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Chayce Hayman
ENG 101E-14
Dr. Cassel
2 November 2018
Annotated Bibliography
Whitney, Willis R. “How Does Your Subconscious Work?” Saturday Evening Post, vol.
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1. Willis R. Whitney in his article “How the Subconscious Works” say the way your memory
works is like when you see something like a dog and don’t remember its name so you
think dog, then cat, then rabbit, then remember his name is O’Hare. So it’s like a chain
effect that leads you to what you want to remember. The author says that he started
jotting down his memory words to trace the chain back, and he says for some reason
the words go in fours. He says one day he tried to think of a certain senator and the first
though wasn’t even close but he wrote it down anyway. Then he thought of another
one and again, wasn’t even close. Then it just came to him out of nowhere and he
remembered the name of the senator. He says that the names he was thinking of had
some sort of similarity or connection between the people and writing the names down
led him to remembering the answer he wanted. A Yale professor visited Willis in his
laboratory one day and was interested in the study so he said he would give it a try and
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report the results. The professor remembered he had to buy a gift for his granddaughter
who they called a “pet name” or nickname and he couldn’t think of it at the time so he
wrote down what came to him. He said that, like Willis, it came to him on the fourth.
With analysis of what the professor wrote down it shows a connection between each
animal name he wrote down and leads to what he was wanting to remember. He
thought of two names with one set of double letters each which is difficult for the
conscious mind to let go of. So on the third name that came to the professor the
subconscious came up with a name that had two sets of double letters. In the process of
thinking of the name he went from bird through an animal to an insect. Willis was trying
to think of a name of a person in his own company. He wrote down three names before
getting the right one on the fourth. He wondered how he got there. Then he
remembered about 60 years back when he learned his three R’s in a little red school
house, that the names he thought of were the names of the four farmers that bounded
the little red schoolhouse. He hadn’t consciously thought of them since way back then
until now but they were stored away in his subconscious to be used when he would
need them.
2. The writer’s purpose for writing this article is to explain how the subconscious works
and how his has affected him. The audience for this piece is a general audience.
chemist and founder of the research laboratory of the General Electric Company. I know
he has the adequate information to write the article because he was knowledgeable
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about it. I know the source is reliable because it is well known and has been around for
a while.
4. I will use this information in paper to show how the subconscious works and what it can
subconscious works. It also gives real life experiences that the author had of his
subconscious in use.
Carey, Benedict. “Who’s Minding the Mind?”. The New York Times 31 July 2007
2018.
1. Psychologists at Yale did a study where they altered someone’s judgement of a stranger based on if
they handed them a cup of hot coffee or a cup of iced coffee. There are studies like this are pouring
out of psychological research. Studies show that people tidy up more when there is faint smell of
cleaning liquid in the air, people become more competitive if there is a briefcase in sight, and
become more cooperative if they catch a glimpse of words like “dependable” and “support”. These
are demonstrations of how everyday sights, smells and sounds can activate goals and motives
people already have. Studies show the subconscious brain is more active than previously known
before. When some people, for example, run to their car to avoid the rain end up driving too fast.
The brain appears to use the same neural circuits to execute an unconscious act as it does a
conscious one. Some studies suggest the brain uses a “bottoms up” decision making process where
the ventral pallidum is part of a circuit that weighs the reward first then decides then is interacts
with the higher level conscious regions later if at all. Scientists have spent years trying to pinpoint
the exact neural regions that support conscious awareness. The bottom up decision making process
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makes sense in an evolutionary perspective because the subcortical areas of the brain evolved first
which would have helped individuals fight, flee, and scavenge well before conscious, distinctly
human layers were added later in evolutionary history. Dr. Bargh argues that unconscious goals can
be seen as open ended adaptive agents acting on behalf of the broad encoded aims. In several
studies researchers have shown that when covertly activated an unconscious goal persists with the
same determination that is evident in our conscious pursuits. What some people don’t know is that
using subtle cues for self improvement is like trying to tickle yourself. Priming yourself doesn’t work
if you’re aware of it. Manipulating others is possible but also dicey. As soon as people feel they’re
2. The writers purpose for writing this article is to give information on the subject of the conscious
and the unconscious mind. The audience for this piece is a general audience.
