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DİLKO – YDS KONU ANLATIMLARI

Pronouns: personal - reflexive - indefinite - demonstrative

Determiners

Quantifiers

simple present - present progressive

simple past - past progressive

simple future - future progressive

Present Perfect Simple - Present Perfect Progressive

Past perfect simple - Past perfect progressive

Future Perfect Simple - Future Perfect Progressive

Question Tags

Modals - 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 (son)

Passive - 1 – 2 + Causitive Verbs

Conjunctions - 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 (son)

Gerund (Ving) & Infinitive (V1) - 1- 2 (son)

Reported Speech - Noun Clause - 1 – 2 – 3 (son)

If - Wish Clauses 1 – 2 – 3 (son)

Relative Clauses 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 (son)

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

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PRONOUNS

PERSONAL PRONOUNS:

Subject Pronouns: Object Pronouns:

I Me
You You
He / She / It Him / Her / It
We Us
You You
They They

Tim and Pam aren’t here.

They aren’t here.

My brother and I often play tennis.

We often play tennis.

ÖZEL KULLANIMLAR:

IT

* Bir bebeğin cinsiyetini bilmediğimizde kullanırız.

A: She is going to have a baby.

B: Really? Is it a boy or a girl?

* Birinin kim olduğunu söylemek için kullanabiliriz.

A: Who is that?
B: It is my new neighbour, Mr. Winrow.

* Weather: It is raining.

* Time: It was half past six when she came.

* Date: It is the 18th of August.

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YOU / THEY

* People in general:

They say he is very clever.

You have to drive on the left in England.

Be + Object pronoun:

A: Who is it?
B: It is me.

Verb + Object pronoun:

John took the book and put it on the table.

Verb + preposition + Object pronoun

We were all sitting at a cafe with him

HE / SHE

* Cinsiyet belirtmek için hayvan adlarının yerine kullaabiliriz.

Rover is a good dog. He is my best friend.

* Araba, motosiklet, gemi ve ülke adlarının yerine SHE zamiri kullanırız.

My old car isn’t very fast. She does 40 mph (mile per hour).

You can’t see America in a week. She is a very big country.

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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:

Myself
Yourself
Himself / Herself / Itself
Ourselves
Yourselves
Themselves

Dönüşümlü zamirler, fiilin nesnesi olarak kullanılırlar ve cümlenin öznesine değinirler.

The light in the stairway switches itself off after a couple of minutes.
* Bazen cümlenin anlamını güçlendirmek için öznenin hemen arkasından kullanabiliriz.

He himself answered the phone, not his secretary.

(bizzat kendisi)

* Eğer bir cümlede her hangi bir nesne kullanılmamışsa, bazı fiillerden sonra dönüşümlü
zamir kullanılır:

cut – enjoy – hurt – dress – wash – shave

Martha cut herself wile she was peeling some onions.

We all enjoyed ourselves at the party.

BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:

Alone / on my/your/his/her/its/our/their own anlamını verir.

I like to run by myself.

Janet lives by herself.

Sam and Jenny did all the decoration by themselves.

PREPOSITION + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN:

Tell me about yourself.

She got angry with herself after doing badly in the exam.

!!! Yer bildiren bir edat kullanmışsak VEYA ‘with’ edatını ‘eşlik etmek / ile’ anlamında
kullanmışsak, ardından bir reflexive pronoun değil, OBJECTIVE PRONOUN kullanırız.

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Could you please tell him to bring his guitar with him?

How much money has she got on her?

preposition of place

Peter talked to the woman sitting next to him.

EACH OTHER:

Tom looked at Anna and Anna looked at Tom.

Tom and Anna looked at each other.

We talked to each other in English.

Luckily we managed to find two seats next to each other.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS:

Everyone Someone Anyone Noone

Everybody Somebody Anybody Nobody
Everything Something Anything Nothing

Kişi ya da nesneden bahsederken kim/ne olduklarını bilmiyorsak kullanırız.

Someone knocked the door and ran away.

* Bir belirsiz zamir cümlenin ÖZNESİ olarak kullanıldığında, birden fazla kişi veya nesneye
değinse bile FİİL HER ZAMAN TEKİL ÇEKİLİR.

Everything was perfect at the party yesterday.

Everyone knows that you are busy these days.

* İkinci bir cümlede bir belirsiz zamirin yerine başka bir zamir kullanıldığında, bu zamir HER
ZAMAN 3. ÇOĞULDUR – THEY.

Has everyone eaten as much as they want?

If somebody wants to leave early, I can let them go.

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* Kişilerden bahsederken belirsiz zamire ‘s ekleriz. Nesnelerden bahsederken ise genellikle

eklemeyiz.

It is nobody’s business, but mine.

She was given a room in someone’s house.
Something’s value XXX doğrusu: the value of something

Some: olumlu cümlelerde kullanırız:

I have got something in m yeye. Could you please have a look?

Any: olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde kullanırız:

Do you know anyone who can dance well?
You haven’t told me anything yet.

No: olumlu cümlelerde kullanırız AMA verdiği anlam olumsuzdur.

Noone agreed with him at the meeting yesterday.

!!! Teklif ve istek belirtirken ‘some’ ile başlayan belirsiz zamiri soru cümlelerinde
kullanabiliriz:
Would you like to have something to drink? – offer
Could I get something to read? I’m bored. – request

!!! Any ile başlayan belirsiz zamir olumlu cümlede kullanılabilir ve ‘herhangi biri/bir şey –
kim/ne olursa olsun fark etmez’ anlamını verir:
You can have anything you want for your birthday present.
This is a very easy question. Anyone can do it.
I can eat enything. I’m very hungry.

Indefinite Adverbs:

Everywhere – Somewhere – Anywhere - Nowhere

You can find Coca_Cola everywhere/anywhere in the world.

Noone can find him anywhere.

Else:

Indefinite pronoun / adverb + ELSE

I’m very busy now. Could you please ask someone else?
I don’t like here. Let’s go somewhere else.

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POSSESIVES:

Possesive Adjectives: Possesive pronouns:

My Mine
Your Yours
His / Her / Its His / Hers / Its
Our Ours
Your Yours
Their Theirs

This is my umbrella: This is mine. / That umbrella is mine.

That’s our house over there: That’s ours.

My father’s friend: a friend of my father’s / a friend of his

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:

This / That : singular

These / Those : plural

This & These : hem fiziksel anlamda hem zaman anlamında bize yakın olanları anlatırken
kullanırız.
These are my happiest days.

That & Those: hem fiziksel anlamda hem zaman anlamında bize uzak olanları anlatırken
kullanırız.
That’s my car over there.

* Bu zamirler, kişilerin kim olduklarını sorarken ya da söylerken, kişileri birbirlriyle

tanıştırırken kullanırız.

Who’s that over there?

These are my children; Pam and Sue.

* Bu zamirleri, daha önce bahsettiğimiz bir durumun yerine kullanabiliriz.

They are spending a lot of money on education and I think this will continue.

* Sadece this ve these, daha sonra söyleyeceğimiz/açıklayacağımız şeylerin yerine

kullanılabilir.

You won’t believe this!!! She has a love affair.

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One / Ones:
singular plural

Özellikle tekrarlardan kaçınmak için kullanırız.

My car is the blues one.

Are your new curtains longer than the old ones?

* Which + one(s) ……………?

This / That + one These / Those + ones

Which one do you like best?

!!! Sadece ONE, bazen ‘genelde insanlar’ ya da ‘birisi’ anlamında kullanılabilir.

One never knows what to do in such situations.

You are stil the one I love. (Shania Twain’in güzel bir şarkısıdır ;)

DETERMINERS
THE – DEFINITE ARTICLE

1 – Daha önceden değinilmiş kişi ya da nesnelerin adlarının başında kullanılır.

There is a bedroom and a living-room. The bedroom is large, but the living-room is small.

2 – Müzik aletlerinin adlarından önce kullanılır ANCAK birinin bu aleti çalma becerisi söz
konusuysa !!!

She can play the piano very well.

Piano keys are made of ivory.

3 – Özel adlardan önce kullanılmaz ANCAK bazı istisnalar vardır.

a) Bir aileden bahsediliyorsa

The Simpsons – The Simpson Family

b) Bazı kuruluşların, binaların, sanat eserlerinin adlarıyla

The United Nations
The Taj Mahal
The Mona Lisa

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c) Gazete adlarını başında kullanılır - dergi adlarında KULLANILMAZ

The Sun
The Hürriyet
News Week
Cosmopolitan

d) Adlarının içinde ‘republic, states, kingdom, union’ sözcüklerinin bulunduğu ülke

isimlerinin başında
The United kingdom
The United States Of America
The People’s Republic of China

e) Adları çoğul olan ülke isimlerinin başında

The Netherlands

f) Sıra dağ, takım ada isimlerinden önce kullanılır - tek bir dağ / ada isimlerinden önce
KULLANILMAZ
The Alps
The Bahamas
Mount Everest
Bali Island

g) Okyanus, nehir, deniz, kanal, koy, körfez, çöl isimlerinin başında kullanılır,
Göl adlarında KULLANILMAZ
The Atlantic Ocean
The Black Sea
The River Nile
The Panama Canal
Lake Superior

h) Dünyanın ya da bir ülkenin bölgeleriyle birlikte kullanılır

The South of England
The Middle East

i) Kıta, ülke, köy, kasaba, cadde isimleri ve adreslerden önce KULLANILMAZ

Japan, Kyoto, Oxford Street, 15 Park Avenue

4 – Bazı sıfatlardan önce kullanıldığında o gruba ait insanlar / o türe ait hayvanlar anlamını
verir

The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.
The lion is a strong animal.

5 – Uyruk bildiren sıfatlarla kullanıldığında o ülkenin halkı anlamına gelir

The British drink too much tea. (aslında daha çok bira içiyorlar ama neyse)
The french are good at making wine.

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6 – Sıfatların en üstünlük anlatan yapılarıyla kullanılır

He is the cleverest man I’ve ever met.

7 – Sıra sayı sıfatlarıyla birlikte kullanılır

The first …..

The fifth…

8 – Yeryüzünde ve evrende tek olan varlıkların adlarıyla kullanılır

The sea
The sky

!!! Gezegen adlarıyla KULLANILMAZ

Mars
The Planet Mars dersek, the ‘planet’ kelimesinin referansıdır ve kullanılabilir.

THE – KULLANILMADIĞI YERLER:

1 – Herhangi bir şeyden genel anlamda bahsederken kullanılmaz

I like flowers. (in general)

Life is not that easy.

2 – Öğün adlarından önce kullanılmaz

What’s for diner?

3 – Özel isimlerden önce kullanılmaz

She lives in London.

4 – Bir yeri kavram olarak düşünüyorsak ‘the’ artikelini kullanmayız

They go to church every Sunday.

!!! They are re-building the church – somut olarak binadan bahsederken ‘the’ kullanılır.

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A / AN - INDEFINITE ARTICLE

1 – Bir kişi ya da nesneye ilk kez değinildiğinde kullanılır

2 – Meslek adlarıyla kullanılır

She is an engineer.

3 – Her biri anlamında kullanılır

a dozen roses

4 – sıfat tamlamalarında sıfattan önce kullanılır

We had a large breakfast this morning.

5 – Soyadların başına gelerek ‘ … diye biri’ anlamını verir

A Mr. Morris wants to see you.

GENERAL DETERMINERS:

BOTH - EITHER - NEITHER

Both + countable plural noun

I’ve read both boks.

Both children were happy with their presents.

Both + the/these/those – my/his/your + countable plural noun

(either ve neither bu yapıyla kullanılmaz)

Both those singers had bad voices.

Either + countable singular noun

We can watch either film, I don’t mind.

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Neither + countable singular noun

Neither man is suitable for the job.

Both / Either / Neither + OF + the/these/those – my/his/your + countable plural noun

Both of those restaurants are excellent.

Neither of these restaurants is excellent.
Either of the ways is possible.

!!! Either ve Neither ‘de / da’ anlamında da kullanılır:

A: I don’t like cats.

B: Neither do I.

QUANTIFIERS

SOME: miktar belli değil

I’ve got some questions to ask.

He spent some money, but not much.

offers/requests:

Would you like some more potatoes?

Can I have some cake, please?

SOME + OF + the/this/these/that/those – my/his/your… + NOUN

Some of those cups are dirty.

I spent some of the money.

ANY: olumsuz ve soru cümlelerinde

ANY + plural noun OR uncountable noun

Have you got any money on you?

We haven’t got any apples for the pie.

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ANY + singular noun : ‘herhangi biri – fark etmez’ anlamında

It’s a very easy job. Any person can do it.
Any glass is fine. It doesn’t have to be a wine glass.

ANY + OF + the/this/these/that/those – my/his/your… + NOUN

I haven’t read any of his boks.

NO: kullanıldığı cümle olumlu cümle olmalı - yine de verdiği anlam olumsuz

NO + singular noun OR plural noun OR uncountable noun

There is no chair form e.

I’ve spent no money on these. They are free of cahrge.

NO + OF + the/these/those – my/his/your… + PLURAL NOUN

None of those cups is clean.

None of us was able to sleep properly last night.
ALL:

ALL + plural noun OR uncountable noun

All students should study hard to pass the exam.

ALL + OF + the/this/these/that/those – my/his/your… + NOUN

All the best jokes came at the end of the show.

Thank you for all of your help.

MOST:

MOST + plural noun OR uncountable noun

Most good students come to the classes on time.

MOST + OF + this/these/that/those – us/you/them… + NOUN

I ate most of those biscuits.

Most of us eating chocolate.

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UNCOUNTABLE:

MUCH:

Olumsuz ve soru anlamları:

Sorry, I can’t come with you. I haven’t got much time.
Do you have much money on you?

Too / so + much: olumlu

She is spending too/so much money on clothes these days.

A LOT (OF) / LOTS OF / PLENTY (OF):

A lot of / plenty of + noun

A lot / plenty ( ardlarından noun GELMEZ)

Children should drink a lot of / plenty of milk at certain ages.

A: How much money have you got?

B: A lot.

A LITTLE:

She didn’t eat anything, but she drank a little water.

LITTLE / only a little / very little:

Nearly everyone has a job in this country. There is little unemployement.

LESS:

He drank less wine than me but he became drunk.

MORE:

She’s got more money than me.

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COUNTABLE (PLURAL):

MANY:

Olumsuz ve soru anlamları:

He didn’t write many novels between 1985 and 1990.

Did you have many friends when you were at summer camp?

Too / so + many: olumlu

We’ve got too/so many apples this year. We don’t know where to put them all.

A LOT (OF) / LOTS OF / PLENTY (OF):

A lot of / plenty of + noun

A lot / plenty ( ardlarından noun GELMEZ)

We’ve got a lot of / lots of / plenty of nice students this year.

A FEW:

Last night we went to a movie with a few friends.

FEW / only a few, very few:

He isn’t very famous, few people know about him.

FEWER:

In this part of the town, there are fewer trees.

MORE:

I’ve got more boks than my brother

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OTHER QUANTIFIERS:

ANOTHER:

Another + singular noun

Could I have another cup of coffee?

Another + plural noun : daha fazla anlamında

Another four years passed before we met again.

OTHER:

Other + plural noun

I’ve got other things to think about.

The other + plural noun OR singular noun

The other man has just gone.

EACH:

Each + singular noun

Each player has received a medal.

Each + of + plural noun

Each of the drawings is diffirent.

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EVERY:

Every + singular noun

Every student in the class studies hard to pass the exam.

Every + of + plural noun

Every class in Dilko has their own codes.

SEVERAL:

Several + plural noun

I’ve got several reasons for not seeing him anymore.

ENOUGH

Enough + plural noun OR uncountable noun

You don’t have enough money to buy all those.

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TENSES

---PAST---- --------------------------PRESENT----------------------------FUTURE-------------
simple past simple present simple future
past perfect present perfect be going to
past progressive present progressive future progressive
past progressive perfect present perfect progressive future perfect
future perfect progressive

SIMPLE PRESENT:

1 – Simple present tense, her zaman tekrarlanan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Bir kereye
mahsus olan bir eylemi anlatmak için kullanılmaz. Eylemlerin ne kadar sık yapıldığını
göstermek için şu sıklık zarfları kullanılır:

MAIN VERB’ den önce kullanılanlar:

Always
Almost always
Usually / Genereally / Normally
Very often
Often / Frequently
Quite often
Sometimes / At times
Occasionally
Rarely / Seldom
Hardly
Never

CÜMLE SONUNDA kullanılanlar:

EVERY year / month / week / day / morning / …

Once / twice / three times A WEEK / A YEAR / …
Once every six weeks / twice every month / …

They usually spend their holidays in the Bahamas.

She goes to Italy every six months.

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2 – Simple Present tense, hiçbir zaman değişmeyen doğa olaylarını ve bilimsel gerçekleri
açıklamak için kullanılır:

Birds fly.
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

3 - Simple Present tense, gelecekte yapılması planlanmış eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanılır.
Bu eylemler bir kişiye özgü veya şahsi planlar değildir. Bir zaman tablosu ya da çizelgesi olan
veya başlangıç ve bitiş tarihleri belirlenen olaylardır:

His plane arrives at 17.15.

