Bibliography and Linguistic Glossary Con

GLOSSARIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
4.1 A GLOSSARY OF CHINESE LINGUISTIC TERMS
This is a glossary of selected Chinese linguistic terms with tentative English translations.
Occasionally selected references to the treatment of the terms in secondary works is given
and the abbreviation of the term used in this thesis is added after the definition of the term.
'Def.' refers to definitions in Zhu Yizhi 1990 where definitions of linguistic terms by a
number of Chinese linguists are provided.
Underlined references indicate secondary literature which exclusively or to a great
extend uses ZTJ as source material.1
B
báizì 白字 wrongly written or pronounced Chinese graph; corrupt
graph
bànyuányīn 半元音 semivowel
bāokuò jiècí 包括介詞 preposition (coverb) indicating inclusion (Feng
Chuntian 2000: 301-322); see: COV.INCL
bāokuò jù 包括句 inclusive sentence; sentence of inclusion (?) (Feng
Chuntian 2000: 678-692)
bāoyùn 包孕 incapsulation
bāoyùn jù 包孕句 embedded sentence; incapsulation-complex;
incapsulated sentence (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 419)
bèidòng 被動 passive; see: PASS
bèidòng jù 被動句 passive sentence (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 378; Liu
Shizhen 1985(a); Tang Yuming 1987; Tang Yuming
1988; Yuan Bin 1989(a); Peyraube 1989(a); Yao
Zhenwu 1990 (constructions with jiàn 見 in AC); Wu
Fuxiang 1996: 451-470; Wu/Zhi 1999: 53-75; Cao
Xiaoyun 1993; Feng Chuntian 2000: 581-612); see:
SENT.PASS
bèi fànwéi de 被范圍的 'be qualified'
běnlái yìyì 本來意義 original meaning
běnzì 本字 original Chinese graph; original Chinese character;
orthograph
bǐjiào liáncí 比較連詞 conjunction of comparison (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990:
174-175)
bíyīn 鼻音 nasal
bìyīnjié 閉音節 closed syllable
bìyuányīn 閉元音 closed vowel
bíyùnmǔ 鼻韻母 nasalized final
1
The terms are arranged according to pīnyīn pronunciation.
Glossary of Selected Chinese Linguistic Terms
4

biànshì jù 變式句 (?) (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 414-419)
biàntǐ 變體 altered form of a Chinese graph
biāojì 標記 (grammatical) marker; sign; symbol
biǎotài jù 表態句 sentence with a comment on the quality/state of the
topic; in the most regular form the predicate is a stative
verb (VI.ST) which describes the topic (def. in Zhu
Yizhi 1990: 426)
biǎoyì de xìzhìhuà 表意的細致化 strengthening of informativeness (?)
biǎoyì piānpáng 表義偏旁 semantic component
biǎoyìzì 表義字 syssemantograph2
biǎoyīn fúhào 表音符號 phonetic symbol
biǎoyīn piānpáng 表音偏旁 phonetic component (in a Chinese graph)
biézì 別字 mispronounced or wrongly written Chinese graph;
erroneous homophonous Chinese graphs
bīnyǔ 賓語 object; see: OBJ
bīnyǔ biāozhì 賓語標志 object marker
bìnglièjù 並列句 compound sentence
bìngliè liáncí 並列連詞 coordinative conjunction (Song Yinsheng 1996: 370-
377)
bù 部 radical (of a Chinese graph)
bùfēn liàngcí 部分量詞 partitive classifier
bùjíwù do5ngcí 不及物動詞 intransitive verb; see: VI
bùkěshù míngcí 不可數名詞 mass noun; see: N.MASS
bǔyǔ 補語 complement; see: V.COMP; dòngbǔ 動補
C
cǎozì 草字 cursive Chinese graph
cèdù wènjù 測度問句 (?) (interrogative sentence in which the speaker
expresses his assumption concerning the validity of the
proposition) (see Sun Xixin 1999: 58)
chángshì jù 常式句 sentence with 'regular' word-order (def. in Zhu Yizhi
1990: 414)
chénshù jù 陳述句 declarative sentence; sentence expressing a statement;
sometimes subdivided into affirmative sentence (fi
kěndìng jù) and negated sentence (see: fǒudìng jù)
(def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 336-338)
chēngdài 稱代 pronoun/substitution (Zhou Fagao 1965); see: dàicí
代詞; see: PRON
2
Defined in the appendix: 'A selective list of variant and simplified graphs in ZTJ' (1.10).
5

