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Abstract: 1. Introduction
Voltage sag is a power quality event where Today's society has crossed over into a new
the voltage magnitude is reduced to values era of economics and social experience driven
between the 90 and 10% of the nominal by digitally based technologies. As a result,
voltage and which duration is extended from societies have become more highly
0.5 cycles up to 60 seconds. The main causes interconnected than any in history, utterly
for voltage sags are faults and short circuits, dependent on the smooth functioning of
lightning strokes and inrush currents. In complex, interactive networks including
General, it is possible to consider voltage sags electric power systems, the Internet,
as the origin of between 70% and 90% of the telecommunications, and transportation. Such
industrial power quality problems. Dynamic dependence raises a host of unprecedented
voltage restorers (DVRs), FACTS device security, reliability, compatibility and safety
such as static compensator (STATCOM), issues. Most of all, the new digital society
static series synchronous Compensator requires a reliable supply of high quality
(SSSC), and Unified Power Flow Controller electricity. Voltage dips are the short-duration
(UPFC), energy storage devices and fault reductions in rms voltage caused by faults in
current limiters (FCLs) are used to protect the electric supply system and the starting of
sensitive loads from the effects of voltage large loads, such as motors, and transformers
sags in the power systems. This paper [1]. Voltage dips are widely recognized as one
illustrates how the performance of FCLs in of the most important aspects of power
power system helps to enhance voltage quality. Several recent surveys attribute that
quality. Three types of FCLs 92% of the all disturbances in the electrical
(superconducting based included resistor type power distribution systems are due to voltage
and inductive type, and thyristor based) are sags. They have been known to affect many
investigated in a case study of power system industrial and commercial customers resulting
through computer simulation. in yearly losses amounting to millions of
dollars. Voltage sag is classified as
instantaneous when its duration ranges from
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
0.5 to 30 cycle, momentary lasting between In selection suitable fault current limiter,
30 cycle and 3 seconds, and temporary consider: First, short circuit current must be
extending from 3 to 60 seconds [2]. available from the supply. Second, rating and
In order to mitigate voltage sags, characteristics of the connected equipments
many solutions have been proposed which and protective equipments are existed. FCLs
include constant voltage transformers (CVTs), are divided into two large groups:
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS’s) and superconductive and series resonant.
line frequency-transformer-based series The simplest superconducting limiter concept,
voltage injection devices, compensator the series resistive limiter, exploits the
devices such as shunt capacitors, FACTS nonlinear resistance of superconductors in a
devices, DVRs and FCLs. direct way. Another concept uses a resistive
A voltage sag compensator employed a PWM limiter on a transformer secondary, with the
AC-AC converter along with an primary in series in the circuit.
autotransformer for powering critical loads in One type of series resonant FCLs limits fault
electric distribution systems was investigated current by the insertion of a resonant LC
[3]. A Converter topologies for low-power circuit in series with thyristor controlled
voltage sag compensators, based on the switching (power electronic based). Another
elimination of the series transformer and the type is simply given by the intervention of a
utilization of converter structures with metal oxide varistor (MOV) across the
reduced number of semiconductor switches capacitor, thus avoiding control system and
was presented [4]. The utilization of Dynamic power electronic.
Voltage Restorers (DVRs) to protect sensitive Operation of MOV in series LC circuit with
loads against short-term voltage disturbances, different properties to reach the voltage sag
as voltage sags and swells, has proved to be reduction was discussed in details [9]. Two
an adequate and competitive solution for modified versions of the thyristor controlled
medium and high power applications. Since resonant FCL, with sag mitigation and fault
1996, large DVR systems have increasingly current limiting capabilities for use on
been used for the protection of loads up to 50 distribution systems sensitivity analysis was
MVA [5]. For low power applications further performed [11]. Up to the present time, as far
cost reductions are required to make the as the authors are aware no perfect
technology even more competitive and investigation on various types of FCLs
successful, although just a small number of considerations for voltage sag reductions has
studies have already been conducted in this been made. This paper attempts to fill this
area [6, 7]. DSTATCOM performance for void in our knowledge by focusing on the
compensating voltage sag, swell and performance of FCLs especially
momentary interruptions was analyzed [8]. superconducting group in power system to
The application of FCLs on distribution mitigate voltage sag. Three types of FCLs
system helps to improve voltage quality at the (resistor type, inductive type, and thyristor
distribution buses and minimize disturbances based) are investigated in a case study of
to loads, consisting substantially of electrical power system through computer simulation.
motors, during the occurrence of a fault. The For each type of FCLs, its rate of
feasibility of adding FCLs to different sub effectiveness on voltage sag improvement is
transmission structures for sag mitigation and obtained.
fault current reduction were surveyed [9, 10].
