to and Xpercentage
presented
from
10
25550
-6
th day.5th day of
The drying
in the
(Curing Table
summation strain
5. of th
has occurred upto 28 days. Remaining 71% will occur from 28 day to 25550 day. The summation of
th th
period) column to 255504 inday th
Table which is always 100% period)
i.e. factor to 25550
1.00, th day which is always 100% i.e. factor 1.00, and
andstrain summation column 5 gives
from5the total(Curing
90 column
0.85 4 in Table 5 5givesgives the thetotal
total percentage
percentage
0.04 ofofdryingdrying strain that thathas has occurred
1.69occurred
X 10-6 from 5thday
th day (Curing
dryingThe co-efficient
shrinkage
period)toto25550 strain
25550 (
th that ) gives
daywhichhas the
occurred
whichisisalwaysfraction drying
of
during
always100% drying
5
100%i.e.shrinkage
th dayshrinkage
i.e.factor to
factor1.00, strain
25550 that
1.00,and
th that
has
day has
occurred
andsummationi.e.
summation occurred
1.00 upto‘t’ during
days.
column 5 gives 5
For daythetototal
th example, 255
period) th day
-6column 5 gives the total
25550 1.00
co-efficient . for 28 days is ‘0.29’ which 0.15
indicates that 29% . of total drying 6.75 X 10 (
shrinkage )
dryingshrinkage
drying shrinkagestrain strainthat thathas hasoccurred
occurredduring during5th5 day th daytoto25550 25550 th
th day dayi.e. i.e.1.00 1.00
Total has occurred upto 28 days. Remaining 1.00 71% will occur from 28 day to45 25550X 10 day. The summation of
th th
-6
. .
Shrinkage column strain 4 inasTable per IS 5 gives1343:1980 the total is given Shrinkage
percentage
by Clause of strain
drying
5.2.4.1. asstrain
per post
For IS
that1343:1980
has occurred
tensioned is members
givenfromby5thultimate
Clause
day (Curing 5.2.4.1. F
period) to 25550 th day which is alwaysshrinkage 100% i.e. strain
factor is given
1.00, and by summation column 5 gives the total
shrinkage strain is strain
Shrinkage given by per IS 1343:1980 is given by Clause 5.2.4.1. For post tensioned members ultimate
Shrinkage strain asasper IS 1343:1980 is given by Clause 5.2.4.1. For post tensioned members ultimate
drying
shrinkage shrinkage strainisis strain
givenby that
by has occurred during 5 day to 25550 day i.e. 1.00
th th
shrinkage strain given
.
54 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
( ) ( )
 for M35 grade of concrete, = 288.318 is obtained 10-6 √ as 292.000 10 after interpolation.
Drying shrinkage (strain ) at infinity (70 years = 25550 days) is6 given by 6
The development of drying shrinkage strain with time is given by Clause 6.2.4.5 as follows ( )
Drying shrinkage strain 6
Drying 7th day is (strain
on shrinkage ) at infinity (70 = 288.318
years = 25550 10days)
-6
is given by
Where,
Where,
strain occurred at a given point of The time ‘t’ in days.=of288.318
development drying shrinkage 10 ( -6
) strain with time
6 is given by Clause 6.2.4.5The development of drying shrink
as follows
= total drying shrinkage strain occurred at a given point of tim
ingThe
ssing POINT
force
the dryingat=infinity
development total
shrinkage
Where,
OF
drying
of drying
(25550 withVIEW
shrinkage
days) shrinkage
time. strain occurred
strain with at
time a given
is given point by of time ‘t’
Clause in days.
6.2.4.5 as follows
= 288.318 10 -6
( ) = co-efficient describing the drying shrinkage with time.
ntioned in (Clause ) = 6.2.4.4
co-efficient IS describing
ofdrying 11343:2012 the
The drying
as followsdevelopment shrinkage with
ofatdrying time.
shrinkage strain (‘t’with ) time is given by Clause 6.2.4.5 as follows
h day will Table
= total shrinkage strain occurred a given point
th day with a lossIt%
of time isofgivendays.
in by the equation mentioned in Clause 6.2.4.4 of IS 11343:2
have a
It is given (by the5. residual
Drying prestressing
shrinkage force
strain of 657.605 kN on 90
) =equation mentioned in Clause
Similarly drying shrinkage strains ( 6.2.4.4
are)shrinkage of IS 11343:2012
computed for different as follows
co-efficient Where, describing the drying with time. time intervals and presented in Where,the Table 5.
90 Where,
days. Bending t, days stress or (net stress in= the beam
Coeff.describing at mid span is.strain Coeff.
drying Of drying shrinkage Drying shrinkage strain=occurred
total drying duringshrinkage
the
( It is) given by the equationshrinkage
) total
mentioneddrying
strain
shrinkage
inwithClause time6.2.4.4 strain
occurred
of IS 11343:2012 at a
occurred during
given point
as follows
the
( of ) time ‘t’ in days.
interval = Coeff. Of autogeneous shrinkage ( )strain
= total dryingThe shrinkage
co-efficient strain occurred gives at a thegiven point
fraction ( of
of time)
drying ‘t’ in days.
shrinkage that has occurred upto‘t’ days. For (
example, )
= co-efficient
( ) √( ( = co-efficient
)Where, ) ( (
describing the drying interval
))
shrinkage with time. strain occurred during the ( ) interval ( describing ) √
t
( ) = co-efficient ( describing
co-efficient foris 28
It ) days
the
given dryingbyis= ‘0.29’
the shrinkage
total which
equationdrying indicates
with
(mentioned time.
shrinkage) that
in 29%
Clause
strain
(√ ) of total
6.2.4.4
occurred drying
atof a IS shrinkage
11343:2012
given point of (
as follows
time ‘t’ It
in is given
days. by the ) equation mention
It isofgiven by5shrinkage
the equation (of IS)71%
has occurred i.e. 0mentioned
no ofupto days 28 in Clause
(days. 6.2.4.4
) =Remaining 11343:2012will occur as follows
from 28 th day to 25550th day. The summation of
- co-efficient describing the drying shrinkage with time.
nning drying curing has been done ( ) √- = age of concrete at the beginning
-
of drying shrinkage i.e. no of d
grade concrete = age of andconcreteRH
column = 80%
at 4
the are
in considered.
Table
beginning 5
It gives
of
is From
drying
given the by the
total
shrinkage
the table
equation in
percentage i.e. Clause
no of
of
mentioned 6.4.2
drying
days curing
in strain
Clause has (
that
been
6.2.4.4 has)done
of occurred
IS 11343:2012 from as5 th-6 day th
(On 7 (Curing
follows
sentstudy problem)
M35 grade concrete and RH = 80% are considered. From the table in
7 2 0.03
( Clause
0.03
) = 5 6.4.2 (assumed in the present problem)
days
9.93 X 10 day)
dy is obtained
M35 =grade
5 as concrete
days 292.000
(assumed and
period) 10 -6after interpolation.
inRH to
the = 80%
25550
present thareday considered.
problem) which is From
always ( the )
table
100% in
i.e. Clause
factor 6.4.2
1.00, ( and ) summation √ column 5 gives the
-6 total
oncrete, is obtained
28= age of asconcrete
292.000 23 at 10 theafter
-6
beginning interpolation.
( 0.29 )of drying shrinkage i.e. no of0.26 days curing has been done 73.96 X 10
ete,
eo-efficient
concrete andis obtained RH as
= 80% 292.000
drying areth)40
( (assumed 10
shrinkage
considered.-6after strain interpolation.
From that
the has
table occurred
( in )Clause √ during
6.4.2 5 th day to 25550th day i.e. 1.00
( ) -6

( years )on 90 =45

th and
5 days 25550 day are in the 1.25 and 2.28
present 0.42respectively.
problem) 0.13
( )
36.18 X 10 ( )
nity (70
ained as 292.000 = 25550 10 days)interpolation.
-6after is given = .
ageby of concrete at the beginning ( ) of drying shrinkage i.e. no of days curing has (age
=been )of
done concrete at the beginning
train at infinity ( 70 (70 years) = 25550
√65 days) is given ( ) by 0.54 0.12 ( ) √ 34.75 X 10 -6
( ) √
6
n at loss
infinity
= age (of 6 (70 years
concrete =at)25550 days)
the beginning = 5isdays givenof drying by shrinkage i.e. no√of
eep 90 85 (assumed ( in the) present
0.60 ( days) curing
.problem) 0.07 has been done = 5 days
18.93 X 10-6 (assumed in the present p
70 years56days
= is = 25550 (assumed = 288.318
days) Shrinkage the=10
in given
is
-6
present
by strainproblem) as10per ( )
ISof1343:1980 is given by Clause 5.2.4.1. For posti.e.tensioned members ultimate
day 288.318 = age
-6 concrete ( at the ) beginning √ of0.40 drying
Dryingshrinkage shrinkage strain no ofondays curing
7th day is X has been done
in the period
rinkage strain 2555090
with -( time )days isisgiven
obtained by710 from
Clause Table
6.2.4.5 1.00
6 as follows
121.32 10-6 114.57 10-6
Drying shrinkage =
shrinkage 288.318
strain strain
on th isday
-6 givenis
= 5 by by
days (assumed 6.2.4.5inasthe present ( )
of drying shrinkage strain with time is given Clause follows ( ) problem)
ying shrinkage = 288.318 strain with 10 -6 time
Total is given
drying shrinkage by thClausestrain 6.2.4.5 ( as follows ) ( 1.00 ) √ 288.318 X 10-6
rinkage loss = Drying( shrinkage )
strain (on 7) day is
ge strain with time is given by Clause ( ) 6.2.4.5 as(follows ) √ ( )
( ) ( ) )
(
ains
of ISare computed
1343:2012, forfor longdifferent
term relaxation Drying
time shrinkage
intervals loss and values strain
presented
given on 7ininTable
th day
the is Table 5.
6 of code should ( ) √ Drying shrinkage strain on 7th day
Similarly drying shrinkage strains are computed for different time
strain Dryingoccurred
Similarly
shrinkage at a
( drying Where
given
)tostrain point
shrinkage
onais of
7given
th time
strains
day ‘t’
is are in days.
computed for different time intervals and presented in the Table 5.
ssshrinkage
between strain
90 days occurred infinity at point of time ‘t’ in days.
ing
nkage the strain
dryingoccurred shrinkage t =atage with
a oftime.
given concrete
point ofattimetransfer ‘t’ in indays.
days (7th day) th
sent thedescribing
fraction It isofgiven drying
the
Similarlydryingbyshrinkage shrinkage
drying
the equation thatwith
shrinkage hasDrying
mentionedoccurred
time.
strains shrinkage
inupto‘t’
are computed
Clause strain
days.
6.2.4.4 forondifferent
For of7example,
day istimeThe intervals
co-efficient and presented ingives
) gives thetheTable 5.
fraction of drying shrinkage tha
7th dayof drying shrinkage that hasThe co-efficient the fraction of drying
(
ntioned
describing in Clause
the drying 6.2.4.4 For member
of
shrinkage IS 11343:2012
withloaded time. on
as follows
9’ whichThe
occurred
quation at co-efficient
mentioneda
indicates given that
IS 1343:2012 as followsinpoint 29%
Clause (
of oftime )
total
6.2.4.4 gives
‘t’ in
drying
of the
days.
IS fraction
shrinkage
11343:2012 as ( follows ) occurred
shrinkage
co-efficient
upto‘t’
thatfor
days.
has28occurred
For
days is ‘0.29’
example,
upto which‘t’ days. For example,
indicates that 29% co-of total d
ion mentioned
co-efficient inwillClause
for 6.2.4.4
28time.days isof IS 11343:2012
‘0.29’ asshrinkage
follows
e drying
Remaining shrinkage
71%The with occur
co-efficient from Similarly
28
( th day )which
givesdrying
to theindicates
25550 th day.
fraction
thatThe 29%summation
of strains
drying are
of totalcomputed
shrinkage
drying shrinkage
ofefficient
that forhas different
occurred
for
has occurred upto 2828
( time intervals andSimilarly
days upto‘t’
is ‘0.29’ days.
which For
)
presented
example,
indicates drying
thatin the
Remaining 71% will occur from 28 th29% shrinkage
Table
of 5. strains
total
has
Similarly occurred upto (28 )
days. Remaining 71% will occur from 28 day to 25550 day. The summation of
d in Clause (drying
6.2.4.4 ) ofof shrinkage
ISdrying
11343:2012 strains asthat (are
follows computed for different time intervals and presented in the ( 5Table 5.
th th
he total percentage co-efficient strain has) whichoccurred from 5that th day (Curing drying shrinkage ) has occurred
( for
( factor )5)gives
28 days
(√the
is ‘0.29’
)total
indicates 29%
( of)that total drying
column shrinkage
4 in Table gives the total percentage of drying strain
column 4 ini.e. Table The co-efficient
Similarly percentage (
drying ) of
givesdrying
shrinkage the strain
fraction
strains of
are has
drying
computed occurred
shrinkagefor from that
different 5 th day (Curing
has occurred
time The
intervals co-efficient
upto‘t’andof days.
presented For th example,
(in the)togives
Table the
h is always 100%has occurred( ) 1.00,
upto and
( 28 days. ) summationRemaining
√ column 5 gives
71% will occur from upto the total 28period)
th 28 days.
day toto25550 Remaining
25550 th thday. dayThe 71%
which will is occur
summation always from100% 28 i.e.dayfactor 1.00,5.an
force The
has on period)
co-efficient
25550 column
occurred to
day 25550 ( (
during 45 in day
thth))day gives
( whichthe
co-efficient
) is
fraction
√ alwaysforof 28 100%
drying
days i.e.
is factor
shrinkage
‘0.29’ which 1.00,
that and
has
indicates summation
occurred that thupto‘t’
29% column
of days.
total 5
For gives
drying example, the
shrinkage total
co-efficient
( for 28 days is ‘0.29’
) wh
Tableto5 25550 daytotal i.e. percentage
1.00
th
( )= age gives the
th
of drying strain 25550 thatday.
drying has The summation
occurred
shrinkage from that
strain 5ofth column
dayhas(Curing 4 in Tableduring
occurred 5 gives5the th day to 2
nning of drying
drying for of
shrinkage concrete i.e. at
no theof beginning
days curing of hasdrying been shrinkage
done i.e.
at theco-efficient
beginning (shrinkage
of28drying
period) )days to 25550
strain
isshrinkage
√‘0.29’thhasthat
which
day
hasThe
occurred
i.e. no
which
occurred
indicates upto
co-efficient
of days
is
that
always 28during
curing 29%has
days.100% (of5Remaining
th
)day
total
been
i.e. gives tothe
drying
done
factor
25550
71% shrinkage
1.00, will
th
fraction
total day occur
of
andpercentage
i.e.
( from
drying
summation
1.00shrinkage
of28drying
th
. column
day that to
strain
5 gives
) that
25550
has hastheday.
th
occurred occurred
hastotal Theupto‘t’
occurred upto
summation 28 days.
days.
from 5 ofexampl
th
For Rema
heentbeginning
oss problem)
has ( no of
occurred of days upto
drying) curing.28
shrinkage has been
days. Remaining
i.e.
column done
no of4 days
in 71%Table will
curing 5 occur
has
gives from
been .
the done
total28 day
th percentageto 25550 of day.
thdrying The
strain summation
that has th
of column
occurred from4 in 5 Table
th day 5 gives
(Curing the tot
d in the presentdrying problem) shrinkage strain that co-efficienthas occurred for 28 days during is ‘0.29’5th day which todayindicates
(Curing
25550 th daythat 29%1.00
period)
i.e. of total drying
to 25550 shrinkage
day which is always( 100% i.e.
he columnisshrinkage
present 4 in Table
problem) 5no gives the total
period) percentage
to 25550 of upto
day drying
which 28 strain is always that has 100% occurred
factor i.e. factor
1.00, from
and 1.00,5 and
th
summation day summation
(Curing
column period)
to5column
gives to 525550gives day
the which is o
total
is ththe total drying
th th
of drying
343:1980 = 5givendays byi.e.Clause
(assumed ofin days
.5.2.4.1. curing Forhas haspost been
occurred done
tensioned members days. Remaining
ultimate 71%
Shrinkage will occur
strain from
as per28IS
th day
1343:1980 25550 th day.
given The
by summation
Clause 5.2.4.1
he period
oblem)period) 70-90
Shrinkageto days
25550 this(obtained
strain day )perthe
as which from
IS
drying
present
is Table
1343:1980
always
problem)
shrinkage
column
6 as is
100% 20.62
given
4 i.e.
strain
in
10that
by
Table
-6
factor Clause
5 1.00,
has
gives 5.2.4.1.
and
occurred
the totalFor
summation post
during
shrinkage
percentage tensioned
column
5 day
thstrain
of 5 to members
gives
that
drying 25550
has the
strain ultimate
th total
day
occurred that drying
i.e.
has 1.00
during shrinkage
5
occurred day to
from strain
25550
5
th
th day that has
(Curin
( ) ( ) shrinkage strain is given by
drying shrinkage ( (strain
shrinkage ) ) strainis( given ( byhas
√ that ) occurred period) . during
to 25550 5 th day to 25550th day day i.e.
i.e. 1.00
1.00 . .
.day bywhich Clauseis 5.2.4.1.
always For 100% i.e.tensioned
factor 1.00, and summation ultimate column 5 gives the tot
th
kage loss = ( Shrinkage ) strain) as per√IS 1343:1980 is given post members
1343:1980 ( . ( ) ) √ drying shrinkage strain that has occurred during 5 th day to 25550th day i.e. 1.00
( ) is shrinkage strain is given by
Shrinkage strain as per ForISpost 1343:1980 is given by asClause
eday on 90on
strain th(day
7th day ) is √th ( ) Shrinkage strain as .per. IS 1343:1980 is given by Clause 5.2.4.1. Shrinkage
tensioned strain
members per( IS 1343:1
ultimate )
a member
n onShrinkage
7th day loaded
Dryingis strain on
shrinkage7 day,
as perstrain from
IS 1343:1980 Table
on 7
th 2 is 2.2. Total loss due to creep is
day is
shrinkage strain is given by isgiven by Clause ( 5.2.4.1. ) For post 5.2.4.1.
tensioned For post
members tensioned ultimate members ultimate
shrinkage strain is given by shrinkage
Where
in Where strain is given by
s days shrinkage(7th day) strain is given by Shrinkage strain as per IS 1343:1980 ( ) is
t =given
age ofby Clauseat 5.2.4.1.
concrete transferFor in dayspost(7tensioned
th day) members ultimat
t = age of concrete at transfer in days (7 th day)
shrinkage strain is given by
Where For member loaded on 7th day
ains areFor Similarly
member
computed drying
forloaded
th different
shrinkage
onobtained
7time
th day strains
intervals areand computed presented for different
in 10 the-6.Table 5.
member
hrinkage
force at strains loaded
infinity t =on
are age
(255507 day
of
computed is
concrete
days) at
for different transferfrom Table
in
time days 6
intervalsas
(7 th209.59
day) Total
and presented in the Table loss due to 5. ( )
time intervals and presented Where in the Table 5. ( ) in the Table 5. Where
kage strains areFor computed
memberfor different
loaded on 7time th day intervals and presented
yre the Where
fraction of drying
( shrinkage
) t =
that age has of concrete
occurred at transfer
upto‘t’ days. in days
For (7 th day)
example, ( ) t = age of concrete ( at)transfer in da
(will )have
givesa the
computed residual
forfraction
different prestressing
oftimedrying force
intervals
shrinkage ofand 657.605
presented
that kNoccurred
has on in90 the day
th Table
upto‘t’with a lossFor
5. days. %whereof
example,
’ays. t
which
) gives = age of
indicatesconcrete
the fraction thatof netat
29% transfer
drying of total in
For
shrinkage days
drying
member (7 day)
shrinkage
th loaded (
on ( 7 th day) ) For member loaded on 7th day
days Bending
is ‘0.29’
Table
stress or
which 6. indicates
Comparison
stress that
of
in29% the beam
total ofthat
Where
total
shrinkage
has
at mid
dryingoccurred
span
strain
is.upto‘t’( days. For example,
shrinkage ) th
RemainingFor member
is28‘0.29’ ofwhich loaded
71% indicates
will occur onthat 7from
th day
29% 28ofoccurred
th dayt =drying
total to 25550 day. The
shrinkage
th summation
at( (transfer oft(7=thage ) ofof concrete at transfer in days (7 day)
raction
tial days.
stress
drying
Remaining
of
shrinkage
0.7 fpis 70 MPa.
Period
71% that
will
TotalAs
has
occur
relaxation
per ISthat
from age
1343:2012
28
loss
thof
upto‘t’ concrete
days.
isday to 25550
For example,
th
Strain
day. ) The in days summation day)
e
days.total percentage
Remaining 71% of drying strain Forhas occurred
member loadedfrom 5 th day
on 7 The (Curing
daysummation of
( ofwill totaloccur from 28 day to 25550 day.
th th th
ch 5 indicates
gives thethat total 29% percentage drying
of) drying shrinkage strain (that has as per IS from) 5 th day (Curing
occurred
h is always 100% Autogenous
i.e. factor 1.00, Drying
and summation Total column 5 gives For( member ) loaded on 7th day
ives
ningday71% the
which total percentage
willis occur always from 100% of28 drying
th
i.e. day factortostrain25550
1.00, that
th
andday.has occurred
The
summation summation from
1343:1980column 5the
th day
of 5
total(Curing
gives the total
strain strain Shrinkage
( 1.00) th column 5 gives the total
lhas occurred ofduring 5strain
th day to 25550th day i.e.
ystrain
which
percentage thatis always
has drying 100%
occurred i.e.
during factor
that5has 1.00,
th day and
occurred to summation
25550 from
Strain th day 5 day i.e. (Curing
1.00
in
lways that100% has 7-28 occurred
i.e. factor during
1.00,
10.89 X10
-6 5
and th day
summation
73.96 X10 to -6 25550
columnth
84.85 X10day -6i.e. 1.00
5 gives the total ( )
occurred during 5th 3.85 dayX10to-6 25550 th day i.e. 1.00
36.18 X10-6 40.04 X10-6 This code is silent on estimation of shrinkage strain in
icient on is
343:1980 9028-45
th and 25550
given by Clause th day are 1.25
5.2.4.1. and For 2.28 post respectively.
tensioned members ultimate
s per IS 1343:1980 is given by Clause 5.2.4.1. For post tensioned members respective
ultimate intervals and has no special consideration for
45-70 3.32 X10-6 34.75 X 10-6 38.07 X10-6
ergiven IS 1343:1980
by is given by Clause 5.2.4.1. For post tensioned 209.59 members X ultimate
multi stage prestressing.
oss ( ) . -6
n
80byis given70-90 X10-6 X10-6tensioned members10ultimate
-6
by Clause 1.69 5.2.4.1. For18.93 post 20.62 X10

he period 9090-- days6.75 is obtained

X10-6 from Table
114.57 X10-6 6 as 121.32 121.32 X10-6 10-6 The autogeneous shrinkage strain and drying shrinkage
( ) strain are combined together to arrive at total shrinkage
Total ( -6)
26.51X10-6 304.89 X10-6
age loss = strain (278.38)X10 strain which are presented in Table 6.
n days (7th day)
at transfer in days (7( th day) )
S 1343:2012,
ansfer in days for(7 long
th day) term relaxation loss values given in Table 6 of code should
d on 7 day th
etween
s7th(7day
th day)90 days to infinity is