chéngdù fùcí 程度副詞 adverbs of degree (def. see Zhu Yizhi 1990: 154-156;
Song Yinsheng 1996: 21-41)
chéngjiē liáncí 承接連詞 Song Yinsheng 1996: 388-399
chéngyuán 成員 member (of a set); constituent
chóngdié fùcí 重疊副詞 reduplicated adverbs; see: ADV.REDUP
chóngdié shì 重疊式 reduplicated form; see: REDUP
chóngyán cí 重言詞 reduplicated words; see: REDUP
chóngxīn fēnxī 重新分析 (grammatical) reanalysis
chōuxiàng míngcí 抽象名詞 abstract noun; see: N.AB
chùzhìjù 處置句 disposal sentence (sentence containing coverbs bǎ 把 or
jiāng 將, etc.) (Zhu Minche 1957; Ge Yi 1958;
Thompson 1973; Li Y.C. 1974; Mei Zulin 1978(b);
Bennett 1981; Peyraube 1982; Lü Shuxiang 1984;
Peyraube 1989(c); Chen Chusheng 1983; Mei Zulin
1990; Quan Xielie 1991; Li Siming 1994; Peyraube
1994(d); Li Ziyu 1995; Sun Chaofen 1995; Wu
Fuxiang 1996: 417-450; Yu Guangzhong/Ueda Hitoshi
2000: 76-94; Feng Chuntian 2000: 555-580; Cao
Guangshun/Yu Xiaorong 2000; Song Yinsheng 1996:
338-352; Zhu Guanming 2001; Li Ziyi 2002); see:
SENT.DISP
chúnchǐyīn 唇齒音 labiodental
chúnyīn 春音 labial
cí 詞 word (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 16-19)
cídiǎnxué 詞典學 lexicography
cídiào 詞調 tonal pattern; rhyme scheme
cìdòngcí 次動詞 term occasionally used for coverbs; prepositions; see:
COV/PREP
cífǎ 詞法 morphology
cífú 詞符 word-sign; lexicon; symbol
cígàn 詞幹 stem
cígēn 詞根 word-root (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 11-12)
cígēn cí 詞根詞 root word
cíhuì 詞匯 lexicon; vocabulary; words and phrases
cíhuì cí 詞匯詞 lexical word
cíhuì tídài 詞匯替代 lexical replacement
cíhuì xiànyīhuà 詞匯線一化 lexical unification
cíjiè 詞界 word boundary
cíjù 詞句 words and phrases; expression
cíleì 詞類 parts of speech; word class (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 52-
55)
cíqiàn 詞嵌 embedding
cí tóu 詞頭 prefix; see: PREF
6