The match starts at 8 o’clock on Sunday.

4 - Simple Present tense, geçmişte olup bitmiş tarihi olayları veya bir hikayeyi canlı bir
şekilde anlatmak için de kullanılır:

Ottomans taje Constantinapole in 1453 and change its name to İstanbul.

5 - Simple Present tense’i bie eylemin ne zaman yapıldığını gösteren yan cümleciklerde de
kullanırız:

You always get nervous before you have an exam.

*** Yan cümlecikte kullanılan Simple Present tense geleceği anlatıyor olabilir. Böyle
durumlarda yan cümlecikte hiçbir zaman ‘will’ kullanılmaz. Başka bir deyişle, zaman belirten
bağlaçtan sonra gelen cümlede ‘will’ kullanmayız.

When / Before / After / As / As soon as / Until / Till = ardlarından gelen cümlede WILL
kullanılmaz.

We will go out when we are ready.

You’ll see her as you enter the room.

6 - Simple Present tense, herhangi bir konunun özetini yaparken, bir maçı, bir töreni anında
naklederken de kullanılır:

Emre takes the ball, beats two men, centers it beautifully …

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PRESENT PROGRESSIVE:

NON – PROGRESSIVE VERBS:

Believe
Want
Suppose
Like
Forget
Wish
Think of
Dislike
Imagine
Understand
See
Hate
Know
Realize
Smell
Love
Need
Belong to
Admire
Appear
Recognize
Hear
Have
Seem
Look like
Taste

1 – Present Progressive, konuşma anında olan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Bu

anlatımlarda çoğu zaman şu zaman zarflarını kullanırız:

Now
Right now
Just now
At present
At the moment
For the time being (şimdilik)

He is talking to his boss on the phone right now.

For the time being, I am working at a small hotel.

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2 - Present Progressive, gelecekte yapılması planlanmış eylemleri anlatmak için de kullanılır.

Bu eylemler bir kişiye özgü ya da şahsi imkanlardır. Bu anlatımlarda şu zaman zarflarını
kullanırız:

Today
Tonight
Tomorrow
Tomorrow morning
This evening
This week
Next year
In two weeks

They are getting married in June.

A: What are you doing this evening?

B: I’m going to the cinema with some friends.

3 - Present Progressive, konuşma sırasında yapılmasa bile geçici olarak yapılan ya da belirli
bir süre için yapılan eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır:

I’m living with my sister until I find a new flat.

I usually travel to work by car but since my car is out of order, I’m travelling by bus this
week.

Simple Present ve Present Progressive’i karşılaştırmalı gösteren örnekler:

1 – Could you turn the bottle off? The water is boiling.

2 – The population of the world is increasing very fast these days.
3 – The population of the world increases very fast every year.
4 – I don’t belong to a political party.
5 – Hurry! The bus is coming and I don’t want to miss it.
6 – The river Nile flows into the Mediterranean.
7 – The river is flowing very fast today.
8 – You can borrow my umbrella. I don’t need it at the moment.
9 – David is in London. He is staying at the Hilton Hotel. He usually stays there whenever he
is in London.

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SIMPLE PAST

1 – Simple Past, geçmişte olmuş ve bitmiş eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır. Simple Past’ın
günümüzle hiçbir ilgisi, bağlantısı yoktur. Bu tense’te öenmli olan, bir eylemin ne zaman
yapıldığını vurgulamaktır. Bu kullanımda şu zaman zarflarını kullanırız:

LAST week / month / year

Yesterday (morning, afternoon)
Last evening / night
Two years / A while / A long time AGO
Once
Once upon a time (hani masal anlatırken öyle başlarız ya ☺
In 1981
When I was ……

The Second World War broke out in 1989.

The prisoner escaped from prison two days ago.

2 – Geçmişte birbiri ardına yapılmış eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır.

She got up, washed her face, dressed and left for work.

*** Geçmişte ard arda gerçekleşmiş bir eylemi, zaman bildiren yan cümleciklerle de ifade
edebiliriz. Böyle bir durumda hem yan cümlede hem de esas cümlede Simple Past tense
kullanılır:

When I opened the door, the cat ran out.

As
As soon as
After

Before the cat ran out, I opened the door.

The party finished shortly before my father came.

3 – Simple Past, hikaye anlatımlarında da kullanılır:

Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess called Snow White. She was very happy
with her family. But her mother died and her father who was the king got married again….

4 – Geçmişteki alışkanlıklarımızdan bahsederken Simple Past kullanırız:

When I was a child, I liked ice-cream very much.

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PAST PROGRESSIVE

1 – Past progressive, geçmişte belli bir zaman aralığında devam eden eylemleri anlatmak için
kullanılır.

*** Non – progressive olan fiiller bu tense’le de kullanılmaz:

NON – PROGRESSIVE VERBS:

Believe
Want
Suppose
Like
Forget
Wish
Think of
Dislike
Imagine
Understand
See
Hate
Know
Realize
Smell
Love
Need
Belong to
Admire
Appear
Recognize
Hear
Have
Seem
Look like
Taste

YESTERDAY
PAST -----------19.30------------------------20.00-------------------------------21.15-----------------
I started watching I WAS WATCHING I finished watching
the match. the match. the match.

A: What were you doing at this time last year?

B: I was on holiday. I was lying on the beach in Kuşadası.

2 – Geçmişte aynı anda meydana gelen iki olaydan SÜREKLİLİK GÖSTERENİ anlatır.
Süreklilik gösteren olayı aniden kesen ikinci olay Simple Past tense kullanılarak anlatılır:

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While I was watching the match, the door bell rang.

As

When the door bell rang, I was watching the match.

As
While – KULLANILMAZ!

*** WHILE, süreklilik gösteren eylemi anlatırken kullanılır.

3 – Geçmişte aynı anda süreklilik gösteren ve birbirini tamamlayan iki eylemi anlatmak için
de Past Progressive kullanılır:

While my father was washing the dishes, my mother was playing cards with her friends.

4 – Past Progressive geçmişte olan bir olayı, bir hikayeyi, gördüğümüz bir yeri ya da kimseyi
anlatırken de kullanılabilir:

I saw Jenny at the party last night. She was wearing a blue skirt.
Smoke was coming out of the chimney of the farm house. The farmer’s children were playing
with the dog…….

Simple Past ve Past Progressive’i karşılaştırmalı gösteren örnekler:

1 – I called Roger at 9 o’clock last night. But he wasn’t at home. He was studying in the
library.

2 – I didn’t hear the tunder during the storm last night because I was sleeping.

3 – My brother and sister were arguing about something when I entered the room.

4 – We got a parcel from the mail yesterday. When we opened it, we found a surprise.

5 – Stanley was climbing the stairs when he fell off. Luckily he didn’t hurt himself.

6 – While Mrs. Harrison was reading a story to her grandson, he fell asleep. So she closed the
book and tiptoed out of the room.

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FUTURE

SIMPLE FUTURE

‘Karar – decision’ ve ‘Tahmin – prediction’ cümleleri için kullanılır.

WILL:

1 – Konuşma anında yapmaya karar verdiğimiz eylemleri anlatmak için kullanılır:

A: Tony is back from holiday.

B: Is he? I will give him a ring.

A: I’m terribly thirsty.

B: Wait here. I’ll bring you some water.

2 – Gelecekle ilgili tahminlerde kullanılır ancak bu tahminler kesin değillerdir:

ıt will be cold and rainy tomorrow.

People will wear clothes made of paper in 50 years.

We will have pilss instead of meals in a short span of time.

3 – Simple Future, (I) think / (I) don’t think / Do you think? / (I) hope / (I) expect / (I’m) sure
/ (I) wish / probably / perhaps gibi yapılardan sonra kullanılır:

You must meet him. I’m sure you will like him.

Carol will probably get the job.

I think you will pass the exam on May.

I think you won’t fail the exam. XXX doğrusu = I don’t think you will fail the exam.

BE GOING TO:

1 – Gelecekte yapmayı planladığımız, önceden tasarladığımız eylemleri anlatmak için

kullanılır:

A: Why are you working so hard?

B: I’m going to buy myself a Smart Roadster.

A: Why have you bought that paint?

B: I’m going to paint my room.

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2 – Gelecekle ilgili tahmin yaparken de kullanılır ANCAK olayın bir kısmının başlamış
olması ya da olayın şimdiden görünüyor olması gerekir:

Look at that man! It’s raining and he doesn’t have an umbrella. He is going to get wet.

That woman over there is pregnant. She is going to have a baby.

*** Genellikle ‘GO’ ve ‘COME’ fiilleri ‘be going to’ yapısıyla kullanılmaz. Bunun yerine
Present Progressive kullanılır:
I’m going to the concert this evening.

*** ‘WAS / WERE GOING TO’: Geçmişte bir şey yapmaya niyet edilip yapılamadığında
kullanılır:

We were going to travel by train but changed our minds and travelled by bus.

Tim was going to get married to Sue but he met someone more attractive.

FUTURE PROGRESSIVE:

Will + be + Verb-ing

1 – Gelecekte belli bir zaman süresi içindeki bir eylemin sürekliliğini göstermek için
kullanılır. Eğer bir yan cümlecik varsa, bu cümlecikte genellikle Simple Present kullanılır.

*** Non – progressive olan fiiller bu tense’le de kullanılmaz:

NON – PROGRESSIVE VERBS:

Believe
Want
Suppose
Like
Forget
Wish
Think of
Dislike
Imagine
Understand
See
Hate
Know
Realize

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Smell
Love
Need
Belong to
Admire
Appear
Recognize
Hear
Have
Seem
Look like
Taste

(her seferinde ekliyorum ki okuya okuya aklınızda kalsın ☺

FUTURE

PRESENT ----------19.30--------------------------20.00----------------------21.15----------
X I’m going to start I’ll be watching I’m going to finish
watching the match. the match. watching the match.

While you are having that vital exam on May, I’ll be having my vital exams at university.

By 2007, you’ll be studying at a university.

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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Have / Has + V3

Zaman zarfları:

Just
A short time ago
Already
Yet
So far
Recently
Lately
Before
Up to now
Up until now
Until this week
By now

1 – Yakın geçmişte olan eylemlerin şu anda meydana getirdiği etki ve sonuçları belirtmek için
kullanılır.

*** Bu tense bir past tense DEĞİLDİR. Onun için Past Tense zaman zarfları (last / ago /
once / …) bu tnes’te kullanılmaz. Present Perfect Simple’da önemli olan bir şeyin yapılıp
yapılmadığıdır. Bir eylemin ne zaman yapıldığı önemli olduğunda ve bu vurgulanmak
isteniyorsa SIMPLE PAST kullanılır. Bileşik bir cümlenin bir tarafını Simple Past diğer
tarafını Present Perfect yapabilmek için de gerekli olan SINCE bağlacıdır. Present Perfect
Simple kullanabilmek için, bahsedilen eylemin MUTLAKA bulunduğumuz anla / şimdiyle bir
bağlantısı olması gerekir.

My father has opened the door of the cage. (It is open now)

They have cleaned the house. (The house is clean now)

She has gone to the bank. (She is at the bank now)

*** go – went – gone / been

I’ve bene to The United Kingdom.

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*** geçmişte olan eylemlerin ne zaman yapıldığını bilir ve bundan bahsetmek istersek
SIMPLE PAST kullanırız.

*** WHEN ile Present Perfect Simple kullanılarak soru SORULMAZ.

A: Have you seen a fire?

B: Yes, I have.
A: When did you see it? Was it big? Who were you with?
B: I saw it when I was a student in Antalya. It wasn’t very big and I was alone.

2 – Present Perfect Simple, geçmişte başlayan ve şu anda da devam eden durum ve eylemleri
belirtmek için NON – PROGRSSIVE fiilerle birlikte kullanılır (hatırlıyor muyuz o fiilleri? ☺

Man has been interested in stars for a long time.

We have known each other since we were students at university.

It hasn’t rained for nearly 50 days.

SINCE: Geçmişte başlayıp HALA DEVAM EDEN bir olayın başlangıç noktasını verirken
kullanılır.

Since breakfast
morning
yesterday
she went
I met her

Since then = ever since

He left mel ast year and I haven’t seen him ever since
since then

I haven’t seen him since he left me (last year).

I’ve been in turkey since 1997.

FOR: Bir işin ne kadar süreden beri yapıldığını anlatır.

For 5 years
a long time
the last 4 days
2 hours

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*** ‘For a long time’ genellikle olumlu(affirmative) cümlelerde kullanılır. Soru cümleleri ve
olumsuz cümlelerde onun yerine ‘for long’ veya ‘long’ kullanılır.

We were in Cambridge for 6 years then we moved to London.

!!! FOR sadece Present Perfect Simple ile kullanılmaz.

3 – Present Perfect Simple ile beraber henüz tamamlanmamış zamanlara referans veren zaman
zarflarını kullanırız:

Today
THIS week / year / month / century…..

I have seen many nice film this year.

I have met your boyfriend twice this week.

4 – Geçmişte tekrar edilen ve şu anda da tekrar ediliyor olan eylemleri anlatmak için Present
Perfect Simple kullanılır. Böyle bir durumda da;

several times
many times
again and again

gibi sözcükler kullanılır.

I have heard the same story several times.

I have told my son again and again not to talk to his father like that.

5 – Present Perfect Simple, bir insanın başından geçmiş olan olayları, deneyimlerini, bu
kişinin konuşma anına dek yaptıklarını veya yapamadıklarını sormak veya söylemek için
kullanabiliriz. Bunu yaparken de;

ever
never
always

gibi sözcükler kullanılır.

Have you ever eaten snake? (=at any time in your life)

I have never met someone famous.

She has always wanted to be a teacher.

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6 – Present Perfect Simple, koşul anlatan yan cümleciklerde de kullanılır.

If you have finished that book could I borrow it?

It’s very late. If you have finished you homework please go to bed.

7 – Present Perfect Simple şu yapılarla da kullanılır:

a) this is the first / second / third time + Present Perfect Simple

He is very nervous. This is the first time ha has taken a university exam.
b) superlative adjective + Present Perfect Simple

This is the most boring film I have (ever) watched.

c) It’s ………………. (years) since + Present Perfect Simple

has been anlamında

It’s two years since I last saw him. = I haven’t seen him for two years.

Examples:

1 – What have you learned since you came here?

2 – Since the classes began we haven’t be able to sleep properly.
3 – The science of medicine advanced a great deal in the 19th century.
4 – Librarys today are different from the ones in the 1800s. For example, the contents of
librarys have changed greatly through the years, but in 1800s librarys wee simply collections
of boks.
5 – The car looks very clean. Have you washed it?
6 – How many games has Liverpool won so far this season?

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

Have / Has + BEEN + V-ing

1 – Geçmişte bir noktada başlamış, henüz bitmiş, oldukça uzun sürmüş ve etkileri de hala
görülmekte olan bir olayı anlatırken kullanılır.

That man over there is out of breath. He has been running.

A: Your clothes are very dirty. What have you been doing?
B: I’ve been mending the car.

2 – Bir olayın ne kadar süreden beri devam etmekte olduğunu sorarken ya da söylerken
Present Perfect Progressive kullanılır.

!!! GEÇMİŞTE BAŞLAYIP da hala devam etmekte olan bir olayı belirtirken YANİ OLAY
HALA DEVAM EDİYORKEN Present Progressive KULLANILMAZ - Present Perfect
Progressive KULLANILIR

I’m waiting / I’ve been waiting here for 2 hours.

YANLIŞ DOĞRU

How long?
Since
For

I started working as a teacher in 2002.

I’ve been working as a teacher since 2002
I’ve been working as a teacher for 4 years.

I became a teacher when I was 21.

I have been teaching since I was 21.

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PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE – PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

KARŞILAŞTIRMASI:

1 – Yapılması uzun süren

wait
work
learn
teach
play .….

gibi fiiller genellikle Present Perfect Progressive ile kullanılır.

Yapılması kısa süren

start
die
look
stop
break …..

gibi fiillerle ise genellikle Present Perfect Simple ile kullanılır.

I have been living in İstanbul since I was born.

I’ve always lived in İstanbul.

The boy has been breaking the window. XXX doğrusu:

The boy has broken the window.

She has been cutting her finger. XXX doğrusu:

She has cut her finger.

Eğer şöyle bi cümle kullanırsak iş hepten değişir:

She cut her finger while she was peeling some onions.
She has cut diyemeyiz – while yapısı sebebiyle!!!

2– Like
Love
Hate …..

gibi NON – PROGRESSIVE fiiller (artık biliyoruz onları ☺ ) Present perfect Progressive
tense’le de KULLANILMAZLAR. Present Perfect Tense ile KULLANILIRLAR.

We have been knowing each other for nearly 12 years. XXX doğrusu:
We have known each other for nearly 12 years.

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3 – Yapılan bir işin ne kadar süreden beri devam ettiğini anlatmak için Present Perfect
Progressive,
Yapılan işin miktarını veya bir işin kaç kere yapıldığını belirtmek için ise Present Perfect
Simple kullanılır.