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 55

( )
( )
 Strands stressed on 7 day will have a prestressing force of 716 kN located at 0.075 m from the bottom of
girder. Bending stress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is
girder. Bending stress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is
ion of shrinkage strain in respective intervals and has no special consideration
( )
( )
POINT OF VIEW
strain and drying shrinkage strain Self-weight
are combined together
of the beam to arrive at total
resented 5.3
in Table 6. Self-weight of the beam
Relaxation in steel Self-weight of the beam
Relaxation loss depends on the initial jacking force. The
maximum initial jacking force as per Clause 19.5.1 of IS
1343:2012 is 76% of ultimateBending tensile strength moment of due wire to per or bar
self-weight of beam is
he initial jacking force. The maximum initial jacking
Bending momentforce due as to self-weight Clause 19.5.1 of beam Bending is moment due to self-weight of beam is
or strand. Assuming that the average stress to be 95% of 76%
mate tensile strength of wire or bar or strand. Assuming that the average stress
and considering 5% loss for elastic shortening, the average
idering 5% loss for elastic shortening, the average stress in the strand after
n of shrinkage stress strain
in the in strand after anchorage
respective intervals and willhas be as nofollows.
special consideration
Bending tensile at the soffit of the beam at mid span due to
Bending tensile at the soffit of the beam at mid span due to self-weight is
estimation of shrinkage strain in Bending
respective tensile at
intervals and thehas soffitno of the beam
special at
consideration mid span due
self-weight is to self-weight is
2, for low relaxation strands, loss is 2.5%. For long-term relaxation losses, the
rain
essing. and drying shrinkage strain are combined together to arrive at total
1343:2012From should Table be 6multiplied
of IS 1343:2012, by 3. The for low revised code has
relaxation strands,no mention loss of time
sented in Table 6.
m relaxation losses For
is 2.5%. havelong-term
to be evaluated.However
relaxation losses,it the is understood
values given that the long
inkage values
plying strain
in Table andTable
of 6drying
of IS 6 of shrinkage
1343:2012
IS 1343:2012 strainbyare
should be combined
multiplied together
by Bending
3. The compressive
to arrive at totalstress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel is
Bending compressive stress or net stresswhile
3) have to be considered Bendingatcompressive
in concrete the level of steel stressis or net stress in concrete at the
hThearelosspresented
2.5% isincode
revised theTable has6.no
total lossmention Bending
due to of compressive
Bending
time
relaxation limit atstress
1000 or
compressive
i.e.for which thenet
hours stress
long stress
at 20 or in ±net concrete
2°C.stress inatconcrete the levelatofthe steel
levelis of steel is
Bending compressive Bending stresscompressive
or net stressstress in level
or netofstress
concrete steel
at theis level
in concreteof at the
steel is level of steel is
term relaxation
lues for calculating losses losses
up to 1000 have hours to be and evaluated.However
temperature greater it isthan 20°C
initial
l intervals. jacking force. The maximum initial jacking force as per Clause 19.5.1
in understood
In otherthat words the longthe break term relaxation
up for Bending total loss loss (multiplying
(2.5%) for different
te tensile strength of wire or bar or strand. Bending Assuming
compressive thatcompressive
the
stress averageor net
stress
stress
stress
or net stress in concrete at the level of steel is
in concrete at the at level ofthsteel
values of Table
not available in the revised code. IRC 112:20116 of IS 1343:2012 by 3)
Bending have
considers to be
compressive considered
the From
values stress or
Table
up to net 3,stress
1000 Creep inco-efficient
concrete onthe28 levelday ofissteel
is 0.85.is Loss of prestressing force due
ering
ds on 5% the loss
initialforjacking
elasticforce.shortening,TheFrom maximumthe TableaverageBending
initial
3, Creep stress compressive
jacking in
co-efficient
Bending the
force strand
as stress
on
compressive per
28 or
after
Clause
th day net
stressis stress
19.5.1
0.85.
or in
netLossconcrete
stress of at the
prestressing
in concrete levelat of steel
force
the due
level is
to
of creep
steel isfrom th 7 th day to th
early agewhile evaluated losses at infinity. The losshigher 2.5% is the28 total day isday th
relaxation in case From
of initial Table From
temperatures 3, Creep Table co-efficient
3, Creep than onC,
th
co-efficient
40° 28asin
th
onisFrom
case 280.85.
th day Loss
Table of prestressing
3, Creep
is 0.85. Lossco-efficient force on
of prestressing due28force
to creep
daydue isfrom
0.85.
to creep 7Loss day ofto 7 day
from
of ultimate tensile strength of wire 28 or
th barhours
day isorthstrand. From Assuming
Table that theco-efficient
average
th day isstress
3, Creep on 28
loss is 70 MPa. prestressing force due to creep from 7 day to 28 day is creep
th day is 0.85. Loss of prestressing force due to
loss due to
Table 4 of IS 1343:1980 for the initial relaxation i.e. at
From
28 stress
th 1000
day is28 Table
of 0.7f 3,
day at 20
Creep
is ±
p, relaxation
2°C. Code
co-efficient didon 28 0.85. Loss of prestressing force dueth to creep from
th 7 th day to from
d considering not specify 5% loss anyfor values elasticfor28 shortening,
calculating
th day is losses the 28average
thupday to is 1000 stress hours in the strand after
for low relaxation
ollows. andstage temperaturestrands, greaterloss is 2.5%. than For
20°C long-term
toFrom evaluate relaxation
Table 3, Creep
relaxation losses, the
co-efficient on 28th day is 0.85. Loss of prestressing force due to creep from 7
e43:2012
for single stressing From Table
From 3,
Table Creep 3, co-efficient
Creep co-efficient on 28th on day28 thisday0.85. is Loss
0.85. of prestressing
Loss of prestressingforce dueforce toduecreepto from 7from
creep
th day
7 thtoday
should
loss in be multiplied
intervals. by 3. words
In other Thethrevised the From code
break28 Table
th hasfor
day
up no
is
3, Creep
total Where
mention of time on 28th day is th
co-efficient
loss 0.85. Loss of prestressing force dueforce to creep from 7 th fd
28
Where 28 day is day this From Table 3, Creep co-efficient on 28 day is 0.85. Loss of prestressing due to creep
elaxation
43:2012, losses
for lowforhave to be evaluated.However
relaxation Where
strands, loss
uptoisWhere 2.5%. ithours
is
For understood
long-term that the longlosses,
essed in (2.5%)
single stage, different
the total intervals
prestressing 1000 28th
force dayin the is
is thnot
28 beam
day ismisrelaxation
available calculated
= modular asWhere the
ratio, expressed as ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to concrete
ing values
6 of IS 1343:2012 of Table should 6 of IS 1343:2012
be multiplied Where by
by 3. 3)The have Where
revised to be considered
code has no while
in the revised code. IRC m 112:2011
= modular considers ratio, the values
expressed upratio
as to mentionof modulus of time of elasticity of steel to concrete
e loss
term2.5% is hours
the total mto
be=for modular m =ratio, modular atexpressed ratio, as at ratio
expressed 20 of ± as modulus
ratio of
oflong elasticity
modulus ofof steel to of
elasticity concrete
steel to concrete
ng relaxation
1000 andloss
losses have
above due to
and relaxation
the earlyi.e.
evaluated.However age
Where
m
1000
relaxation
=
it hours
modular
is understood
in case
ratio,
2°C.
expressed
that the=
m
as
modular
ratio of
ratio,
modulus
expressed
of
as ratio
elasticity of
of modulus of elasticity
steel to concrete
m= modular
Where ratio, expressed as ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to concrete
es for calculating
(multiplying
strand isof102.3 values
initial losses of
kNtemperatures up
Tableto
from Table 1higher 1000
6 of hours
IS
of IS than and
1343:2012
14268:1995. temperature
40° C, asin
Where by 3)
Maximum have greater
case of force to be than 20°C
considered
steamallowed is of while
steel to concrete
Where Where
intervals.
finity.
rage The
stress In
loss
curing
to other
be 2.5%
[8,
95% 9].words
is
From
of 76% the
the Table andbreak
total loss
4 of IS
considering up
due for
1343:1980 5%total
to relaxation m =loss
for
loss thei.e.
for
modular (2.5%) at ratio,
initial
elastic 1000 for hours
stress different
shortening,
expressed atthe 20as± ratio 2°C. of modulus of elasticity of steel to concrete
m = modular m = modular ratio, ratio, expressed expressed as ratio as of modulus
ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to concrete
of elasticity
tthe
any available
values
strand of in0.7f
for the
after , revised
relaxation
calculating
anchorage code.
loss
losses
will IRC
is
beup70 as112:2011
MPa.
to 1000
follows. considers
hours and the values
temperature f c =
up Stress
to
greater 1000 in concrete
than 20°C at the level of steel of steel to concrete
p
f m = modular m at ratio,
= modular expressed
ratio, as ratio of
expressed asmodulus
ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel toofconcrete
of elasticity steel to concrete
c = Stress in concrete the level of steel
nrly lossageinrelaxation
intervals.inIn case of initial
other wordsfc =temperatures
Stress
the break fcin=concreteup higher
Stress than
forinattotal the level
concrete 40°
lossC, asin
ofthe
at(2.5%) steel case
level for of different
steel
fcfor = considers
Stress inis A s= Total
concrete atareathe fof=prestressing
Stress in concrete
steel = 10 at the level
54.8 mm of steel
up clevel of steel 2
ble 4 is
ours IS5.4
ofnot Residual
1343:1980
available for theprestressing
in the initial stress
revised fc = Stress ofIRC force
0.7f in concrete
p, relaxation single
atlossthe level 70 of steel
MPa.
Acode. 112:2011
s= Total area of prestressing steel = 10
the values 54.8 tomm 1000 2
for the early stage age stressing A
relaxation in cases of initial = Total area of
Astemperatures prestressing
= Total area ofhigher steel
prestressing =
than 40°10 54.8
steelC, asin mm
= 10 case 2
54.8 mm 2

orce on 28th day As=fc Total areain fof

cA= =Stress
Total area
sprestressing in concreteoflevel
steel = at10the
prestressing level
54.8Assteel
=mm of2=steel
Total area54.8
10 of prestressing
mm2 steel = 10 54.8 mm
2

or single
From Table stage stressing
4 ofall IS the
1343:1980 = Stress concrete at the of steel
When strandsforare thestressed
initial fstress
c in= single of 0.7f
Stress in p,concrete
stage, relaxation
the total at loss
the level is 70 of MPa. steel
fc = Stress in Stress
concrete at the level of steel
will have prestressing
a prestressing forceforce in the
of 716 beam kN islocated
calculated A
ats=0.075 asfc follows.
Total =
marea from Total
of in concrete
shrinkage
prestressing
the bottom
atsteel
the
strain
of54.8
level
= 10 in2 of
the steel
54.8period
mm27-28 days is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10
sed in single stage, the total prestressing A =
Total shrinkage Total
force
A area
in theof
strain prestressing
beam
inofthe is steel
calculated
period 7-28steel = 10
as
days is mm
obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6
s= Total area prestressing = 10 54.8 mm
s 2
ng force for single stage
beam at mid span due to prestressing stressing Total shrinkage
is Total strain
TotalAin
As=shrinkage area the period
strain
of in the
prestressing 7-28 days
period steel is
7-28 obtained
= 10days54.8 isfrom
obtained
mm Table
2 6 as2 Table
from 84.85 6 as 10-684.85 10-6
Ultimate tensile strength Total of strand is 102.3 =
kNshrinkage
fromTotal area of prestressing steel
Shrinkage = 10 54.8
loss mm
= in6the
in theTable 1
s
shrinkage Total
strain period strain 7-28 in the days period
Total is obtained 7-28 days
shrinkage from isTable
strainobtained as from
84.85
period Table
10
7-28 -66 as 84.85
days is obtained 10-6
are stressed in single
of IS 14268:1995. stage, the
Maximum total prestressing
force allowed Shrinkage
force in the
is onlyShrinkage loss
beam
76%. = is calculated as .
( ) Shrinkage loss = loss = from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6 . .
and is 102.3 kN from Table 1 of IS 14268:1995. Total Maximum shrinkage force Loss allowed
strain due into
Shrinkagethe is period
relaxation loss 7-28
= daysisis2.5
of steel obtained
% i.e. from Table 6 as-6. 84.85 10-6 .
Assuming the average stress Total to be 92% shrinkageof 76% andShrinkage
strain considering
in the loss
period = 7-28 days
ge stress to Loss due Total to relaxation
shrinkage of steel
strain isin 2.5 the %period
i.e. 7-28 is daysobtainedis obtainedfrom Tablefrom Table6 as 84.856 as 84.85 10 10-6 -6
5%beloss 95% forofelastic
76% and considering
Loss due
shortening, theto 5%
Loss
average loss
relaxation
Total for
dueshrinkage elastic
of steel
toTotal
relaxation
prestressing shortening,
is force
strain
shrinkage 2.5 in i.e.isthe
% strain
of steel the 2.5
periodin % i.e.
7-28
Shrinkage
the perioddays loss is =obtained
7-28 days is from Table
obtained from 6 as Table84.856 as10 84.85 10 -6
e strand after Loss due to relaxation Shrinkage
of
i.e.steel loss
is 2.5 =is% i.e. .
gth in theanchorage
of strand isstrand
102.3 afterkNwill from be Table
anchorage asLossfollows.1due
will of be IS
toas 14268:1995.
relaxation
follows. of Maximum
steel
Shrinkage is 2.5 force
loss
Shrinkage loss =
%= allowed . .
he average stress to be 95% of 76% and considering 5% loss for elastic Shrinkage shortening, loss = the
Shrinkage loss = . .
Loss due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
orce in the strand after anchorage will Loss be as due to
follows. relaxation
Loss due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
is 2.5Loss
of steel prestressing
Residual % i.e.due to relaxation
force on 28th day of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
Residual prestressing Loss dueLoss toforce
relaxation
due onto28 thof day steel isof2.5 % i.e.
e on 28th day Residual prestressing force on 28force threlaxation
dayon 28th day
steel is 2.5 % i.e.
Residualthprestressing
5.4.1
-weight of beam is Residual prestressing force on 28 day
Residual prestressing force on 28 day th
Residual prestressing force on 28 day th

lssing
haveforcea prestressing
on 28 stressed
th day force of 716
th kN located at 0.075 m from the bottom of
Strands on 7 day will have a Residual prestressing force of force onResidual
prestressing 28th dayprestressing force on 28th day
am at mid span due to prestressing isResidual prestressing force on 28 th day
716 kN located at 0.075 m from theResidual bottom of prestressing
girder. Bending force on 28 day th
h day will have a prestressing force of 716 kN Residual
locatedResidual prestressing
at 0.075prestressingm from force the on 28 th day
bottom
force onof 28th day
stress(in the beam at)mid span due to prestressing is
ofinthe thebeam
beamatatmid midspan spandue duetotoself-weight
prestressing is is 5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45 th day
5.4.2 Residual 5.4.2prestressing
Residual prestressing force on 45force th day
on 45th day
( ) 5.4.2
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45 day Residual Strands
prestressing stressed
th force onon 7th45 dayth day will have a residual prestressing force of 672.734 kNon
Strands stressed on th7th day will 6.043 have in a theresidual
period prestressing
7-28 days. force of stress
Bending 672.734 kNon 28 th at day with a loss % of
Strands stressed Strandsonstressed 7 day on will 7 have
th day awill residualhave aprestressing
residual prestressing force force in
of 672.734 the
kNon
of beam
672.73428 th kNondaymid 28span
with thaday lossdue %to
with ofaprestre
loss %
6.043
Strands in the period
stressed 5.4.2 on 7-28
Strands Residual
7 days.
th days.
stressed
day 7-28 Bending
prestressing
will on
have 7 thstress
day
aBending force
residual in
will the
onhave beam
45 a
th
prestressing day at
residual mid span due
prestressing
force of 672.734 to prestressing
force
kNon of 28 672.734
th is
day kNon
with a 28
loss th day with
% of
6.043 in the
5.4.2 period
6.043
Residual in 7-28
the period
prestressing Bending
forcedays. on stress
45 th inday thestressbeam in at
the midbeam span at due
mid to prestressing
span due to is
prestressing is
m 5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day
6.043 in the5.4.2 period 6.043
Residual
7-28in the days. period
prestressing
Bending 7-28force days.on
stress Bending
in 45 theth daystress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is
beam
Strands 5.4.2 Residual
stressed on prestressing
7 th day will have force aon 45at
residual
th mid
day span due to( prestressing) is
prestressing force of 672.734 kNon 28 th day with a
Strands stressed
Strands on
stressed 7 th day will have a residual
on 7 th day will have a residual prestressing of
( prestressing ) force 672.734
force of kNonkNon
672.734 28 th day 28 thwithday awith
loss a%loss of
eight of beam is Strands 6.043stressedin the period on 7 th7-28
day days.
will
(
Bending
have a residual
(
stress ) in the beam
prestressing
) at
forcemidofspan672.734 due kNon to prestressing
28 th day with is th a los%
56 The Indian Concrete Journal June 6.043 2017 in
6.043 thein period
theStrands 7-28 days.
period stressed
7-28Bending Bending
days. 7 stress
onBending th day( stress
compressive in the
will havebeam
in
stress aor
the atnet
(mid
residual
)beam atspan
stressmidindue
prestressing) todue
span
concreteprestressing
force
to of 672.734
atprestressing
the is ofkNon
level steel 28
is up to day 45w t
Bending compressive 6.043 in the 6.043 period
stress in theor 7-28net
period days.
stress 7-28 Bending
in concrete
days. stress
Bending at in
the the
stress beam
level inof at
steel
the mid
beam upspan
to
at due
45
mid to prestressing
day
th span i.e.
due just
to before is the is
prestressing
Bending compressive Bending compressive stress or beam netstress is or
stress subjected
in concrete
net stress to live load
inatconcrete
the level at of
thesteellevel upoftosteel
45 th up daytoi.e. 45 thjust
day before
i.e. just thebefore
 of steel is 2.5 % i.e. Bending compressive stress or net stress on 45th day after the application of live load is
orce on 28th day Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load is
e on 28th day Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load is
Bending Bending Bending
tensile stress tensile
at thestress
soffit atofthethe soffit
beam ofatthe
( stress mid beam
span atthe
) th day midduespan the due
to live loadto is live load is
compressive stress or net on 45 after the application of live load is
Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load isis
Bending tensile stress at the soffit of the beam at mid span the due to live load
POINT OF VIEW
( )
orce on 28th day
Bending compressive stress or net stress on 45 day after the application of live
th load is
5.4.2 Residual prestressing force on 45th day Bending compressive stress 5.4.3orResidual
net stressprestressing
on 45th day after forcetheon 70th day of live load is
application
5.4.3Bending Bending compressive
Residualcompressive
prestressing stress
force or onnet 70stress
dayoron
stress
th net45stress
th day on after45 the
th day after the application
application of live loadof is live load is
sing forceStrands
on 45th stressed
day on 7th day will have aBending prestressing stress or Strands
residualcompressive (stressed on )7th day will have a residual prestress
Bending compressive stress or net
net stress
stress onon 4545 day
ththday after
after the
the application
) a loss %live
application
( 45th day with ofof live loadisis
load
g force on 45th day th force( of 665.672( kN on of 1.050 in the
force of 672.734 kN on 28 day with
Strands stresseda loss
on %7 of
th day6.043 will
5.4.3 Residual prestressing in the
have a residual prestress
force on 70 day th force ) of 665.672 ) kN on 45 th day with a loss % of
day will period
have a 7-28
residual prestressing force in of 672.734 kNon 28 th span
day with a loss period
% of28-45 days. ( Bending stress or net stress in the beam
) )mid
y will have a residual days. Bending
prestressing1.050 stress
force inofthe the beam
period
672.734 at
28-45days.
kNon 28 thmiddayBending
with a stress loss %orofnet stress (in the beam at span is.
8 days. Bending stress in the beam at mid spanStrandsdue to prestressing
stressed on at mid span is.
7isth day will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day with a los
ys. due
Bending to
ing force on 45 day
thprestressing
stress in the beamis at mid span due to prestressing is
5.4.3 1.050
Residualin the period 28-45days.
prestressing force onBending 70th day stress or net stress in the beam at mid span is.
5.4.3 Residual prestressing force on 70th day
day will have a residual( prestressing)5.4.3 forceResidual
of 672.734
5.4.3 kNon 28 thprestressing
Residual
prestressing day with
force on 70a thforce
loss
day %onof70th day
( ) Strands stressed on 7prestressing
th day will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day with a loss %
days. Bending stress in the beamFrom at mid 5.4.3
span3,5.4.3
due toResidual
prestressing
Residual
Strands is 45on
prestressing
stressed 7force
force thon
From
on
th day 7070
Table
will day
ththday
have 3, aCreep
residual co-efficient
prestress onforce
th
45 and
th
70 daykN
of 665.672 areon 1.01
45 th day w
Table Creep co-efficient on th and 70 day are 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
Bending compressive stress
stress or net stress in concrete at theStrands or1.050
net in the
Strands
stress
level ofstressed
steel uponperiod
in 28-45days.
stressed
concrete
to 745 day
th th day on
willat 7 th Bending
i.e.have day will stress
have
a residual
just before the or
a net
residual
prestress stress in the beam atofmid
force of 665.672 kN on 45 dayon
prestress force span
665.672 th is.
kN 45 tha day
with loss with
% of a
1.050 in the period and
28-45days. 1.16 respectively.
Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span is.
ss or net stress in concrete at the level of steelStrands
up to 45 th day
stressed i.e.
on just
7 before
th day willthehave a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on45is.day with a alos
45 th day with lo
th
1.050
Strands in the
stressed period 28-45days.
on( 7co-efficient
is day will )Bending
have orthanet stress
residual orin net stressforce
prestress inattheof beam
665.672atis.mid
kN on span
ve load the level of steel ( up to 45 ) 1.050day i.e.in the
just period
before 28-45days.
the beam Bending stress stress the
arebeam mid span
th th
From Creep
Table 3,loss
Creep on 45 and 70th day 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
oad 1.050ininthe theperiod
period28-45days.
28-45days.Bending Bending stress
subjected to live load 1.050 Creep loss stress = orornet netstress
stressininthe thebeam
beamatatmid midspan spanis.is.
Total shrinkage strain in the period Creep 45-70lossdays ( is obtained) from Table 6 as 38.07 10-6
tress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 45 th day i.e. just before the
e load From Table 3, Creep co-efficient on 45th and 70th day are 1.01 and 1.16 respectively.
From Table
Shrinkage
Total shrinkage 3, Creep
loss
strain =in the co-efficient
period 45-70 on 45th is
th days
and 70th day
obtained are 1.01
from Tableand 6 as1.16 respectively.
.38.07 10-6
o-efficients on 28th and 45th day are 0.85 From 1.01thFrom
andTable 3, Creep Table
respectively.th
3, Creep co-efficient
co-efficient on 45th and Total
on
70th45day and
shrinkage are70 1.01
th day
andare
strain in1.161.01
the
and 1.16 respectively.
respectively.
period 45-70 days is obtained
icients onFrom 28th and
Table 453, day areco-efficients
th Creep 0.85 and 1.01 onrespectively.
28Fromand Table
45 day Creep
are 0.85 loss ( ) and 70
From Table
Residual prestressing force3,3,Creep
Creep co-efficient
thco-efficient
day Creep
on 70Shrinkage on on4545
loss
from
loss =
thth
Tableand
( 670as
day
ththday
38.07 )areare1.01
10
1.01and
-6 and1.16
1.16respectively.
.
respectively.
.
ep loss and ( 1.01 respectively.) Creep loss Creep ( loss () )
oss ( ) Total shrinkage strain in the period
Creeploss loss (th(45-70 days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10 -6
Total shrinkage Creep strain ) ) = days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10-6
-efficientsCreepon 28lossth and 45th day are 0.85 and 1.01 Residual
respectively. prestressing force onin the
70Shrinkage
day periodloss 45-70 .
= Total shrinkage Totalstrain
shrinkage in thestrainperiod in 45-70
the period days 45-70
is obtaineddays is obtained
from Table from Table 610
6 as 38.07 as-638.07 10-6
Totalshrinkage
shrinkagestrain Shrinkage
strainininthe loss =
theperiod
period45-70 45-70days days is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 . 10 -6 -6
Total Shrinkage loss = is obtained from Table 6 as 38.07 10 .
ep loss ( ) 5.4.4 Residual prestressing Shrinkage
force onloss Shrinkage
90th=day loss = th . .
Residual prestressing forceShrinkage on 70 day th Residual
loss== thprestressing force on 70 day = .
Residual prestressing Shrinkageforce loss on 70 day .. .
Residual
Strands Residual
prestressing
stressed on 7 th dayprestressing
force
will on
have 70 force
th
a day
residualon 70 thday
prestressing force of 660.460 kN on .
70 th day with . a loss % of
Total shrinkage strain in the period 5.4.4 28-45Residual
days is obtainedprestressing force on 90 day th