cíwěi 詞尾 suffix (Wu/Zhi 1999: 228-230; Jiang Zongxu 1990;
Feng Shuyi 1994); see: SUFF and hòuzhuì 後綴
cíwèi 詞位 lexeme
cíxiàng 詞項 lexical item
cíxìng 詞性 functions and features (determining a part of speech)
cíxíng biànhuà 詞形變化 inflection
cíxù 詞序 word-order (word-order change: Tai J. H. 1976; Li
Charles 1995; Sun Chaofen 1991; Sun Chaofen 1996;
Peyraube 1997(a); Peyraube 1997(b); Peyraube
1998(c); Peyraube 1999(d))
cíyì 詞義 meaning of a word; lexical meaning
cíyì biànhuà 詞義變化 meaning shift
cíyìxié 詞義學 semantics
cíyǔ 詞語 words and expressions; terms
cíyuán 詞源 origin of a word
cíyuánxué 詞源學 etymology
cízhāngxué 詞章學/辭章學 rhetorics
cízhuì 詞綴 affix
cízǐ 詞子 lexon
cízǔ 詞組 word group; phrase
cóngjù 從句 subordinate sentence
cuòzì 錯字 wrongly written Chinese graph; corrupt graph
D
dàicí 代詞 pronoun (Xiang Xi 1993: 384-412; Lu Liehong 1998(a);
Wu/Zhi 1999: 260-311); see: PRON
dàiyīn 帶音 voiced
dānchúncí 單純詞 simple word; singly-morpheme word; word which
consists of one graph (字) (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 22-
23)
dāncíjù 單詞句 sentence consisting of one single Chinese graph (def. in
Zhu Yizhi 1990: 410-411)
dāndúcí 單獨詞 free morpheme
dānjù 單句 simple sentence; sentence without a subordinate
sentence (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 334-335)
dānwèicí 單位詞 classifier (Lü Shuxiang 1944/1984); see: CLASS
dānyīn cí 單音詞 monosyllabic word (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 23); see:
fùyīn cí
dānyīnjiécí 單音節詞 monosyllabic word
7

dàoyì 道義 deontic (modality)
dìèr rénchēng dàicí 第二人稱代詞 second person personal pronoun (Feng Chuntian 2000:
35-44); see: NPRO2
dìjìn liáncí 遞進連詞 (Song Yinsheng 1996: 378-387)
dìsān rénchēng dàicí 第三人稱代詞 third person personal pronoun (Feng Chuntian 2000:
45-55); see: NPRO3
dìwèi fùcí 地位副詞 adverbs of place (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 162); see:
ADV.LOC
dìyī rénchēng dàicí 第一人稱代詞 first person personal pronoun; see: NPRO1
diǎnxíng de gūlì 典型的孤立 isolating (language)
diéjù 疊句 reiterative sentence
diéyīncí 疊音詞 reduplicated word (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 30-31)
diéyòng 疊用 use in reduplicated form
diéyùn 疊韻 vowel rhyme
dìngfú 定符 determinative
dìngyǔ 定語 attribute
dòngbīn cízǔ 動賓詞組 verb-object phrase
dòngbǔ 動補 verbal complement (Zhang Meilan 1987: 231-240; Li
Ping 1987; Mei Zulin 1991(b); Li Siming 1992; Liu Li
1992; Wu Fuxiang 1996: 370-416; Yu
Guangzhong/Ueda 1999: 27-52); see: V.COMP
dòngcí 動詞 verb; see: V
dòngcí cíwěi 動詞詞尾 aspect marker; (verbal complement) see: tǐbiāojì
體標記
dòngcíhòu jiāchéngfēn 動詞後加成分 post-verbal elements
dòngliàng bīnyǔ 動量賓語 quantitative object
dòngliàngcí 動量詞 verbal classifier (Zhang Meilan1987: 124-168; Zhang
Meilan 1996; You Li 2001); see: V.CLASS
dòngtài zhùyǔ 動態助詞 Cao Guangshun: auxiliary word indicating mode or
aspect in a verbal expression (e.g. qǔ 取 in for example
wènqǔ 問取); see also Song Yinsheng 1996: 513; fi
dòngxiāng bǔyǔ 動相補語; hòuzhù dòngcī 後助動詞
dòngxiāng bǔyǔ 動相補語 Mei Zulin: as special kind of 'verbal complement';
aspect marker (e.g. qǔ 取 in wènqǔ 問取); see: dòngtài
zhùyǔ 動態助詞; hòuzhù dòngcí 後助動詞
dùliànghéngliàngcí 度量衡量詞 measure-classifier; measure word; see: MW
duōyìzì 多義字 polysemic graph
dùtǐzì 獨體字 non-composite Chinese graph
dúyīn 讀音 reading; pronunciation
duǎnyǔ 短語 phrase
duìxiàng jiècí 對象介詞 coverb/prepositon introducing the object (Feng
Chuntian 2000: 261-300)
duōyīncí 多音詞 polysyllabic word
8