Present Perfect Progressive = how long? sorusuna

Present Perfect Simple = how much? How many (times) sorularına

cevap verir.

I’ve been typing letters since 10 o’clock this morning.

How long?

I’ve already typed 20 letters.

how many?

She has been saving money since the beginning of the year.
How long?

She has saved up $ 5.000.

How many?

Jim has been playing tennis for nearly 2 hours.

How long?

Jim has played tennis twice this week.

How many times?

So far this week I have had two tests and a quiz.

Try not to be absent from the classes again for the rest of the term. You have already missed
too many lessons.

The phone has rang four times for the last two hours.

I have been painting for 5 years but I haven’t sold a single one.

A: your eyes are red and puffy. Have you been crying?
B: No. I have just finished peeling some onions.

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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

HAD + V-3

Past Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Simple’ın geçmiş biçimidir.

I’ve never eaten snails. (until now) (present perfect)

I had never eaten snails until I went to that French restaurant. (past perfect)

This is the longest book I’ve ever read. (present perfect)

That was the longest book I had ever read. (past perfect)

1 – Geçmişteki belli bir andan, tarihten ya da olaydan daha önce olup biten eylemleri
anlatmak için kullanılır. Kullanılan zaman zarfları:

Before
After
When
By
Until

Maria had taken some private lessons before she went to England.

Before she got into the classes, the exam had already started.

After they had discussed the plan in details, they reached an agreement.

I moved to this city after I had finished writing my book.

When Jim arrived at the school, the class had already taken the English exam.

The fire had spread through the building when the firemen arrived.

BY:

By + time expression (by 1981, by sunday)

By + the time + Simple Past , Past Perfect (main clause)

It took them a long time to find a parking place, so by the time they arrived at the cinema the
film had begun.

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Most of the guests had left by half past twelve.

by the time the party finished.

He had never seen a ship until he came to İstanbul.

*** Past Perfect Simple’ı kullanmak için mutlaka iki ümle olması gerekmez. Bazen zaman
bildiren bir sözcükten sonra da, until that day / up to yesterday / up to last year / by 1975 gibi
zaman zarfları kullanılarak Past Perfect Simple kullanılabilir.

Up to last week, I had finished painting the house.

Until last year, the factory had produced a million cars.

*** Tek bir basit cümle ya da olayları kronolojik sırayla anlatırken Past Perfect Simple
KULLANILMAZ, bunun yerine Simple Past kullanılır.

The thief walked in, opened the safe and stole all the things in it.

2 – Geçmişte yapılan bir eylemin nedenini belirten bir yan cümlecikte de Past Perfect Simple
kullanılabilir.

The thief walked in easily because somebody had forgotten to lock the door.

The teacher got angry with me because I hadn’t done my homework.

Examples:

He had been a newspaper reporter before he became a businessman.

I felt a little beter after I had taken the medicine.

I was late. The teacher had given a quiz when I arrived.

It was raining hard, but when the class was over the rain had stopped.

He gave me back the book, thanked to me and said that he had enjoyed it very much. But I
knew that he hadn’t read it because most of the papers were still uncut.

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PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

HAD + BEEN + V-ing

1 – Bir eylemin geçmişte belirli bir andan daha önce başladığını ve geçmişteki o anda da
devam etmekte olduğunu anlatmak için kullanılır. Past Perfect Progressive ile cümle kurarken
bir eylemin ne zamandan beri devam etmekte olduğunu belirtmemiz gerekir. Bu zamanla
birlikte kullanılan yan cümleciklerde mutlaka Simple Past kullanılır.

----1994---------------------------------------------------1996-----------------------------present
The police started 2 YEARS The police arrested
Looking for the thieves. the thieves.

The police had been looking for the thieves for 2 years when they arrested them.

When I woke my sister up, she had been sleeping for a long time.

*** Past Perfect Progressive ile, olayın ne kadar sürdüğü gösterilir. Olay bir başka eylemle
kesildiğinde biter.

The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for nearly four hours before the doctor
finally arrived.

2 – Geçmişte olan ve süreklilik gösteren bir eylemin sebeplerini belirten yan cümlecikte Past
Perfect Progressive kullanılır.

The man was very tired because he had been running.

Her hair was wet because she had been swimming.

Examples:

Jack suddenly realized that the teacher was asking him a question. He couldn’t answer
because he had been daydreaming for the last 10 minutes.

Wake up! You have been sleeping / have slept long enough. It is time to get up.

We had been cooking all day for the party that evening and by 8 o’clock we hadn’t been ready
yet.

Ann was very angry when I arrived because I was late and she had been waiting for more than
an hour.

We had been walking for about an hour when a car stopped and the driver offered us a lift.

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FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE

WILL + HAVE + V3

Geçmişte belirli bir andan ya da olaydan önce bitmiş olacak eylemleri anlatmak için
kullanılır. Gelecekte belli bir anda yapılacak olan eylem Present Tense ile (genellikle Simple
Present), bundan önce bitmiş olacak eylem ise Future Perfect ile ifade edilir.

x---------------------x-------------------x-------------------------------x----------------------------x
past present The meeting will We arrive at future
finish the office

When we arrive at the Office, the meeting will have finished.

Before we arrive at the station, the train will have left.

Before my father comes, we will have finished dinner.

BY:

By the time + Simple Present , Future Perfect

(When)

By the time I graduate next summer, you will have come back to this city.

*** Future Perfect Simple’ı kullanmak için mutlaka iki ayrı cümle olmak zorunda değildir.
Zaman bildiren;

By the end of the year

By the year 2010

gbi sözcüklerle tek bir cümle yeterlidir.

By the end of this month, he will have spent all his money.

By the beginning of May, we will have finished studying for the university exam.

In six years’ time, he will have finished university.

OR
Within six years, he will have finished university.

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FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Ving

Önceden başlamış ya da gelecekte başlayacak bir eylemin gelecekte belli bir zaman süresi
içerisinde devam etmekte olacağını anlatmak için kullanılır. Future Perfect Progressive’i
kullanarak cümle kurulduğunda, eylemin ne kadar zamandan beri devam etmekte olacağını
bildirmek gerekir. Eğer bir yan cümlecik kullanılıyorsa, bu cümlecikte genellikle Simple
Present kullanılır.

x-------------------x---------------------x--------------------I will be sleeping---------------------x

past present 10.00 pm 01.00 am
I will g oto bed at My parents will
10 o’clock. be back from holiday.

When my parents come back from holiday, I will have been sleeping for 3 hours.
OR
When my parents come back from holiday, I will have been sleeping since 10 pm.

By 2009, our teacher will have been working for this course for 15 years.

!!! By the end of this month he will have been painting nearly 50 pictures. XXX YANLIŞ

How many? Sorusuna cevap var soruda = 50 pictures

O zaman Future Perfect Simple kullanılır:

By the end of this month he will have painted nearly 50 pictures.

BY:

By the time + Simple Present , Future Perfect

By the time + Simple Past , Past Perfect

He will have finished university by the time I am back from the UK.

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QUESTION TAGS:

Positive Sentence + Negative Tag:

Mary will be here, won’t she?

Negative Sentence + Positive Tag:

She doesn’t like you, does she?

Imperative + will you? (tamam mı? anlamında)

can’t you? (kızgınlık / sabırsızlık gösterir)
would you? (kibarca sorarken kullanılır)

Stop making that much noise, will you?

Don’t do that, can’t you?

Let’s………., shall we?

Let’s stop the lesson, shall we?

*** I am ……………….., aren’t I?

*** Cümlenin öznesi bir belgisiz zamirse, question tag’deki zamir şahıslar için ‘they’,
nesneler için ‘it’ olur.

Everybody is coming tomorrow, aren’t they?

Nothing important happened, did it?

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Examples:

Let’s have diner, shall we?

I am late, aren’t I?

Listen, will you?

Don’t drop it, will you?

They had to go home, didn’t they?

She hardly ever speaks, does she?

He has to stop work at 7, doesn’t he?

He had never seen you before, had he?

Everybody warned you, didn’t they?

The boys would rather go by train, wouldn’t they?

You’d beter change your wet shoes, hadn’t you?

Nothing was said, was it?

You shouldn’t get angry, should you?

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MODALS

USED TO - WOULD
verb modal

Geçmişteki alışkanlıklardan bahsederken kullanılırlar.

Used to; geçmişte sürekli tekrarlanan elemleri veya bir durumu belirtmek için kullanılır.

Would ise; sadece tekrarlanan eylemleri belirtmek için kullanılır, bir durumu anlatmak için
KULLANILMAZ.

*** Genelde ‘be – have – live’ gibi fiillerle would KULLANILMAZ.

When I was a child, my father used to read me some stories before I went to bed.

We used to live in Kadıköy 20 years ago.

She used to be very shy when she was young.

DIDN’T USE TO

I didn’t use to drink bear until I was 17.

!!! Would kipi ayrıca tipik bir davranış biçimini belirtmek için de kullanılır. Ancak bu sadece
PRESENT bir anlam içerir.

You know Henry well. He would do such a thing.

She would never tell lies.

*** Geçmişteki alışkanlıklar dışında GENELDE alışkanlıklarda bahsedilirken de kullanılan

kalıplar vardır:

be used to (alışkın olmak)

get used to (alışmak)

BE USED TO (Be accustommed to)

Be used to + noun group

OR
Be used to + V-ing

I’m used to the hot weather in this country.

He is used to driving on the left because he has lived in England for a long time.

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GET USED TO (Get accustommed to)

Get used to + noun group

Get used to + V-ing

I haven’t been able to get used to the sun coming through the window, yet.

I hope I will get accustommed to studying till late hours.

CAN

1 – Günümüzde ya da gelecekteki yetenek ve becerileri anlatmak için kullanılır. Bazen ‘can’

yerine ‘am – is – are able to’ yapısı da kullanılabilinir.

Peter can speak English fluently but he can’t write it well.

2 – Gelecekte elde edilecek bir yetenek ya da beceriden bahsederken ‘will be able to’ yapısı
kullanılır.

After a few lessons, John will be able to swim like a fish.

If you study hard, you will be able to get into university.

*** Geçmişte başlayıp hala süre bir beceri için de şöyle bir yapı kullanılabilinir:

I have been able to drive since 2002.

COULD / WAS – WERE ABLE TO

1 – Bu yapılar, geçmişte bir işi yapabilmekten bahseder.

Ancak ‘be able to’ yapısı geçmişte bir kereye mahsus özel bir durumda bir şeyi
yapabilmekten bahsederken kullanılır.

‘Could’ ise geçmişte sürekli olarak başarılmış genel şeyleri anlatır.

Jack was an excellent tennis player. He could beat anybody but once he had a difficult match
against Sam. Sam played very well but in the end jack was able to beat him.

I could swim very well when I was 8.

When the ship sank, everybody was able to (OR was managed to) swim and survive.

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*** Geçmişte ister bir kereye mahsus olsun ister sürekli olsun olumsuz cümlelerde wasn’t –
weren’t able to DEĞİL ‘could’ kullanılır.

I couldn’t swim very well when I was young.

We did our best but couldn’t persuade him to come with us.

2 – Can, izin ve ricalarda kullanılır.

You look very tired, you can go home. (permission)

Can you help me with my Project? (request)

Could I get some information about the times of planes? (request)

3 – Can, öneri ve olasılık için kullanılır.

A: Tomorrow is my brother’s birthday. I can’t decide what I am going to buy for him.
B: You can buy a sweater for him. (advise)

There could be a rise in petrol prises soon. (probability)

4 – Olasolık anlamındaki ‘could’, geçmiş zamanlı bir cümlede kullanılacaksa;

‘COULD + HAVE + V3’ olarak kullanılır.

We could have eaten ice-cream instead we drank coffee.

Why did you stay at a hotel in London? You could have stayed with us.

Examples:

Why didn’t you apply for the job? You could have got the job.

He couldn’t have taken him to the station because he didn’t have a car.

I could have stayed with you but I didn’t want to disturb you.

We couldn’t have played tennis because the court wasn’t free.

We couldn’t have played tennis because it was raining a lot.

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MUST

Gözlemlere dayanan kuvvetli tahminlerde bulunurken veya bir durumdan sonuç çıkarırken
kullanılır.

This man doesn’t work but spends a lot. He must get his wife’s money.

He knows a lot about movies. He must often go to the cinema.

You have been travelling all day. You must be tired.

*** Çıkarım veya tahminlerde bulunurken kullanılan ‘must’ın olumsuz hali ‘mustn’t’
DEĞİLDİR = olumsuz hali için bu cümlelerde CAN’T KULLANILIR.
Mustn’t = yasaklama anlamındadır ve bu tür cümlelerde olumsuz anlam verirken
KULLANILMAZ.

You have just had diner. You can’t be hungry.

A: The door bell is ringing. Could it be Mary?

B: No, it can’t be Mary. Because she said she would come at 7.00, but it is only 5.00.

MUST + BE + V-ing

CAN’T + BE + V-ing

A: What’s Tom doing in his room?

B: He must be studying English.
A: How do you know?
B: He borrowed my English boks and notes yesterday.

A: Is Jane washing her hair in the bathroom?

B: No, she can’t be washing her hair. Because she washed it an hour ago.

MUST + HAVE + V3

CAN’T + HAVE + V3

When I came home last night, I made too much noise. You must have heard me.

When I woke up this morning the lights were on. I must have forgotten to turn them off.

A: I did perfectly well in the exam.

B: The questions can’t have been very difficult.

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MUST + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing

CAN’T + HAVE + BEEN + V-ing

What a lovely suntan. You must have been sunbathing all the time this summer.

A: I saw Tim walking down the street.

B: He can’t have been walking because he broke his leg.

Examples:

He didn’t eat anything at the party. He must have eaten something before he came.

You can’t have seen Albert yesterday because he wasn’t here.

A:There is nothing in the fridge. Your brother must have eaten everything.
B: My brother can’t have eaten them because I haven’t got a brother. My father must have
eaten them.

He can’t be watching TV now because he has an exam tomorrow.

You have a lot of money. You must have been saving money for a long time.

MAY – MIGHT

İki anlamı vardır.

1 – Olasılık – posiibility

Don’t say such things. Somebody cmay hear you.

A: My cousin might be the President one day.

B: Of course. Pigs may fly as well, one day.

2 – İzin – permission

The children may stay up late. Tomorrow is Sunday.

May I borrow your car for tomorrow?

MAY + BE + V-ing

MIGHT + BE + V-ing
A: What’s jack doing in the garden?
B: I don’t know. He might be playing football with his friends.

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MAY + HAVE + V3

MIGHT + HAVE + V3

A: I can’t find my bag anywhere.

B: You might have left it in the Office.

If Napoleon hadn’t gone to Moscow, hem ay have been the leader of the world.

MUST – HAVE TO

Her iki sözcük de zorunluluk anlatır. Aralarında anlam olarak çok büyük bir fark olmamakla
birlikte;

MUST daha çok konuşan kişinin zorunluluğunu,

HAVE TO ise başkalarının zorunluluğunu anlatmak için kullanılır.

I can’t meet you on Friday. I have to work.

I haven’t written to Ann for a long time. I must write to her soon.

You have to show your membership card to get into the club.

*** Soru cümlelerinde must KULLANILMAZ.

Do you have to study everyday?

Does he have to earn much money?

*** MUST ve HAVE TO kullanıldığında, olumlu cümlelerde anlam aynıdır: zorunluluk.

Ancak olumsuz cümlelerde must not yasaklama bildirir. Oysa don’t / doesn’t have to
gereklilik-zorunluluk olmadığını gösterir.

You mustn’t drink whiskey. It is harmful for your health.

You don’t have to drink whiskey. There is some brandy in the closet.

I don’t have to come her tomorrow. Because I am not working on the weekdays at the
moment.

You mustn’t steal other people’s possessions.

*** MUST ve HAVE TO = past halleri = HAD TO

Last year I had 6 classes and I had to work 40 hours a week.

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HAD TO - DIDN’T HAVE TO

She didn’t have to got to work because it was a public holiday. (She did not go.)

Did you have to get up early last weekend?

SHOULD – OUGHT TO

Tavsiye anlatmak için, fikir belirtmek için ya da bir beklentiyi anlatmak için kullanılır.

You look tired. You should get some rest.

You look sleepy. You shouldn’t drive.

Recently you’ve been caughing a lot. You should give up smoking.

SHOULDN’T – OUGHT NOT TO

Janet is not a clever woman. She ought not to get the job.
OR
Janet is not a clever woman. She shouldn’t get the job.

SHOULD + HAVE + V3

OUGHT TO + HAVE + V3

Geçmişte bir şeyi yapmamız / yapmamamız gerekirken yapmışsak / yapmamışsak bu yapıları

kullanırız. Bu anlamı vermek istediğimizde must have ya da must not have kesinlikle
KULLANILMAZ.

You should have saved money when you were younger. (But you did not.)

I have a terrible stomach ache. I shouldn’t have eaten so much chocolate last night.

You shouldn’t have done this to me.

HAD BETTER

You’d beter take care of that cut in your hand or it will get infected.

You had beter not come here. I don’t want to see your face again.