0.783 Residual
Residual
in the period prestressing
prestressing force
force on on 70 70thth day
day . .
kage strain fromin the period
Table 6 as 28-45
40.04 days
x 10
-6
is obtained from45-70Tabledays. 6 as 40.04 Bending10stress -6 in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is.
Strands stressed on 7th day will have a residual prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 th day with a lo
d from Table 6 as 40.04 10-6
Shrinkage loss = 5.4.4 0.783
Residual in the period 45-70
prestressing forcedays.on. Bending
90(th day stress in the beam at mid span due to prestressing is.
) day
5.4.4 Residual prestressing force on 90th
. 5.4.4 Residual 5.4.4 Residual prestressing
prestressing force on 90 force th 5.4.4
day 90 day prestressing force on 90th day
onResidual
th
period
estressing28-45 days
force onis45obtained
thday from Table Strands 6 as 40.04 stressed
5.4.4 10 -6 on 7th day will
Residual prestressing . haveforce a residual
on prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 th day with a loss %
n in the period 28-45 days is obtained from Table 5.4.4 6 Residual
as 40.04 prestressing
Strands 10-6
stressed on force
7 th day on 9090
will
Strands
ththday
have day
stresseda (residual
on 7 th )will haveforce
prestressing
day of 660.460
a residual kN on
prestressing 70 th day w
Strands0.783stressed
inStrands
the period
onstressed
7th day45-70 ondays.
will 7have
th dayBending
a will
residual stress
have in the beam
a residual
prestressing at mid
prestressing
force of span
force
th 660.460
due of to
kN onprestressing
660.460 kN on
70 th day withis. tha day
70 loss with
% of a
. 0.783. in the period 45-70force days.ofBending
660.460stress kN onin70 the day
beam with a loss
at mid % of
span due 0.783 in the
to prestressing is.
e loss = Strands stressed on 7 th day will have a residual prestressing force of 660.460 kN on 70 day with
Shrinkage loss
Residual = prestressing force 0.783 in
th
the 0.783
period
Strands in the
45-70
stressed period
days.
on 7. 45-70
Bending
th day days.
will Bending
stress
have in
a the stress
beam
residual in atthe
mid
prestressingbeam
span at mid
due
force to
of span due
prestressing
660.460 to
kN prestressing
is.
on 70 thth day is.
with a alol
d
od28-45
28-45days
daysisisobtained from Table6on
fromTable 45
6asas day. 1010-6
40.04 -6
obtained 40.04 period 45-70 days. Bending stress in the beam at mid span
n Fromfrom Table 0.783
3,0.783
Creep inin theperiod
period
co-efficient on45-70 days.
70thdays.
and Bending
90Bending
th day are
(stress
1.16inin
and the1.25
beam atatmidmidspan
) respectively. spandue duetotoprestressing
prestressingis.is.
nnin in the
45the
period
period 28-45
thday 28-45 days
days is is obtained
obtained from Table
Table 6
6 as
as 40.04
the
. 40.04 10-6
10-6 45-70 stress
due to prestressing is.(
the beam
g force on 45 thday . )
fsss10
==kN/m is subjected on the beam on 45 th day. Bending . . moment due to this live load ( is () )
hrinkage
hrinkage loss loss = = From Table 3, Creep.. co-efficient on 70th and 90th(day are 1.16 )and 1.25 respectively.
hay. Bending moment due to this live load is . ( )
5th dayday .
force
force on 45thday
on 45
th
day ..
ected on the beam on 45 day. Bending moment
th From Table due to3, Creep
this live co-efficient
load is on 70th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
m is subjected on the beam on 45 th day. Bending moment From due to this
Table 3, is live load
Creep is
co-efficient on 70th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
nsile stress at the soffit of the beam atFrom mid span the 3, due
From to co-efficient
Table live load
on3,45Creep day.co-efficient
on 70th and on 90th70day
th and 90th day are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
Live load of 10 kN/m is subjectedTable Creep are 1.16 and 1.25 respectively.
th
on the beam
anonthe due to live load is From
From Table
Table 3, 3, Creep
Creep co-efficient
co-efficient From
on on 7070
thth
Table
andand 9090
3, Creep dayco-efficient
ththday areare1.16
1.16and and
on 1.25
1.25
th
respectively.
and 90th day are 1.16
70 respectively.
d onthe thebeam
Bending on 45 thday.
on45moment day.Bending
due moment
to this due
live load istotothis
thisliveliveload loadisis
th
beam Bending moment due
m
m is is subjected
subjected on on the
the beam
beam on 45 th day.
on 45 day. Bending
Bending moment
moment due due to to this
this livelive load
load is isand 1.25 respectively.
th

offit of the beam at mid span the due to live load is

s at the soffit
mpressive of the
stress beam
or net at mid
stress span
on 45 th daytheafter
due theto live load is of live load is Creep loss =
application
rofthe Bendingoftensile
application live loadstress
is attothe soffit of the beam at mid Creep span loss ( ) .
t ofthe
thebeam
beam atatmid
the due mid span
span
to live load
the
the due
due
is
(tolive
liveload
load isis
)
at
at the
the soffit
soffit of
of the
the beam
beam at at mid
mid span
span the the due to
to live
due Total load
load is
liveshrinkage is strain in the period Total shrinkage
70-90 days is strain in the
obtained period
from Table 70-90 days is10obtained
6 as 20.62 -6
) Creep loss ( ) -6 .
or net stress on 45 day after
th the application of live load is from Table 6 as 20.62 x 10
e stress or net stress on 45th day after the application of live load is
Shrinkage loss = .
Total shrinkageCreep strain loss (
in the period 70-90)days is obtained from Table 6 as 20.62 10.-6
( ) Shrinkage loss =
etstress on 4545 on (70
th day after the thapplication ) of
oflive load onisis th
ual stress onBending
prestressing th daycompressive
force after the day stress or
application net stress
live load
Residual 45prestressing
day after the force on 90thday .
stress or net stress
stress orapplication on
net stress onof45 45 th day after the Total shrinkage
application ofstrain
live inShrinkage
loadtheis periodloss
70-90
= days is obtained from Table 6 as 20.62 10-6 .
liveday
th
loadafter
is the application of live load is
( )
essed on 7 (day will have) a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 day with a loss % of
th th
(( )) Residual prestressing Shrinkage
force loss
on 90=thday . .
ssperiod
force 28-45days.
ofth 665.672 Bending
kN on 45stress th dayor net astress
with loss in% the
of beam at mid span is. Residual prestressing force on 90thday =
rce on 70 day th
essing
s in theforce
beam onat70middayspan is. Residual5.4.5prestressing
Residualforce on 90thday
prestressing force at infinity (25550 days) .
will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day with a loss % of
7nth70day will have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day
th day with a loss % of
on 70 th day
. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid Strands
span stressed
is. on 7th day will have a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day with a los
ssing
8-45days.
ssing force
force on 70
Bending th day
on 70 day
th stress or net stress in 5.4.5
the Residual
beam at mid prestressing
span is. force at infinity (25550 days)
3, Creep co-efficient on 45th and 70th day are 1.010.432andin 1.16period
the respectively.
70-90 days. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span is.
ave a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 th day
have a residual prestress force of 665.672 kN on 45 day with a loss % of
th with a loss % of The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 57
1.01
th day
ding and 1.16
will
stress respectively.
have
orornetaastress
residual prestress force
5.4.5 of 665.672
Residual
Strands kN on
on 745
is.is.prestressing
stressed kN on day
force
day
th th with
at
will a
a loss
infinity
have %
% of
(25550
of days)
a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day with a loss % o
th day
nding will
Creep
stresshaveloss
net ( ininthe
residual
stress thebeam
) atforce
prestress
beam atmid
mid span
of 665.672
span 45 th day with loss
 reep
ep loss ( (
loss ) ) . .
in in the period 70-90 days is obtained from Table 6 as 20.62 10-6
nn in thethe period
period 70-90 70-90 days days is obtained
is obtained from from Table Table 6 as 6 as 20.6220.62 10-6 10-6
Shrinkage loss = .
ep loss Creep ( loss () ) . .
Shrinkage
rinkage loss =th POINT loss = OF VIEWCreep loss ( ) . . .
g force on 90 day . -6
kage
n thestrain period in70-90
the period days is 70-90obtained days from is obtainedTable 6from as 20.62 Table 610 as 20.62 10 -6

gCreep
orce
oss force on
Creep
( on
loss90 Total
90
thday
loss
thday shrinkage
( ) strain ) in the period 70-90 days is . obtained
. . from
... . Table Table6 as 7. 20.62
Comparison 10-6 of total long term loss
Creep
Creep loss ( loss ( ( )))
(
rinkage loss Shrinkage
)= ) loss = . . . . Type of loss As per IS 1343:2012 As per IS 1343:1980
ain estrain
ain period
in
inthe thein70-90
the
period
period days
period 70-90
70-90 is
70-90obtained
days
days daysis Shrinkage
from
is obtained
isobtained
obtained Table loss
from
from =Table
6from
as
Table 20.62
Table666as 10
as-6620.62
as-6 20.62
20.62 1010-6-6-610-6 .
ain in the period 70-90 days is obtained from Table as 20.62 10 (kN) (kN)
oderiod
estressing
orce 70-90on 70-9090days days
thforce
day is is obtained
on
obtained 90 thday from from Table Table 6 as 6 20.62
as 20.6210-610 . .
essing force Creep 27.756 42.309
5.4.5atResidual infinity (25550 prestressing days) force at infinity (25550 days)
age loss
Shrinkage
Shrinkage
Shrinkage =Residual
Shrinkage lossloss
loss
loss === prestressing
= force on 90thday . ... . Shrinkage
. 32.581 22.397
essing
sing
ss loss= =
force force at
Strands at infinity
infinity stressed (25550(25550 on days)
7 days)
th
day will have a residual . .prestressing
7 day will have a residual prestressing
th force of 657.605 kN on 90 day with a loss % of th Relaxation 47.492 38.360
ng
ng ngon
essing 90
force
force
force day
thforce
onforce
on
on 90on
90
90 th of
th
th 90
day
day
day 657.605
thday kN on 90th day with a loss % . of 0.432 ... in. the Total loss 107.829 103.066
0-90
th day
h90
th days. will Bending
have stressprestressing
a residual orprestressing
net stress inforce the beam of. 657.605. at mid kNkN spanon 9090 is.day
th day with a loss % of
day dayday will have a residual Bending force stressofor657.605 on beamwith a loss % of
th
period 70-90 days. net stress in the
ual
0-90 0ing prestressing
days. days.
force Bending
at
Bending infinity force
stressstressatorinfinity
(25550 or
net net
days)stress (25550
stress in in days)
the thebeam beam at at mid mid span span is. is.
at
5.4.5mid span
Residual is. prestressing force
( ) at infinity (25550 days)
day ssedwill on 7have th day will have a residual prestressing force of 657.605
a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day kN on with 90ath loss day % with of a loss % of
Strands stressed ( ( on 7th day) will ) have a residual prestressing force of 657.605 kN on 90 th day with a loss % of
force
prestressing
period
0ressing
days.
tressing
tressing at70-90
infinity
force
Bending
force
force force
days.
at
at (25550
atBending
atinfinity
stress
infinity
infinity infinity
or days)
(25550
(25550
(25550 (25550
netstress stressdays)
days)
days) ordays)
innet thestress
beamin atthe midbeam spanat is.mid span is.
at ce infinity
at infinity 0.432
(25550 (25550 thedays)
in days) period 70-90 days. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span
Relaxation lossis.for initial stress of 0.7 fpis 70 MPa. Total
ndwill 777on
ththday7have
day
day
th day
will
will
will a residual
will
have
have
have have prestressing
aaaresiduala residual
residual
residual prestressing force offorce
prestressing
prestressing
prestressing 657.605
force
force force
of kN
of657.605
of 657.605 on 90
of 657.605 kNkNday
th kN
onon90 with
on
90 thth90daydaya loss
th day
with
with % aaaof
with loss a loss
relaxation
loss % %of of%lossof is
) 657.605 kN on 90 day with loss % of
th th
avel have a a residual
residual prestressing
prestressing ( force force of (657.605
of
) 657.605 kN kNon on
90 th90 day
th day
with with a lossa loss % % of
of
ays.
iod
70-90 Bending
70-90
co-efficient
70-90 days.
70-90 days. days.
days. Bending stress
Bending
on Bending
90
Bending stress th orand net
stress
stress or stress
stress
25550 or net
or net or in
day
net stress
th the
net
stress are
stress in beam
stress
in1.25the
in the inat
and
the beam mid
the
beam
beam at2.28 span
beam at mid atis. mid
respectively.
at mid
mid ( span span
span is. span
is.
is. ) is.
Bending
nding stress stress or net or net stress stress in the in the beam beam at mid at mid span span is. is.
co-efficient on 90 th and 25550
-efficient on 90 and 25550 day are 1.25 and 2.28
th th th day are 1.25 and 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
Creep lossFrom ( Table ( 3, Creep ) 90th and 25550th day are .
((( co-efficient
() ))) on)loss
Total evaluated from both the codesTotal is presented
loss evaluated in Tablefrom 7. both the codes is presented in
loss 1.25 ( )
epreep loss ( ( (and 2.28) respectively. ) ) . -6.
in in the periodth90 - daysththis obtainedthfrom Table 6 as 121.32 10 Table 7.
3, Creep on
-efficient co-efficient
90 and on 25550 90 and day 25550 are 1.25 5.5dayand
Residualare2.28 1.25 and 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
prestressing force for multi stage stressing
nn in thethe period From
Creep
period 9090 Table
loss
- - days = 3, days Creep co-efficient
is obtained
is obtained fromfrom onTable
Table
Total 90loss 6 and
th 25550
6 evaluated
as as 121.32 10
121.32
th day -6 are
10
from
-6
both 1.25the and codes2.28 is respectively.
presented in Table 7.
hrinkage loss = Total loss evaluated from both the codes is presented 5.5 Residual
in Table 7. prestressing force for multi
ep loss ( Creep loss () ) In the Total present loss evaluated
Total problem
loss evaluated from . from
strands both areboththe .
stressedcodes
the codes is
in presented
two stages.
is presented in In Table first
in 7.stage,
Table 7. 5 strands are stressed on 7th day
hrinkage
Creepnkage
pcient on loss loss
90
co-efficient = and =on90 25550
on th90 th andday Creep
are
25550 thloss
1.25 and
day ( 1.25
2.28
are
5.5 respectively.
Residual and
2.282.28 )prestressing
Total loss evaluated
respectively. force from stageboth thestressing
codes is presented . in Table 7.
p pco-efficient on and 25550 6 for multi stage
are stressing
co-efficient th
90 th
and th
25550 ththday
day are
are 1.25
1.25 andand 2.28 respectively.
respectively.
2.3 co-efficient
ofth90IS th1343:2012, on 90 th
thand
for long 25550 term
th day are
relaxation and 1.25 in
lossandsecond 2.28
values respectively.
stage
given remaining
in-6 Table 5 strands
of code should stressed on 28th day. Total force on the beam due to
nt
kage
on n the on
90strain andand
period in
25550
90 25550
the - thperiod
day
days day are isare
90 - 5.5
1.25 1.25
obtained days
andResidual
and is 2.28
2.28
fromobtainedprestressing
respectively.
respectively.
Table
5.5 6from
Residual as
5.5 Residual
force
Table
121.32 6
prestressingforas
10 multi
121.32
prestressing
stage
force 10for stressing
-6
force In multi
forthe stage
multi stressing
stageproblem
present stressingstrands are stressed in two stages.
Loss between Total 90shrinkage
days to infinity
strain is
in prestressing
the period
period - atdays
90values first stage
isis obtained is
3 of IS 1343:2012,
Total
loss((( shrinkage ()for long term
)strain inrelaxation
the Inloss 90 -present days
5.5given Residual .in
obtained Table 6..from6 of
prestressing Table
code 6 as for
should
force 121.32
inmulti 10
stage
stages.stressing
-6
ossof
Creep
Creep
Creep ISCreep1343:2012,
(loss
loss
loss for long term
)) In ) relaxation loss thevalues given in
problem Table strands of
. code
. are should
stressed
In first stage, two 5 strands In first
are stage, 57thstrands areinstressed on 7th d
oss ( between from
Shrinkage 90 )
Table
days loss 6to as
= 121.32
infinity isthe 10 present
-6
In problem
the present strands
. .
problem are stressed
strands inare two stages.
stressed in Intwofirst stage,
stages. In5 stressed
strands
first stage,
on
are 5
day and
stressed
strands on
are 7second
th day
stressed ondue
7th
nkage loss =
)
s between 90 days to infinity is and in In second Total
the present loss evaluated
stageproblem remaining from
strands both
5 stage the
are stressed
strands codes is presented
in two
are stressed
remaining stages.
on 28are in Table
thInday. 7.
first Total
stage, 528
onforce strands
th on the are stressed
beam ond
Shrinkage
and in loss
second = stage remaining 5 strands are stressed on 28 th5 day.
strands Total stressed
force on the beam day. due Total
to
ain e
ain period
strainin
inthe the 90
in period
the -
period period days
90 is
90---90 days obtained
-days
days days
is from
is obtained
isobtained
obtained Table
from
fromand 6
from as
Table 121.32
inTable
Table 66in
6as
second In
as the10
6121.32
asstage
121.32 present
121.32
-6
1010is 10
remaining
-6 problem-6 strands
5 strands are stressed
are stressed in two
on 28 stages.
th day. In first
TotalTotal stage,
forceforce 5 strands
on the are
beam duestres
ain in the period 90 is obtained from Table
prestressing and as 121.32
atsecond
first stagestage10 -6-6
remaining force5 on strands
the beam are due stressed on 28
to prestressing
th day.
at first stage is on the beam
oderiod
use 90 -90 -Shrinkage
19.5.2.3 days ofdays IS
isfor is long
obtained obtained
loss
1343:2012, =term from forfrom
prestressing
long
Table Table 6 as6loss
term atasfirst
relaxation
121.32 121.32 stage 10 loss
5.5 10 -6
isResidual
values given
prestressing incode Table 6 offor code 5 should
of IS 1343:2012, relaxation values given
and in Table
in second 6isof stage thforce
should
remaining multi stage stressing
strands are stressed on 28th day. Total force on the
-6
5.5.1 prestressing
Residual prestressing at
prestressing first stage
at first force on 28 day
stage isloss values given in Table 6 of code should
ed ge
sShrinkage loss
by
between 3.=Loss
Shrinkage As loss
90 per ===Clause
loss
between
days 90 19.5.2.3
= infinity
to daysisto of IS 1343:2012,
infinity is for long term
prestressing relaxation
at first stage is
Shrinkage
Shrinkage loss
loss
s= oss = be multiplied by 3. Loss between 90 days to In infinity
the present is problem strands are stressed in two stages. In first stage, 5 strands are stresse
Strands stressed on 7th day will have a prstressing force of 360 kN located at 0.075 m from soffit of the
S19.5.2.3
2.3
g.2.3
2.31343:2012,
forceof
ofofIS IS
IS on As for
of1343:2012,
IS per
1343:2012,
1343:2012,
25550 long
1343:2012,
Clause
thday term
for
for
for for
19.5.2.3
long
long
long relaxation
long
term
term
term ofterm loss
ISrelaxation
1343:2012,
relaxation
relaxation values
relaxation
5.5.1 for
loss
loss
loss given
loss
long
values
Residual and
values
values inprestressing
values
term in Table
given
given
given given
relaxation
second in 6 Table
in
in of
Table
Table code
instage Table
force should
666atofof
of
on 6codeof
remaining
code
code
28 code
th should
should
should
day should
5 strands are stressed on 28th thday. Total force on the b
43:2012, for long term relaxation 5.5.1 loss
Residual beam.
values Bending
given
prestressing in stress
Tableforce in6on the
of code
28 beam
th day should mid 5.5.1span due to first
Residual stage stressing
prestressing forceis on 28 day
y2012,
tween
Loss 3. Loss
Loss for
90 loss
between
between long
daysvalues
between term
to
90
90 days
days relaxation
90given
infinity days
to is
toinfinity in infinity
to
infinity loss
Table is values
is 6 is of code given
5.5.1 should in
Residual
5.5.1 Table
be multiplied
prestressing
Residual 6 of
prestressing code at by
prestressing should
first force
stage onis28on day
force th
28 day
gorce Loss
force between
on 25550 90 thdaydays to infinity is th
en days 90ondays 25550 to infinity is is 90 days to infinity
Lossday
th
90 to3. infinity between is
Strands stressed 5.5.1 Residualon 7th day prestressing
will have Strandsforce on 28th day
( stressed
a prstressing on )7 of
force
th
day 360will kNhave located a prstressing
at 0.075 mforce fromofsoffit of t
Strands stressed Strands on 7 th day will have a prstressing force
stressed on in 7 on day will at have akN of
prstressing 360 kN
force located
of
m 360 at 0.075 m from soffit of the soffit of
beam. Strands
Bending stressed
stress
th
the 7 beam
th day 360
willmid havespan located
a due toatfirst
prstressing 0.075 force
stage of kN
from
stressing soffit
360 located
kNisoflocated
the atbeam.
0.075at 0.075m from
Bending m from soff
beam. Bending beam. stress in
Bending the
Strands beam
stress at
stressed
in mid the span
on
beam 7 due
th day
at to
stress
mid first
willin
span stage
have
the duebeam stressing
atoprstressing
at
first mid is
stage span forcedue
stressing of
to 360
first
is kN
stage located
stressing at 0.075
is m from
estressing force on 25550thday beam. Bending stress in the beam at mid span due to first stage stressing is
orce on 25550 thday
5.5.1
beam. Residual Bending prestressing
stress in force
the beam on 28
at mid
th day span due to first stage stressing is
Residual prestressing force on Tensile
25550stress thday due to self-weight of beam ( )
( () ( ) )
S 1343:1980 Strands stressed on 7th day will have a prstressing ( force of )360 kN located at 0.075 m from
ng
ng ngonforce
essing 25550
force
force force
on
on
on
thday on 25550
25550
25550
25550
Residual
ththday
th day
day thday
prestressing force on 25550 Tensile th
daystress beam. dueBending to self-weight stress in ofthe beam beam at mid span due to first stage stressing is
1343:1980
25550
343:1980 thday
r a member loaded on 7th day,Tensile
550 stress2Tensile
due to self-weight ofself-weight
beam
thday
from Table is 2.2. TensileTotal
stressstress loss
duedue to
due totocreep self-weight is of beam of beam
Tensile stress due to self-weight of beam
Tensilestress stressor due to self-weight of beam (
from TableBending compressive net
is isstress in concrete at the level of steel up to 28 day
a member loaded ) th
member loaded onon 7th7day, th day, from Table
2 is2 2.2.is 2.2. Total Total loss loss due due to to creep creep
as per IS 1343:1980
343:1980
5.4.6 Losses as per IS 1343:1980
a member loaded onth7th day is obtained from
Bending Tablecompressive6 as 209.59
Tensile stress 10
stressdue -6. Total loss due to
or
to net stress
self-weight inof concrete
beam at the level oforsteel up to 28inth concrete
day
ficient
member forloaded
a member on 7loaded day, from on 7thTable
Bending day,compressive
2from
isBending
2.2. Table Total 2stress
is
loss 2.2.dueor Total
net to loss due
creep
stress is
in to creep
concrete Bending is thecompressive
at level of steel stress
up to 28 thnet
day stress at the
a1980 member loaded
Creep on
co-efficient7 th day is
for obtained
a member from loaded TableBending
on 6compressive
7as compressive
209.59
day, from stress
10 Table
-6. Totalor
stress 2 net
is or
loss stress
2.2. netdue
Total in
stress
to concrete
loss in concrete
due at
to the
creep at level
the
is of
level steelof up
steel to 28
up th day
to 28 th day
member
per IS 1343:1980
S 1343:1980
IS 1343:1980 5.4.6
loaded Losses
on 7 th as
day per is IS
obtained 1343:1980 from Table 6 as th
209.59
Bending 10 -6.
compressive Total loss due
level to of steel up to 28 th
day
IS
0
1343:1980 From Table 3, Creep co-efficient for 28stress th dayor net stress in concrete
corresponding to strands at thestressedlevel on of steel
7th day upisto0.85. 28 th day
th
Creep co-efficient for a member loaded on 7 day, from
mber
orornt
oraafor loaded
amember a member
member
member Table on
loaded
loaded
loaded 7is th day, from
loaded ononTotal
on 777on
th
ththday, thTable
7loss
day,
day, day,
from
from
from 2from
is
Table2.2.
Table
Table Table2Total
22is
is 22.2.
isis2.2.
2.2. loss
is 2.2.
Total due
Total
Total Total
lossto creep
loss
loss loss
due
due
due due
to iscreep
to
to to creep
creep
creep isis is
is
er loaded th2day, 2.2. due to creep Creep loss .
train
member
oaded foron aon
loaded th 7
7member day, onfrom thfrom
7loaded day Table Table
is on 27is
obtained th2dayis 2.2.
2.2. from
Total Total
is obtainedTable
loss loss
due due
6from
as to to
Table
209.59
creep creep is6 as10is-6.209.59
Total loss 10-6.due Total to loss due to
nitial stress of 0.7 fpisstrain
Shrinkage 70 MPa. forFrom Total
a member relaxation From
loaded lossTable 3,
Bending Creep
is7th day is obtained
onco-efficient co-efficient
compressive from for
stress 28 or
th
Tableth6 as day
net corresponding
stress
209.59 in concrete
10-6. stressed to strands
at
Total loss the stressed
level of on
steel 7th to
up day 28is th 0.85.
day
Table 3, Creep forco-efficient
28th day corresponding
forFrom Table to strands ondue 7forth to
day
28th is 0.85.
s TotalFrom TableTable
From
shrinkage 3, Creep
strain 3,in Creepthe period co-efficient 7-28 28
isfor day
28
obtained day3, Creep
th corresponding
corresponding
from
co-efficient
Tableth6toas strands
to strands
84.85 stressed day
10-6stressed
corresponding
. on 7 onday
th
7th is day0.85.is 0.85.
alitial stress
stress of
0.70.7
ofshrinkage fpisfp70 is is 70
MPa. MPa. Total Total relaxation
relaxation loss loss is is From Table 3, Creep Creep loss co-efficient
to strands forstressed
28th dayon corresponding
7 day is 0.85.to strands stressed . on 7th day is 0.
rnrber
raafor loaded
amember a member on
loaded 7loaded
th day ison
onon777ththth obtained
7th day
day from
is obtained Table 6fromas 209.59
Table Creepas6209.5910loss
as Total
209.59 loss
-6.10 due Total to loss
duedue to to .
for ais obtained from Table
on 7th666day as 10 Total = loss due to
-6. -6.
member
member loaded
loaded
Shrinkage on
strain day
day ismember
is obtained
obtained from
from
loaded Table
Table as 209.59
209.59
isShrinkage
obtained 1010-6.
Creep -6. Total
Total
lossCreeploss loss
lossloss due to .. .
loaded on 7
aded on 7 day is obtained from Table
th day is obtained from Table 6 209.59 10 Total loss due to to Creep loss
as 209.59 10 -6. Total loss due
-6. 6 as
th -6.
Total shrinkage strain inisthe period 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6. .
from Table 6 as 209.59 x 10 Total loss due to shrinkage
pisTotal shrinkage strain in the period 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6.
al oss for initial
stress of 0.7 stress fpis 70of MPa. 0.7 fTotal 70 relaxation
MPa. TotalTotal relaxation
loss is shrinkageFrom loss is
Table
strain 3, Creep
in the co-efficient
period 7-28 7-28 for 28
is obtained th day corresponding
fromfrom TableTable 6 as 84.85 to strands stressed
10 . 10 .
-6 on 7 th day is 0.85
Loss dueTotal to shrinkage
relaxation of strain
steel isin2.5 the%period i.e. is obtained 6 as 84.85 -6
Relaxation loss for initial stress of 0.7 fpis 70 Total MPa. shrinkage Total relaxation strain loss
in the
Total is period
shrinkage 7-28 is obtained
strain in thefrom periodTable 6
7-28 as is84.85
obtained 10 -6.
from
Shrinkage loss = .
Shrinkage lossShrinkage = Creep =lossloss -6 .
Shrinkage loss Table =6 as 84.85 10 . . ..
ress
for
nitial
initial of
initial 0.7
stress
stress f
stressis
ofof 70
0.7 of
0.7 MPa.
f
initial stress of 0.7 fppis 70 MPa. Total relaxation
p 0.7
f
p isis f
70Total
70p is MPa.70
MPa. relaxation
MPa.Total
Total Total loss
relaxation
relaxation is
relaxation
Loss due loss
loss
loss to loss
isis is
is relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e. Shrinkage loss = .
s 0.7 of 0.7 fpisf70 pis MPa.
70 MPa. Total Total relaxationrelaxationLossloss due loss
istoisrelaxation
Loss Loss due of Total
to steel
relaxation is 2.5 %
shrinkage of
due to relaxation of steel is 2.5 % i.e.
i.e.
strain
steel is in2.5 the % period
i.e. 7-28 is obtained from Table 6 as 84.85 10 -6.