E
ébiàn 訛變 corruption (of a Chinese graph)
éwài bīnyǔ 額外賓語 extra/additional object
ézì 訛字 corrupt Chinese graph; misprint; corruption
èrhé yuányīn 二合元音 diphthong
F
fǎhuà 法化 grammaticalization
fǎsù 法素 taxeme; grammeme; syntagmeme
fǎwèi 法位 tagmeme
fànchóu 范疇 scope
fànwéi jiècí 範圍介詞 preposition indicating scope (Feng Chuntian 2000: 261-
300)
fǎnshēn dàicí 反身代詞 reflexive pronoun (Feng Chuntian 2000: 56-59); see:
NPRO.REFL
fǎnfù wènjù 反復問句 'repetition interrogative sentence' subcategory of xuǎnzé
wènjù; it is a choice-question sentence in which the
predicate appears in the affirmative and negated (MM:
他來不來? "Is he coming?") form or with a SF
indicating the negation of the predicate "...or
not"(...也無; ...已不; etc.); (def. in Zhu 1990: 350-352;
Zhu Dexi 1985; Wu Fuxiang 1996: 475-491; Liu
Xunning 1998; Feng Chuntian 2000: 703)
fànwéi 範圍 'to qualify'; scope
fànwéi fùcí 範圍副詞 adverb of scope (def. see Zhu Yizhi 1990: 157-158;
Song Yinsheng 1996: 41-73)
fànwéi liánci 範圍副詞 adverb of scope/range (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 175)
fǎnwènjù 反問句 rhetorical questionrhetoricalquestionrhetoricalquestion
(def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 355-358)
fǎnyìcí 反義詞 antonym
fāngshì fùcí 方式副詞 adverb of manner (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 162-163)
fāngshì jiècí 方式介詞 preposition indicating manner/way of doing something
(Feng Chuntian 2000: 383)
fāngwèicí 方位詞 noun indicating a location; see: N.LOC
fāngxiàng jiècí 方向介詞 preposition/coverb indicating direction (Feng Chuntian
2000: 323-382); see: COV.DIR; PREP.DIR
fǎngyì 仿譯 'calque' (Zhu Qingzhi 2000(a): 247); see: fǎngyì cí; jiècí
9

fǎngyìcí 仿譯詞 loan translation; syntactic loan (Zhu Qingzhi 2000(a):
247); see: fǎngyì; jiècí
fēi zhǔ wèi jù 非主謂句 sentence which does not consist of a subject and
predicate (Zhang Zhigong; Hu Yushu; Zhu Dexi; def.
in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 406)
fēnjù 分句 clause (as part of complex sentence) (def. in Zhu Yizhi

