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Lesson 3 (Short Story, Orpheus, Let It Go, Explicit and Implicit, Life of Pi, Modals)
Setting
-It describes where the story takes place
-It helps build background and create images in the mind.
-It helps set the tone or mood of the story.
-A good author includes descriptions of the setting using five senses.
Characters
MAJOR CHARACTERS
o Protagonist
-Main character of a literary work
o Antagonist
-Opposition of Protagonist
-Character or force in conflict with the protagonist
o Foil
-Character who provides contrast to Protagonist
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
o Static
-No change throughout the story
o Dynamic
-Develops and grows over the course of the story
-Most of the times the MAIN CHARACTER.
o Round
-Many different personality traits (good and bad)
-Have many sides.
o Flat
-Shows only one personality trait
-Are one dimensional.
CHARACTERIZATION
o Direct Characterization
-tells the reader the personality of the character.
-is obvious to the reader and “spells” it right out.
-the narrator’s direct comments about a character
o Indirect Characterization
-shows things that reveal the personality of the character.
-physical appearance
-speech, thoughts, feelings, or action of the character
Plot
o Exposition Statement
-The part of the plot that tells how the story begin.
-The start of the story before the action starts
-Beginning of the story
o Rising Action
-The action in the story leading up to the climax
-The series of events and conflicts in the story that lead to the climax.
-Sets up conflict
-Build tension
o Conflict
-The struggles or problems between the opposing force
-It is the battle between two forces
-It isn’t always bad…sometimes it helps create change.
-Without conflict there is not plot
o Climax
-The point of crisis in the plot. It may be the reader’s point of highest interest
-The turning point, the most intense moment—either mentally or in action
-It is the most exciting part
o Falling Action
-The action in the story after the climax is revealed
-all of the action which follows the climax.
-Wrapping up story
o Resolution
-The part of the plot that reveals the final outcome.
-the conclusion, the tying together of all the threads.
-Point of closure
-The end of the central conflict: it shows how the situation turns out and ties up loose ends
-A part of a story’s line in which the problem of the story is resolved and work out.
-Occurs after the falling action and typically where the story ends
-Any mystery or questions that arose during the story are answered in the resolution
o Suspense
-excitement or tension
o Flashback
-interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the
past
-The present scene is interrupted to flash backward and tell what happened in an earlier
time
o Surprise Ending
-conclusion that readers does not expect
o Foreshadowing
-A hint about what will happen next.
-Clues what the writer puts in the story to give the reader a hint of what is to come.
TYPES OF CONFLICT
o Character vs Character
o Character vs Nature
o Character vs Society
o Character vs Self
Point of View
-Vantage point from which the writer tells the story
TYPES
o First Person
-one of the characters is telling the story using the pronoun “I”
-he participates with it.
o Limited Third Person
-centers on one character’s thoughts and actions
-he cannot see into the minds of the characters
o Omniscient Third Person
-All knowing narrator. Can center on the thoughts of any actions of all characters.
-He can see what’s on the minds of the characters and can tell their thoughts.
Theme
-The story’s main ideas. The “message” the writer intends to communicate by telling the story.
-is the general truth about life
-The central message or insight into life revealed through literary work.
-It is not a moral, lesson, or a rule for living
o Plot Twist
-Literary techniques introducing a radical change in the direction or expected outcome of
the plot in a work of fiction.
-Known as twist or surprise ending
o Moral
-the implied lesson of the story
-what we as readers learn as a result of reading the story
-NOT as the same thing as the theme
o Serious/Solemn
-It inspires an atmosphere of tragedy
-This leads to a mood of sadness, sympathy and caring in the reader.
o Sarcastic
-It inspires a slightly humorous atmosphere in spite of tragedy.
-This puts the reader in cynical mood.
o Humorous
-It inspires a comic atmosphere
-This leads to a playful mood.
o Objective/ Impersonal
-It inspires a serious atmosphere
-The mood for this kind of piece might be studious or academic.
o Enthusiastic
-It inspires an active, lively atmosphere
-The mood is expected to be excited.
o Hostile/Angry
-It inspires a violent atmosphere
-Mood: tensed and uneasy
o Disapproving
-It sets up a competitive atmosphere
-Mood: judgmental
o Personal
-It leads to an atmosphere of emotional expression and revelation.