Residual prestressing Loss due force to relaxation

on 28th dayofjust steel is 2.5stressing
before % i.e. second stage strands
Shrinkage loss = .
58 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 .
Residual prestressing Loss due to force relaxation on 28of th day steeljust is 2.5 before
% i.e.stressing second stage strands
 beam Bending
is subjected compressive stress is or net stress in concrete atththe level of steel up to 45 th day i.e. just befot
0.85
beam and 1.01
From
isBending
subjected
beam is toto
respectively.
Table 0.85
compressive live
subjected
live
3,and load load
Creepco-efficients
1.01to islive
respectively.
stress or
load netis on
stress 28thin day and 45at day
concrete corresponding
the level of steel uptotostrands 45 th day stressed
i.e. just onbef 7
beam isFrom subjected Table to3,live load is
Creepco-efficients on 28th day and 45th day corresponding to strands stressed o
0.85 and 1.01
beam is subjected to live load is respectively.
0.85 andCreep loss ( Creep loss
1.01 threspectively. ) ( ) . .
rep 28 co-efficient
day for
corresponding 28 th day
ent for 28 daythcorresponding to strandsFrom
th th tocorresponding
strands stressed to strands
on
stressed 7th on
Table day stressed on0.85.
73,thisCreepco-efficients
0.85.
day is 7 day is 0.85. on 28 th day and 45th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 th day a
efficient for 28 day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 day is 0.85.
th
POINT OF
day corresponding VIEW
to strands stressed on 7 day is 0.85.
Creep
th
loss 1.01in first stage
th
Creep loss ( ) .
0.85 and Creepstrands
respectively. loss dueCreep
. in first stage
stressing loss of second
strands stage strands
( due stressing ) of second i.e. strands which are
stage strands i.e.stressed
strands on which 28 thare day.
. stressed
p loss Creep loss FromTable
From
.
Table 3, .Creepco-efficients
3, Creepco-efficients on on2828 th day and 45th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 th day a
th day and 45 th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 th day are
Creep loss .
From From
Creep Table lossTable in . 3,
first Creepco-efficients
stage strands due on
stressing
3, Creepco-efficients thon 28 day and 45 day corresponding to strands 28 th ofday and
second 45
stage th day
strands corresponding
i.e. strands to
which strands
are stressed
stressed on 728
on on d7
th d
th day stressed
th th th
0.85
From
0.85 and and
Table 1.011.013,
Creep respectively.
Creep
respectively.loss
From co-efficient
Creep
in first
Table loss
stage
3, on
Creep (
strands day
45 co-efficient
due corresponding
)
stressing on of
45 thsecond
day today strands
stage
corresponding stressed
strands i.e.
to on
strands 28strands
strands which .
stressed isstressed
0.62.
are stressed
on 28 th on
dayth2
drain 7-28inisthe
period period
obtained
7-28 is obtained 7-28 is
from obtained
Table
from 6 as 84.85
Table from
6 as 84.85Table From
6 10
10-6.0.85 asand0.85
-684.85Table
. 1.01 and 103,
1.01 Creepco-efficients
-6. respectively.
respectively. on 28 th day and 45 th corresponding to on 7
n28the Shrinkage
period
is obtained 7-28
from loss = 6 asfrom
is obtained
Table 84.85 Table 106-6.as 84.85 0.85From and
-6.
10Table 3, Creep co-efficient
1.01 respectively. Total on shrinkage
45th day correspondingstrain in the period to strands 28-45 stresseddays is onobtained
28th day is 0.62.
Creep loss inFrom first stage Table Creep Creep
strands
3, loss loss
Creep loss
due (
stressing
(co-efficient of )
second
on
) 45 stage
day strands -6i.e. strands which are. stressed . on28 day.
28th.thday
Creep from Creep
(Table loss
6 as ) corresponding
40.04 10 . to strands stressed . on . is 0.6
th
Shrinkage
sge= loss = loss = . . Creep . Creeploss loss ( ) .
rinkage loss = . . Creep Creep
loss loss
( of second )stage strands i.e. strands which are -6stressed . . th day.
Creep
Total
From
Creep loss
shrinkage
Table
loss inin 3,first
first Creep stage
strain
stage in strands
the period
co-efficient due onstressing
28-45
Creep th day
45Shrinkage days
loss isloss
obtained
corresponding from Table
to strands 6as 40.04
stressed on 1028 th. day ison
28.28
0.62.
5tion
l% of %
i.e.
is 2.5 steel
i.e.is 2.5 % i.e. CreepCreep loss in lossTotal
first in strands
shrinkage
first
stage stage due
strands
stressing
strain
strands due
due stressing
inof thesecond
stressingperiod stage
of secondof=28-45 strands
second days
stagestage
i.e.
strands
strands
isstrands
obtained which
i.e.
i.e. strands
from
strands areTable
whichwhich
stressed 6as
are stressed are on40.04
stressedth day.-6
on 28on
10th .28 th
day.
fi.e.
steel is 2.5Loss %duei.e. to relaxation of steel is 2.5 %Creep i.e.
Totalloss shrinkage
in first stage strain in thedue
strands period stressing 28-45 of days
second is stage
obtained strands from i.e. Table
strands 6as which40.04are stressed 10 . on 28 th da
-6
From Table 3,
Total Creep
shrinkage co-efficient
Shrinkage Creep strain onon
loss
loss in45 45
=the th day
period corresponding is to strands stressed on 28. dayth day
.40.04 is 0.62.
45th28-45 days to obtained from Table 6as 10day
From Table 3, Creep co-efficient th day corresponding strands stressed on 28 is28 0.62. -6.
Shrinkage loss
day = th
.
FromFrom TableTable 3, Creep co-efficient on 45on corresponding to strands stressed on 28on is 0.62.
th
3, Creep co-efficient th day corresponding to strands stressed th day is 0.62.
From Table 3, Creep Shrinkageon
co-efficient loss
45 = day corresponding to strands stressed on 28th day
th . is 0.62.
Residual
Total shrinkage prestressing strain
Residual force
in Creep
Creepthe onperiod45loss
loss
prestressing
th day 28-45
Shrinkage in
forcefirst
days onstage
loss is th strands
= obtained
45 day in first is stage
from Table 6as
strands
th 40.04is .10.stage
-6.
.
Creep CreeplossResidual
loss prestressing force on 45 day in first . strands .
th
ing
nday 28force
just
th Residual
on
daybefore
just28before prestressing
day
thstressingjust force
beforesecond
second
stressing stageon
stressing 28second
strands
stage dayResidual
strands just
stage before
strands stressing force
prestressing Creepon is45 day in first stage strands is
loss
th
.
orce Total shrinkage strain inin
Shrinkage the period loss 28-45
= days is obtained from Table 6as 40.04. 1010 -6. .
-6
y juston 28second
th day just before stressing second stage strands
before stressing
stagesecond
strandsstage strands Total shrinkage Residual strain prestressing
the period force
28-45 ondays 45 day
th is in
obtained first stage
from strands
Table 6as isTable
40.04
Total shrinkage strain in the period 28-45 days is obtained from Table 6as 40.04 10 . 10 .
Total shrinkage strain in the period 28-45 days is obtained from 6as 40.04 -6
-6
. . Total shrinkage . strain in the
Shrinkage loss period 28-45 days is obtained from Table 6as 40.04 . . 10-6.
. .
Residual prestressing force onShrinkage
Shrinkage 45
loss = = inloss
th day first stage strands is . .
Shrinkage loss = = . .
Shrinkage loss = .
Residual
Residual prestressing
prestressing forceforce onon 45 th day in first stage strands is
th day
45force in45first stage strands is strands is .
Residual Residual prestressingprestressing on th day in first stage
Loss in second stage45 force on th day thin first
Loss in second stage strands from 28 28 thstage
day tostrands45th dayis
th day to 45from day
strands
Residual prestressing force on 45 day th in firstthstage strands is
em intodue
the beam
second due stage
stage
toPrestressing
second to second
stressing isstage
stressing
force in 360is
the stressing
kN.
beam 360Bending
kN. to
due is 360
Bending Loss
stress
second kN. instress
in second
Bending
stage thein stage
beam the
stressing stress strands
at the
beam in at from
the the beam 28 th day at the to 45 day . . .
esecond
beam due to second stage stressing is 360 kN. Bending
Loss in stress
second Creep
in
stage the loss
beam
strands at
from the 28
Creep lossth day to 45th day .. .
age
ondduestressing
stage stage
to second
isstressing
360 stressing
isstage
kN. is Bending is 360
stressing iskN.inBending
stress the beamstress at theinsoffit the of beam the beam at the Loss in second stage strands from 28 day to 45 day
th th
.
ostressing
second stage is stressing is Creep loss .
due to second stage stressing is Loss in second stage strands Shrinkage from loss 28 th Creep= Shrinkage
day to 45 lossth day . .
loss = .
Creep loss =
Shrinkage loss = .
Loss
Loss inin second
second stagestage strands
strands Creep
fromfrom 28 28
loss th day to 45th day
Shrinkage
th day thto 28 45ththlossday=to . .
Loss Loss in second in second stagestage strands strandsfrom from 28 day today 45th day 45th day
nstressing
orce 45 onday
th 45force
th daython 45 day th Loss in second stage strands from 28 day to 45 day
th th
ing
th day force 5.5.2
on 45Residual day prestressing force on 45th day Shrinkage
CreepCreep loss loss
loss
Creep = loss . . . .
th Residual prestressing force
Residual prestressing on Creep
45 th loss
day Shrinkage
in second loss
stage = strands
force on 45 day in second stage strands is
th is .
Strands stressed on 7 day will have a residual prestressing Creep loss .
Shrinkage loss = =45th . .
force of 343.118 kN on 28th day with a Residual loss of 4.689% prestressing
Shrinkage
inththeShrinkage
force
loss
Shrinkage on
loss loss
=
day = in second stage strands is .
day
y will have will have a
a residual residual prestressing
prestressing force of 343.118 Residual kN on 28
prestressing day with force a loss
on of
45 th day in second stage strands . is .. .
Bendingforce of in
343.118 kN on at 28 midday with a lossloss of =
th
period 7-28 days. stress the beam span Shrinkage
-28 days.
days. Bending stress
Bending in beam
the beam at mid span duedue to first stage stressing is is .
due tostress in the
first stage stressing at midis span to first
Residual prestressing force
stage stressing
on 45th day in second stage strands is .
day will have a residual prestressing force of 343.118 kN on 28 day with a loss of th