HAD BETTER + HAVE + V3

You had beter visited her when she was in the hospital.

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WOULD RATHER + V1

Tercih anlatır.

I would rather eat later.

I’d rather travel by car.

I’d rather not stay at home

WOULD RATHER + SOMEONE + V2

I am so tired. I’d rather you cooked diner.

It is cold outside. I’d rather you didn’t open the window.

WOULD RATHER + HAVE + V3

I’d rather have stayed with you on my holiday but I booked a room in a hotel.

WOULD PREFER + - TO INFINITIVE

Tercih bildirir.

I would prefer to eat fish.

WOULD LIKE + -TO INFINITIVE

İstek bildirir.

I would like to g oto the match.

NEED + -TO INFINITIVE

You need to study instead of going to the match.

*** You needn’t speak that much. = MODAL

*** You don’t need to speak that much. = VERB

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NEEDN’T + HAVE + V3

‘Yapmama gerek yoktu, boşuna yaptım.’ anlamında. *** boşuna = in vain.

You needn’t have washed the dishes. The maid is coming tomorrow. (You washed them in
vain.)

You needn’t have bought any eggs since there are lots of them in the fridge.

DIDN’T NEED TO

‘Yapmama gerek yoktu, ben de yapmadım zaten.’ anlamında. (didn’t have to anlamında)

She didn’t need to g oto work because it was a public holiday.

I didn’t need to buy the tickets because my cousin had already bought them.

BE SUPPOSED TO

Beklenti için kullanılır. ‘Bekleniyor, umuluyor’ diye çevrilir.

The match is supposed to start at 8 pm.

Gereklilik belirtir.

You aren’t supposed to be late for the classes.

WAS / WERE SUPPOSED TO

Yapılması gereken bir şey yapılmadığında kullanılır.

They were supposed to meet at the airport.

BE TO

Geleceğe ilişkin plan ya da kararlaştırılmış bir iş anlatır.

There is to be a meeting on Dec, 13th.

Bir görev ya da yasak bildirir.

You are to come to the classes on time.

You are not to smoke here.

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PASSIVE & CAUSITIVE

edilgen ettirgen
PASSIVE:

Simple Present:

am / is /are + V3

They clean the house everyday. = The house is cleaned everyday.

The gate is locked at 7 every morning.

I’m invited to parties very often.

Are hot meals served until 10:30?

All sorts of things are left in buses (by passengers) and they are collected and sent to the lost
property office (by conductors).

Simple Past:

was / were + V3

The house was cleaned yesterday.

A lot of trees were cut down to build a bridge over the river.

The man was found guilty and he was sent to prison.

Why wasn’t I informed about the plan?

Present Progressive:

am / is / are + being + V3

the house is being cleaned now.

You are being called by the manager.

Are you being served?

The house where the dead man was found is being guarded.

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Past Progressive:

was / were + being +V3

When I arrived, the house was being cleaned.

Suddenley I heard footsteps behind me; I was being followed.

Present Perfect:

has / have + been + V3

The robbers hasn’t been caught, yet.

I am not going to the party. I haven’t been invited.

The ‘FOR SALE’ notice has been taken down, so I supposed the house has been sold.

Past Perfect:

had + been + V3

Before I arrived, the house had been cleaned.

I didn’t know anything. Because I hadn’t been informed about the plan.

Had the shop been closed when you arrived there?

Their old car had been sold before a new one was bought.

Future:

will / be going to + be + V3

The house is going to be cleaned tomorrow.

OR
The house will be cleaned tomorrow.
He is going to be taken to hospital tomorrow afternoon.

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During the interview, you will be asked a lot of questions.

Future Perfect:

will have + been + V3

by the time we arrive, the house will have been cleaned.

By the time we graduate, the school will have been demolished.

Simple Modals:

may / might / can / could / should / must / have to / used to / would rather / etc. + be + V3

this problem can’t be solved easily.

Our manager might be sent to Manchester Branch next week.

This letter must / should be posted to the USA immediately.

Perfect Modals:

may / might / can / could / should / must + have + been + V3

My bike has been lost. It must have been stolen.

The weather was awful. The match should have been cancelled.

The church may have been built in 15th century.

KEY POINTS:

1 – Perfect Tense’lerin progressive yapıları ve Future Progressive Tense hemen hemen hiç
passive yapıyla kullanılmaz.

2 – Geçişsiz (intransitive) fiiller passive yapılamaz:

go – come – live – arrive – happen – etc…

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3 – İşin kimin tarafından yapıldığı bilgisi gerekmedikçe kullanılmaz.

This bridge was built in 1925.

America was discovered by Colombus in 1492.

*** by + agent

The woman was killed by her husband.

*** with + instrument

The woman was killed with a knife.

4 – Bazen fiillerin passive yapıları active anlam taşır.

I was born in a sunny day in 1981.

My bike has been lost.

5 – Bazen GET + V3 yapısını, BE + V3 yapısının yerine kullanabiliriz.

My house got burgled when I was on holiday.

My house was burgled when I was ın holiday.

We usually get paid on the 10th of each month.

We are usually paid on the 10th of each month.

6 – Bazı fiillerin iki nesnesi vardır. Böyle durumlarda iki değişik passive yapı kullanılabilinir.
Aralarında anlam farkı yoktur.

Someone gave Jim the money.

Jim = indirect object

the money = direct object.

Jim was given the money.

The money was given to Jim.

She hasn’t told him the news, yet.

Him = indirect object

The news = direct object

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He hasn’t been told the news, yet.

The news hasn’t been told to him.

7 – say – think – believe – consider – understand – know – report – expect – claim – suppose
– allege (iddia etmek)

gibi fiiller çok sık olarak passive yapıyla kullanılırlar ve diğer insanların ne düşündüğünü,
neye inandığını anlatırlar.

Bu tür durumlarda iki farklı yapı kullanılır:

IT + PASSIVE + THAT CLAUSE

SUBJECT + OASSIVE + TO INFINITIVE

People say that man eats 10 eggs a day:

It is said that that man eats 10 eggs a day.

That man is said to eat 10 eggs a day.

The strike is expected to start tomorrow.

It is claimed that he has stolen 10.000 pounds.

He is claimed to have stolen 10.000 pounds.

It was thought the prisoners had escaped through a tunnel.

The prisoners were thought to have escaped through a tunnel.

It is supposed that the government will lose the election.

It was believed that the thief had gone into the kitchen through the window.

It is believed that the wanted man is staying in Tom’s house.

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CÜMLE İÇİNDEKİ GERUND VE INFINITIVE YAPILARIN PASSIVE YAPILIŞI:

Passive infinitive:

to be + V3

I expect them to invite met o the party. = I expect to be invited to the party.

Everyone wants to be loved.

The house needs to be cleaned.

The woman is believed to have been killed by her husband. (perfect infinitive)

Passive gerund:

being + V3

I hate being waited.

I don’t like being told what to do.

Noone likes being cheated.

I remember having been given a bike form y 10th birthday. (perfect gerund)

Examples:

I don’t like being asked with stupid questions.

She doesn’t go out on her own in the dark. She is afraid of being attacked.

Workers want to be paid beter salaries.

We ecpect to be invited to the discussions with the company.

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CAUSITIVE VERBS:

HAVE + SOMEONE + DO (V1) + SOMETHING

She will have the children wash her car.

He had his girlfriend carry his suitcase.

They are going to have the plumber repair the bathroom tap.

HAVE + SOMETHING + DONE (V3)

They are going to have their bathroom tap repaired.

We had the roof mended.

We are having our house painted at the moment.

GET + SOMEONE + TO DO + SOMETHING

She got one of her students to clean the board.

The teacher got the class to write a composition.

GET + SOMETHING + DONE

I will get my boardmarkers filled.

She got her eyes checked.

HAVE + SOMEONE + DO + SOMETHING

I made them take their shoes off.

Parent usually make their children drink a lot of milk.

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*** passive cümlelerde ‘make’ten sonra to infinitive kullanılır.

Children are usually make to drink a lot of milk.

I don’t want to do it, but I was made to do it.

LET + SOMEONE + DO + SOMETHING

She doesn’t let me read her letters.

They let their children stay up late on Fridays and Saturdays.

CONJUNCTIONS

• Paired Conjunctions

• Adverbial clauses:

• Time
• Manner
• Cause
• Purpose
• Opposition & Contrast
• Conditionals
• Cause & Effect

• Coordinating Clauses

• Adding & Repeating

• Alternative
• Result

Paired Conjunctions:

• Both ..... and .....

• Not only ..... but also …..
• Either ….. or ….. (tercih gerektirir)
• Neither ….. nor …..

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Bu bağlaçlar bir cümlede aynı görevi gören iki öğeyi birbirine bağlar. Cümlede özne ya da
nesne olarak kullanılabilirler.

Both my brother and my sister are here.

All my students are both clever and hard-working.

Not only my brother but also my sister is here.

Not only ny brother but also my parents are here.

I will either watch TV or read this evening.

Either my parents or my sister is coming with me.
Either my sister or my parents are coming with me.

Neither my parents norm y sister is here.

Neither my sister norm y parents are here.
That book is neither interesting nor accurate. *** accurate = doğru

Adverbial clauses:

• Time
• Manner
• Cause
• Purpose
• Opposition & Contrast
• Conditionals
• Cause & Effect

Adverbial clauses - Time:

AFTER

After I finished my work, I wrote a letter to my cousin.

After I had heard the news, I fainted.
She will work with us after she graduates.

BEFORE

I will leave before he comes.

Before he came, I had left.

WHEN

When I arrived home, she was talking to someone on the phone.

When I see him tomorrow, I will give him the book.

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WHILE

While we were studying, something exploded outside.

While I was walking home, it began to rain.

AS

As he was getting out of the house, the police caught him.

*** As ve While, aynı anda olan iki eylemi birbirine bağlar. Birbirini takip eden iki eylemi bu
sözcüklerle birbirine BAĞLAYAMAYIZ. Böyle durumlarda WHEN bağlacını kullanırız.

When I got out of the house, I noticed a police car.

As I got out of the house, I noticed a police car. WRONG

While I got out of the house, I noticed a police car. WRONG

*** While – whereas (oysa - halbuki) ve although (-e rağmen) anlamlarında da kullanılır.

Tom is outgoing and confident while Jane is shy and quiet.

OR
Tom is outgoing and confident whereas Jane is shy and quiet.
OR
Tom is outgoing and confident but Jane is shy and quiet.

BY THE TIME

By the time you arrive in İstanbul, I will have left for Ankara.

UNTIL

We stayed there until we finished our work.

They will stay here until it stops raining.
Until she came here, she hadn’t seen him before.

*** By the time police arrived, they had killed the woman.

By burada until anlamında kullanılıyor.

Tek başına until KULLANILMAZ çünkü until süreklilik gösterir ve cümlemizdeki the
woman polis gelene kadar sürekli öldürülemez!

AS SOON AS

As soon as it stops raining, we will go out.

The phone stopped ringing as soon as she got out of the bath.

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NO SOONER ….. THAN …..

I had no sooner seen her than I changed my way.

OR
No sooner had I seen her than I changed my way.

He had no sooner closed his eyes than the phone rang.

OR
No sooner had he closed his eyes than the phone rang.

HARDLY ….. WHEN / SCARCELY ….. WHEN ….. (as soon as)

The film had hardly started started when the lights went off.
OR
Hardly the film started when the lights went off.
OR
Scarcely the film started when the lights went off.

*** As long as, hem (+) hem (–) cümlelerde kullanılır.

So long as ise sadece (–) cümlelerde kullanılır!

You can go anywhere you like as long as you come back before 7.

I will never see him again as long as I live.

OR
I will never see him again so long as I live.

WHENEVER (no matter when / everytime)

Whenever she sees me, ahe asks for money.

No matter when you come, you can find them in the café.
OR
Everytime you come, you can find them in the café.

THE FIRST / NEXT / LAST TIME

The next time I got to New York, I will visit my cousin.

I watched two operas the last time I went to London.

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Adverbial clauses – Manner:

AS IF / AS THOUGH

Bu yapılar birinin ya da bir şeyin nasıl göründüğünü, ya da bir kişinin ne hissettiğini belitmek
için kullanılır.

The house seemed as if noone lived in.

OR
The house seemed as though noone lived in.

You seem as if you haven’t slept.

OR
You seem as though you haven’t slept.

I took my umbrella with me, because it looked as if it was going to rain.

OR
I took my umbrella with me, because it looked as though it was going to rain.

Look
Seem
Taste
Feel + as if / as though
Sound
Smell

Bu yapı birinin bir şeyi nasıl yaptığını belirtmek için de kullanılır.

When I told about my plans, they looked at me as is I was mad.

He was running as though he was running for his life.

*** as if / as though + Past Tense yapısı günümüzü anlatır. Gerçek olmayan hayali bir
duruma değinir, benzetme yapar.

He speaks as if he were American. (was da diyebilirdik ama were kullanılması daha uygun)

He is only 20. but he looks as if he was 35.

*** as if / as though + to infinitive:

He opened his mouth as if to say something important.

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More examples:

He smells as if he hasn’t had a bath for weeks.

They ate everything as if they hadn’t eaten anything for days.

She looked as if she was going to throw the plate in her hand to her husband’s head.

The farmer speaks to his animals as if they were human beings.

AS + NOUN

She started working as a teacher in 2001.

AS + SUBJECT + NOUN (like + noun)

They came early as they promised.

Adverbial clauses – Cause:

BECAUSE / SO

Cümleler arasında neden – sonuç ilişkisi olmalı.

RESULT + BECAUSE + CAUSE

CAUSE + SO + RESULT

It started to rain so we stopped playing tennis.

We stopped playing tennis because it started to rain.

We went to the cinema early because we wanted to get good seats.

BECAUSE OF + NOUN or BECAUSE OF + Ving

He couldn’t walk fast because of his aching leg.

Because of her low grades, she can’t aplly to Harvard.

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BECAUSE OF THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE

I decided tos tay at home because of the fact that there was an awful storm.

SINCE (because)

She couldn’t g oto school since she was ill.

AS (because)

As she had read the book before, she could answer the questions easily.

We often see them as they live near us.

FOR (because)

My aunt doesn’t go out in winter for she hates cold weather.

*** For, because anlamında kullanıldığında cümle başına YAZILMAZ.

DUE TO
+ NOUN
OWING TO

or

DUE TO
+ GERUND
OWING TO

The flight was postponed due to the bad weather.

OR
The flight was postponed owing to the bad weather.

DUE TO THE FACT THAT

+ CLAUSE
OWING TO THE FACT THAT

Due to the fact that he was driving carelessly, he had a bad accident.

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ON ACCOUNT OF
+ NOUN
IN VIEW OF

or

ON ACCOUNT OF
+ Ving
IN VIEW OF

On account of some problems, it was useless to go on.

OR
In view of some problems, it was useless to go on.

ON ACCOUNT OF THE FACT THAT

+ CLAUSE
IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT

On the account of the fact that there were big problems, we decided to break up.
NOW THAT

Now that you are an adult, you should give up these childish behaviours.

IN THAT (because, since)

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

INASMUCH AS (because)

Inasmuch as the two government leaders can’t reach an agreement, possibilities for peace are
stil remote.

*** remote = uzak

SEEING THAT

Seeing that you are all here, I can give you a quiz.

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Adverbial clauses – Purpose:

IN ORDER TO + V1

I seemed as if I agreed with her in order not to upset her.

We shouted (in order) to warn everybody.

In order to cure agresiveness of a child, the parents are advised to show tenderness to them.

SO AS TO + V1

I stood up so as to see more clearly.

He left the gun outside so as not to scare the children.

FOR + NOUN

He went to the supermarket for a bread. (to buy a bread anlamında)

We shouted for warning everybody. = XXX yanlış kullanım.

LEST (for fear that) *** SHOULD ile kullanılır

Some students don’t get general exams lest they should get low marks.

My sister doesn’t smoke at home lest my father should see her.

IN CASE (olasılık veya sakınma anlatır)

Jack is a football refree. He wears two watches during matches in case one them stops.

*** Genelde IN CASE bağlacından sonra bir modal KULLANILMAZ. Kullanılırsa da,
SHOULD veya CAN kullanılır.

Simple Present

Future + IN CASE + Simple Present

Present Perfect

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I don’t want to go out this evening in case he calls me.

We have put a burglar alarm to the door in case someone tries to get in.

Simple Past + IN CASE + Simple Past OR Past Perfect

I wrote the name of the street in case I forgot it.

I rang the bell again and again in case they hadn’t heard it the first time.

IN CASE OF + NOUN (GROUP)

In case of fire, leave the building immediately.

In case of an emergency, dial 999.

SO THAT (olsun diye, olması için - amaç anlatır)

Present Tense + SO THAT + can / will / shall / may * may = will probably anlamında

The criminals usually call from public phones so that tje police won’t trace the call.

*** trace = izini bulmak

I am turning the heater on so that the house will be warm when they come.

Past Tense + SO THAT + could / would / should / might * might = would probably
anlamında

He wore glasses and false moustache so that noone could recognize him.

They wrote the notices in different languages so that tourists could understand them easily.