-Mood: confidentiality and sharing; that helps readers to understand the characters.
o Grieving
-It creates an atmosphere of sadness and longing
-Mood: sympathy and caring
o Indifferent
-It creates an impersonal, possibly uncaring atmosphere.
-Mood: empty
OTHER EXAMPLES
o Cautious
o Affectionate
o Critical
o Objective
o Violent
o Desperate
o Pleading
Literary Elements
-are the universal constituents of literature and thus can be found in any written or oral story.
Literary Techniques
-are not universal or necessary in the sense that not all works contain instances of them
Tone
-indicates the writer’s attitude.
-It is not an action, it is an attitude
-it is not explained or expressed directly
-is the author’s own attitude towards the subject.
-A reader must “read between the lines” to identify the tone
-An author’s tone influences the story’s mood.
Mood
-is the emotion the author wanted the readers to feel while reading about the subject.
-is the overall atmosphere of a piece of literature.
-is created by the setting, the characters, and their actions
Describing Mood
-adjectives describe the mood.
-You are not describing the way the person feels
-mood words can be either positive or negative
-Example are cheerful, relieved, gloomy, lazy, relaxed, hopeless, angry, satisfied.
MODALS
-A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to indicate modality-that is likelihood, ability,
permission or possibility.
-Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Ought to, Must are list of modal verbs.
-Use must if 100% sure of something possible. Use may (not) and might (not) if unsure about
something. Use can’t if sure that something is not possible.
Can
-ability/possibility
-impossibility
-asking for permission
-request
Could
-permission
-request
-possibility
-future
-ability
May
-permission
-possibility
Might
-Possibility
Ought to
-saying what’s right or correct.
Shall
-offer
-suggestion
-permission
Should
-saying what’s right or correct
-possibility
Will
-decisions
-offer
-promise
Would
-permission
-request
-invitation
-Structure
-Tenses
Types of Modals
o Possibility
-How likely/predictions
-Indicate something is likely to happen
-Different degrees of likelihood
-Could, might, can, may, will, shall, must
o Obligation
-is supposed to
--used to indicate that an action is required because someone is responsible
-Must and should (if not used as past tense of shall)
o Necessity/Insistence
-To indicate something that is needed by someone or insisted by someone
-Need to/have to
-Need to and Must
o Ability
-is able to
-to indicate if something can or cannot be done
-Can, Cannot, Could (if past tense)
ORPHEUS
THEME
Why do you think Orpheus turns to see Eurydice even though he might lose her?
He can’t wait to see her; his happiness in getting her back overcome his fear of losing her forever
What does this myth show about power of music as exemplified by Orpheus playing the lyre and
singing?
It shows that music can be a powerful force, moving even beast and the hardest of human hearts.
ALICE LOW
- Was born in New York City in 1926. She graduated from Smith College in 1947.
- Low published her first works for children while raising her own three kids, and went on to combine
writing with jobs producing educational filmstrips, teaching creative writing, and doing editing and
editorial consulting.
- Perhaps best-known for her amusing fiction for young children – including the popular The Witch
Who Was Afraid of Witches, which she has since turned into a musical
- Low has also written nonfiction, adapted myths and legends, and selected works for anthologies.
-Good writers choose their words for the effects they have upon their readers. Word choice is also a clue
to the writer’s attitude toward his/her subject.
Denotation
-It’s the actual definition of a word.
-It’s what you would read when you look the word up in the dictionary.
-General Denotation-used on words that have the same meaning/denotation
Connotation
-It’s what we think about when we heard a word.
-It is what feelings we have when we heart it or read it
-Two types of connotation: Positive and Negative
CONJUNCTION
o Correlative conjunction
-Both…and
-Either….or
-Neither….nor
-Not only…but also
-Whether….or
COHESIVE DEVICES
PARENTHETICAL EXPRESSION
a word or words added to a sentence without changing the meaning or grammar of the original
sentence.
give extra information but are not essential.
You can add and remove a parenthetical and the sentence works just the same.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Inference
- a conclusion that’s based on known facts of evidence
-using your observations to make a guess about an objective or an outcome
-THIS CAN BE A SCIENTIFIC OPINION
Fact
-is something that is true or false
-it can be proven by the real information and evidence
-these are important to reliability of a source more the better
Opinion
-are statements based on feelings, attitudes of beliefs
-it can be never be proven either true or false
-the more opinion, the less reliable the source might be