8 days. Bending stress ( in ( the beam ) at) mid span dueprestressing

Residual to first stageforce stressing is
force onon 45 th day in second stage strands is
Residual prestressing
Residual prestressing 45force
th day
onResidual th dayprestressing
in45second stage
in second strands stageforce
is strandson 45isth. day in second stage
5.5.3 Residual
Residual prestressing prestressing
5.5.3 Residual forceprestressing
on 45 th
70strands
th day inissecond on 70stage strands is
th dayforce
th day
Residual prestressing force on 45 in second stage strands is
ssstressor net
Bending
or net
stress stress compressive
in (concrete
in concrete at the
stress
at the) level
level
or net
of steel
of steel
stress
5.5.3
up to
in
upResidual
45
concrete
toth 45 day
th day
prestressing
th i.e.
at
i.e. just
just before before
forcetheon the70 day th
. . . 45 th day with a loss o
will have thea residual
level of prestressing
steel up to 45force
th
day Strands
of 343.118
i.e. just stressed
kN 5.5.3
before on on
28
the 7
Strands stressed on 7 day will have a residual prestressingkN
th
Residual day
beam day withwill
prestressing
is a have
loss a
of residual
force
th on 70prestressing
th day force of 336.889 . force on of 336.889 kN on 45 th
ve load
oad is is .
ays. Bending stress
subjected in the beam
to concrete
live loadat at mid span1.815%
is the level of steel due in
to the
first
Strands period
stage
stressed
1.815% 28-45
stressing
th dayin on days. is
7just
th Bending
day will stress
have in the
a residual beam at mid
prestressing span
stress in theforce due to first
ofat336.889 stage kN stressing
on 45 day
tothfirst is stage
with
ress or net stress in 5.5.3 Residual up toprestressing
45 i.e.the
force
period before
on 70
28-45
th the
day
days. Bending beam mid span due
1.815% Strands in the stressed
period on
28-45 7 th day
days. will
Bending have a residual
stress in the prestressing
beam at mid forcespan of 336.889
due to first kN on
stage 45 th day w
stressing
e load is
( ) 1.815% in the period 28-45 days. th day (
Bending stress)in the beam at mid span due to first stage stress
5.5.3
Strands
5.5.3 Residual
Residual stressed prestressing
on 7th prestressing
prestressing day forceforce
willon on
have 70
thaday
70force residual prestressing force ( of 336.889 ) kN th on 45 th day with a loss
5.5.3 5.5.3
Residual Residual prestressing force 5.5.3
on 70 onth 70th day
Residual
day prestressing force on 70 day
1.815% in strands
the period 28-45 days. ( )
o-efficients onth 28 th Bending stress in the beam at mid span due to first stage stressing is
th day and 45th day corresponding to strands stressed 7on 7th day are
th th
icients onFrom 28 Table
day and 3, 45
Creep
th day co-efficients
corresponding on5.5.3
Strands
28
to day
Residual
stressed
and 45
stressed
on 7thday
day
prestressing
day on will force
day
have on
are 70
aresidual
residual
th day
on 7(th day
prestressing force )336.889
ofofhave kNonon45 45
Strands stressed will a residual th day with a loss
prestressing
or
ely. net stress in concrete at the level of steel
Strands up to
stressed 45 th day
on 7 i.e.
th just will before have the
a prestressing force 336.889 ofkN th day with aday losswit o
corresponding to strands stressed on Strands 7Strands
th
day stressedarestressed
0.85on and
7 onday
th 7 will
th day will have have
a a residual
residual prestressing
prestressing th forceforce of 336.889 336.889 kN kN45on
on th day45 th with al
d is 1.815%
1.815%Strands in
in 1.815%
the the periodperiod 28-45
28-45 days.days. Bending
Bending force of
stress
stress 336.889in the kN beam on 45
at midday with
span a
due lossto of
first 1.815%
stage in
stressingthe is
efficients1.01 on 28 respectively.
th day and 45th day corresponding
1.815% to in stressed
strands
the inperiod
the on28-45
period
stressed 7 on
th day
28-45 7thwill
days. days.
day have
Bending areBending (in the
a residual
stress
beam
stress the )at
in prestressingthemid
inbeam beam span
force
atstress
mid
due
at mid
span
to
of 336.889
span firstdue stage
kN toon stressing
first 45stage
th dayis withisa
stressin
eep loss ( ) . period 28-45 days. Bending in thedue beam to first at mid stage spanstressing
loss
ly. ( ) 1.815% in the period
. 28-45 days. Bending stress in the beam at mid span due to first stage stressing i
Creep loss = due to first ( stage stressing ) is
( ( ) )
ep trandsdue due
ds loss ( stressing
stressing of )second
of second stagestage
strandsstrands i.e. strands
i.e. strands which which are stressed
are stressed . on 28 onth 28 day.day.
th ( )
( )
ients on 28
o-efficient
th day and 45th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 th day are
onth 45
dayday corresponding to i.e.
strands stressed onth 28
dayday is 0.62.
th th
icientdue
rands on stressing
45 corresponding
of second to strands
stage strands stressed
strands on 28
which are stressed is 0.62.
on 28 th day.
Creep loss in first stage strands due to stressing of second stage in concrete
Bending compressive stress Bending at compressive
the level of stress in concrete
steel up at the
to 45th day i.e.level
just of steel the beam
before
th
Creep
eep loss onloss
strands i.e. strands which aretostressed subjectedth
onstressed
28 day. toon
live .
. 28load is is 0.62. up to 45 day i.e. just before the beam is subjected to live
efficient 45th day corresponding strands th day
ss ( ) . load is
hein the period
period
Creep loss 28-45
From 28-45
daysdays
Table is obtained
is3,obtained
Creep fromfrom
Table
co-efficient Table456as
on6as th
40.04 40.04
day 10-6.10 .
corresponding
-6
s due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which are stressed on 28 th day.
to strands stressed on 28th day is 0.62.
nhrinkage
kage lossloss
the period = days is obtained from Table 6as 40.04 10. -6. .
= 28-45
ient on 45th day corresponding to strands stressed From Table on 283,th Creepco-efficients
day is 0.62. on 45th day
From Tableand 70th day
3, Creep corresponding
co-efficients toth strands
on 45 day andstressed
70th day on 7th day
Creep loss =
orce
erinkage
on 45 dayday
onth loss
45 th in first
=in first stage stage strands
strands is is 1.01 and 1.16 respectively. .
th
corresponding to strands stressed on 7 day are 1.01 and
ep loss .
1.16 respectively.
rce on 45th day in first stage strands is . . -6 Creep loss ( ) .
period 28-45 days is obtained from Table 6as 40.04 10 .
Creep loss in. first stage strands due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which are stressed on 28th day.
age loss = .
From Table 3, Creep co-efficients on 45th day and 70th day corresponding to Journal
The Indian Concrete strandsJune
stressed
2017 on 28
59 da
th
nds
on from
45
from th day day
th 28 thin
28day 45tothstage
tofirst 45
day day
th strands is
0.80 and 0.62. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subjected to live l
 Shrinkage
compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 45th day i.e. just before loss =is
the beam .
stress inload
d to live concrete
is at the level of steel up to 45th day i.e. just before the beam is
Residual prestressing force on 70th day in second stage strands is

efficients
POINT OF VIEW on 45 th day and 70th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7 th day are .
s in concrete at the level of steel up to 45th day i.e. just before the beam is
ncrete
y.
ressive at the
stress level
inloss of
concrete steel up
at the to 45
level
th day i.e. just before the beam is
of steel
sive stress Creep in concrete = at the level of steel up up to 45 toth45day th day i.e. just before the beam is
i.e. just before the beam is
ble 3, Creepco-efficients on 45th day and 70th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7th day are
ve
oad load is is
rete p1.16loss
efficientsat the(onlevel
respectively. 45th of daysteel ) up
and 70thtoday 45thcorresponding
day i.e. just before to strands the stressedbeam is . on 7th day are
stress
ly. in concrete at the level of steel up to 45 th day i.e. just before the beam is

ands due stressing 5.5.4 Residual prestressing force5.5.4 90th day prestressing force on 90th day
onResidual
Creep lossof second ( stage )strands i.e. strands which are stressed on. 28th day.
sients
in concrete Creepatloss the in first ofstage strands due th to stressing ofbeforesecondthe stage
and)level steel up to 45 today i.e. just . on 7th beam is th
ep loss on 45 ( th day 70th day corresponding strands stressed day7thare Strands stressed on 7 day will have a residual prestressing
nCreepco-efficients
45firstday strands
and 70th on i.e.
day strands which
corresponding are stressed on 28 th
Strands
day. stressed on day will have a residual prestressing force of 334.233 kN on 70th day with a los
efficients onstrands
45 day and 70and th to strands stressed on 7strands day are
th th th day corresponding to strands th stressed on 28 th day isare th
sepco-efficients
in stage on 45 due 45stressing
th day
daylevel and of of second
70
70 steel day up stage
day strands
corresponding
corresponding i.e. strands
to to which are stressed
stressed on on28 7 force
day.
th th
day of 334.233 kN on 70 day with a loss of 0.788% in the
stress in concrete th
at the th
to 45 day0.788%
th i.e.strandsjust in is stressed
before
the period theon beam
45-70 7 days.
th dayis are Bending stress at mid span due to due to first stage stressing is
ompressive
rands due stressingstress of in concrete
second stage at the
strands level
i.e. of
strands steel which after are beam
stressed subjected
on 28 th day. to live load
period 45-70 days. Bending stress at mid span due to due to
sespectively.
ectively. th th
5th day and From 70th Table 3, Creep
day corresponding co-efficients
to strands on 45 day on 7thand day70 are day
oss ble 3,(Creep co-efficients) on 45th day and 70th day stressed corresponding th . to strands stressed on 28first
th day is
stage stressing is
-efficients corresponding
)on 45 and to thstrands stressed onto.28 day stressed is 0.80 on and7ththday are
45( th day 70 th day corresponding strands
th
-efficients
0.62.
Creep Bending
Creep loss on loss compressiveday
( andstress 70
) )day corresponding
in concrete at the level to of strands
steel after stressed beam. on 28 day to
is .subjected is live load
ely. saydue 0.62.ofBending compressive stress which in concrete at the level of
compressive is stressing stress
(th day
secondin stage
concrete strands
at the i.e.
level strands
of steel after are stressed
beam is on
subjected 28 th day.
to live load ( ( ) )
cients
ressing onof 45
steel
) second after
stage andbeam 70th) day
strands corresponding
isi.e.subjected
strands to live
which aretoload strands
. onon
stressed 45stressed
th
28 day
th day. on 7th day are th
is
stage stage strands due stressing of second stage
strands due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which are stressed on 28 day. strands i.e. strands which are stressed on th 28 day.
ep losson 45
cients ( th day and)and 70th 70 day corresponding to strands stressed . on 28th day is areBending compressive stress or net stress in concrete at the
-efficients on 45th thday th day corresponding to strands
Bending stressed
th compressive on 7stress th day
or stress
net stress in concrete at the) level of steel up70toth 70 day day
th
singn
p 45
loss ofth second
day ( and stage 70 strands
day ) (thi.e. strands
corresponding ) th to are
which strands Bending
stressed stressedon compressive
28 on day. 28 th day .tostress
is or net in concrete ( at the th level of steel up to
Creep
pressive
ely. co-efficients
stress in on
concrete 45 day
at the
ep co-efficients on 45 day and 70 day corresponding to strands stressed
th and
level th 70 of day
steel corresponding
after beam is to
subjected strands stressed
live load on
on 28 day is th 28 th day
level of issteel up to 70 day
eoss
trands
Bending stress(due (
stressing
incompressive
concrete ) of
at second
the
stress
)level stage of strands
in concrete steel after i.e. beam
at the
strandsiswhich
level ofsubjected
steel
are .stressed
after to beamlive on load 28th day.
is subjected to live
ding
n45theday compressive
and 70 loss stress
day in concrete
corresponding at the level of steel after beam is subjected to live loadload
period Creep 45-70 loss days = ( is obtained ) to from strands Table stressed
3 as 38.07 oncompressive
28 10day . is stress
th th th -6
Creep Bending . or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
eep s due loss ( ) .
o-efficients
ep ress loss instressing ( on 45
concrete of at second
th day
the)level stage70
and ofstrands dayafter
steel
th i.e. strands
beam which
corresponding is subjected toarestrands
stressed
to live on
stressed
. load 28 day.
th
on 28th day is ( )
inkage
rinkage (loss
strain = in the )
period
compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after 45-70 days is obtained from Table beam 3 as 38.07
is subjected . 10 -6.
to live loadFrom ( ) th th
(trands due stressing
) day and of second stagecorresponding
strands i.e. strands From From
which
Table Table
are 3,stressed 3, Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficientson2828ththday day.is on 70 onth 70 Table
day
th day
and 3,andCreep
90 dayco-efficients
th 90 th day corresponding
corresponding on 70 day
tothstrands and
to strands 90stressed
stressed day on 7on th day 7th
cients on 45
n the period 45-70( days is obtained
th
( 70 th day
) ) from Table 3 as to strands
38.07
Bending stressed
10 .
compressive
-6 on stress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
1.16
and and 1.25 corresponding to strands stressed on 7 day are 1.16 and
oss rce on
pressive ( 70stress
th day shrinkage
Total inin
Shrinkage first
concrete lossstage =atstrain
the strands
level in the ofissteel period 1.1645-70
after beam 1.25
days
is subjected is respectively.
respectively.
. stressed obtained
Bending to live load
. compressive stress or( net stress in concrete ) at the level of steel up to 70 th day
o-efficients ) on 45th) day and 70th day corresponding -6 From to strands
Table 3, Creepco-efficientson 28th day is1.25 on respectively.
70 th day and 90th day ( corresponding ) to strands stressed on 7th da
rinkage Creep loss from
) = ( ( Table 3 as 38.07 10 .
)at the level of steel after beam is .subjected .
Creep
compressive loss(loss stress in concrete
) ) . respectively. Creep. . toloss
Creep live loss
load( ( ) ) ( ( ) )
el prestressing
period 45-70force daysonis70
th day in first stage strands is
obtained from Table 3Bending as 38.07 1.16 and 10-6.1.25
compressive stress or net stress Creep in concrete
loss = at the level of steel up to 70 th day
orce 45-70 on days
)
70 is
Shrinkage
th day obtained
in first loss from
stage = Table
strands 3 as
is 38.07 10 -6.. Bending compressive stress or net stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day
erain strain in the in the
( period 45-70 period 45-70 days
) days is obtained from Creepis obtained from Table Table 3loss
Creep 3
as 38.07as
loss 38.07 10
in compressive
first 10 -6.
. stage strands due stressing of second in stage strands i.e. level
strands oftowhich are stressed 28onthon28
-6 th da
From Bendingin
Table Bending
first stage. compressive
strands
Creep stress
loss stress
due stressing or
(on netorth ofnet
stress stress
second )in stage
concrete concrete
thstrandsat the atlevel
i.e. the
strands which
of steel steel
uparetoup 70to
stressed th 70on
day th day
day.
. 3, .Creepco-efficients 70 day and 70th90 dayday and corresponding strands stressed 7on
ep loss th d
age loss = ( ) From Table 3, Creepco-efficients on 90th day corresponding to strands stressed 7t
5-70 = days is obtained from Table 3 as 38.07 10 -6 . 1.16 . and . Table1.25 respectively.
Shrinkage Shrinkage ( lossloss = = ) From 3,1.16 . and . 1.25 respectively.
Creepco-efficients onth 70 dayofday and 90
th th day corresponding to strands stressed on 28 t
From Table 3, Creepco-efficients
. stage strands dueonstressing 70 and 90thstagedaystrandscorrespondingi.e. strandstowhich strands are stressed on2828 th th da
oss n the
on 70th(perioddayth in45-70 first) days stage isstrands
obtained is from Table 3 Creep as 38.07 loss 10 in. -6first
Creep loss
second
ininfirst stage strands due of to steel
stressing ofbeam
stressed on
second stage to live
day.
ds from 45Residual day tostrands 70 day th
0.80 0.80
and in and 0.89. 0.89.
Bending Bending compressive compressive stress concrete at the level after is subjected to lilo
day in first stage is first stage . Table (stress inand concrete at the ) level of steeltoafter beam is subjected
th
th prestressing force on 70 is day first stage strands Creep loss Creep loss
isFrom 3, Creepco-efficients on 70 th day (90
) thth day corresponding strands stressed on 7th day ar
eep ressing
ingloss force force on( onth70
70 day day in
in) first stage strands strands From .
Table 3, Creepco-efficients strands i.e.on strands
70 day whichand are90 stressed on
th day corresponding28 th
day. to strands stressed
erinkage
period loss 45-70
is = days is obtained from Table 31.16 ason From
38.07 on
45. 1.25
th 4510
day
th
Table
-6 day
.respectively.is
is 3,. Creepco-efficients on 70 day andth 90 day corresponding
th th to strands stressed on 28th d
day will have a residual th dayprestressing force of and 345.359 From From
kN Table on Table
45
3, th 3,
day Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficientswith a loss of on 70 on 70
th day day
and and
90 90
th day th day corresponding to strands stressed
corresponding towhich
strands stressed on
econd stage
y in first stage strands is strands from 45 to 70 th day
. 0.80
Creep and 1.16
loss0.89. and
in.-6first Bending 1.25
Creep respectively.
loss in first
compressive stage strands
stress of due stressing
insecond
concrete of second
at strands
the levelstage strands
i.e.ofstrands i.e.
steel after strands beam isare stressed
subjected ontoth28
th d
live
n the period 45-70 days is obtained from Table 3 as 38.07 10
1.16 . . stage
and 1.25
strands
respectively.
due stressing
From Table 3, Creep
stage
co-efficients on 70
which
th
day
are stressed
and 90 th
day
on 28 day.
-45
ageds from
orce days.
loss
on 45 = day
70 thBending
daytoin70 compressive
firstday
th
stage strands is stress in concrete at
1.16 the
and level 1.25
. is Creep loss ( of steel
respectively. after beam is
on 45th day ( ) on ) day and 90th day corresponding
stressed
45th day onis28th day will have a residual prestressing . Fromforce Table of 345.359 From
kN onTable
3, Creepco-efficients 45 th day 3, Creepwith(corresponding
Creepco-efficients
aon loss
loss70of ( )and
th day
70
toth strands stressed on 28th daytoisstrands
90th) day corresponding to strands stressed on 28th
0.80 and stressed on 2
rinkage
on
nday 70
the will loss
day
period have in = first
28-45 a residualstage
days. Bending strands
prestressing is
compressive forceCreep of 345.359
stress in concretekN on stage .
45Bending
at 0.80
theday level and
with 0.89.
Creep
a loss
ofcompressive
steel Creep
Bending loss 0.89.
of beam
after loss
compressive
(Bending ( stress
compressive
) in )concrete at
stress the in level of
concrete steel after
at the beamlevel is subjected to
of
of is
th
0.80
loss and
in . first
0.89.
th
strands due stressing stress second in concrete
stage at thei.e.level
strands strandsof steel
which afterare beam
stressed is on subjected
28 th day.to liv
on 45 thCreep
day is loss ( ) .
8-45dom to45 days. day toon7045 day
Bending compressive stress in concrete Creep loss Creep
in first loss
stage strands
( steel( due
after stressing
)beam ) isof second
subjected stage to strands
live load i.e.on strands
45 th
daywhich .
is are stressed on
live load day is onat45the levelisof steel after beam is
th th th
th day
orce
day toon7070 th thday day in thfirst stage thstrands is th . Creep th Creeploss loss
in first in first
stage stage
strands strands due due
stressing stressing of of
second second
stage stage
strands strands
i.e. i.e.
strands strands
which which
are are
stressed stressed
on 28on th
etage
n 45thstrands
strands dayfrom is from
Loss 45in th45 second
day day
to 70 to th70
stage day
daystrands from 45 From dayTable to 70 3,day
Total Creepco-efficients on 70 th day and 90th day corresponding to strands stressed on 28 th day i
onshrinkage strain inloss the
of period 70-90 ondays th is obtained ) 90from dayTable 3 as 320.62as 20.62 .10strands ..
-6
y will have a residual prestressing force of 345.359 Total kN shrinkage From
45 th day strain
Table with in
3,a the
Creep period
Creepco-efficients
loss (70-90 days is( obtained
)70 day and from thTable corresponding 10-6to stressed
yptoloss
ave 70
a th day
residual ( prestressing ) force of 0.80 and th0.89.
th 345.359 kN on 45 From . 0.80
day Bending
From
with
Table a Table
loss
3, compressive
. of 3, Creepco-efficients
Creepco-efficients stress in on concrete
70 on 70
th day that theand
day
and level
90 90
th day ofth steel
day after beamto
corresponding
corresponding is strands
subjected
to strands to stressed
stressed live loa on
d 28
days.
n onth28 Bending day
dayStrands
th
willwill have have
compressive
stressed a residual
a residual onstress28 prestressing
in
day
prestressing concrete
willforce have atforcethe
of of
level
a residual
345.359 345.359ofkN and
steel kNonafter
prestressing 0.89.
onth45
45 Bending
beam
day th day with iswith acompressive
loss (
a loss )
of= of stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subject
nds ending from 45
compressive
th day to 70 th day
stress in concrete at on
the 45
level
th day
of steel
0.80 is 0.80
andafter and beam
0.89. 0.89.
Shrinkage
is
Bending Shrinkage
Bending loss
compressive loss
compressive
=
Creep
Creep loss
loss stress = stress
in in
concrete concrete at theat the
level level
of steelof steel
after after
beam. .
beamis is
subjected
. subjec t
period
h day is28-45 force days. Bending
of 345.359 compressive
kN th
stress inTotalconcrete shrinkage
onthe at 45the th strain
day
level ofinsteel
inissteel the period
after beam 70-90
is is days is obtained from Table 3 as 20.62 10 .
( ) -6
od
einkage 28-45loss
a residual days. = Bending
prestressing
Creep loss (
compressive
force ofon 45 stress
345.359
)
day kN within 45 tha day
onconcrete loss
on
of
at
withon
45 inday
th
4.067%
a
45
level
loss
th day . of
of
is Creep
the
is .
after beam
ve
oad load on
oncompressive
th45 period
45 dayth day28-45
is is days. Bending compressive stress concrete atforce lossonth 90 ( th day in first ) stage strands is .
ofResidual prestressing
th
ep om
hdingday 45
loss willday (have to 70 day
ath residual
stress ) inprestressing
concrete at force the level ofResidual
345.359 steelkN after on
prestressing 45. thTotal
beam day isforcewith
shrinkage
th on 90
Shrinkage a loss ofday
strain
( loss in
=inthefirstperiod) stage70-90 days isisobtained from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10-6.
strands
rce on
8-45 days. 70the th day
Bending
level
Shrinkage in secondof steelstage
loss =
compressive
after strandsbeam is subjected to live load on 45
stress in is concrete at the level of steel .in the
after beam is 70-90 days ( )
Total shrinkage th day strain period ( =is obtained ) from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10-6.
ynds from 45day th day to 70th day
will have a is
residual prestressing force of 345.359 kN on 45 with a loss of Shrinkage ( loss ) . .
rinkage
n 45 day is th loss = Residual prestressing . force on 90 Total
th day shrinkagein first stage strain
strands in theis period 70-90 days is obtained
. Creep loss ( ) .
lhdays.
prestressing Bending forcecompressive
on 70 day stress
th in second in concrete
stage strands at the is level of. steel after beam is Creep loss on( 903 ) stage -6
.
oss day(will have a )residual prestressing force of 345.359 kN on 45 thResidualday Shrinkage
with prestressing
a loss Creep offrom
loss = Table
force
loss (
th as
day20.62in first
)
10 . strands is .
.
orce h day on is
Creep70 th) day in second stage strands is
loss( ( compressive . Creep
. period loss ( ) . .
8-45 Creep days. lossBending ) ) stress in concrete Total shrinkage at the level strain of in. the
steel after beam 70-90
is days is obtained from Table 3 as 20.62 10-6.
age loss = ResidualTotal . shrinkage
.prestressing force strain on in the
90Shrinkage
th day periodin first 70-90
loss = days
stage strandsis obtainedis from Table 3 as 20.62 . 10 . -6
n=45th day ) Creep is loss = . .. TotalTotal shrinkage shrinkage strain strain
in the inperiod the period 70-90 70-90
days days
is is obtained
obtained from from
Table Table
3 as 3 as 20.62
20.62 10 -6. 10-6.
Shrinkage Shrinkage lossloss = = LossLoss in second in second stage stage . strands
Shrinkage . lossfrom= th 70 th day to th 90th day .
ep 70
on loss th day ( in second stage ) strands is . strands from 70 Shrinkage day to 90
lossday = . .
dayng force in secondon 90stage th day strands is . Shrinkage Shrinkage loss loss =
= . .
ressing
ing force force on 70 on 70
th dayday
th in second
in second stage stagestrands strands
Residual is Strands
isStrands prestressing
stressed stressed on onth 28
force
28 dayon th day90
will will
th day
have th in have
a first athstage
residual residual strands prestressing
prestressing is forceforce of of 343.240
343.240 kN kN70
on onth 70 day
th day with a
with a los
oss rinkage loss = ( ) . Loss in second .
Residual stage
. prestressing strands from 70
force day
Residual on fromto 90 th day
day
90 prestressing in to first stage strands th is in first stage strands
day will have a residual =prestressing Loss thinday second stage strands 70compressive
th day 90th force
daystress on 90 day
sidual
y in second Shrinkage
prestressing stage forceloss
strands on is 90 th day
. force0.614% of 334.2330.614% in
Residual kN
thein
Residual the on
period
. prestressing
70
period prestressing
45-70 45-70 with
days.
force on a
days. loss
force
Bending of
Bending
on 90 th day
compressive
is 90 day in first stage strands is
th in first stage
stress in in
strands
concreteconcrete
is at theat the
level level
of of
steel steel
after after
beam b
eep 70 loss
days. ( 90th daystress
Bending ) at mid span due to due to
subjectedfirst . stage to .
livestressing
load thon is 45 th day is .
ageing loss
force = on
orce on 70 day in second stage strands is
th Strands
subjected to live load stressed
. on
Strands 28
on 45 day
th
stressed dayon will have a residual prestressing force
is 28th day will have a residual prestressing force of 343.240 kN .on 70th day with of 343.240 kN on 70 th day with a l

stressed on 7th day will have a residual. prestressing0.614% forceinofsecond

Loss in334.233
the stage kN on
period strands70
45-70
th day with a loss of
days. 70Bending compressive stress in stress concrete at the at level . of . steel afterafter be
0.614% in thefrom period th day to 90
45-70 days. th day
Bending compressive in concrete the level of steel
rinkage
on
nday the 70will th day
period loss
have in = second
45-70 days.stage
a residual Bending strands
prestressing stressisatforce mid span of 334.233 due . to kN
due onto 70
first .th stage
day with
stressing a loss is of
subjected
th to live load
subjected on 45
to th
live dayload is on 45 th day is