IN ORDER THAT + CLAUSE

The police often risk their lives in order that we (may) live safely.

In order that the car behind overtook me, I reduced the spit.

I spoke in Japanese in order that the man didn’t understand me.

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He wrote his diary in codes in case his wife might read it.
OR
He wrote his diary in codes in case his wife wouldn’t read it.

I didn’t phone home in order that my brother might want something.

He will take his umbrella in case it rains.

OR
He will take his umbrella in case it may rain.

Adverbial clauses – Opposition & Contrast:

BUT – HOWEVER – NEVERTHELESS – NONETHELESS – YET – STILL

CLAUSE

Studies show that cigarette smoking can cause lung cancer, however millions of people stil
continue to smoke.

He studied hard, yet he couldn’t pass the exam.

He is an honest politician. Nevertheless I won’t vote for him since I don’t agree with his
foreign policy.

ALTHOUGH – EVEN THOUGH – THOUGH – MUCH AS

CLAUSE

Although studies show that smoking can cause lung cancer, millions of people stil continue to
smoke.

Even though he studied hard, he couldn’t pass the exam.

Though he is an honest politician, I won’t vote for him since I don’t agree with his foreign
policy.

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IN SPITE OF + DESPITE

NOUN (GROUP) or GERUND

In spite of the difference in their age, they are close friends.

Despite the heavy rain, the footballers were able to play well.

*** Though bağlacını cümle sonunda da kullanabiliriz. Böyle durumlarda anlamı BUT olur.

The house wasn’t very nice. I liked the garden, though.

*** In spite of ve Despite bağlaçlarından sonra THE FACT THAT yapısı gelirse, ardından
CÜMLE gelir.

In spite of the fact that the traafic was terrible, we managed to arrive on time.

Despite the fact that he had injured his leg, he insisted on playing.

More examples:

I failed in the exam despite I studied hard.

In spite of my qualifications, I couldn’t get the job.

He didn’t feel well. In spite of that he went to work.

Despite his all precautions, his money was stolen.

In spite of the things you said last night, I stil love you.

Despite all my plans, a lot of things went wrong.

Despite the fact that his English is very good, he has difficulty in understanding.

HOWEVER (it doesn’t matter how)

* Her nasıl olursa olsun, fark etmez = no matter how

You may do it however you like.

* However + Adjective + Clause OR However + Adverb + Clause = her ne kadar

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However handsome he is, I will never marry him since he is stupid.

However rich people are, they always want more.

However much she eats, she never gets fat.

NO MATTER + QUESTION WORD:

No matter what they do to us, we will always be together forever.

No matter who comes, tell them I am out.

You can’t escape from your responsibilities no matter where you go.

EVEN SO / EVEN IF (….. olsa bile)

The book has many ommisions even so it is interesting.

*** ommisions = atılmış, çıkarılmış yerler

WHEREAS: (oysa, halbuki)

I am poor whereas you are rich. As a result we can not get married.

ON THE OTHER HAND:

On the one hand it is beautiful, on the other hand it is expensive.

ON THE CONTRARY:

He didn't stay home; on the contrary, he went out with his friends.

Adverbial clauses – Conditionals:

ON CONDITION (THAT) (….. şartıyla, ….. koşuluyla)

On condition that you keep your promise, I will help you.

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ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT (….. şartıyla, ….. koşuluyla)

On the understanding that you work on Saturday, I will give you a day off.

EVEN IF (….. olsa bile)

Even if it rains, we will go there.

BUT FOR + NOUN (….. olmasaydı)

But for the storm, we were able to get there on time.

SUPPOSING (THAT) (varsayalım ki / diyelim ki)

Supposing that you couldn’t speak English, what would you do?

IN THE EVENT THAT (….. olduğu takdirde, eğer olursa)

In the event that you need me, I will bi in my office.

Adverbial clauses – Cause & Effect:

SO + ADJECTIVE + THAT or SO + ADVERB+ THAT

SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN + THAT

He dressed so quickly that he put his shoes on the wrong feet.

The weather was so lovely that we spent all day at the seaside.

Sometimes she says such foolish things that I don’t listen to her.

SO + MUCH / LITTLE / MANY / FEW + NOUN + THAT

She made so many mistakes in the exam that she failed.

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Coordinating Clauses

• Adding & Repeating

• Alternative
• Result

Coordinating Clauses - Adding & Repeating:

MOREOVER / FURTHERMORE / WHAT’S MORE

(ayrıca, ek olarak, dahası, bundan başka)

I want you to give my boks back. Moreover, I don’t want you to borrow them again.

THANKS TO (sayesinde)

Thanks to your help, we were successful.

Thanks to Jane, I got the job.

BESIDES (yanı sıra, bundan başka)

I don’t like your new car, besides it is very expensive.

IN ADDITION (ek olarak)

In addition + Clause OR In addition to + Noun

We saw many interesting places on our tour. In addition we met some nice people.

Coordinating Clauses – Alternative:

OR / OR ELSE / OTHERWISE (ya da, aksi takdirde)

We have to find new sources of good, otherwise the country will starve.

Leave my house at once or I will call the police. *** at once = immediately (bir an önce)

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IN OTHER WORDS (başka bir deyişle)

Learning English is not easy, in other words one should study regularly to be successful.

He explained wholse documnet to me, in other words he went over it word by word.

ALTERNATIVELY (ya da)

You may buy the book if you like. Alternatively you can borrow it for a week.

Coordinating Clauses – Result:

SO / THEREFORE / THAT’S WHY / CONSEQUENTLY / FOR THIS REASON / THUS

(sonuç olarak, bu yüzden, bundan dolayı, bu sebeple)

Animals are useful to man, so we shouldn’t destroy them.

I can’t speak French, that’s why I didn’t like the trip to Tolouse.

I can speak German, for this reason I could understand what he said.

HENCE (bundan dolayı, bu nedenle)

It started to rain and I didn’t have my umbrella. Hence I go wet till I arrived home.

AS A RESULT (sonuç olarak)

As a result + Clause OR As a result of + Noun

As a result of heavy rain, I got wet.

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GERUND (Ving) & INFINITIVE (V1)

Playing tennis is something that I enjoy. (gerund)

To play tennis is something that I enjoy. (infinitive)

Arkasından GERUND gelen fiiller:

Finish
Delay
Enjoy
Mind
Fancy
Imagine
Admit
Deny
Avoid
Consider
Involve
Postpone
Suggest***

*** He suggested eating fish.

He suggested to us eating fish. = XXX

suggest someone to do something – böyle bir kullanım yoktur.

He suggested our eating fish.

He suggested us eating fish. = XXX

*** suggest’in farklı bir kullanımı vardır!

He suggested (that) we (should) eat fish.

He suggested we (should) be on time.

*** Bütün preposition’lardan sonra GERUND kullanılır.

He admitted stealing the money.

She gave up smoking.

They objected to going out in this such bad weather.

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Examples:

Would you midn opening the door?

Have you ever considered living in another country?

I don’t fancy going out tonight.

I will do the shopping when I finish cleaning the house.

Avoid giving any unnecessary information.

He denied taking any drugs.

Why do you keep on looking at me like that?

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Ardından INFINITIVE gelen fiiller:

Agree
Refuse
Promise
Threaten (tehdit oluşturmak)
Offer
Attempt
Manage
Fail
Decide
Plan
Arrange
Hope
Seem
Pretend
Effort
Learn
Lend
Tend

I like him but he tends to talk too much.

As it was too late, we decided to take a taxi.

Next time, we will not fail to take place in the finals of the European Cup.

We pretended not to see him when we were at the market.

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*** ask – decide – know – show – want to learn – tell + question word + to – infinitive

Have you decided where to go for your holiday this summer?

Can you show me how to use this camera?

I really don’t know what to do.

*** want – expect – would like – offer – appear – warn – need

gibi sözcüklerden sonra iki değişik yapı kullanılabilinir:

1 – Verb + to – infinitive

I want to see the manager.

He would like to come with us.

2 – Verb + Object + to – infinitive

I would like you to come with us.

I want you to stop talking on this matter.

*** advise – recommend – encourage – allow – permit

gibi sözcüklerden sonra da iki değişik yapı kullanılabilinir:

1 – Verb + gerund

He doesn’t allow smoking in his office.

I don’t recommend staying at that hotel.

2 – Verb + Object + to – infinitive

I don’t recommend you to stay at that hotel.

He doesn’t allow anyone to smoke in his office.

Ardından hem GERUND hem INFINITIVE gelen fiiller:

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*** start – begin – continue fiillerinden sonra ister gerund ister infinitive kullanılabilinir.
Fiillerin anlamında herhangi bir değişiklik olmaz.

He started working immediately after his illness.

OR
He started to work immediately after his illness.

*** stop – regret – forget – remember ( – recall – recollect – ) try – need – help fiillerinden
sonra ister gerund ister infinitive kullanılabilinir. ANCAK fiillerin anlamında değişiklik
OLUR.

STOP + TO – INFINITIVE = bir şeyi yapmak için başka bir şeye son vermek

While we were driving along the river, we stopped to smoke.

STOP + GERUND = bir şeyi yapmayı kesmek

After having a heart attack, he stopped smoking.

REGRET + TO – INFINITIVE = kötü bir şeyi haber vermekten dolayı üzüntü duymak

I regret to tell you that I have seen your darling with someone else hand in hand.

REGRET + GERUND = geçmişte yapılan bir şeyden dolayı pişmanlık duymak

I regret fallin g in love with him.

I regret lending him the money. He doesn’t seem to pay it back now.

FORGET + TO – INFINITIVE = bir görevi yapmayı unutmak

Sorry Mrs. Özüşen, but I forgot to bring my worksheet.

FORGET + GERUND = yapılmış bir şeyi, olan bir olayı unutmak (genelde OLUMSUZ
yapılarla kullanılır)

I will never forget meeting him for the first time.

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REMEMBER (RECALL – RECOLLECT) + TO – INFINITIVE = yapılması gereken bir

görevi hatırlamak

Sorry Mrs. Özüşen, but I didn’t remember to bring my worksheet.

REMEMBER (RECALL – RECOLLECT) + GERUND = yapılmış, olmuş bir olayı

hatırlamak

I can remember leaving my bike outside, but it’s gone.

TRY + TO – INFINITIVE = bir şeyi yapmak için güç, çaba sarf etmek

Melinda tried to keep her eyes open but she couldn’t because she got bored.

We tried to put the fire out but we couldn’t and called the firebrigade. *** firebrigade – Br. E

TRY + GERUND = test etmek, deneme yapmak

I had a headache, so I tried taking an asprin but it didn’t work.

NEED + TO – INFINITIVE = bir şeyi yapmanın gerekli olması

I need to work hard because I want to be more successful.

NEED + GERUND = need burada passive anlam taşır, gerund da to be + V3 formuyla

kullanılır

Your jacket is dirty. It needs to be cleaned.

cleaning.
This house needs to be painted.
painting.

HELP + TO – INFINITIVE

Everybody helped (to) clean up after the party.

Can you help me (to) have the table?

CAN’T HELP + GERUND = kendini bir şeyden alamamak

I can’t help falling in love with you.

She looks very funny. I can’t help laughing whenever I see her.

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More Examples:

I can remember being very proud and happy when I graduated.

Did you remember to give Jack my massage?

I will never forget carrying my wife over the treshhold when we moved into our first home.

Don’t forget to do your homework tonight.

I regret to inform you that your loan application hasn’t been approved.

I regret not listening to my mother’s advice. She was right.

I tried everything but the baby didn’t stop crying. I tried holding him, I tried feeding him, I
tried burbing him but nothing worked.

While we were travelling to manchester, we stopped to have lunch on the way.

Ardından GERUND gelen bazı yapılar:

It’s no use
It’s no good + GERUND (bir faydası yok, işe yaramaz)
There’s no point

It’s no use worrying about it. There’s nothing you can do.

It’s no good trying to persuade me. You can’t succeed.

There’s no point in buying a car if you don’t drive it.

It’s worth
+ GERUND
It’s not worth

It’s worth seeing that movie.

My house is not far away from here. It’s not wroth taking a taxi.

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Have difficulty (in) + GERUND (zorluk çekmek)

My students don’t usually have difficulty in reading my hand-writing.

By + GERUND
(bir şeyin nasıl yapıldığını belirtmek için kullanırız)
Without + GERUND

You can improve your English by reading much.

He ran 10 miles without stopping.

Mixed Examples:

It’s no use trying to escape.

It’s no good working hard if you are feeling exhausted.

It’s not worth getting angry.

If you don’t need any money, it’s not worth working.

It’s not worth keeping these old clothes.

It’s worth thinking over the plan.

VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND:

Have you succeed in finding a new job?

My mother never approves of staying out late at nights.

VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION + GERUND:

Nothing prevented her from coming to the party.

They accused me of telling lies.

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USING a POSSESSIVE to MODIFY a GERUND:

İyelik bildiren bir ad ya da sıfat, gerund’ı nitelemk için kullanılabilinir:

Our teacher complains about our talking during the classes.

Some students complain about other students’ talking during the classes.

I don’t understand his not wanting to go out.

Their running away to get married made everyone surprised.

VERBS OF PERCEPTION: *** perception = algı / duyu

See
Feel
Smell
Taste
Hear
Notice
Watch
Look at
Listen to

Bu fiillerden sonra bir fiilin yalın hali ya da gerung hali kullanılır. Eğer fiilin yalın hali
kullanılırsa olay baştan sona algılanmış demektir. Eğer gerund hali kullanılırsa olayın sadece
bir bölümü algılanmış demektir.

I went to the concert last night and listened to the opera star singing beautiful pieces.

When I got into my flat, I listened to my friend singing in the bathroom.

GERUND ve INFINITIVE’lerin PASSIVE ve PAST HALLERİ:

Passive infinitive = TO BE + V3

I don’t want to be disturbed.

I hope to be visited when I am in the hopital.

Passive Gerund = BEING + V3

I don’t like being stared at.

I can’t stand being interrupted.

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Past infinitive = TO HAVE + V3

The rain seems to have stopped.

The burglar is understood to have left the country.

He pretended to have done his homework.

Past gerund = HAVING + V3

He denied having stolen the money.

I felt guilty about not having written to you before.

Past Passive infinitive = TO HAVE BEEN + V3

This building to have been built in the 17th century.

Jane was very lucky to have been given a scholarship by the government.

Past Passive gerund = HAVING BEEN + V3

I remember having been given a bike on my 10th birthday.

I appreciate having been given that opportunity.

Mixed Examples:

I don’t enjoy being laughed at by other people.

I am angry with you for not having told me the truths.

It’s clever of you to have finished your homework on time.

Living / To live in a foreign country has become a good experience form e. I’m glad that my
company sent met o another country to have studied. I am very pleased to have been given
this opportunity.

You must tell me the truth. I insist on being told the truth.

Tim was in the army during the war. He was caught by the enemy but he managed to escape.
He was lucky to have been able to escape.

I thought she was ill, but she seems to have recovered now.

Mr. Walter complained about not having been told about the meeting. In the future, he
expects to be informed of all meetings.

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PARTICIPLES:

Present Participle: Ving

Gerund halinde fiil isimleşir. Ancak Present Participle formunda fiil sadece –ing takısını alır
ve fiil özelliğini korumaya devam eder.

Kullanıldığı Yerler:

1 – Aynı özne tarafından, aynı anda yapılan 2 eylemden 1 tanesini anlatır ya da kısaltır.

She was sitting by the fire and she was drinking wine.

Bu cümlenin Present Participle hali:

Sitting by the fire, she was drinking wine.

OR
Drinking wine, she was sitting by the fire.

They walked along the river and they whistled as they were walking.

Bu cümlenin Present Participle hali:

Walking along the river, they whistled.

OR
Whistling, they walked along the river.

2 – Aynı özne tarafından birbiri ardına yapılan 2 eylemden, DAHA ÖNCE yapılanı anlatır ya
da kısaltır:

She took the film out of the camera and developed it.

Bu cümlenin Present Participle hali:

Taking the film out of the camera, she developed it.

He opened the drawer and got his gun.

Bu cümlenin Present Participle hali:

Opening the drawer, he got his gun.

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Judy picked up the receiver and dialed the numbers.

Bu cümlenin Present Participle hali:

Picking up the receiver, Judy dialed the number.

Taking out his notebook, the policeman asked me some questions.

3 – BECAUSE – SINCE – AS ve ardından gelen bir cümleyi kısaltır.

Because I felt tired, I went to bed early.

= Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

As he is unemloyed, he hasn’t got much money.

= Being unemployed, he hasn’t got much money.

Since he is the youngest child, he is his mother’s favourite.

= Being the youngest child, he is his mother’s favourite.

*** Birbiri ardına 2 tane participle kullanabiliriz. Ama arkalarından başka bir cümle
getirmeliyiz.

As she didn’t know the language and didn’t have any friends there, he didn’t want to stay in
the town.
= Not knowing the language and not having any friends there, he didn’t want to stay in the
town.

4 – Sıfat cümlelerindeki aktif yapıyı kısaltır.

The boys who attend this school must wear uniforms.

= The boys attending this school must wear uniforms.