1990: 437)
fójiào hùnhé hànyǔ 佛教混合漢語 Buddhist-hybrid Chinese (Dong Kun 1985; Zhu
Qingzhi 1992; Liang Xiaohong 1991(a); Liang
Xiaohong 1992(a); Liang Xiaohong 1992(b); Liang
Xiaohong 1993; Li Weiqi 1993; Liang Xiaohong 1994;
Zhu Qingzhi 1998; Zhu Qingzhi 2000(a); Zhu Qingzhi
2000(b))
fǒudìng 否定 negation; see: NEG
fǒudìng fùcí 否定副詞 adverb of negation (bù 不, wèi 未, etc.) (def. in Zhu
Yizhi 1990: 165-167); see: ADV.NEG; NEG
fǒudìngjù 否定句 negative sentence; see: SENT.NEG
fùcí 副詞 adverb (Chang Qing 1989; Wu Fuxiang 1993: 105-259;
Song Yinsheng 1996: 20-426;Yu Guangzhong/Ueda
2000: 312-359; Xiang Xi 1993: 413-436); see: ADV
fùdòngcí 副動詞 auxiliary verb/supplementary verb (term used by Lü
Shuxiang 1982 for coverbs/prepositions); see: COV;
PREP
fùhécí 複合詞 compound word
fùjiāshì 附加式 word consisting of a root and an affix (def. in Zhu Yizhi
1990: 44-46)
fùjù 復句 complex sentence; sentence which consists of two or
several clauses, usually a main clause and a
subordinate clause (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 435-437);
ant. dānjù
fǔyīn 輔音 consonant
fùyīncí 复音詞 polysyllabic word (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 24; Wu
Zeshun 1987); ant. dānyīn cí
fùzhuó 附著 affixing
fùzhuó chéngfēn 附著成分 clitic (Shi Yuzhi/Li Ne 2001: 2)
G
gǎntàn 感嘆 exclamation; sigh; see: EXCL
gǎntàncí 感嘆詞 interjection; exclamation; see: EXCL
gǎntàn jù 感嘆句 exclamation sentence; see: SENT.EXCL
gé 格 case
10

gé de xíngtài biànhuà 格的形態變化 (?)
gètǐ liàngcí 個體量詞 individual classifier; see: CLASS
gōngjù jiècí 工具介詞 coverb indicating instrumentality (Feng Chuntian 2000:
383); COV.INSTR
gòngshí 共時 synchronic
gòucí 構詞 morphology (AC: Zhou Fagao 1965 (morphology))
gǔwén 古文 ancient script form
gǔyīn 古音 old/ancient pronunciation
gǔyǔcí 古語詞 archaism
gǔzì 古字 old/ancient form of a Chinese graph
guàncí 冠詞 article
guānxīcí 關係詞 'linking word'; word which defines the relationship of
parts of a sentence to each other; this usually includes
conjunctions, prepositions, certain coverbs (bèi 被, bǎ
把, etc.), particles like zhī 之, de 的, suǒ 所, etc.) (def.
in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 170, 203-204); also called liánjiēcí
連接詞
guīdìng 規定 'determinant'
H
hànzì 漢字 Chinese graph; Chinese character; sinogram
héchéngcí 合成詞 compound word
hétǐzì 合體字 composite Chinese graph/character
héyīn 合音 phonetic contraction (e.g. 奈何 > 那)
hóucāyīn 喉擦音 guttural fricative
hóuyīn 喉音 glottal sound
hòuzhì chùsuǒ jù 後置處所句 Yu Guangzhong/Ueda 1999: 1-26
hòuzhù dòngcī 後助動詞 Ôta: postposed auxiliary word; (as qǔ 取 in for example
wènqǔ 問取); see: dòngxiāng bǔyǔ 動相補語; dòngtài
zhùyǔ 動態助詞
hòu zhuì 後綴 suffix; see: SUFF; cíwěi 詞尾
hūcí 呼詞 interjective word
hūgào 呼告 (?)
huáyīn 滑音 glide
huìyìzì 會義字 syssemantograph; see: biǎoyìzi 表義字
J
11