-70 orcedays. Residual

on 90Bending th day
stressprestressing
at mid spanforce due toondue 70to daystage
first
Strands instressed
second
stressing onstage is
28th day will have a residual prestressing force of 343.240 kN on 70th day with a l
orce
90 th onday 70 th day in second stage strands is
strands is .
prestressing
stressing force force
on 90 onth90 dayday
th
Loss in 0.614%
secondinstage the strands period Creep 45-7070loss
from days.
th day Bending to compressive stress in concrete at the level of .steel after be
( 90 70day
th
Creep lossstrands th)day)to 90th day .
will have a residual prestressing force of 334.233 kN on Loss 70th day in second with astageloss of ( from th th
0ve th day
a residual prestressing force of 334.233 kN on subjected
70 . thLoss
day in tosecond
Loss
with live
ina secondload
loss stage of on stage 45 strands
strands
th day from Loss
is from70 in second
70 thtoday
th day stage
90 to 90strands
th day th day from 70 day to 90 day
days. d
n 7on Bending 7 day
dayth
willwill stress
have have a residual
aatresidual
mid span dueprestressing
prestressing to due Strands force
to first
force ofstage of 334.233
334.233
stressed stressingkN on kNon28 on day
is70 70 day th daywith
will withathloss
have aaloss of=lossof
residual (prestressing ) force of 343.240 kN on 70 . day . with . a loss o
th th th th
sing force on 90 dayspan due to due to first stage stressingStrands Shrinkage Shrinkage loss loss
Creep
period
od
nding
45-70
stress
45-70 days.
at thmid
days. Bending Bending stress stress at at mid
mid span spandue due
to dueto dueto to
first
isfirst stage
stage
stressedCreep
stressingstressing
on
isloss 28
is (= will have
day ) a residual prestressing force of 343.240 kN. on 70ththday
0.614% in the period
Strands 45-70 days. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam i
a residual prestressing force of 334.233 kN on 70th day with astressed
loss instressed
of 28on 28 day will have a residual prestressing force of 343.240 kN 70on 70 day
th
Strands 0.614% theon period
th day
45-70 will days.haveBending a residual prestressing
compressive forcein
stress ofconcrete
343.240 kNthe
at on level
th day
of steel wit
subjected to Shrinkage loss = .
Residual islive load
onprestressing onperiod 45 day
force is
onth of90 =day in Bending
second stage strands isstress
th th
force on 90have th day
0.614% in
daystress
ing will at mid a residual
span dueprestressing to due to first force stage ofResidual
334.233
stressing kN
0.614%prestressing
subjected 70ththe
in day tothe liveperiod
with
force
Shrinkage a45-70
on
load loss
90 on45-70
lossday
days.
45th days.
in
day second
Bending is stage compressive
strands
compressive is
stress in concrete
in concrete at the at level
the
. level of steel of stee aft
-70 days. Bending stress at mid span due to due to first stage
subjected subjectedstressingto live
Residual to is live
load load
on
prestressing
Creep loss ( 45 on th day 45 th
force day
is on is
90 th day in second stage strands is
) .
sing will60 force
haveon a The90thIndian
residual day prestressing
Concrete Journal force Juneof 2017
334.233 kN on 70 th day with aforceloss on of 90th day in second stage strands is .
Residual prestressing .
 in
gethe onperiod 70-90 days is obtained
strands from Table 3 as 20.62 .Residual 10Creep
-6. loss
prestressing ( force ) 90thday .
rce loss 90= th day in first stage is FromFrom TableTable 3,Creep
Creepco-efficients
3, Creepco-efficients onon 9090 thon
th day
day and and 2555025550 th day
th day corresponding
corresponding to strands
to. strands stressed
stressed. on on 28t
are 1.25 and 2.28 respectively. Creep loss ( loss ( ) ) .
. Creep loss ( )
Shrinkage loss = Creep lossof ( ( instage ) ) at i.e. th. day.
.
hrinkage
on 90th day loss in=first stage strands is
Creep is are0.89
loss1.25 inand and
first
.
1.25. 2.28
stage Bending. . due
respectively.
strands compressive
stressing stress
second concretestrands thestrands
level ofwhich steelare after beamonis28
stressed subjected to
Creeplossload
From inTable
loss inon
Creep
first45
3, stage day
loss is ( duedue
Creepco-efficients
strands on
) of
stressing 90second
of day
second and stage25550 strands day
i.e. i.e. corresponding
strands which. are to strands
stressed on on stressed
28day.day. on 7 da
th th th th th
Creep first stage strands
Creep instressing stage strands strands which
strandsare stressed 28 th

onPOINT inOF Creep loss inloss first firstloss

stage stage
strands strands duedue stressing
stressing ) ofthof second
second stagestrands
stage i.e.
i.e.tostrands
strands which
which areare.stressed
stressed on 28 t
on 28thon
g force
orce 90th90dayday
on th
in first first
stageVIEW
stage strands
strands is isFrom
are 1.25 Table
and .
3,
2.28 Creepco-efficients
respectively. Creep on 90(th day and 25550 day corresponding strands stressed da
Creep FromlossFrom
inisTable
first
Table
0.89 stage
and 3,strands
3, Creepco-efficients due stressing
Creepco-efficients
1.25. Bending
5.4.5 Residual compressive
on of
on second
90dayth day
prestressing
90 th stage
stress
and and strands
in
force
25550 25550
concrete
at
th i.e. strands
th day
infinity
day at the which
corresponding
(25550
corresponding level are
of
days) stressed
steel
to to after
strands on
strands 28
beam
th day.
stressed
stressed is on
subjected
on 28 th28 th day
day to liv
From From
.Table Table
3, Creepco-efficients (
3, Creepco-efficients onofon 90 )th th day and 25550thth day corresponding to strands stressed o
90day andstrands25550 i.e. day corresponding to strands stresse
is 0.89 Creep thloss in
. isfirst Creepstage strands
loss duestress stressing second atstage strands which areis.thstressed on to 28 th day
to 90th day Strands stressed on 28th dayiswill 0.89 andand
load
have on 45
a1.25. 1.25.
residual day
BendingBending
prestressing
is 0.89
compressive
compressive
and 1.25.
( stress
Bending From
Creep in in )concrete
concrete
Table
loss
compressive = 3, at
Creepthe
stress
the
level level
co-efficient
in concrete
of steel
of steel at 90after
onafter
the
th beam
leveland beam
of 25550is subjected
steel
subjected
day
after th beamare to1.25 live
is
live
and
subjec
From Table 3, Creepco-efficients is 0.89 and
Strands on 1.25.90 th
stressed Bending
day and
on 7compressive
25550day stress
th day corresponding
will have a in
residualconcrete to at
strands
prestressing the level
stressed
force of steel
of on
657.605 after
28 day beam
kN on is
90 su
th d
ds from 70force th day to 90th day
of 343.240 kN on 70 load th
dayloadon
withon a45day
45 From
th th
loss day is
of is
0.614% in the
th
Table
load load
3,
on on Creep
45
Creepco-efficients
45 th dayloss is ( on 90 th day) and 25550th day corresponding to strands . stressed day.is. 2
on
inday is
th
is 343.240
0.89 andkN 1.25.
Creepon loss Bending
70thin compressive
firstwith stage a strands ofstressdue in70-90
stressing concrete ofdays.
second at Bending
the stage level of steel
strands i.e. after
strands beaministhe subjected atto live
a residual prestressing force of day loss ( which are stressed on 28span
th
0.432 the period stress
Creep or net
loss stress )beam mid
periodth45-70 days. Bending compressive stress in concrete at ( )
omday
ding 70compressive
will
th dayhave to 90a residual
day
stress inprestressing
load on
concrete force
at 45
theth dayof is
level 0.89
343.240
is of steel andkN 1.25.
after on beam70Bending is compressive
th day with a loss of stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subjected
the level of steel after beam is subjected From Total Table shrinkage
toonlive3, thload strain
on
Creepco-efficients 45inth the ( period
( on 90th90- day ) days
)and 25550 is obtained th day from Table 6 asto
corresponding 121.32
strands 10 -6.
stressed on 28th da
-70 days.
trands from Bending
th day compressive
70day to th90day
th day load 45
stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam day is Total
Total isshrinkage
shrinkage
( ( strain)in
strain )
in thethe period 90 90--) days is obtained obtained from Tab
nds from 70
day th
is to 90 Creep lossa loss ( of stress in (
) concrete at the -6level of steel after beam . is subjected to liv
n will haveisa residual prestressing force ofis343.240 kN1.25. on 70 day with
th
45th day 0.89 and Bending compressive
(Shrinkage loss= )from Table 6 as 121.32 x 10 . .
days. Bending compressive stress in concrete
load at the
onof45343.240 level Creep Creep
of loss
steel
day iskN on th70 dayCreep loss
after ( (
beam is ) ) . .
) Shrinkage loss =
th
28 th
h day day will willhavehave a residual
a residual prestressing
prestressing force
force of 343.240 kN on 70
th
day with with aCreep aloss
loss (loss lossof( (
of ) ) . .
is days. Bending compressive stressTotal shrinkage strain in the period 90- days is obtained from Table 6 as 121.32 10 . -6
day
d5-70
45-70 in concrete
As perCreep Clauseat the level
19.5.2.3 of steel
of ISafter after
1343:2012, Shrinkage
beam for is loss=
long termfrom relaxation loss values given
days. Bending compressive stress inshrinkage
concrete at the level (of steel ) beam -6. in Table 6 of code sh
TotalTotal shrinkage strain
strain loss
in
Total
in the
the period
shrinkage
period 90-
90-strain daysAsin
days isisobtained
per
the
isClause
period
obtained
90- from
19.5.2.3
days Table Table
isof as6 121.32
as 121.32
IS6 1343:2012,
obtained from Table
. 10 10
6.6asas121.32
for -6long term relaxation loss
. 1010. .
-6 -6
d on
on 45 day 45 th day is
Creep loss = be multiplied Total shrinkage
by 3. Loss
Shrinkage loss=Creep strain
between loss in
( the
90 ( - period days )90-is ) days is obtained from Table 121.32
.
) is
th
. be multiplied by 3. Loss between 90 days to infinity is
ep loss ( ) Total shrinkage strain in the From
period
Shrinkage
Shrinkage . Table90-
loss= 3,days
loss= Creep co-efficient
is obtained from on Table 90 and
th
6 as25550 121.32day10are
th -6. 1.25 and 2.28 respectively.
. .
Total shrinkage strain in the Shrinkage
Shrinkage
period 90- loss= loss=
days is obtained from Table 6given
as 121.32 . .
As per Clause 19.5.2.3 of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxation loss values in Table . 10 6. of code shou
-6
. Creep loss ( )
As per Clause 19.5.2.3 of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxation
ss
inkage ( loss = ) As As perbeper Clause
multiplied
Clause Shrinkage
19.5.2.3
19.5.2.3 by 3.of loss=
of. 1343:2012,
. Loss
IS ISbetween
1343:2012, for-Creep
90 for
long long
days loss
ISterm
term
is (relaxation
relaxation loss ) values
loss values givengiven . in Table
in Table of6 code
6given of code shouldshould
Shrinkage loss = As perAsClause per Clause 19.5.2.3
Shrinkage 19.5.2.3 ISof1343:2012,
ofloss=
loss values1343:2012,given forfor long
in long
Table termterm
6 of relaxation
relaxation
code should loss
loss values
values
be multiplied given inin
. Table
by Table 6 of6 co o
yCreep
in second stage strands is) be be Total
multiplied
multiplied shrinkage
by by 3. Loss3.strain
Lossbetweenin the 90
between period
90
- 3.- days90-days isdays is is obtained from Table 6 as 121.32 10 . -6
loss ( 19.5.2.3 be be
multiplied multiplied
. byfor. by
3. Loss Loss
3.
between between
Loss between
90 90
- days - 90 days
90 -- is is daysgivenisisobtained
eep loss = th(day in second ) stageAs .Total shrinkage strain in relaxation
the period days from Tablecode6 should as 121.32 10 -6
ge loss
rce on 90 per Clause
strands is of IS 1343:2012, long term loss values in Table 6 of
be multiplied
. As per
by 3. Loss between Clause 19.5.2.3
90 - days
Shrinkage of IS
loss= 1343:2012,
is for long term relaxation loss values given .in Table 6 of code
Shrinkage
hrinkage loss loss
= = Residual prestressing . force
. at infinity Shrinkage in firstloss stage = strands is
on 90 day in second stage strands is
th be multiplied
. by 3. Loss between 90 - days is
Residual prestressing force on 25550 day th
th
Residual prestressing force onAs90per day
Clause in second19.5.2.3 stage of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxation loss values given in Table 6 of code shou
g force
orce on on 90 90dayday
th
in in second stage strands is As per Clause 19.5.2.3 of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxation loss values . given in Tab
th
strands is second stage strands isbe multiplied . by 3. Loss between 90 - days is
Residual prestressing force at infinity
be multiplied by 3. Loss in first stage strands
between 90 days is to infinity is
inity (25550 days) Residual
Residual prestressing . . force
prestressing force at infinity
at infinity inResidual
in first firststage stage prestressing
strands
strands is force at infinity in first stage strands
Residual Residualprestressing prestressing force force at infinity inisfirst stage strands is
ing force at infinity (25550 days) is at infinity in first stage strands is .
Residual prestressing force at infinity in first stage Creep strands loss is ( ) . .
Loss in second stage strands from 90 day to infinity days th
. .
orce at infinity (25550 days) Residual prestressing force at infinity 5.4.6 Losses in first as stage per strands
IS 1343:1980 is
Total shrinkage strain in athe period prestressing
70-90 days isforce obtained . from Table
ressing
sing force
5.5.5
force at at
Residual
infinity
infinity
prestressing
(25550
(25550 days)days) force Strands at infinity stressed(25550 ondays) 28th day will have residual of 342.101kN on690 asth20.62day with 10-6a lo
Residual prestressing force at infinity Creep in firstco-efficient
stage strands forisa member loaded on 7 day, from Table 2 is 2. th .
Strands stressed on 7 day will Loss
th
have 0.333%
ina second
residual in stage
theprestressing
period
strands70-90
Residual from days.
90
prestressing th day Bending
toforce
infinity on compressive
days thday stress in concrete at the level of steel after be
25550
Shrinkage loss = .
day will
force
have
ofa 332.773
residual
kN on 90thLoss
prestressing
dayLoss
in
force insubjected
with
second
of
a332.773
secondloss
stage ofto
stage kN
live
0.437%
strands strands
on
load infrom
from
90
on
ththe
90
day
45
th
th
90dayth day
with day
to a
is infinity
to
infinity
Loss
loss in of days
second days stage strands from 90
th
day to infinity . days
y will have a residual prestressing force Strands of 332.773 kN onin90 Loss in second stage strands from 90 th day to infinity days
Loss 28day
second with
stage a have
loss from
strands of 90 dayprestressing to infinity days
th th
period 70-90 days. Bending stress in thestressed beam aton mid
Residual
th day
span will
prestressing
a residual
force on 90thday
force of 342.101kN on 90 th day with a loss
.
0-90
days. days.
Bending Bending stressstress
in thein the
beam beamat
Loss inis midat mid
secondspan span
stagedue due
to
strands to
first first
fromstage stagestressing
9070-90 stressing
daywill to is
infinity is days
due to first stage stressing Strands
Strands 0.333% stressed
stressed in theonperiodon
28 28day
th th day
th
will days.
have have BendingaShrinkage
athresidualresidual
Strands prestressing
compressive
prestressing
stressedstrain onfor stress
28forceforce
a member
th
day in
of of 342.101kN
concrete
342.101kN
will loaded
have at
a on the7on
on
residual 90level
th 90day
day
th th day with a loss of
of steel aafter
with
is obtained
prestressing loss beam
thfromof wi Ta
Loss in Strands
second Strands
stressed
stage stressed
th strands on on
28a 90
from 28
day th day
th day will
willtohave have
infinity a residual
a residual
days inprestressingprestressing force of 342.101kN
force of 342.101kN on 90 on 90 day
th day
day will have a residual prestressing force
0.333% of
subjected 332.773
in
0.333% in the period the to kN
period
live on
load
70-90 90
70-90 ondays. day
days.
45 th daywith Bending
Bending is loss of
compressive
compressive stress
stresson in 90 thconcrete at the level of steel after beam is
concrete at thea level of0.333%steel after beam is aft
shrinkage
force of is
342.101kN day stress
with
90 days. Bending stress ( (in the Strandsbeam ) stressed
at mid span
) subjected onto
due 28 0.333%
today
th
first
0.333%
in the
will
stage have inperiodthe
stressing
period
a residual 70-90 70-90 days.
is prestressing
days. Bending
Bending force compressive
compressive
of 342.101kN stress
on 90 inloss
th
of
concrete
concrete
day with atatthe athe
in
level
loss
the
ofof of
level steelsteel
subjected to live liveload load on on
45 th45 th
day day is is period 70-90 days. Bending compressive stress in concrete at
0.333% in the LossperiodStrands
in second stressed
subjected
70-90 stage subjected
days.
strands on
to Creep
28
live
Bending to
from 90 loss
th live
day
load load
will
on
compressive
th (
45on th45
have
day to infinityday th day
a is is
stress )
residual
days prestressing force of
in concrete at the level of steel after beam is 342.101kN on .90 th day with a

5.4.6 Losses as per IS level of steel after beam is subjected to live load on 45th
the1343:1980
net stress Compressive
in concrete stress
at( the orsubjected
net stressto live
in 0.333%
load
concrete on in45
at thethe
th period
5.4.5
day levelResidual
is of 70-90 days.
prestressing Bending force compressive
at infinity (25550 stress in concrete at the level of steel after b
days)
levellevel of )steel up70 toth70 dayday
th
stress in concrete at the of steel up to thShrinkage loss day is
=a residual . with a loss
ressed on 7steel up to 70th day
th day will have a residual prestressing Strands force stressed
subjected of 332.773 toon live
kN 28load
onday 90on th daywill have
45thwith dayaRelaxation
isloss of prestressing
loss for initialthforce stressofof342.101kN
0.7 fpis 70 MPa. on 90Total th day
relaxation lo
CreepCreep co-efficient
loss for
(Bending a member loaded
) have a stress on 7 day, from Table 2 is 2.2. . steelloss
Total due toth c
the period 70-90 days. Bending stress in the beam 0.333%
at midinspan the due period Strands
to first70-90 stressed
stage days.
stressing on is 7 day
th will
compressive residual in prestressing
concrete at the force level of 657.605
of kN
after onbeam90 d
et stress in concrete at the level of steel up to 70 th day Creep Creep loss loss ( ) . .
subjected to live load on 45 dayCreep 0.432 in the th ( period 70-90
is Creep loss ( ) days. Bending stress or net stress in the beam at mid span
. . is.
Shrinkage loss = loss ( )) .
( )
o-efficients
icients onFrom onth 90
90 dayday
th
Table and
3, Creep
and 25550 25550 th day corresponding
co-efficients
th day on 90 day
corresponding
th Creep
toand to lossShrinkage
strands
Shrinkage
strands 25550 ( day
th
stressed lossloss
stressed =on=7on ) Creep
th 7th day
day
loss = . . .
Shrinkage Creep strain for
Shrinkage
loss Shrinkage
a(member lossloss =)
= loaded on 7th day ( is obtained) from Table 6 as . 209.59 . . 10-
ctively.
ely.stress or
ive corresponding
net stress in concreteto strands stressed
at the level of steel onup7to dayth
70 th day areshrinkage
1.25 andis
Shrinkage loss = .
efficients2.28 on 90 respectively.
th day and 25550th day corresponding to strands stressed on 7th day
Shrinkage loss = .
eep
lossloss( (
tively. ) ) .Creep . loss (
Shrinkage loss =
) .
Creep loss =
trands
nds due due stressing
stressing of second
of second stage strands i.e. strands which Shrinkage
are stressed onth28 loss =
th day. .
epe 3,loss (
Creepco-efficients ) 90stage
on
strands i.e. strands
th day and 25550th day correspondingFrom
which are stressed Relaxation
to strands
on 28
. Table lossday. foron
3, Creep
stressed initial
co-efficient
7th day stress ofon0.7 90fthpisand
70 MPa. 25550Total th dayrelaxation
are 1.25 and loss 2.28 is respectively.
nd 2.28 respectively.
-efficients onth 90
dayday
andand 25550
th th day corresponding to strands stressed onth 28 th day
icients on 90 25550 th day corresponding to strands stressed onth28 day As per Clause
rands due stressing of second stage strandsAs i.e.per
strands
Clause which are stressed
19.5.2.3 of on 28 day.Creep loss (19.5.2.3 of IS )1343:2012, for long term relaxation
ng compressive
compressive Creep stress
loss
stress in concrete
in( first
concrete atAs
the the
stage)atstrands per
due
level Clause
level 19.5.2.3
of steel
to steel
of afterafter
stressing ofbeam
secondISisIS
ofbeam is1343:2012,
1343:2012,
stage forfor
subjected
subjected to to long
long
live livetermterm relaxation
relaxation loss
loss values
values given
given in in Table
Table 6 of
6 of code
code should
should
Creep loss be multiplied by 3. Loss between . loss values given in Table 6 of code should be multiplied by
efficients strands
on 90th i.e.
day strands whichth are
and 25550 daybe multiplied
stressed on 28thby
corresponding 3.
to Loss
day. between
strands
Total stressed
shrinkage 90 90 - days
-onstrain
283.
days
th day
in
is
is the period 9090 -- days
Loss between daysisisobtained from Table 6 as 121.32 10-6
n first stage strands due stressing of second stage strands i.e. strands which
g compressive stress in concrete at the level of thsteel after beamth is subjected to live are stressed on 28 th day.
From Table 3, Creep co-efficients on 90 day and 25550 day Shrinkage loss =
( (
e 3, Creepco-efficients on) 90)th day and 25550th day corresponding
to strands stressed on 28th day isto0.89 strands andstressed on 28 day
th
corresponding
d 1.25. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the level of steel after beam is subjected to live
1.25. Bending compressive stress in concrete at the As level of
per Clause 19.5.2.3 of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxation loss values given in Tab
eepdayloss
loss
th is ( (( ) )) th . .
steel after beam is subjected to live load on 45 day beismultiplied by 3. Loss between 90 days to infinity is
Residual
Residual prestressing
prestressing force infinity
at infinity inResidual
second stage strands
prestressing is at infinity in second stage strands
is force
in the
he period 90- daysdays is obtained ) from Table as 121.3210-6.10-6at
6 as6121.32 force . in second stage strands
epperiod
loss 90- ( is()obtained from Table . is
rinkage
kage loss= . . .
n the loss=
period 90-lossdays
Creep ( is obtained ) from Table 6 as 121.32 10. -6. .