Passengers who travel on this bus buy their tickets in books. *** in books = koçan halinde
= Passengers travelling on this bus buy their tickets in books.

5 – WHEN ve WHILE ile yapılan cümleleri kısaltır.

Jim hurt his leg while he was playing tennis.

= Jim hurt his leg (while) playing tennis.

Be careful when you are crossing the street.

= Be careful (when) crossing the street.

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Past Participle: V3

1 – Aynı anda olan 2 eylemden passive olanını anlatır.

He went into the room and he was accompanied by two guards.

= Accompanied by two guards, he went into the room.
(present participle hali)= Being accompanied by two guards, he went into the room.

2 - BECAUSE – SINCE – AS ve ardından gelen passive bir yapıyı kısaltır.

Because he was rejected by her, he got angry.

= Rejected by her, he got angry.

As he was convinced that they were going to prison him, he refused to eat anything.
= Convinced that they were going to prison him, he refused to eat anything.

Perfect participle: HAVING + V3

1 – Aynı özne tarafından birbiri ardına yapılmış 2 eylemden önce olanını anlatır ve eylemin
bitmişliğini vurgular.

After he had finished his homework, he went out.

= (After) Having finished his homework, he went out.

After she had photocopied the documents, she put them in the fire.
= (After) Having photocopied the documents, she put them in the fire.

2 - BECAUSE – SINCE – AS ve ardından gelen Perfect Tense’in bulunduğu bir cümlenin

yerine kullanılır.

Because I had seen her before, I could easily recognized her.

= having seen her before, I could easily recognized her.

Since I had watched the film, I didn’t want to g oto the cinema with them.
= Having watched the film, I didn’t want to g oto the cinema with them.

*** Perfect Principle’ın passive biçimi de vardır = HAVING BEEN + V3

As he had been warned about the bandits, he got his gun with him. *** bandit = haydut
= Having been warned about the bandits, he got his gun with him.

Since the postman has been bitten by our dog twice, he doesn’t want to mail our letters.

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= Having been bitten by our dog twice, he doesn’t want to mail our letters.

*** would prefer = o anda yapılan tercih

(would) prefer (doing something) to (doing something else) = genel tercih

I prefer staying at home to going to the cinema.

(would) prefer (to do something) rather than (do something else) = genel tercih

I prefer tos tay at home rather than go to the cinema.

REPORTED SPEECH – NOUN CLAUSE

Direct Indirect

Today That day

Yesterday The day before / The previous day
Ago Before
Tomorrow The following day / The day after / The next day
Last year The previous year / The year before
Next week The following week / The week after
Here There
This / These That / Those
Now Then
Tonight That night
am / is / are was / were
have / has had
had had
Simple Past Past Perfect
Can Could
Will Would
Shall Should
May Might
Might Might
Must Had to / Must (bazı kaynaklar must kalır der)
Could Could
Should Should
Ought to Ought to
Would Would
Used to Used to
Had better Had better

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DÜZ CÜMLELERİN DOLAYLI ANLATIMI:

Mary: ‘I want to go on a holiday but I don’t know where to go.’

= Mary said that she wanted to go on a holiday but she didn’t know where to go.
reporting verb

Reporting Verbs:

Tell Suggest
Say Explain
Ask Show
Claim Understand
Order Insist
Want to know Refuse
Warn Offer
Advise Deny
Recommend Admit
Jack: ‘I haven’t stole the money.’
= Jack denied having stolen the money.
OR
= Jack said he hadn’t stolen the money

*** SAY vs. TELL

say that
say to someone that
say someone something = XXX yanlış kullanım

tell someone something

tell something = XXX yanlış kullanım
told that = XXX yanlış kullanım

I told her that …..

I said that …..
I said to her that …..
Gary: ‘I’ve never heard such a nonsense thing before.’
Gary said that he had never heard such a nonsense thing before.

Tim: ‘I saw Jack at a party last month and he seemed fine.’

Tim said that he had seen Jack at a party the previous month and added that that he had
seemed fine.

Jack: ‘I promised her that I would not be late.’

Jack said that he had promised her not to be late.

My brother: ‘I’ll be 24 tomorrow.’

My brother said he would be 24 the following day.

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Tom says to Sue: ‘If you come to the party, I’ll introduce you to my mother.’
Tom said to Sue that if she came to the party, he would introduce her to his mother.

Janet tells me: ‘I know the place well because I used to live there.’
Jane told met hat she knew the place well because she used to live there.

I say: ‘They ought to widen the road.’

I said they ought to widen the road.

More Examples:

Doktorlar, insanların çoğunun senede en az 1 kez nezle olduklarını belirtti.

= The doctors indicated most of the people became flu at least once a year.

Aşçı Tom’a, yumurtaları kırmadan omlet yapamazsın dedi.

= The chief said to Tom that he couldn’t make omlet without breaking (any) eggs.
Turist Vedat’a, Amerikan aksanıyla konuştuğunu söyledi.
= The tourist said to Vedat he spoke with an American accent.

John bana, en son otobüsün gece yarısı kalkacağını söyledi.

= John said to me the last bus would leave at midnight.

Tim Tom’a, eşinin onu arka bahçede elinde sopayla beklediğini söyledi.
= Tim said to Tom that his wife was waiting for him with a stick in her hand in the garden.

YARDIMCI FİİLLE SORULAN SORULARIN DOLAYLI ANLATIMI:

He asked me; ‘Do you know where she lives?’

= He asked me if I knew where she lived.
OR
= He asked me whether I knew where she lived.

I asked to my dentist; ‘Will you be free at 3 a.m tomorrow?’

= I asked to my dentist if he would be free at 3 a.m the next day.

The old lady asked me; ‘Would you mind sitting on the other chair?’
= The old lady asked me if I would mind sitting on the other chair.

The farmer asked the man; ‘Can this tractor do as much work as 10 horses?’
= The farmer asked the mani f that tractor could do as much work as 10 horses.

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SORU KELİMESİYLE SORULAN SORULARIN DOLAYLI ANLATIMI:

She asked him; ‘How much did you pay for that t-shirt?’
= She asked him how much he had paid for that t-shirt.

He asked me; ‘Whose address are you looking for?’

= He asked me whose address I was looking for.

The policeman wanted to know; ‘What happened?’

= The policeman wanted to know what had happened.

I asked; ‘Who lives next door?’

= I asked who lived next door.

EMİR CÜMLELERİNİN DOLAYLI ANLATIMI:

Told
Ordered (formal)
Warned

‘Put the following sentences into direct speech.’

= The teacher told the students to put the following sentences into direct speech.

‘Don’t swim out too far.’

= Her mother warned her not to swim out too far.

ÜNLEM CÜMLELERİNİN VE BAZI İFADELERİN DOLAYLI ANLATIMI:

‘What a lovely day!’

= She said what a lovely day it was.
OR
= She said it was a lovely day.

‘How dreadful!’
= He said how dreadful it was.

‘Thank you.’
= He thanked me.

‘Good luck.’
= He wished me good luck.

‘Congratulations!’
= He congratulated me.

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‘Liar!’
= He called me a liar.

‘Let’s stop working for the time being.’

= She suggested that we should stop working for the time being.

NOUN CLAUSE:

SORU SÖZCÜĞÜYLE YAPILAN İSİM CÜMLELERİ:

Where does she live? Noun Clause = where she lives = zamiri her zaman ‘it’ olur
I don’t know where she lives.
OBJECT

What did he say? Noun Clause = what he said

I couldn’t hear what he said.

What he said surprised me.

SUBJECT

Why has he left the country? Noun Clause = why he has left the country.
I can’t understand (the reason) why he has left the country.

What he said in the café yesterday is unusual.

it

Why he sold his house is not known.

OR
Why he sold his house is unknown.

Who is coming to the party? = soru cümlesi

I don’t know who is coming to the party.

Who is John coming to the party with?

Do you know who John is coming to the party with?

Does anybody know how many questions there will be in the exam?

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YARDIMCI FİİLLERLE SORULAN SORULARDAN YAPILAN İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ:

Will she come? Noun Clause = If / Whether she will come

I don’t know if she will come (or not).
I don’t know whether or not she will come.
ANCAK: I don’t know if or not she will come = XXX yanlış kullanım

Does he need any help? Noun Clause = If / Whether he needs some / any help
Nobody knows if he needs any help or not.

More Examples:

Sorun, mektubu kimin çaldığıdır.

= The problem is who stole the letter.

Ne yaptığı tam bir sır.

= What he did is a complete secret.

Kravat takıp takmadığını fark etmedim.

= I didn’t recognize if he was wearing tie or not.

Evini niye sattı anlayamadım.

= I couldn’t understand (the reason) why he sold his house.

Onun mutlu olup olmayacağı sana bağlı.

= If he will be happy or not depends on you.

Yeni pantolonumu beğenip beğenmediğini hiç belirtmedi.

= She didn’t indicate at all whether or not she liked my new trousers.

DÜZ CÜMLELERLE YAPILAN İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ:

He doesn’t work very hard. Noun Clause = THAT he doesn’t work very hard.
That he doesn’t work very hard doesn’t bother me.
SUBJECT = it

That he broke the window made me angry.

I didn’t know (that) he broke the window.

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*** THAT ile başlayan bir isim cümleciği bir cümlede nesne ise, THAT cümleden atılabilir.
Nesne ise ATILAMAZ.

That he loves you is clear.

It is clear that he loves you.

***clear / obvious / true / certain / strange / interesting / surprising / a shame / a pitty / too bad
/ disturbing / dreadful / a fact

More Examples:

Sam’in hiç arkadaş edinememesi çok yazık.

= That Sam can’t make any friends is a pitty.

Mary’nin sınavda başarısız olması çok kötü.

= That Mary failed in the exam is too bad.

Sigara içmenin kansere sebep olduğu doğrudur.

= That smoking causes cancer is true.

Bitkilerin büyümek için suya ihtiyacı olduğu bilinen bir gerçektir.

= That plants need water to grow is a well known fact.

Bilim adamları diğer gezegenlerde bitki yetiştirebileceklerini iddia ediyorlar.

= Scientists claim that they can grow plants on / in other palnets.

Balinaların balık olmadığı bilinen bir gerçektir.

= That whales are not fish is a known fact.

O’na yardım edebileceğimi biliyordum.

= I knew that I could help him.

İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİNDE SUBJUNCTIVE KULLANIMI:

İsim cümleciklerinde bazı fiil ve ifadelerden sonra subjunctive yapı kullanılabilinir.

Verbs: suggest / demand / insist / request / ask (rica anlamında) / recommend / advise

Expressions: it’s important / it’s necessary / it’s essential / it’s imperative (şart, zorunlu) / it’s
vital

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The teacher demands that we (should) be on time.

I insisted that he (should) be told the truth.

It’s important that they (should) pay the money.

My doctor suggested that I (should) have a long holiday since I’m teaching this class.

*** HER ZAMAN V1 kullanılır.

IF – WISH CLAUSES

If Clause + Result Clause = Sentence

If it is sunny tomorrow, we will have a picnic.

You will be able to catch the train if you hurry.

*** Bir koşul cümlesini soru yapmak için, sadece sonuç cümleciği kullanılr:

What would you do if you had a lot of money?

bu cümlecik aynı kalır

Types of If Clauses:

Zero Type
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Mixed Type

Zero Type: Her zaman gerçek olan bir durum ve buna bağlı bir koşulu anlatır. Hem koşul
cümleciğinde hem de sonuç cümleciğinde Present Tense kullanılır.

If you heat ice, it melts.

If we get low marks, our teacher gets upset.

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Type 1: Bu tür koşul cümleleri gelecekle ilgilidir ve genelde geleceği anlatan bir zaman
ifadesiyle birlikte kullanılır.

If Clause: Simple Present + Result Clause: Subject + will + V1

*** Koşul cümleciğinde ‘will’ kullanılmaz.

If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.

We will finish the report on time if we start earlier.

*** Koşul cümlelerinden sonra bir emir cümlesi de kullanılabilinir.

If she has finished, tell her that she may leave early.

If you come early, don’t expect us to be there.

*** Koşul ya da sonuç cümleciklerinde Present Modals kullanılabilinir.

If she sees you, she may cry.

I may call him if I find his number.

More Examples:

Sınav sonucunu öğrendiysen, onu sır olarak saklamalısın.

= If you have learned the exam result, you must keep it as a secret.

Tim yasaları çiğnemişse, cezalandırılacaktır.

= If Tim has broken the rules, he will be punished.

Eğer doktoru arıyorsan, onu üst katta bulabilirsin.

= If you are looking for the doctor, you can find him upstairs.

Zanginsen, fakirlere yardım etmelisin.

= If you are rich, you should help the poor.

Meşgul değilsen, gel bana yardım et.

= If you are not busy, come and help me.

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Type 2: Bu tür koşul cümleleri, günümüz ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anla ilgilidir.

Genellikle hayali durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Bazen geleceğe de değinebilir. Sonuç
cümleciğinde ‘would / could / might’, koşul cümleciğinde ise Past Tense kullanılır. Ancak bu
tür cümlelerde Past Tense kullanılmasına rağmen, bu yapıda Past tense zaman zarflarını
kullanamayız.

If I knew his phone number, I could call him. (I don’t know his phone number.)

If I were you, I wouldn’t act like this.

*** Bu tür koşul cümlelerinde ‘be’ fiilinin ikinci hali bütün şahıslarla birlikte ‘were’ olarak
kullanılır.

If there were a little more salt in it, the soup would taste better.
More Examples:

Bende iki tane olsa, birini sana verirdim.

= If I had two, I would give you one.

Senin kadar güçlü olsam, seni her gün döverim.

= If I were as strong as you, I would beat you everyday.

Biri bana silah doğrultsa, korkarım.

= If someone pointed a gun at me, I would be afraid / scared.

İçi para dolu bir cüzdan bulsan ne yaparsın?

= What would you do if you found a wallet full of money?

*** Koşul cümleciğinde ‘would’ kullanılmaz. Bazen hem koşul hem de sonuç cümleciğinde
Simple Past tense kullanlılabilinir. Böyle durumlarda if, ‘whenever’ anlamı taşır.

While I was a student, if / whenever someone disturbed me when studying, I immediately lost
my concentration.

Type 3: Bu tür koşul cümleleri geçmişle ilgilidir. Geçmişte gerçekleşmesi mümkün olmamış
durumlar ve bunlara bağlı bir koşulu anlatmak için kullanılırlar. Bu tür cümlelerde Past Tense
zaman zarfları kullanılabilinir.

If Clause: Past Perfect

Result Clause: Would Have / Could Have + V3 / Might Have

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We lost the match that’s why we couldn’t get through the finals.
= If we hadn’t lost the match, we could have got through the finals.

I didn’t call you because I didn’t know you were in hospital.

= If I had known you were in hospital, I would have called you.

The car in front of me stopped suddenly, so I bumped into it.

= If the car in front of me hadn’t stopped suddenly, I wouldn’t have bunped into it.

More Examples:

Dün burada olduğunu bilseydim, derhal gelirdim.

= If I had known that you were here yesterday, I would have come at once.

Mary çok konuşmaya devam etmeseydi, öğretmen onu sınıftan dışarı çıkarmazdı.
= If Mary hadn’t carried on talking a lot, the teacher wouldn’t have taken her out of the class.

Ona problemlerimden söz etmedim, yoksa bana yardım edebilirdi.

= I didn’t tell him my problems, otherwise he could have helped me.

Mixed Type: Bazen, koşul cümleciği ve sonuç cümleciğindeki zamanlar farklı olabilir. Bir
cümlecik günümüzü anlatırken, diğeri geçmişe değinebilir. Böyle durumlarda mixed type
dediğimiz yapı kullanılır. İki değişik biçimde kullanılır bu yapı:

1 - If + Past Perfect + Past Time expression , would / could / might + V1 + Present Time
expression

If you hadn’t gone to the party yesterday, you wouldn’t feel tired now.

If I hadn’t eaten so much chocolate last night, I wouldn’t have a stomach-ache now.

2 – If + Simple Past (Type 2) , would / could / might + Have + V3 (Type 3)

If you were clever, you wouldn’t have done that stupid mistake.

If she weren’t shy, she would have been able to talk to John.

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INVERSION:

If Clause yapılarında devrik yapı kullanabilmenin yolu;

Koşul cümleciğinde ‘should / were veya had’ sözcüklerinden birinin bulunmasıdır.

If anyone should call, please take a message.

= Should anyone call, please take a message.

*** Should, olayın gerçekleşme olasılığının çok az olduğunu anlatır.

If you should need to reach me, I will be in my office all day.

= Should you need to reach me, I will be in my office all day.

If I were you, I would stay here.

= Were I you, I would stay here.
If I saw her, I would tell her that I love her.
= Were I to see her, I would tell her that I love her.

If I had known what happened, I would have told you.

= Had I known what happened, I would have told you.

If they had saved enough money, they would have bought the house.
= Had they saved enough money, they would have bought the house.