We focus on FCL as a solution to reduction of 2. Power quality and voltage sag
voltage sag. Voltage sags have become one of the major
FCLs should be selected to limit power quality concerns in recent years. As
instantaneous fault current to a value within applications of power electronics in the
the capacity of the equipment being protected. commercial and industrial sectors grow
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
Reduction of number
Short circuit
Solution and duration of faults
Fault
Changes in the
Propagation
Solution structures of the power
(a) through the
power system
Installation of
System
Solution Mitigation devices
equipment
Interface
Improvement of
Equipment
Solution equipment immunity
Trip
(b)
Fig. 3. Establishment of the voltage quality problem
and various ways of mitigation
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
opportunity to install current limiting fuses, cost, simple operation and control have made
Modern static circuit breakers which are able the UPS the standard solution for low power
to clear the fault well within a half cycle at the equipment like computers.
power frequency, thus ensuring that no d. DVR
voltage sag can last longer. Other solutions A technique of correcting the supply voltage
consist of redesigned of networks and sag in a power system by power electronics
replaced the protective devices with faster based device called DVR [6]. The schematic
ones, moving from the load to the source, and diagram of a typical DVR is shown in Fig. 4.
fuse saving. The circuit on left hand side of the DVR
represents the Thevenin equivalent circuit of
2- Increasing equipment immunity: the system. The system impedance
Case studies and power quality surveys show ( Z = R + JX ) depends on the fault
th th th
that sensitive equipments include both low
level of the load bus. When the system
power electronics (computers, process control
devices) and high power electronics (AC and voltage ( V ) drops, the DVR inject a series
th
DC drives). It has been reported that an voltage ( V DVR ) through the injection
installation using only electromechanical transformer so that the desired load voltage
control could tolerate sag down to 60% magnitude ( V L ) can be maintained [7]. The
voltage without problems, while a completely
automated factory could be disrupted by sag series injected voltage of the DVR can be
to 85%. written as:
VDVR = VL + Z th I L − Vth , (2)
3- Mitigation device Here I L is the load current and is given by:
a. motor generator set P + JQ L *
Motor-generator sets store energy in a IL = ( L ) . (3)
flywheel. The rotational energy stored in the VL
flywheel can be used to perform steady state On the other hand, the complex power
voltage regulation and to support voltage injection of the DVR can be written as:
S DVR = VDVR I L .
*
during disturbances. This system has high (4)
efficiency, low initial costs and enables long it may be mentioned here that when the
duration ride through (several seconds) but injected voltage ( VDVR ) is kept in quadrature
can only be used in industrial environments,
due to its size, noise and maintenance with I L , no active power injection by the
requirements. DVR is required to correct the voltage. It
b. Transformer based solutions requires the injection of only reactive power
A Constant Voltage, or Ferro resonant, and the DVR itself is capable of generating
Transformer (CVT) works in similar manner the reactive power. Note that VDVR can be
to a transformer with a 1:1 turns ratio which is kept in quadrature with I L only up to certain
excited at a high point on its saturation curve, value of voltage sag and it beyond which the
thus providing an output voltage which is not quadrature relationship cannot be maintained
affected by input voltage variations. This to correct the voltage sag. For such a case
solution is suitable for low power, constant injection of active power in to the system is
loads: variable loads can cause problems, due essential. The injected active power must be
to the presence of this tuned circuit on the provided by the energy storage system of the
output. DVR. On the other hand, when the magnitude
c. Inverter based solutions of the DVR injected voltage is minimized the
An UPS consist a diode rectifier followed by desired voltage correction can be achieved
an inverter. The energy storage is usually a with minimum apparent power injection into
battery block connected to the DC link. Low the system.
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
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The resistivity ρ goes up with T , as well as where ϕ c is the flux in the iron core (linkage
j . According to Eq. (10) with increasing ρ , flux), I L is the magnetizing current, V s and
the resistance of FCL ( RFCL ) is increased. I s are the secondary voltage and current
Therefore, considering Eq. (9), limitation of respectively.
fault current is resulted.
FCL
V R FCL
rms
fault
Fig. 7 Equivalent circuit for toroidal inductive FCL
[18]
Fig. 6 Model of resistive FCL in 6.6kV distribution
system According to equations (12)-(15) behavior of
this type of FCLs can be analyzed as bellow:
3-1-2. Inductive type Current distribution in the equivalent circuit
Earlier work carried out on a toroidal relies on the ratio between the magnetizing
inductive superconducting FCL with inductance of the FCL and the resistance of
interleaved winding was described in [17].A the superconductors. Before current limiting,
new form of FCL offered low leakage the ratio of ωLm / a R sc is much greater than
2
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
20th International Power System Conference
limiter are appreciated at normal operation various types of FCLs. Our case study
(no fault condition) of the power system. consists of voltage source, medium
transmission line ( π model), and RL load
that are shown in Fig. 9. Voltage sag occurs
for this system during the short circuit of the
load (Fig. 10). We assumed that fault
occurred in t=0.1ms. Using FCLs limit the
voltage sag in power system. We added FCL
in power system for achieving this purpose
(Fig 11). In the other hand, comparing three
Fig. 8 FCL with thyristor controlled impedance
types of FCLs that are introduced in detail in
previous parts of this paper resulted
The equations that describe the method of the performance of each type of the above
FCL-TCI in limiting current by variation mentioned FCLs.
firing angle of the thyristor are given by:
Z
Z fα = , (16)
K fα
1
Z = JωL f l + , (17)
JωC f l
K fα = f (α , n), (18)
ωn
n= , (19)
ω
1 Fig. 9 Case study: power system (without FCL)
ωn = . (20)
C f l .L fl
where
α : the firing angle of the thyristor;
Z fα : the limiter’s impedance for firing angle
“ α ”;
Z : the limiter’s impedance for firing angle
“ α = 0 ”;
K fα : the impedance factor; and
ω : referring to network frequency.
Fig. 10 operation of system during the fault
According to above mentioned equations, occurrence (without FCL)
with changing in firing angle, we have
variation in the impedance factor, therefore
the limiter’s impedance is changed, so
resulted in limiting fault current.
We are ready to simulate above
mentioned FCLs for mitigation voltage sag
purpose.
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
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Analysis and Simulation of FCL Effects on Voltage Sag in Power Systems
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