jì 偈 Buddhist hymn; ghātā; paraphrase in a chant (Zhang
Meilan 1987: 55-60; Zhu Qingzhi 2000(b))
jìhào 記號 sign
jíhé míngcí 集合名詞 collective noun
jìhuìcí 忌諱詞 taboo word
jítǐ liàngcí 集體量詞 collective classifier
jíwù dòngcí 及物動詞 transitive verb; see: VT
jiàgǔwén 甲骨文 shell and bone inscriptions; see: OBI
jiǎjiè yòngfǎ 假借用法 graphic borrowing
jiǎjièzì 假借字 phonetic loan character/Chinese graph
jiǎshè liáncí 假設連詞 conjunctions indicating condition (Song Yinsheng
1996: 399-411); see: SI.COND
jiǎshè yǔyì 假設語義 conditional (?)
jiǎnchēng 簡稱 abbreviation; abbreviated form of a word (def. in Zhu
Yizhi 1990: 48-51)
jiǎndānjù 簡單句 simple sentence
jiānjiē bǐnyǔ 間接賓語 indirect object; see: jìn bǐnyǔ 近賓語
jiānyīn 尖音 dental sibilants
jiècí 介詞 preposition; coverb (Xiang Xi 1993: 413-436; Wu/Zhi
1999: 360-384; Li Y.C. 1980; Yan Qiamao 1990; Wei
Peiquan 1993; Peyraube 1994(a); Feng Chuntian 2000:
260-422; Yu Guangzhong/Ueda 2000: 360-384; Song
Yinsheng 1996: 247-368; Ma Beijia 2000; Ma Beijia
2002); see: COV; PREP
jiècí bīnyǔ 介詞賓語 coverbal object; see: OBJ.COV
jiècí duǎnyǔ 介詞短語 prepositional phrase
jiècí 借詞 loan translation; loan word
jiégòu 結構 (grammatical) construction; structure
jiégòu zhùcí 結構助詞 structural auxiliary word
jièyì 借義 (Zhang Meilan 1987: 330-334) (?)
jièyīn 借音 onglide
jìn bǐnyǔ 近賓語 indirect object
jìnchéng liáncí 進層連詞 (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 176-177)
jìnzhǐ dàicí 近指代詞 close-range demonstrative pronouns (Lu Liehong
1998(b))
jīnwén 金文 bronze inscriptions
jìnxíngtài 進行態 progressive state
jìnzhǐ dàicí 近指代詞 close-range demonstrative pronoun (Lu Liehong
1998(b)); see jìnzhǐ zhǐshì dàicí 近指指示代詞
jìnzhǐ zhǐshì dàicí 近指指示代詞 close-range demonstrative pronoun (Feng Chuntian
2000: 83-117; Lu Liehong 1998(b)); fi NPRO.DEM
jùfǎ 句法 syntax (Xiang Xi 1993: 478-513; Feng Chuntian 2000:
555-727); sentence pattern
12

jùfǎ jiégòu 句法結構 syntactic construction
jùfǎ wèizhì de gǎibiàn 句法位置的改變 change in syntactic position
jùfǎ yǔyì yīnsù 句法語義因素 syntactico-semantic factors
jùshì 句式 sentence type; sentence pattern; syntax; see: jùfǎ 句法
jùzì 句子 sentence; phrase; see: SENT
K
kǎishū 楷書 standard script
kāiyīnjié 開音節 open syllable
kāiyuányīn 開元音 open vowel
kěnéngxìng 可能性 possibility; see: POSS
kěshǔ míngcí 可數名詞 countable noun; see: N.COUNT
kěndìng 肯定 affirmation; affirmative; see: AFF
kěndìng jù 肯定句 affirmative sentence
kǒuyǔ 口語 spoken language; vernacular language
kuāzhāng 誇張 exaggeration; exhortatio (Zhang Meilan 1987: 313-315)
L
leìtuī shuō 類推說 analogy theory
lìshí 歷時 diachronic
lìshū 隸書 clerical script
liánbǐzì 連筆字 cursive Chinese graph
liáncí 連詞 conjunction (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 169-174; Hu
Zhu'an 1961; Xiang Xi 1993: 437-454; Peyraube
1994(b); Wu Fuxiang1996: 260-285; You/Zhi 2000:
385-403; Song Yinsheng 1996: 369-480); see: CONJ;
SI
liándòng shì 連動式 serial verb construction
liánhé shì 聯合式 combined/complex form of a word; usually refers to
disyllabic words which are formed by combining to
graphs of similar meaning (f.eks. yǔyán 語言) or
opposite meaning (f.eks. dàxiǎo 大小 big-small> size);
some also include reduplications (def. in Zhu Yizhi:
33-36)
liánhé fùjù 聯合複句 coordinate sentence
liánjiēcí 連接詞 conjunction; see: guānxī cí 關係詞
liánmiáncí 聯綿詞 polysyllabic words which cannot be analyzed into its
parts and the components of which form one single
unit (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 26)
13