***
Hadn’t they = XXX yanlış kullanım! doğrusu = Had they not
Weren’t I = XXX yanlış kullanım! doğrusu = Were I not to
Shoudln’t you = XXX yanlış kullanım! doğrusu = Should you not

Provided (that)
Providing (that)
On condition (that)
Supposing
On the understanding that
In the event that
As long as

Bu yapıların verdiği anlam = but only if

Unless: If not

If you don’t come, I won’t go there.

= Unless you come, I won’t go there.

*** Yine koşul cümlelerinde ‘will’ kullanılmaz.

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Wish Clauses:

1 – a wish about future:

wish + would / could + Future Time expression

She can’t come tomorrow.

= I wish she could come tomorrow.

She won’t tell me the truth.

= I wish she would tell me the truth.

*** Dilek anlatan cümleciklerde ‘would’ modal’ı bir şikayet ifade etmek için de kullanılır.

I wish our next door neighbour wouldn’t make so much noise.

I wish it would stop raining.

2 – a wish about present:

wish + Simple Past / could

I don’t know French.

= I wish I knew French.
OR
= I wish I could speak French.

I wish you were here now.

3 – a wish about past:

wish + Past Perfect

I wish you had asked me before you bought that car.

I wish I had studied hard enough last year.

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RELATIVE CLAUSES:

Bu cümleler, isimleri niteler ve niteledikleri isimlerden hemen sonra gelirler. Bir relative
clause’u oluşturmak için ‘relative pronouns’ dediğimiz zamirler kullanılır.

Relative Pronouns:

Who
Whom
Whose
Which
When
Where
Why
That

WHO:

Sadece insanlarla ilgili adları nitelemek için kullanılır.

The man is friendly. He lives next door.

= The man who (that) lives next door is very friendly.
OR
= The man who (that) is very friendly lives next door.

The boy is running away. He has stolen my purse.

= The boy who (that) is running away has stolen my purse.
OR
= The boy who (that) has stolen my purse is running away.

*** Bu tür cümlelerde ‘who’ yerine ‘that’ kullanılabilinir.

The book was about a man who (that) killed his wife.

Sabah beni görmeye gelen adam öğrencilerimden birinin babasıydı.

= The man who came to see me in the morning was one of my students’ father.

Caddede ağlayan zavallı çocuk annesi tarafından unutulmuştu.

= The poor child who was crying on the street was forgotten by his mother.
OR
= The poor child who was crying on the street had been forgotten by his mother.

Yaşlı kadına caddeyi geçmesi için yardım eden adamı buldun mu?
= Did you find the man who helped the old woman to cross the road?

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Kardeşim dün akşam partide tanıştığı kızla yarın evelenecek. (Las Vegas’talar da ☺ )
= My brother will get marry the girl who he met at the party last night.

WHICH:

İnsanların dışındaki her şeyi nitelemek için kullanılır.

The book was interesting. Sally gave it to me.

= The book which (that) Sally gave to me was interesting.

*** Burada kullandığımız relative pronoun, ardından bir isim (noun) geldiği için atılabilir:
The book Sally gave to me was interesting.

Sally gave me a book which (that) was intersting.

*** Buradaki relative pronoun, ardından bir fiil (verb) geldiği için atılamaz.

The towel which (that) you gave me isn’t clean.

*** Which (that), ardından isim (you) geldiği için atılabilir.

*** Yine bu tür cümlelerde ‘which’ yerine ‘that’ kullanılabilinir.

Bana doğum günüm için almış olduğun hediyeye teşekkürler.

= Thanks for the present which (that) you bought for my birthday.

Amcama ait olan bu ev 50 yıl önce inşa edildi.

= the house which (that) belongs to my uncle was built 50 years ago.

Bahçe kapısının yanındaki ağacın çok güzel çiçekleri var.

= The tree which (that) is next to the garden has very beautiful flowers.

Sekreterin bu sabah yazdığı mektuplar öğleden sonra postalanacak.

= The letters which (that) the secretary wrote in the morning will be posted in the afternoon.

Arkadaşlarımdan biri dün kaybettiğim kitabı buldu.

= A friend of mine found the book which (that) I lost yesterday.

WHOM:

Him, them, us, ….. gibi nesne durumundaki şahıs zamirlerinin yerine kullanılır.

The man was Mr. Jones. I met him yesterday.

= The man whom (who) (that) I met yesterday was Mr. Jones.

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My sister whom (who) (that) you’ve met once, will come to visit me tomorrow.

The woman whom (who) (that) I told you about is over there.

*** Yukarıdaki 3 örnek cümlede de relative pronoun’lar, ardlarından isim geldiği için
atılabilir.

WHOSE:

My, her, our, ….. gibi iyelik sıfatlarının yerine kullanılır.

Romeo and Juliet were two lovers. Their parents hated each other.
= Romeo and Juliet, whose parents hated each other, were two lovers.
OR
= Romeo and Juliet were two lovers whose parents hated each other.

The chair must be thrown away. Its legs are broken.

= The chair whose legs are broken must be thrown away.

Annesi banakada çalışan kız tatil için para biriktiriyor.

= The girl whose mother Works in a bank is saving money for her holiday.

Lastiği patlak olan otobüs bu istasyonda 2 saat bekleyecek.

= The bus whose tyre is flat will wait at this station for 2 hours.

Arabası çalınan John okula geç geldi.

= John, whose car was stolen, came to school late.

Bahçesi ağaçlarla dolu olan ev beyaza boyanacak.

= The house, whose garden is full of trees, will be painted in white.

Kapıları kırık olan bu ev hayaletlerle doluydu.

= The house, whose doors were broken, was full of ghosts.

WHERE:

Place, room, street, ….. gibi yer bildiren adları nitelemek için bu adlardan sonra kullanılır.
‘There’ anlamındadır.

* Then = o zaman

They’re going to build a new hospital on the street where I live.

I want to go back to the village where I was born.

*** ‘Where’ yerine ‘That’ KULLANILMAZ.

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WHEN:

Time, year, day, ….. gibi zaman bildiren adları nitelemek için bu adlardan sonra kullanılır.
‘Then’ anlamındadır.

Do you remember the day? We first met then.

= Do you remember the day when we first met?

Have you ever had one of those days when nothing seems to go right?

Unfortunately, I wasn’t at home the night when you came to see me. (when atılabilir)

I was born in 1963. It was full of bad events.

= I was born in 1963 which was full of bad events.

*** ‘When’ yerine ‘That’ KULLANILMAZ.

WHY:

‘Reason’ bildiren bir ismi nitelemek için kullanılır.

I can’t understand the reason why students get angry wtih me when they get low marks.
(why atılabilir)

The reason why I don’t like you is that you’re talking too much. (why atılabilir)

*** ‘Why’ yerine ‘That’ KULLANILMAZ.

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:

Bu cümlecikler hiçbir zaman isimlerden virgülle ayrılmazlar. Bu cümlecikler cümlenin

anlamını bütünlemesi bakımından gereklidirler. Eğer cümleden çıkartılırlarsa cümlenin
anlamı bozulur ya da değişir.

Students who cheat must be punished.

Let me see all the letters which you’ve sent me.

You’re the last person who saw him alive.

*** Bu tür sıfat cümleciklerinde ‘Who, Which’ gibi relative pronoun’ların yerine ‘That’
kullanılır.

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NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES:

Bu yan cümlecikler her zaman niteledikleri isimlerden virgülle ayrılır. Bunlar cümlenin
anlamını tamamlaması bakımından gerekli değildirler. Cümleden çıkarıldıkları zaman bir
anlam bozulması ya da değişikliği olmaz. Kullanılmalarının nedeni, niteledikleri isimler
hakkında fazladan bilgi vermeleridir.

Ankara, which is the capital of Turkey, is a neat city. * neat = düzenli

I was in the same class as Nick, whom I liked a lot.

*** Bu tür cümlelerde relative pronoun ‘That’ KULLANILMAZ.

*** Sıfat cümlecikleri, sadece adları değil, bazı zamirleri de niteleyebilirler:

1 – Şahıs zamirlerini (I, he, it, …..)

I who have nothing.

He who laughs last laughs best.

2 - Belgisiz Zamirleri (nothing, somebody, …..)

There’s someone who wants to see you.

Everything (which) he said was nonsense.

3 – The one / The ones

Paula was the only one whom / who / that I knew at the party.

The ones who want to take the exam should give me their names.

4 – Those

Those who talk too much have to leave the classroom at once.

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PREPOSITION + RELATIVE CLAUSES:

Bu yapılarda kullanılan relative pronoun’lar: Whom, Which, Whose

The man is a friend of yours. I spoke to him yesterday.

= The man to whom I spoke yesterday is a friend of yours.

ANCAK;

The man whom I spoke to yesterday is a friend of yours.

Dersek, Whom yerine Who ya da That de kullanabiliriz.

The shop keper from whom I bought this rifle told met o oil it.

The woman with whom I was working is a nice person.

The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.

*** When zamiri yerine, ‘on which’, ‘in which’ gibi yapılar da kullanılabilinir:

I was born in the year when / in which J.F. Kennedy was killed.
The day when / on which I met you …..

*** Where bağlacının yerine ‘at which’, ‘in which’ gibi sözcükler de kullanılabilinir:

The hotel where / on which we’re staying is a nice place.

The classroom where we’re studying is very warm.

The house has a nice garden which is full of lovely flowers.

(where, öznenin yerini tutmaz, o yüzden de which kullanılır.)

We’re studying at a large school which has many students.

*** Why zamirinin yerine ‘for which’ de kullanılabilinir:

The reason why / for which I don’t like you …..

*** Where sözcüğü genellikle insanları nitelemek için kullanılır. Ancak nesneleri de
niteleyebilir. Bazen nesneleri nitelerken ‘Whose’ yerine ‘of which’ kullanılabilinir:

The chair the legs of which was broken …..

They bought a house whose Windows were broken.

= they bought a house the Windows of which were broken.

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The car whose doors are blue is in the park.

= The car the doors of which are blue is in the park.

The school whose classes of which are small waiting new students.
= The school the classes of which are small waiting new students.

QUANTIFIERS with RELATIVE CLAUSES:

Some

Most

None

All WHOM

Several

NOUN + Neither OF + WHICH

Both

Half WHOSE

Two

Each

In my class, there are 24 students. All of them are very clever.

= In my class, there are 24 students, all of whom are very clever.

They have three cars. They never drive two of them.

= They have three cars, two of which they never drive.

Teachers discussed Tim, one of whose problem is poor study habits.

Mary has a lot of books, none of which she has read.

Two men came to my office yesterday, neither of whom I had never seen.

I met the waiters, several / some of them are students at the university.

He tried five jackets, none of which fit him.

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WHICH ZAMİRİNİN BÜTÜN CÜMLEYİ NİTELEMESİ:

‘Which’, isimler ve zamirlerden başka, bir cümleyi de niteleyebilir.

Tom hasn’t arrived yet. It worries me.

= Tom hasn’t arrived yet, which worries me.

*** Which yerine ‘that’ KULLANILMAZ. + which diğer cümleden virgül ile ayrılır.

The lift is out of order again, which is too bad.

They say they don’t have any money, which is a lie.

KISALTMALAR:

1 – Relative pronoun’dan sonra ‘be’ fiili geliyorsa, bu fiil ve relative pronoun cümleden
atılabilir:

People (who are) protesting against nuclear guns have started to march to London.

Some weapons (which are) found in a flat in Bristol belong to IRA.

2 - Relative pronoun’dan sonra ‘be’ fiili yoksa, sadece relative pronoun cümleden atılır, fiile
ise –ing takısı eklenir:

A company which employes 4.000 people has gone bankrupt.

= A company employing 4.000 people has gone bankrupt.
Fans who hope to find tickets have been waiting at Wimbledon for a week.
= fans hoping to find tickets have been waiting at Wimbledon for a week.

*** It + be + relative clause

It is Martin who has finished first.

to finish

It was the door bell that rang.

to ring

*** Bu yapıda, relative clause yerine ‘to infinitive’ de kullanlılabilinir:

He was one of the first people to chart Gulf Stream.

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ADJECTIVES

Sıfatlar; isimleri niteleyen sözcüklerdir. İsimlerden önce gelirler. Link Verb’lerden sonra
gelirler.

Link Verbs:

Be
Become
Feel
Seem
Taste
Look
.
.
.

1 – Bazı sıfatlar tek başlarına kullanılır; ardlarından bir isim GELMEZ.

afraid – glad – ill – ready – sorry – sure – alive – alone

glad woman = XXX yanlış kullanım! doğrusu = She is glad.

2 – Bazı sıfatlar tek başlarına kullanılamazlar, ardlarından MUTLAKA bir isim ya da bir edat
(for – in – at - on) gelir.

Ardından isim gelenler:

Countless
Maximum / Minimum
Lonely
Occasional
Existing

He sent countless letters.

Ardından edat gelenler:

Aware of / Unaware of
Fond of / Keen on
Be used to
Bound to
Likely to / Unlikely to

She is likely to win the match.

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3 – Tek başına ya da OF edatıyla kullanılan sıfatlar:

afraid – ashamed – suspicious – proud – envious – jealous – frightened – scared – terrified –

tired – brave – careless – silly – stupid – polite – sensibly

A: You should be ashamed of yourself.

B: I am not. In fact I am proud of what I’ve done.

Why are you jealous of other people?

It was silly of you to try to rob the bank in the middle of the city during the day light.

4 – Tek başına ya da TO edatıyla kullanılan sıfatlar:

similarity = similar – close – equal – identical

loyality = loyal – devoted – dedicated

marriage = married – engaged

5 – Tek başına ya da WITH edatıyla kullanılan sıfatlar:

content (happy)
pleased / displeased
bored
impressed

The teacher doesn’t seem content with our test scores.

I was very impressed with the film.

OR
I was very impressed by the film. (bu cümlede with yerine by da kullanılabilinir)

6 – Tek başına ya da AT edatıyla kullanılan sıfatlar:

strong reactions = surprised – shocked – astonished – amazed

ağabeylity = good – bad – excellent – hopeless

Everybody was surprised at the news.

OR
Everybody was surprised by the news. (bu cümlede at yerine by da kullanılabilinir)

My teacher says I’m hopeless at playing the piano.

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7 – Tek başına ya da FOR edatıyla kullanılan sıfatlar:

easy / difficult
important
necessary
possible / impossible
usual / unusual
greatful

It is impossible for him to go out at the weekend.

It is important for me to be there on time.

8 – Özne olarak IT kullanıldığında OF edatını, özne olarak ŞAHIS ZAMİRİ ya da İSİM

kullanıldığında TO edatını alan sıfatlar:

friendly – cruel – nasty – rude – kind – polite – nice – generous – mean

It was rude of him to leave so suddenly.

She was always rude to her parents.

He is always kind to his workers.

Why are you cruel to animals?

9 – Tek başına ya da insanlar için kullanıldığında genellikle WITH, nesneler için

kullanıldığında genellikle ABOUT edatını alan sıfatlar:

angry – annoyed – delighted – disappointed – furious – happy – upset – fed up*

I am furious with you.

The teacher isn’t pleased about our behaviours.

What are you so angry about?

Who are you so angry with?

* fed up, about ile fazla kullanılmaz.

I am fed up with your rude words. Don’t use them again!

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More examples:

If the two thing sare almost the same, one is similar to the other.

Of the two things are exactly the same, one is equal to the other.

My brother did well at school so I am proud of him.

I can’t stand the heat. I am not used to it.

Thigns are changed. Life is different from what it used to be.

Who is responsible for this mess? Who left all these bottles around?

Jack is bored / displeased with the school. He wants to leave.

If someone makes you very angry, you are furious / annoyed with them.

If you feel that you don’t trust someone, you are suspicious of him.

If someone has something and you wish you had it, you are jealous / envious of them.

Sonu –ing ya da –ed ile biten sıfatlar:

Bu sıfatlar fiillerden türetilir.

Tire = tiring / tired

Sonu –ing ile biten sıfatlar, nesneleri ya da insanları tanımlamak ya da tarif etmek için
kullanılırlar.

Sonu –ed ile biten sıfatlar ise insanların duygularını anlatır. Bu sıfatlar, bir kişinin herhangi
bir durum ya da olay karşısında ne hissettiklerini anlatmak için kullanılırlar.

My job is very boring / tiring. I usually get very bored / tired.

8-B is an amusing class. I feel amused when I am teaching them.

amazed – amazing
amused – amusing
annoyed – annoying
astonished – astonishing
bored – boring
confused – confusing
convinced – convincing
charmed – charming

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depressed – depressing
disappointed – disappointing
embarrased – embarrassing
excited – exciting
frightened – frightining
surprised – surprising
satisfied – satisfying
terrifed – terrifying
welcomed – welcoming
worried – worrying

*** Bir süreden beri devam etmekte olan bir olayı tanımlamak için aşağıdaki sonu –ing ile
biten sıfatları kullanırız:

living – dying – ageing – increasing – decreasing – growing – exciting

The main problem is increasing prizes.

Things will have to be changed. This existing system doesn’t work

More examples:

Your exam results are very disappointing.

What a depressing day.

She looked calm but inside she felt excited.

British people still show amazing loyality to the Queen.

Our teacher has always a warm welcoming smile on her face.

It was bad that we all got bored.