3. The writer is Benedict Carey. I know the author is credible because he is a writer for The New York
Times. . I know he has the adequate information to write the article because he was knowledgeable
about it. I know the source is reliable because it is well known and has been around for a while.
4. I will use this information in my paper to give me information about my topic and to help me
answer my “fat” question. It gives a lot of good information I could use in my paper.
Surugue, Lea. “Subconscious Cues Can Make Us Forget Things.” New Scientist, vol. 239,
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ue&db=a9h&AN=131973150&site=ehost-live.
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1. We can forget things when told to even if it is a subliminal instruction. People can consciously
suppress memories when asked to. One experiment used visual cues to tell volunteers to
remember or forget words while trying to remember a variety of word pairs and if told to
forget, they were less likely to remember it later on. Raphael Gaillard and his colleagues have
shown that this works subliminally as well. The team trained a group of 44 volunteers to
remember or forget in response to clear visual cues. The volunteers recalled the second word in
a pair 83% of the time when given the remember cue but only 77% of the time when given the
forget cue. Next the team ran the same experiment but flashed the forget and remember cues
on a screen for periods of time that were too short for anyone to consciously notice them. The
researchers found that the subconscious cues to forget lowered the average recall rate to 75%
and the subconscious cues to remember lowered the average recall rate to 81%.
2. The writers purpose for writing this article is to explain how we can forget things when
subliminally instructed to. The audience for this piece is a general audience.
3. The writer is Lea Surugue. I know the author is credible because she is a known journalist. I
know she has the adequate information to write the article because she has good sources of
4. I will use this information in my paper to give me information about my topic and to help me
answer my “fat” question. It gives a lot of good information I could use in my paper.
Bruinius, Harry. “Facebook’s Secret Experiment on Users Had a Touch of ‘Inception.’” Christian Science
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1. In the movie “Inception” a crew of people sneak into someone’s subconscious dreamscape and
incept an action inducing emotion and watch as they make a wide awake “free choice” based on it.
This is kind of like Facebook’s secret experiment that they conducted where they used the user’s
emotions to gauge the “emotional contagion” of its personally tailored newsfeed. For a week in
2012 a trio of scientists were allowed to tinker with nearly 700,000 user’s newsfeeds. They
measured whether a mostly positive or mostly negative newsfeed would influence the users own
posts. The data suggested that emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional
contagion causing people to have the same emotions without their awareness. People were not
happy about the secret experiment performed on them. Facebook didn’t add to the newsfeeds but
reduced negative headlines from one sample of users and reducing positive headlines from another
sample of users. This could mean that Facebook could have a powerful emotion and behavior
shaping aspect due to it being viewed by some 130 million Americans who sign on to Facebook
each day.
2. The writers purpose for writing this article is to inform people of the experiment that Facebook
3. The author is Harry Bruinius. I know the author is credible because he is a known author. I know he
has the adequate information to write the article because he has good sources of information. I
4. I will use this information in my paper to explain how the subconscious could be used to direct
people and potentially manipulate them without them knowing. It’s a good example I can use for
evidence in my paper.
Douglas, Kate. “8 How Powerful Is the Subconscious? (Cover Story).” New Scientist, vol. 206, no. 2754, Apr.
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1. The subconscious is thought of as the brains autopilot but it also plays a crucial role in learning
and memory, and is better at making tough decisions than rational analysis is. In the 1980s the
late neuroscientist Benjamin Libet discovered a spark of brain activity 300 milliseconds before a
conscious subject chose to twitch a finger. In 2008 John-Dylan Haynes at the Bernstein Center
Neuroimaging Unit at INSERM, France did an experiment where he flashed a word on a screen
conscious perception of the word. As time between the two increased the word slowly came
happened when the interval reached around 50 milliseconds, but when emotional words such
as "love" or "fear" were used, it happened a few milliseconds earlier, like the subconscious
made a tough decision on the words importance and attention worthiness. Experiments like
these have changed people’s views about the relationship between the conscious and
subconscious thought.
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2. The writers purpose for writing this article is to inform on the topic of the subconscious. The
3. The author is Kate Douglas. I know the author is credible because she is known and has other
published pieces. I know she has adequate information to write this because she uses good
information in it. I know the source is reliable because it is a published pice from “New
Scientist”.
4. I will use this information in my paper for good supporting information and a good example.