Sof1343:2012,
nkageIS strain
inkage
1343:2012,
loss=in for for long
long
the period 90- term
term daysrelaxation
relaxation lossloss
is obtained fromvalues
values 6given
given
Table asin in Table
Table
121.32 . 6code
6 -6of
. 10
of code should
should
ss between
etween 90 -90 -daysdays
is is Residual prestressing force on 25550thday The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 61
Shrinkage loss= .
of IS 1343:2012, for long term relaxationResidual prestressing
loss values given in force
Tablein6 the beamshould
of code after all the losses is
 essing POINT
force OF
at infinity VIEW
in second stage strands
ng force at infinity in second stage strands is is

. . With reference to Relaxation loss

From Table 6 of IS 1343:2012 for low relaxation strands
loss percentage is based on initial prestress. For long-term
relaxation losses, the values given in this table should be
essing
ng force Residual
force
in in the
the prestressing
beam
beam after
after allforce
all the the in is
the is
losses
losses beam after all the losses is
multiplied by 3. The %loss from this table is the total loss
= 307.546 =+ 307.546
320.071 due to relaxation i.e. at 1000 hours at 20 ± 2°C. Code is silent
+= 320.071
= 307.546 627.617kN.
+ 320.071 = 627.617kN.
= 627.617kN.
on losses up to 1000 hours and for temperature greater
6. Conclusions than 20°C and on evaluation of relaxation loss in intervals.
The calculations of long term losses play a major role in IRC 112:2011 code considers the values up to 1000 hours
s long
of long term losses
performance
term losses playplay a major
rolerole
ofa prestressed
major in performance
inconcrete structures
performance of [10].
prestressed concrete
The concrete
of prestressed structures
structures
and above and for temperatures greater than 20°C. As per
d IS 1343 has
S 1343 hasrevised incorporated
IS 1343 has
incorporated many many factors
incorporated into
factors intomany the model
factorsfor
the model for
into calculating long
the modellong term
calculating term losses. A
Table 4 ofA IS 1343:1980, the relaxation loss is dependent on
losses.
dy
hashas been
been for considered
calculating
considered to elaborate
long term
to elaborate the long
thelosses.
long term
lossloss
A typical
term calculation
case procedure
studyprocedure
calculation has based
based on old
on old
the initial prestress only.
e. The following
been general
considered observationscan
to elaborate the be drawn
long term
The following general observationscan be drawn from this study. from
lossthis study.
calculation
procedure based on old and revised code. The following
to
CreepCreep general observationscan be drawn from this study. With reference to the results from case study
Although the variation of total loss as calculated for the case
80, ultimate
ultimate creep creep coefficients
coefficients werewere given
given for for different
different ages agesof of loading.
loading. TheseThese
With reference to Creep considered from both the codes is not significant, it may
are only for structures where losses need not be evaluated at various stages. Creep co- co-
ns are only for structures where losses need not be evaluated at various stages. Creep
In IS:in1343:1980,
be estimated respective ultimate
intervals creep
with coefficients
respect ISwere
to1343:1980 given as
1343:1980 forthere are definitely
no guidelines vary with the problem statement.
estimated in respective intervals with respect to IS as there are no guidelines
different
co-efficient ages of loading. These recommendations are only
o-efficient for for evaluating
evaluating residual
residual stresses
stresses at various
at various stages.They
stages.They are arenotnotvalidvalidfor for
residual forprestress
structuresor where losses need
deflection or not be evaluated
camber in at variousat various stages of
structures
sidual prestress or deflection or camber in structures at various References stages of
ng/measuring.stages. These
Creep co-efficient
short cannotare
comings be estimated
addressed ininrespective
new code with a scientific
measuring. These short comings are addressed in new code with a scientific
model intervals withvarious
respectparameters
to IS 1343:1980 as there are no humidity, 1. ______Indian standard code of practice for prestressed concrete
el that incorporates various parameters like member size, relative humidity, andand
that incorporates like member size, relative ageage of of
guidelines to arrive creep co-efficient for evaluating residual (second revision), IS 1343: 2012.Bureau of Indian Standards,
ver,
thisthis model
model is valid
is valid only only if stress
if stages.They
stress in concrete
in concrete does not exceed one-third characteristic
stresses at various are notdoesvalidnot
forexceed one-third
evaluation characteristic
New Delhi.
ength
gth of concrete
of concrete andand concrete should
concrete be normal
of normal concrete ranging fromM30M30 to M60.
of residual prestressshould be of
or deflection or camberconcrete ranging
in structures from to M60.
re not applicable
ot applicable for special
for special concretes.
concretes. 2. Comite euro-international du-beton, CEB-FIP model code 1990.
at various stages of stressing/loading/measuring. These
short comings are addressed in new code with a scientific 3. ______Indian standard code of practice for prestressedconcrete, IS
to Shrinkage
Shrinkage loss loss 1343: 1980.Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
mathematical model that incorporates various parameters
like member size, relative humidity, and age of loading. 4. Beeby A.W. and Narayanan R. S., Designers’ guide to Eurocode
sn per
as per IS 1343:1980
IS 1343:1980
However, is model
isthis
givengiven
by by
the the Clause
Clause
is valid only if5.2.4.1.
5.2.4.1. For
Forin
stress post post tensioned
tensioned
concrete does membersmembers ultimate
ultimate
2: design of concrete structures, Thomas Telford Publication.
ngiven
is given by
bynot the
theexceed equation
equation one-thirdwhich
which is is dependent
characteristic
dependent on on age
compressive of concrete
strength
age of concrete at
of time of transfer of of
at the the time of transfer
kage strain cannot be estimated in respective intervals and 5. with
Oh B. H., Cha S. W., Um J. Y. and Lim D. H., Effects of
e strain concrete
cannot beand concrete
estimated in should be of
respective normal
intervals and for for
concrete multistage
ranging
multistage casecasewith respect
respect
reinforcement and humidity onthe creep and shrinkage
as there
there are are
from no
no M30 guidelines
to M60. for
guidelines for
These evaluating
models
evaluating are residual
not
residual stresses
applicable
stresses for at various
atspecial
various stages.
stages. Whereas
Whereas
behaviour of high-strength concrete members, Creep
incorporated
corporated various
concretes.
various parameters
parameters affecting
affecting the the shrinkage
shrinkage likelike Relative
Relative humidity,
humidity, member of Concrete, RILEM Symposium Proceedings of
member
andShrinkage
of concrete and can obtain shrinkage loss for multistage
concrete and can obtain shrinkage loss for multistage prestressing. IS 1343:2012 prestressing. IS 1343:2012 is International,
theisFifth
not not 1995, pp. 517-522.
from which RH has to
m which RH has to be considered. be considered.
With reference to Shrinkage loss 6. Peter L., Assessment of long-term losses in prestressedconcrete
structure, Thesis submitted to Lund University, for Ph.D, Lund
Shrinkage
lossloss strain as per IS 1343:1980 is given by the Clause
to Relaxation
Relaxation University, 2012.
5.2.4.1. For post tensioned members ultimate shrinkage
strain for
f 1343:2012
IS 1343:2012 is givenrelaxation
by the equation whichpercentage
is dependent on ageon initial 7. American concrete institute guide for modelling and calculating
for lowlow strands
relaxation strands lossloss is based
percentage is based prestress.
on initial prestress. ForFor
shrinkage and creep in hardened concrete, ACI 209.2R-08.
ation of concrete at given
the time of transfer of prestress. Shrinkage
n losses, the values given in this table should be multiplied by 3. The %loss from thisthis
losses, the values in this table should be multiplied by 3. The %loss from
strain cannot be estimated in respective intervals and for 8. ______Indian road congress code of practise for concrete bridges,
multistage case with respect to IS 1343:1980 as there are no IRC 112:2011. Indian Road Congress, New Delhi.
guidelines for evaluating residual stresses at various stages. 9. Viswanathan T., Calculation of time dependent losses in
Whereas IS1343:2012 has incorporated various parameters prestressed concrete as per IRC : 112 and IRC :18, Journal
affecting the shrinkage like Relative humidity, member of Indian Road Congress, April - June 2014, Vol. 74, No. 4,
size and grade of concrete and can obtain shrinkage loss for pp. 146-161.
multistage prestressing. IS 1343:2012 is not clear on source
10. Gilbert R.I., Time effects in concrete structures, Elsevier Science
from which RH has to be considered. publishing company, New york, 1988.

62 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

POINT OF VIEW

Dr. P. Markandeya Raju holds a B.Tech (Civil Engineering) from Nagarjuna University; M.E (Structural
Engineering) from Andhra University; PhD from JNTU, Hyderabad. He is a Professor of Civil Engineering at
MVGR College of Engineering (Autonomous), Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh and has 15 years of teaching
experience. He has more than 45 papers to his credit in various national and international conferences
and journals. His areas of interest are prestressed steel structures, computer applications in structural
engineering and durability studies on special concretes.

T. Raghuram Sandeep holds a B.Tech. (Civil Engineering) from JNTU, Hyderabad and M.E (Structural
Engineering) from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. He is a Technical Officer at Civil Engineering
Division of BARC, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. He published three technical papers in reputed
International journals. His research interests are partial prestressing, prestressing in concrete and steel-
concrete composite structures.

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 63

 POINT OF VIEW

Effect of finite size joint correction on

staging of grid type water tank
Abhay Khandeshe and R.K. Ingle

Introduction FSJC to braces only[2]. However, apart from these, not much
work is reported on water towers and specially resting on
The analysis of staging of water tower is performed on
grid types of stagings. Hence, it was decided to study effect
the assumption that center line dimensions are to be used.
of FSJC on water tower staging of grid type.
However, the columns and braces always have some finite
widths because of which the joint portion is reasonably
In case of water towers, the bottom beam is of size, usually
rigid than middle portion. Hence, the static as well as
much more than the braces provided to tie the columns.
dynamic parameters get altered. It was decided to work out
Furthermore as it is integrally cast with bottom slab,
approximate expressions for calculating lateral and torsional
behaves as a T beam with stiffness at least two times that
stiffness’s considering finite size joint effect. It was proposed
of equivalent rectangular section [3]. Hence, for all practical
to check torsional vulnerability of grid type staging with and
purposes as well as analysis it can be assumed to be infinitely
without joint effect. It was also proposed to study changes
rigid. Therefore, it was decided to study changes due to FSJC
in buckling effect and dynamic properties of the grid type
in columns and braces only. For grid type of staging with
staging for water towers supported on four, nine and twelve
four, nine, twelve columns, lateral stiffness due to bending
columns. The results include simple, calculator friendly
alone, lateral stiffness due to axial deformation and torsional
expressions for various stiffness’s and comparison of above
stiffness is calculated and compared. It is observed that logic
parameters. With minor modifications the results can be
used for nine columns staging which consist of 3x3 columns
applicable for practically all grid type stagings with more
square grid, can be suitably modified to other 4x4, 5x5,
number of columns. 6x6 square grid of columns staging. Similarly analysis for
twelve columns staging (columns on two concentric circles)
Due to fixity, the deflection at mid span gets reduced, time
can be extended to grids supported on two, three or more
period shortens. For seismic analysis, base shear increases,
concentric circles.
etc. Even though this particular aspect of fixity of rigid joints
is well known and acceptable, it is hardly applied in practice.
The same is very poorly reported in standard literature For grid type tank staging the c/c distance between columns
even for regular and common building structures. Ingle et generally varies from minimum of 3 m to maximum of 6 m;
al reported for building that if its effect is to be considered while column size varies from 400 mm to 750 mm. Thus width
for design, the necessary provision has to be made during of column is in the range of 0.1 to 0.15 times span of the brace.
analysis itself [1]. Drona reported that applying finite size Standard books on structural analysis such as Wilbur Norris,
joint correction (FSJC) to whole structure further changes Wang etc. recommend that for approximate analysis of
the parameters described above as compared to applying frames or continuous beams; clear span of length equivalent

64 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

POINT OF VIEW
to 0.8 to 0.9 times c/c span of beam may be considered
Nomenclature
and analysis can be performed as simply supported [4,5].
AC Cross sectional area of smallest concrete column IS 456:2000 states that; if the supports are wider than 1/12th
C Size/diameter of column of clear spans, for continuous or fixed spans, effective span
d Overall depth of brace shall be the clear span between the supports [6]. Macleod
suggested formulae for rotational stiffness of steel frame
E Modulus of elasticity of concrete
including the effect of FSJC [7]. Based on his work Ingle et
HT Total height of staging
al suggested formulae which give directly the time period
Height of typical panel of staging (center to
h of tanks [8].
center distance in brace ) vertical plane)
IO Sum total of second moment areas of all columns All the above studies do not include lateral stiffness due
IB Second moment of area for beam or brace to axial deformation as well as torsional stiffness for tank
Second moment of area for column external and staging in general and grid type staging in particular. The
IC1, IC2
internal respectively approximate analytical formulation for lateral stiffness
L Centre to center span of brace. due to bending, lateral stiffness due to axial deformation
ME Seismic mass tank empty case of columns and torsional stiffness considering center line
MBG Bending moment in ground brace dimensions is reported by Khandeshe and Ingle [9]. The
Maximum bending moment amongst formulae are reproduced herein Table 1 for ready reference.
MBIM
intermediate braces
Considering these basic formulae, suitable modifications for
MCF Bending moment at top of foundation in column
considering FSJC is presented below. Detailed derivation
MCT Bending moment at top of staging in column
and application of the same to other similar grids can be
Nc Number of columns found reported by Khandeshe [10]. The same grid type
NP Number of panels of staging in vertical plane stagings are analyzed with a software considering semi
R Radius of staging rigid end zones and results are compared. Figures 1 to 3
Ratio of total column stiffness to total brace give layouts of grid type stagings with four, nine and twelve
SFc/b
stiffness in staging columns with center to center as well as clear spans. Figure 4
T Fundamental time period depicts number of vertical panels for above stagings.
TE Time period tank empty
TF Time period tank full Lateral Stiffness due to bending
Tθ Torsional period Considering ‘C’ as size of column and ‘d’ as depth of brace,
Vb Design base shear LC and hC are clear spans of brace and clear height of panel
W Seismic weight of structure/tank respectively.
ΔTop Deflection at tank top
Defining parameters ‘βc’ and ‘βb’ as...
τ Ratio of torsional period to lateral period
βC FSJC parameter for accounting column size
βb FSJC parameter for accounting brace size

Table 1. Stiffness formulae for various Stagings

Staging Lateral Stiffness (Axial
Lateral Stiffness (Flexural) Torsional Stiffness
columns deformation of column)

Four

Nine

Twelve

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 65

 POINT OF VIEW

Lateral stiffness due to bending alone can be written as: Eqn.(1) is applicable for all the three types of staging
considered. It is found that due to application of FSJC to
and braces, the lateral stiffness due to bending increases.

Lateral stiffness due to axial deformation

Lateral stiffness due to axial deformation is primarily
(1) dependent on modulus of elasticity, second moment of area
of columns, and height of panel. Cross section of braces,
number of braces etc… have secondary effect on axial

66 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

POINT OF VIEW
deformation. Distance of column from center of gravity of Eqn. (6) can be rewritten as:
staging (CG), which is related to span of brace have effect on
stiffness of braces and consequently on axial deformation. ...(7)
However, this effect due to axial deformation is very small
and generally in the range of 2 to 3%. For staging with nine columns considering FSJC

Lateral stiffness due to axial deformation for grid type tank ...(8)
staging with FSJC applied to the whole staging except top
girder can be written as: For staging with twelve columns

...(2) ...(9)

where, Rc= R - column dia

where ‘Xi’ is the distance measured between CG of staging
to the concerned column measured along the direction of
lateral force and ‘Ai’ is cross sectional area of column in the Degree of fixity of column brace junction
staging. Degree of fixity of joint decides the proportion in which forces
at joint get distributed amongst the structural elements.
For four columns staging putting Xi = 0.5 L*(1- βb) in Eqn. (2) Fixity of a column beam joint is basically dependent on
stiffness of members, angle of inclination of members
...(3) meeting at the joint, percentage of main reinforcement in
respective members, amount and placement of transverse
For nine columns lateral stiffness due to axial deformation reinforcement, grade of concrete etc... In spite of lot of
of columns is.. research, there is no quantitative measure to calculate exact
degree of fixity at joint. Concrete being brittle material,
...(4) concrete codes such as IS 456:2000 generally prescribe limit
for redistribution of moments, not more than 30%[6].While
0% fixity implies center line dimensions; 100% fixity means
Similarly for twelve columns staging: full fixity. Both these extreme cases are next to impossible to
achieve in practice for water towers. Hence, it was decided
...(5) to provide 0%, 50%, 67% and 100% fixity to column brace
joints and study its effect on various stiffness’s to finalize
It is observed that with introduction of FSJC to braces, lateral amount of fixity for further work.
stiffness due to axial deformation decreases.
Table 2 presents salient details of water tank stagings with
four, nine and twelve columns, which are analyzed in
Torsional stiffness
present studies.
Torsional stiffness of frame of staging is dependent on
number of columns in the staging, cross section of columns, Table 2. Salient details of tanks analyzed
distance of each column or group of columns from CG, Parameter Four Nine Twelve
height of panel, number of panels etc. Considering FSJC, columns columns columns
contribution due to distance of column from CG gets Concrete Grade fck M 30 M 30 M 30
affected. All other parameters have little effect due to FSJC. Ec =5000.√fck Mpa 27386 27386 27386
Staging Radius Rs m. 3.43 5.38 5.53
Torsional stiffness for four columns grid type staging for Brace Span L (m) 4.85 3.80 3.50
general case is: Braces/Panel 4 12 16
Brace Size (m) 0.25 x 0.40 0.25 x 0.40 0.25 x 0.40
...(6) Panel Height h (m) 4 4 4

Column Size (m) 0.45 4 Nos - 0.50 8 Nos - 0.45

5 Nos- 0.55 4 Nos- 0.50
For four columns on periphery of circle, R2 =0.5 L2 and
Number of Panels, Np 3,4.5.6 3,4.5.6 3,4.5.6
considering FSJC

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 67

 POINT OF VIEW
Out of this a typical case of staging of four columns, four
panels is considered for deciding degree of fixity of joints. It
is analyzed with a software for four different percentages of
fixity and results are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Four columns four panels staging with different

degrees of fixity
Degree of Fixity
Stiffness
0% 50 % 67 % 100 %
Lateral Stiffness kN/m
2959 3410 3537 3803
(Flexure) , Diff %
0 15.2 19.5 28.5
Lateral Stiffness, kN/m
81519 80874 80942 80712
(Axial deformation), Diff %
0 -1 -1 -1 Lateral stiffness due to flexure and axial deformation and
torsional stiffness are worked from above equations and
Torsional Stiffness, kN-m 50000 55556 55556 58824 compared with FEA values as shown in Table 4.
Diff % 0 11 11 18

From Table 4, it is seen that for four column stagings,

From Table 3 it can be seen that lateral stiffness changes
from 0% to 28 % as degree of fixity varies from 0% to 100 %.
For torsional stiffness the corresponding values range from
0% to 18% respectively. There is not much of a difference
in lateral stiffness due to axial deformation of columns
because of amount of fixity. Barring two extreme cases of 0%
and 100 % fixity, as water tower is an important structure
with reasonable quality control on workmanship, it seems
prudent to use 67% fixity. This is in tune with IS 11682, Draft
Code which specifies values in the range of 0.5 to 1 [11].
For verifying accuracy of the stiffness formulae as per Eqns.
(1) to(9), FSJC as shown in Figure 5 is applied to staging
consisting of four, nine and twelve columns, and finite
element analysis (FEA) by a software is performed for the
tanks data presented in Table 2.
Eqn. 1 for lateral stiffness due to flexure, give values within
1% to 10% of FEA values for four to six panels. Expressions
for lateral stiffness due to axial deformation (Eqn. 3) yield
values within 1% to 8% range as compared to FEA. Torsional
stiffness (Eqn. 7) varies in between 1% to 5% of FEA values
for four to six panels. Lateral as well as torsional stiffness
increases as number of panels decrease.
It is observed that if the lateral stiffness due to axial
deformation of columns is not considered in calculating
overall stiffness, it is over estimated to the tune of 2% to 8% as
number of panels increase from three to six. For less number
of panels, the frame being more stiff axial deformation of
columns do not contribute much to the overall stiffness.
When number of panels increase, the frame becomes flexible
and hence, contribution of axial deformation is more.

Table 4. Four columns staging with three, four, five and six panels
Panels Lateral Stiffness Flexure, kN/m Lateral Stiffness Axial Deformation, N/m Torsional Stiffness, kN-m/m
FEA Eqn.1 Diff, % FEA Eqn.3 Diff, % FEA Eqn.7 Diff, %

Three 5323 4516 15 198965 200816 1 83333 71985 -14

Four 3410 3387 -1 80874 84720 5 55556 53990 -3
Five 2825 2709 4 40343 43377 7 45455 43192 -5
Six 2509 2258 10 23173 25103 8 35174 35993 -1

Table 5. Nine columns staging with three, four, five and six panels
Lateral Stiffness Flexure, kN/m Lateral Stiffness Axial Deformation, kN/m Torsional Stiffness, kN-m/m
Panels
FEA Eqn.1 Diff, % FEA Eqn.4 Diff, % FEA Eqn.8 Diff, %
Three 23027 17756 -22 862895 871598 1 500000 447286 -10

Four 13140 13317 1 350195 367706 5 333334 335464 1

Five 10058 10654 6 170326 188265 10 250000 268371 7

Six 8462 8878 5 102552 105890 3 200000 223643 12

68 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

POINT OF VIEW
Table 6. Twelve columns staging with three, four, five and six panels
Lateral Stiffness Flexure , kN/m Lateral Stiffness Axial Deformation, kN/m Torsional Stiffness, kN-m/m
Panels
FEA Eqn.1 Diff, % FEA Eqn.5 Diff, % FEA Eqn.9 Diff, %
Three 25022 22287 -11 988944 1077500 9 500000 450061 -9
Four 15884 16715 5 410920 454570 10 333333 337546 1
Five 12095 13372 11 207848 232740 12 250000 270037 8
Six 10908 11144 2 120712 134687 11 250000 225031 -10

From Table 5 it can be seen that for lateral stiffness due to
flexure, approximate expressions give values within 1% to
6% of FEA values for four to six panels. Equations for lateral
stiffness due to axial deformation (Eqn. 4) give values within
1% to 10% range as compared to FEA. Torsional stiffness
(Eqn. 8) varies in between 1% to 12% of FEA values for all
panels ranging from three to six.
From Table 6 it is seen that, for lateral stiffness due to flexure,
approximate equations give values within 2% to 10% of FEA
values for three to six panels. Expressions for lateral stiffness
due to axial deformation (Eqn. 5) yield values within 1% to
11% range as compared to FEA values. Torsional stiffness
(Eqn. 9) varies between 2% to 10% of FEA values for all
panels ranging from three to six.
Comparison of fundamental time period
Even though the stiffness may range between 2% to 18% of
FEA, the fundamental time period is directly proportional
to square root of mass of the structure and inversely
proportional to stiffness. Hence, it is decided to compare
fundamental time period in tank full and tank empty cases
using the stiffness as calculated in Tables 4 to 6 above with
time period calculated by FEA. The results are tabulated.
It is seen from Table 7 that, fundamental period calculated
from approximate expressions as above, is in good agreement
with the period calculated from FEA. While the difference is
from 4% to 7% for four to six panels, it is in the range of 1%
for staging with three panels. These results are valid for both
tank full and empty cases.
It can be seen from Table 8 that fundamental period calculated
from approximate expressions is in good agreement with the
period from FEA. While the difference is from 3 to 7% for
four to six panels, it is in the range of 2% for staging with
three panels. These results hold good for both tank full and
empty cases.