Sıfatların üstünlük (comperative) ve en üstünlük (superlative) anlatan yapılar:

Adjective: young
Comperative: younger
Superlative: (the) youngest

*** iki heceden fazla olan sıfatlarda ise:

Adjective: interesting
Comperative: more interesting

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Superlative: (the) (most) interesting

1 – İki insan ya da iki nesneyi birbirleriyle karşılaştırırken, benzerliklerinden ya da

farklılıklarından bahsederken sıfatların üstünlük anlatan yapılarını THAN sözcüğüyle birlikte
kullanırız:

I am happier than I have ever been.

When she puts the make up, she looks more beautiful.
Her eyes are more beautiful than her mother’s.

2 – Bir kişi ya da nesnenin bir grup içinde o grubun diğer öğelerine göre en üstün olduğunu
belirtirken, sıfatların en üstünlük anlatan yapılarını kullanırız. Ve bu yapıyla birlikte sıfattan
önce THE article’ını da kullanırız.

Of all people I know, Jane is the most emotional.

He is the tallest person in our family.

ANCAK; sahiplik belirten ‘s ve iyelik sıfatlarından sonra THE kullanılmaz.

Tokyo is Japan’s largest city.

3 – Sıfatların üstünlük derecelerinden önce ‘a bit, much, a little, far, …..’ gibi sözcükler
getirerek niteleme yapabiliriz (üstünlük derecesini niteleriz).

I am much older than my sister.

This book is far more interesting.

4 – Bir durumun başka bir duruma dayalı olduğunu anlatmak için;

THE + Comperative Adjective / Adverb + Sentence

THE + Comperative Adjective / Adverb + Sentence

The smaller the parcel is, the cheaper it will be post.

The sooner you leave, the earlier you will arrive.

The more you revise, the beter results you will get.

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5 – Herhangi bir durumun değişmekte olduğunu belirtmek için;

Comperative Adjective + AND + Comperative Adjective = git gide ….. oluyor

People are getting taler and taler.

It is becoming more and more difficult to find a job.

6 – Karşılaştırma yapmanın diğer yolları:

a – AS + Adjective / Adverb + AS ( + ve - cümlelerde)

VE
SO + Adjective / Adverb + AS (sadece - cümlelerde)

You are as bad as your father.

She is not so clever as her sister.

Let me do it as carefully as I can.

b – AS / SO + much / many / few / little + NOUN + AS

There weren’t as / so many attendants as I had expected.

c – The same / The same ….. as / The same as

Our problems are the same.

The colour of her eyes is the same as that of her mother’s.

Her eye’s are the same colour as her mother’s.

7 – LIKE edatını kullanarak da benzetme yapabiliriz:

Teaching this class is like a fun. (like + noun)

The party was like a dream.

He looks very much like his father.

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8 – TOO / ENOUGH sözcüklerini sıfatlarla kullanabiliriz:

TOO + Adjective / Adverb ve Adjective / Adverb + ENOUGH

You are too young tos tay at home alone.

You aren’t tall enough to play basketball.

She is too old to look after herself.

*** Enough + noun (miktar belirtir)

I have got enough time.

9 – SO / SUCH sözcükleri de sıfatlarla kullanılır:

SO + Adjective / Adverb + THAT Clause

SUCH + Adjective + NOUN + THAT Clause

The woman was so beautiful that I couldn’t keep my eyes off her.

She was such a beautiful woman that I couldn’t keep my eyes off her.

10 – Sıfatların en üstünlük anlatan yapılarını Perfect Tense’lerle de kullanabiliriz:

This is the funniest story I’ve ever heard.

ADVERBS

Zarflar, bir cümlede fiilleri niteleyen sözcüklerdir.

Adverbs of Manner: (durum, hal zarfları) Bir şeyin nasıl olduğunu ya da nasıl yapıldığını
anlatan zarflardır.

They anxiously looked at each other.

She listened carefully as he was telling the story.

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Adverbs of Place: (yer zarfları) Olayın nerede geçtiğini belirten zarflardır.

She stayed at home.

He helped me in the kitchen.

Adverbs of Time: (zaman zarfları) Olayın zamanını belirten zarflardır.

I saw him yesterday.

Cümlede Zarfların Yeri:

Cümlede sırasıyla önce DURUM, sonra YER en sonda da ZAMAN zarfları kullanılır.

They were sitting happily in the car in the evening.

She spoke very well at the meeting last night.

*** Bir cümleye vurgu yapmak istersek, zarfların cümle içindeki yerini değiştirebiliriz.

Slowly, she opened her eyes.

In May, we are taking the vital exam.

Adverbs of Manner:

1 – Sıfatlara –ly eklenerek yapılır.

bad – badly
soft – softly
happy – happily

2 – Bazı sıfatlar –ly ile bittiği için, bu tür sıfatlara bir daha –ly eklenmez. Bu tür durumlarda;

in + a + Adjective + way (manner fashion) yapısı kullanılır.

lovely – silly - …..

He smiled at me in a friendly way.

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3 – Bazı sıfatlara –ly eklenerek onları durum / hal zarfı yapamayız. Eğer bu sıfatlara –ly
eklersek daha farklı anlamlar taşırlar. Bu yüzden, bu sözcüklerin sıfat ve durum zarfı biçimi
aynıdır.

Adjective Adverb

Fast Fast
Hard Hard
Late Late

*** hardly ve lately = zaman zarfıdır, hal zarfı değil.

She studies hardly. (She studies rarely.)

She studies hard. (She studies very much.)

He always comes late to the first lessons. (not on time)

Have you seen Jack lately? (recently)

She drives fast so I wouldn’t like to go in her car.

4 – Link Verb’lerden (be – become – get – seem – feel – sound – taste – find it) sonra hiçbir
zaman tek başına bir zarf gelmez. Bu fiillerden sonra mutlaka bir sıfat gelir.

She felt happy.

I found it difficult to adopt here.

5 – Durum / hal zarfları, sıfatları nitelediği için bir Link Verb’den sonra kullanılan sıfatı
nitelemek için bir zarf kullanılabilinir.

I was extremely tired.

It got terribly cold.

These shoes are incredibly expensive.

6 – Good, düzensiz bir sıfattır. Zarf biçimi WELL’dir.

She is a good driver.

She drives well.

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*** Eğer bir kişinin sağlığından bahsediyorsak, WELL sıfat olarak kullanılır. Bir anlamda ill
sıfatının zıt anlamlısı olur.

A: How is your mother?

B: She is well. (well burada adjective görevinde)

7 – Like sözcüğü bir durum / hal zarfı gibi kullanılabilinir.

She was sleeping like a baby.

He drives like a mad man.

Adverbs of Time:

1 – yesterday – tomorrow – today – tonight – last week – this month – next year gibi zaman
zarflarının başına, ‘at – on - in’ gibi edatlar GELMEZ.

I will meet him in next week. = XXX yanlış kullanım. Doğrusu;

I will meet him next week.

I saw him at last night. = XXX yanlış kullanım. Doğrusu;

I saw him last night.

*** ‘at – on – in’ gibi edatlar, zaman zarfı olarak kullanılabilinirler.

2 – AT

clock times: at 8:00, at 10:15

religious festivals: at Bayram, at Christmas, at new year, at New Year’s Eve
meal times: at lunch (time), at breakfast
special periods: at noon, at the weekend, at night (AMA in the night)

3 – IN

parts of the day: in the evening, in the morning

seasons: in summer, in the spring
years & centuries: in 1999, in the 17th century
months: in May, in February

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4 – ON

days: on Tuesday, on Saturday

special days: on my birthday, on their wedding day, on our anniversary, on Christmas Day
dates: on May 21, 1981 – on January, 15th

5 – During & Over: Bir şeyin belli bir zaman süresi içinde olduğunu belirtmek için kullanılır.

I saw him twice during the day.

Will you stay in İstanbul over the Bayram?

6 – From ….. to, Untill / Till, Between ….. and: Bu yapılar, bir şeyin başlangıçtan sonuna
kadar olduğu süreyi anlatır.

She studied from 6 in the evening till 11 at night.

until
to

I will be in holiday between Juna and July.

7 – By & Until: Bir eylemin belli bir zamandan daha önce olma olasılığı varsa BY, eylemin
sürekliliği söz konusu ise UNTIL kullanılır.

I will wait here until he comes.

They will arrive by 6 p.m. (en geç 6’da anlamını taşır)

Your car will be ready by Monday.

I will work until June, 30th.

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SÜREKLİLİK ANLATAN ZARFLAR:

Already
Yet
Stil
Any more / Any longer
No more / No longer

Already: (zaten, bile, şimdiden, çoktan) Olması gerekenden daha önce olan bir olayı anlatmak
için kullanılır.

I have already seen that film.

We are already aware of the problem.

*** Already sözcüğünü genellikle olumsuz cümlelerde kullanamayız. Vurgu yapmak için
cümlenin sonunda kullanılabilinir. Ancak, normalde yeri fiilin önüdür.

Already he has calculated the problem he will make.

I’ve finished it already.

Yet: Bu zarf, soru cümleleri ya da olumsuz cümlelerde, bir eylemin henüz tamamlanmadığını,
daha sonra olmasının beklendiğini anlatmak için kullanılır. Genelde yeri, cümlenin sonudur.

Haven’t you finished your homework yet?

We haven’t got the tickets yet.

Still: Bir durumun devam etmekte olduğunu anlatmak için kullanırız.

I am still here.

They are still licing with their son.

We were still waiting for the exam results.

Any more / Any longer: Olumsuz cümlelerde kullanılırlar.

I don’t need you any more.

I don’t want to see you any longer.

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No more / No Longer: Olumlu cümlede kullanılırlar ANCAK olumsuz anlam verirler.

He no longer wants to take the job.

I can stand you no longer.

OLASILIK ANLATAN ZARFLAR:

Herhangi bir konudan ne kadar emin olduğumuzu ya da bir şeyin olma olasılığının ne
olduğunu belirtmek için bu zarfları kullanırız.

Certainly
Definitely
Maybe
Probably
Obviously
Perhaps
Possibly
Really
Clearly
Apparently
???Premusably (tahminen)

I definitely saw him in front of the cinema.

Apparently, no one seems to believe me.

DERECE ZARFLARI:

Pek çok derece zarfı, sıfatları nitelemek için kullanılır.

1 – awfully – extremely – farily (oldukça) – rather – ruite – pretty – really – very

It was rather an interesting story.

She is quite a beautiful woman.

It was an extremely noisy town.

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2 – Bazı derece zarfları özellikle anlamca güçlü sıfatları nitelemek için kullanılır.

absolutely – completely – entirely – perfectly – simply – totaly – utterly (tamamen)

The game was absolutely wonderful.

SIKLIK BİLDİREN ZARFLAR:

How often? Sorusuna yanıt veren zarflardır. Bir olayın ne kadar sıklıkta bir olduğuna
değinirler.

a lot – often – always – never – ever – hardly ever – occasionally – sometimes – usually –
seldom - …..

He never studies before the exams, but he usually gets high marks.

You are always late for classes.

She goes to movies a lot.

*** Sıfatların üstünlük ve en üstünlük anlatan yapıları ve karşılaştırmalı yapılarının kullanımı

ile zarflarınki aynıdır.

PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions of Time:

AT:

clock times: at 8:00, at 10:15

religious festivals: at Bayram, at Christmas, at new year, at New Year’s Eve
meal times: at lunch (time), at breakfast
special periods: at noon, at the weekend, at night (AMA in the night)

at the moment
at present
at the same time
at bed time

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at first sight
at the age of …..
at the beginning of
at the end of

IN:

parts of the day: in the evening, in the morning

seasons: in summer, in the spring
years & centuries: in 1999, in the 17th century
months: in May, in February

in two days
in two days’ time
in a day’s time
in a few weeks
in the middle of
in time
in the middle age (age – çağ anlamında)
in 1990’s

*** IN edatını ayrıca bir işin ne kadar süre içinde gerçekleşeceğini anlatmak için kullanırız.
Bu tür cümlelerde AFTER ile aynı anlamdadır.

I’ll be back in 5 minutes.

ON:

days: on Tuesday, on Saturday

special days: on my birthday, on their wedding day, on our anniversary, on Christmas Day
dates: on May 21, 1981 – on January, 15th

FOR:

Bir işin ne kadar süre devam ettiğini ya da edeceğini anlatır.

I’ve been talking for nearly two hours.

I’ll be away for a month.

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UYARILAR:

1–

at the beginning of = bir şeyin başlangıcında

in the beginning = en başta, ilk başta

Everybody was sleepy at the beginning of the lesson.

In the beginning, everyone got bored.

2–

at the end of = bir şeyin sonunda

in the end (finally) = en sonunda, nihayet

She passed her test in the end.

3–

on time = tam zamanında, tam o anda

in time = vaktinde, vakitlice

The lesson started on time.

I hope you will be here in time for dinner.

4–

at – in – on = zaman bildiren bu zarflar;

this
next
last
today
tomorrow
yesterday
tonight
every

sözcüklerinin başına gelmezler.

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5–

until (till) / by = -e kadar

by = bir hareketi

until (till) = devam eden bir durumu anlatır.

I’ll be watching TV until / till 11 o’clock.

I’ll have finished watching TV by 11 o’clock.

Prepositions of Place:

IN: içinde

in a building
in a room
in a village / town / city / country
in a park / garden
in the water / the sea / lake / river
in a row / queue / line
in the east / west
in the corner
in the sky
in bed
in prison

ON: üstünde

on the left / right

on the first / second / ….. flor
on the ceiling / wall / (your) face
on the coast
(programme) on TV / on the radio
on page …..
on the phone
on the board
on the chair***

*** in an arm-chair
in the paper (newspaper)
in the photo / Picture
in the mirror
in the middle of …..

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AT: bir yerin yakını, civarı

at the door
at the window
at the bus stop / station / airport
at the seaside
at the cinema / theatre / party / match / concert
at the top
at the bottom

*** at home: home sözcüğü, AT edatından başka bir edatla KULLANILMAZ.

Examples:

Look at the girl swimming in the water.

I saw Jack at the football match.

There is a dirty mark on your face.

There is a report about the explosion on page 7 in the newspaper.

When I go to the cinema, I prefer sitting in the front row.

Please write your names at the top of the page.

They spent their honeymoon on a small island in Turkey.

AT – IN – ON KARŞILAŞTIRMA:

on the corner = tam köşede

at the corner = köşe civarında
in the corner = (kapalı bir mekanda) köşe

at the front = bir şeyin önünde

in the front = (kapalı bir mekanda) önde

at the back = bir yerin arkasında

in the back = (kapalı bir mekanda) arkada

There is a big garden at the back of the house.

I was sitting in the front (of the car) when the accident happened.

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on the back
on the front of a letter / t-shirt

at the hotel / the cinema / school = bir faaliyetin gerçekleştiği yer (kavram)
in the hotel / the cinema / school = bina olarak bahsettiğimiz yer

The party was at a big hotel.

It was cold in the hotel.

Behind: arkasında

Who is sitting behind Tom?

Beside / By / Near = yanında, yakınında, civarında

Next to = bitişik

Between = (iki şeyin) arasında

Among = (pek çok şeyin) arasında

Above: üstünde Below : altında

(above ve below’da seviye söz konusu)

Over: üstünde
Under: altında

The temperatures will be above 10C degrees next week.

He hold the paper over his face.

*** Over’ın during (….. boyunca) anlamı da vardır.

They talked about the matter over / during dinner.

Around / Round: etrafında, çevresinde (dairesel hareket söz konusu)

All the teachers were sitting around the table when I got into the room

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Across: karşısında, …..nın öbür tarafında

She lives just across the road.

Opposite: karşısında

Along: boyunca

We walked along the river.

Preposition of Movement:

Across: karşıya, bir şeyin karşı tarafına yönlenme

The boy swam across the river.

Through: -den doğru, bir şeyin içinden geçerek

The train went through the long tunnel.

Throughout: her tarafında, her yerinde

The disease spread throughout the country quickly.

Past: yanından geçerek

The children ran past us.

Toward(s): bir yere doğru

He ran happily towards his girlfriend.

To: bir yere doğru (go – come – return – fly gibi hareket bildiren fiillerle kullanılır)

I flied to Taiwan last month.

Into: içine doğru, içeriye doğru

The students ran into the classroom before the teacher.

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Onto: üstüne doğru

The cat jumped onto the table.

Out of: içeriden dışarıya doğru

Up: yukarıya
Down: aşağıya

You should walk down the street for 10 minutes to get the station.

*** Ulaşım araçlarıyla beraber BY edatını kullanırız.

by train
by car
by bus
by taxi
by plane
by air
by the sea
by rail

Eğer ulaşım aracının adının önünde bir belirleyici varsa (a, the, my, his, …. gibi); toplu taşıma
araçlarının başına ON, taksi ve özel arabadan bahsediliyorsa IN edatı getirilir. Ve belirleyici
olduğunda BY kullanılmaz.

I usually go to work by bus but today I am going by taxi.

I usually go to work on a bus but today I am going in my car.

Get on X Get off = public transport

Get in(to) X Get out off = car, taxi

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