Table 7. Four columns staging with three to six panels

Stiffness*
Panels Tank Case Mass of Tank (Kg) T (Eqn.1,3) T, FEA Diff, %
of frame (kN/m)
Full 215748 1.32 1.31 0.7
Three 4896
Empty 100336 0.90 0.90 0.0
Full 220900 1.56 1.68 -7.1
Four 3604
Empty 105487 1.07 1.14 -7.0
Full 224557 1.77 1.9 -6.7
Five 2816
Empty 109144 1.24 1.34 -7.5
Full 228213 2.10 2.19 -4.1
Six 2036
Empty 112801 1.48 1.55 -4.5

* where Klateral and Kaxial are from Table 4

Table 8. Nine columns staging with three to six panels

Mass of Tank , Stiffness*
Panels Tank Case T (Eqn.1,4) T, FEA Diff, %
(Kg) of frame (kN/m)

Full 556895 1.05 1.06 -0.9

Three 20113
Empty 219487 0.66 0.68 -1.5
Full 565807 1.25 1.3 -3.8
Four 14307
Empty 228399 0.79 0.83 -4.8
Full 574719 1.42 1.52 -6.5
Five 11203
Empty 237312 0.91 0.97 -6.1
Full 583632 1.59 1.72 -7.5
Six 9100
Empty 246224 1.03 1.16 -11.2

* where Klateral and Kaxial are from Table 5

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 69

 POINT OF VIEW
Table 9. Twelve columns staging with three to six panels
Mass of Tank Stiffness*
Panels Tank Case T (Eqn.1,5) T, FEA Diff, %
(Kg) of frame (kN/m)
Full 661980 0.99 1.08 -9.0
Three 26823
Empty 168840 0.50 0.53 -6.0
Full 675261 1.37 1.36 0.7
Four 14199
Empty 182121 0.71 0.67 5.8
Full 686959 1.56 1.54 1.3
Five 11159
Empty 193819 0.83 0.79 5.0
Full 698657 1.82 1.73 5.2
Six 8282
Empty 205517 0.99 0.91 8.7

* where Klateral and Kaxial are from Table 6

It can be seen from Table 9 that, fundamental period
calculated from approximate expressions is in good
agreement with the period from FEA. While the difference
is from 1% to 8% for four to six panels, it is in the range of
9% for staging with three panels. These results hold good for
both tank full and empty cases.
Comparison of Time Period with and without
FSJC
Consideration of FSJC implies some amount of fixity of
joints. Hence, the structure becomes rigid as compared to
original. Hence, fundamental time period gets reduced. A
comparison of time period is presented for four, nine and
twelve columns staging.
From Figure 6a it can be seen that with application of FSJC,
time period for four column staging reduces by 10% for tank
empty case. This reduction is 6% to 10% for tank full case
(Figure 6b).
From Figure 7a it can be seen that, with application of FSJC,
time period for nine column staging reduces by 9% to 14%
for tank empty case. This reduction is 12% to 16% for tank
full case as seen in Figure 7b.
From Figure 8a it is observed that with application of FSJC,
time period for twelve column staging reduces by 8% to 9%
for tank empty case. As per Figure 8b, this reduction is 10%
to 13% for tank full case.
Comparison of Torsional Vulnerability
Elevated water tanks, because of their axisymmetric
geometry and uniform mass distribution generally do
not have eccentricity between center of mass and center
of rigidity. Hence, the structure should not experience

70 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

POINT OF VIEW
torsion because of it. However, asymmetrical placement
of ladders, concrete staircase, pipe assemblies, non-
uniformity of construction may introduce small eccentricity.
It is also established that such small eccentricity can cause
considerably amplified rotational response in structure if
the ratio of torsional to lateral time period ratio ‘τ’is near
to 1. This is because, the structure is expected to enter the
inelastic range. Dutta et al reported that tanks within an
approximate critical range of 0.7 <τ<1.25 may have amplified
displacement due to coupled lateral-torsional motion. [12].
This can cause increasing localized damage in the yielded
structural elements due to strength deteriorating properties
of concrete under cyclic loading during an earthquake.
Dutta has analyzed tank staging with columns on periphery
of one and two concentric circles [13]. Hence, it is proposed
to assess torsional vulnerability of grid type staging with
and without FSJC.
In torsional mode, the shear stress between the tank walls
and the water is conceived to be inadequate to mobilize
significant amount of water to vibrate with the tank in
impulsive torsional mode. Hence, irrespective of tank
empty or tank full, the mass moment of inertia for torsional
vibrations shall be only that of tank structure. Hence,
torsional period of tank is:
...(10)
where, I is mass moment of inertia = ME Rg
2
ME =Seismic Mass for Tank empty case and
Rg is radius of gyration = R which is radius of container for
no accidental eccentricity.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 71
 POINT OF VIEW
For the values of torsional stiffness obtained from
approximate expressions given in Eqns. 6 to 9, torsional
period is calculated for tank empty case and it is compared
with lateral period as calculated previously for both tank
full (TXF) and tank empty (TXE) cases. The same procedure
is repeated for three to six panels staging with and without
application of FSJC and the ratio; torsional period to lateral
period (τ) is compared.
From Figure 9a it can be seen that torsional stiffness increases
18% to 20% when FSJC is considered. As number of panels
increase from three to six, torsional stiffness in both cases
reduces up to 50%. Torsional period increases as number of
panels increase from three to six. Similarly, with application
of FSJC torsional period reduces by 10%.
72 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
The ratio of torsional to lateral period is more or less
not affected by application of FSJC. This is evident from
Figure  9b as curves with and without FSJC are practically
same. For tank full case ‘τ’is between 0.55 to 0.61; which is
well outside the critical range of 0.7 to 1.25 with and without
considering FSJC.
However, for tank empty case, ‘τ’ lies between 0.78 to 0.90,
for both cases and all number of panels. This is the vulnerable
range as far as torsional response of structure is considered.
From Figure 10a it is seen that, torsional stiffness increases
20% to 25% when FSJC is considered. As number of panels
increase from three to six, torsional stiffness in both cases
reduces up to 50% i.e. increase in torsional stiffness for
POINT OF VIEW
squat type stagings. Torsional period increases as number
of panels increase from three to six. At the same time with
application of FSJC torsional period almost reduces by 10%.
The ratio of torsional to lateral period ‘τ’ is more or less
not affected by application of FSJC. For tank full case ‘τ’ is
between 0.63 to 0.7; which is well outside the critical range of
0.7 to 1.25 with and without considering FSJC. (Figure 10b)
However for tank empty case, ‘τ’lies in between 0.98 to 1.12,
with and without FSJC and three to six number of panels.
Hence, for tank empty case torsional response of structure
seems to be more predominant as compared to lateral
response.
From Figure 11a, it is clear that, torsional stiffness increases
10% to 15% when FSJC is considered. As number of panels
increase from three to six, torsional stiffness in both cases
reduces up to 50%. Torsional period increases as number of
panels increase from 3 to 6. At the same time with application
of FSJC torsional period reduces by 10%.
The ratio of torsional to lateral period ‘τ’ is more or less
not affected by application of FSJC. For tank full case ‘τ’ is
between 0.55 to 0.6; which is well outside the critical range of
0.7 to 1.25 with and without considering FSJC. (Figure 11b)
However, for tank empty case, ‘τ’ lies in between 1.12 to 1.18,
when FSJC is not considered. When FSJC is considered for
three to five panels, ‘τ’ lies outside the critical range. Only
when number of panels is six, it is in the critical range. Hence
for tank empty case torsional response of structure shall be
closely monitored especially when panels are six or more.
Comparison of Buckling Load
Stiffness is significantly affected by nature of axial force in the
member. While stiffness increases when member is subjected
to tensile forces, for compressive forces on the verge of
buckling, lateral stiffness reduces significantly. Ghali reports
that this reduction can be even up to 25% of original value
if the buckling factor (or the ratio of Euler load to the actual
load) is less than 2. [14]. Buckling can be defined as change
of state of equilibrium from stable to neutral. Hence, even
though the compressive stresses are well within safe limits,
the structure may not be able to maintain its original form.
For a tall, slender structure like water tank, with majority of
mass concentrated at top, this type of failure is most likely
to precede before material failure. The effective length as
calculated by Euler’s formulae for a fixed- fixed case is 0.5
times height of column. This increases even up to infinity
for a sway frame such as water tower when end conditions
reach hinged-hinged, as per Figure 27 of IS 456 [6].
As introduction of FSJC, brings about some amount of fixity
to joint and thereby to connected columns, it is decided to
perform buckling analysis for the same frames analyzed
above and compare the buckling factors with and without
application of FSJC. Buckling analysis for gravity loads
(dead+ live) with stiffness considered at the end of nonlinear
case,is performed in a software for the tanks mentioned in
Table 2. For the loads specified in Tables 7, 8 and 9 for four,
nine and twelve columns staging respectively, buckling
factor which is the ratio of load in first buckling mode to
gravity load is calculated and presented in Table 10.
The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 73
 POINT OF VIEW
Table 10. Comparison of Buckling Factor: Four, nine and twelve columns staging
Four column Nine columns Twelve column
Panels without with Diff without with Diff without with Diff
FSJC FSJC % FSJC FSJC % FSJC FSJC %
Three 20.9 24.1 15.3 30.3 37.1 22.4 27.7 33.9 22.4
Four 17.5 19.6 12.0 25.9 32.4 25.1 23.9 29.5 23.4
Five 15.8 18.6 17.7 23.3 29.6 27.1 22.7 28.5 25.5
Six 14.6 17.3 18.5 20.8 26.2 26.0 21.7 27.3 26.3

From Table 10 it is seen that when FSJC is applied, for four
columns staging, buckling factor increases by about 12% to
18%. This increase in buckling factor is from 22% to 27% for
nine and twelve columns staging respectively.
As number of panels increase from three to six, buckling
factor decreases. This decrease is about 30% for four
columns staging while it is up to 50% and 20% for nine and
twelve columns staging respectively. This behavior is rather
expected because as number of panels increase, flexibility
of staging increases and consequently structure is more
vulnerable for buckling.
Comparison of Dynamic and other Force Pa-
rameters
Along with buckling, top deflection and base shear also get
affected by stiffness of structural elements. Hence, it was
decided to assess the effect of FSJC on the above properties
for stagings with four, nine and twelve columns. Response
spectrum analysis is performed for the tank full case with
and without FSJC, considering seismic zone IV and Type I
soil as per IS 1893:2002 [15]. For the tank staging data
presented in Table 2, importance factor considered is 1.5 and
5% constant damping, for all modes. Single mass model is
considered for analysis.
While comparing Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC)
and Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) methods of
modal superposition for performing response spectrum
analysis, Wilson observed that the application of the CQC
method allows the sum of the base shears in the direction
of the external motion to be added directly [16]. In addition,
the sum of the base shears, normal to the external motion,
tends to cancel. The ability of the CQC method to recognize
the relative sign of the terms in the modal response is the
key to the elimination of errors in the SRSS method.For nine
columns staging with three panels it was decided to combine
the modes by both CQC and SRSS method and results were
compared. While SRSS method gave base shear as 15.62 kN;
CQC method resulted in a value of 19.82 kN. Hence, the
further calculations were performed by CQC method.
Along with top deflection (mm) and base shear (kN), the
force parameters which govern the design of water tank
in general and staging in particular, are bending moment
(kN-m) in column at footing top (MCB), bending moment
in column at staging top (MCT), bending moment in ground
brace (MBG), and maximum bending moment in other than
ground brace (MBIM). These forces are evaluated for the
critical condition and results are compared in Tables 11 to
13 for four, nine and twelve column stagings respectively.
From Table 11, it is seen that deflection at top of staging
decreases up to 8% with introduction of FSJC for all the
panels. While base shear increases by about 8% to 9%,
bending moment in column at footing top increases by 2% to
4% by considering fixity of joints.

Table 11. Comparison-Deflection, base Shear and moments: Four columns staging
Three Panels Four Panels Five Panels Six Panels

C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff
ΔTop 8.7 8.0 -8 11.1 10.3 7.2 13.2 12.1 8.3 15 14.0 7.9
Vb 40.3 43.4 8 33.2 36.1 8.8 29.6 31.9 7.8 27 29.6 8.4
MCB 32.0 33.3 4 25.5 26.0 2.0 23.3 23.8 2.2 21 22.0 2.3
MCT 103 116 13 98.6 112 13 96.3 109 14 94 108 12
MBG 34.1 38.0 11 30.5 34.3 13 27.6 30.7 11 25 28.9 13
MBIM 39.3 43.4 10 34.2 37.8 11 31.8 34.7 9.2 29 32.3 9.2

74 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

POINT OF VIEW
Table 12. Comparison-Deflection, base Shear and moments: Nine columns staging
Three Panels Four Panels Five Panels Six Panels

C/c FSJC Diff C/C FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff
ΔTop 7.4 6.7 -9.5 9.2 8.2 -11 10.9 9.7 -11 12. 11.4 -11
Vb 123 137 11.4 104 116 12 91.8 103 13 82. 91.9 12
MCB C1 34.4 35.4 3.0 28.8 29.6 3.1 25.8 26.5 2.7 17 17.9 5.3
C2 50.0 53.2 6.4 43.9 45.6 3.6 39.2 40.7 3.8 25 27.0 4.2
MCT C1 65.0 68.2 4.9 59.8 62.2 4.0 56.7 59.3 4.4 54 56.7 3.5
C2 47.1 51.1 8.5 45.2 49.6 9.7 43.3 47.5 9.7 40 44.2 8.6
MBG 35.1 41.9 19.3 30.2 36.1 20 27.2 32.5 20 25 30.2 18
37.6
MBIM 44.4 18.1 34.5 39.8 15 32.1 37.0 15 31.7 36.3 15

Table 13. Comparison-Deflection, base Shear and moments: Twelve columns staging
Three Panels Four Panels Five Panels Six Panels

C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff C/c FSJC Diff

ΔTop 7.8 7.0 -12 9.7 8.6 -11 11.0 9.8 -11 12 11.0 -11
Vb 156 174 11.5 131 145 11 119 133 12 108 122 12
MCB C1 29.9 31.1 4.0 25.2 26.1 3.6 22.6 23.5 4.0 20 21.2 2.4
C2 46.7 48.8 4.3 39.6 41.2 4.1 35.6 37.4 5.1 32 34.1 5.0
MCT C1 43.4 49.8 14.8 28.3 31.7 12 33.4 38.4 15 31 36.2 15.7
C2 47.3 52.3 10.7 44.5 49.6 11 31.1 33.4 7 27 30.2 8.9
MBG 35.8 41.5 15.9 30.8 35.8 16 28.3 32.9 16 25 30.2 19
MBIM 39.4 45.5 13.4 34.7 39.1 13 31.9 35.2 10.4 29.1 32.0 10

Maximum increase in bending moment at top of staging From Table 13 it is observed that, deflection at top of staging
is up to 13%. Increase in bending moment in ground and decreases up to 11% with introduction of FSJC for three to
intermediate braces is of the order of 9% to 12%. six panels.

It is interesting to note that values of all force parameters
decrease as number of panels increase from three to six. This
is due to the fact that with increase in panels, the structure
becomes more flexible and attracts less lateral forces.
For nine columns staging as per Table 12, deflection at top of
staging decreases up to 9% to 11% with introduction of FSJC
for three to six panels.
Increase in base shear is about 11% to 13%. Bending moment
in external column at footing top increases by 3% to 4%
with introduction of FSJC, the effect is 5% to 6% for central
columns. Maximum increase in bending moment at top of
staging is up to 5% for external columns, while it is up to 9%
for middle and central columns.
Increase in bending moment in ground brace is of the order
of 18% to 20% while for intermediate braces it is of the order
of 14% to 18 %. With increase in panels from three to six,
while base shear reduces by 50% and moments in columns
and braces reduce almost by 20%, the staging top deflection
increases excessively by 70%.
Increase in base shear is about 11% to 13%. Bending moment
in external column at footing top increases by 3% to 4%
with introduction of FSJC, the effect is 4% to 5% for central
columns. Maximum increase in bending moment at top of
staging is up to 16% for external columns, while it is 7% to
10% for middle and central columns.
Increase in bending moment in ground brace is of the order
of 15% to 18% for intermediate braces it is of the order of 10%
to 18%.With increase in panels from three to six, base shear
reduces by 40% and moments in columns and braces reduce
almost by 35%.Correspondingly the staging top deflection
increases almost by 50% to 60%.
Conclusions
The above study indicates, following observations.
1. It can be seen that the expressions reported for
lateral and torsional stiffness’s give results in good
agreement with FEA without drudgery of 3D analysis
which is practically impossible for hand calculations.

The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017 75

 POINT OF VIEW
2. Lateral period in tank empty and tank full case, is less
than 10% to 15% when FSJC is considered.
3. The torsional stiffness increases 10% to 15% when FSJC
is considered. However, the ratio of torsional to lateral
period τ is more or less not affected by application of
FSJC. For four, nine and twelve columns staging the
ratio ‘τ’ is within the critical range of 0.7<τ<1.25 for
tank empty case. This case needs more attention as it
is not always possible that tank is full with water. For
tank full case generally ‘τ’ is outside the critical range
except when number of panels are more than six.
4. Buckling factor increases with application of FSJC to
the tune of 12% to 25%.
5. Deflection at tank top decreases 8% to 10% when FSJC
is applied to whole staging.
6. Base shear another important dynamic parameter
increases by 8% to 12% with inclusion of FSJC.
7. Bending moment in external as well as internal
columns at footing top and staging top increases
by 5% to10% for all types of staging and number of
panels.
8. Brace moments are increased by about 10% to 20%
in ground as well as intermediate braces for all the 3
types of staging with all number of panels.
9. Standard codes on staging of water towers shall
prescribe that analysis of staging shall be done
considering FSJC. In the absence of this analysis the
values of various forces in column as well as braces
shall be increased by at least 10% than those obtained
with normal analysis.
References
1. Ingle R. K., Jain S. K.(2007)-Explanatory Examples for Ductile
Detailing of RC Buildings Document IITK-GSDMA-EQ 22- V3.0
2. Drona T.(2009) --Seismic Investigations into Various aspects of Water
Tanks –M.Tech Thesis submitted at VNIT Nagpur.
3. ACI 318-08 Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete and
Commentary ACI Standard.
4. Norris C. H., Wilbur J. B., et al (1976) -. Elementary structural analysis
Mcgraw Hill.
5. Wang C K (2010):Intermediate Structural Analysis 1st Edition Tata
Mc Graw Hill.
6. IS 456-2000 Indian Standard Code of practice for – Plain and Reinforced
Concrete –Fourth revision.
7. MacleodI.A. (1990)- Analytical Modelling of Structural Systems Ellis
Harwood Series in Civil Engineering .
8. Kaushik H., IngleR.K(2000).-- Dynamic Analysis of Overhead
Service Reservoirs
9. Khandeshe Abhay, Ingle R K(2015) – Lateral and torsional stiffness
of grid type water tower staging. Journal of Structural Engineering
Vol 42 No 4 Oct pp 324-336.
10. Khandeshe Abhay (2015)- ‘Behaviour of frame type staging for
elevated water tank and issues related to mathematical modelling of
staging.’ Ph.D. Thesis Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology
Nagpur.
11. IS 11682 Draft (2011)- Criteria for design of RCC staging for overhead
water tanks.[CED38(7811)P,2011]
12. Dutta S. C., Jain S.K., Murthy C.V.R.(2000)– Assessing Seismic
Torsional Vulnerability of Elevated Tanks with RC Frame Type
Staging – Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Elsevier.pp
183-197.
13. Dutta S. C., Jain S.K., Murthy C.V.R.(2000)– Alternate tank staging
configurations with reduced torsional vulnerability, Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake Engineering 19,pp.199-215
14. Ghali A , A M Neville(1997)- Structural Analysis 4th Edition E & FN
SPON.
15. IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. Indian Standard Code of practice for – Criteria
for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures –
16. Wilson E.L.(2002)-Three Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis of
Structures Third Edition Computers and Structures Inc.

Dr. Abhay Khandeshe holds PhD in Structural Engineering from Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology Nagpur. He is working as a consulting engineer for more than 32 years in the field of water
retaining structures including ground supported and elevated tanks, water and sewage treatment plants,
irrigation structures, etc.. He is panel consultant for various State and National level Government and
Semi Government organizations. His current interests include repair and rehabilitation of structures and
earthquake engineering.

Dr. R.K. Ingle is Professor and Head Department of Applied Mechanics Visvesvaraya National Institute
of Technology Nagpur. He has guided 5 Ph.D. and more than 40 M.Tech. students. His research interest is
bridges, water tanks, towers and multi storeyed buildings. He is panel member of IS 13920 (CED 39).

76 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017

78 The Indian Concrete Journal June 2017
 Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

a CD on earthquake engineering
an iCJ Compilation

• One-stop reference book on Earthquake Engineering

• Useful for civil engineers, structural consultants, builders,
contractors, academicians, students, etc
• Contributors include a galaxy of experts in Earthquake
Engineering
• More than 40 papers on
• Seismic Analysis & Design
• Lessons From Past Earthquakes
• Seismic Retrofitting and Rehabilitation
• Seismic Design of Bridges
• Editorial Comments Price: 600 only browse pages in
Flipbook Format
• Capacity Building

Cost of CD is Rs. 600 inclusive of postage and handling. To purchase this CD, please send a cheque / DD of Rs. 600 drawn in favour of 'ACC
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