liánmiánzì 連綿字 alliterative Chinese graph
liàngcí 量詞 measure word; classifier (Lü Shuxiang 1944/1984; Liu
Shiru 1961; Wang Shaoxin 1989; Tai J. H./Wang
Lianqing 1990; Tai J. H. 1992; Xiang Xi 1993: 356-
383; Wu/Zhi 1999: 237-245; Peyraube 1991(b);
Peyraube 1993; Wiebusch 1993; Wiebusch 1995;
Peyraube 1998(b); Peyraube 1998(d); Yu
Guangzhong/Ueda 2000: 246-259 ); see: CLASS
liányīn 連音 (tone) sandhi
lǐngyīn領音 syllabic; sonant
lüèzì 略字 abbreviated Chinese graph
M
míngcí 名詞 noun; see: N
mǐngcíjù 名詞句 complete sentence which is nominalized and functions
as subject or object (e.g. MM:
我不知道他往那兒去了 "I do not know where he
went.") (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 423-433)
míngcíxìng wèiyǔjù 名詞性謂語句 sentence with a nominal predicate; sentence the
predicate of which consists of a NP (e.g. 什麼東西?)
(def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 368)
mìnglìngjù 命令句 imperative sentence; see: qíshǐ jù 祈使句; see:
SENT.IMP
mócāyīn 摩擦音 fricative
mǔ4cí 母詞 etymon
mǔyīn 母音 vowel
mǔzì 母字 matrigraph
N
néngyuàn dòngcí 能願動詞 modal verb; modal auxiliary (Wang Li 1944; Liu
Jingnong 1958: 31; Peyraube 1999) see: V.MOD
nǐshēngcí 擬聲詞 onomatopoeic word; see: ONOMAT
P
páichú jiècí 排除介詞 coverb of exclusion; see: COV.EXCEPT
pàishēngcí 派生詞 derivate; derived form
pànduàncí 判斷詞 copula; linking verb; see: COP
14

pànduàn jù 判斷句 sentence including a copula; copulative sentence (def.
in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 372-377; Liu Shiru 1957; Hong
Cheng 1957; Peyraube 1995(b); Wang Weihui 1998;
Xiao Hong 1999; Tang Yuming 1991; Tang Yuming
1992); see: SENT.COP
pángzhǐ dàicí 旁指代詞 (?)
pìzì 僻字 rare Chinese graph/word
piānchēng bīnyǔ 偏稱賓語 partitive object
piānjù 偏句 subordinate clause
piānpáng 偏旁 graphic component; component in a Chinese graph
piānyì fùhécí 偏義複合詞 compound word (usually disyllabic) which originally
consisted of two full words which customarily often
were used together over a long period of time. In the
course of time the meaning of one part of the phrase
faded away whereas the other part retained and
strengthened its meaning (fore example: néng gòu
能彀 'be able to draw a bow to its full' > nénggòu
能彀/能勾/能夠 'to be able; can')
piānzhèngcízǔ 偏正詞組 see: piānzhèng shì 偏正式
piānzhèng jiégòu 偏正結構 see: piānzhèng shì 偏正式
piānzhèng shì 偏正式 modifier + central; modifier-modified form; this refers
to phrases in which one word is modified (zhōngxīn cí
中心詞) and the other word is the modifier; the most
common patterns are ADJ-NP; ADV-VP; ADV-ADJ
(def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 36-39)
pòcāyīn 破擦音 affricate
pòlièyīn 破裂音 plosive
pǔtōng míngcí 普通名詞 general noun
Q
qíshǐ jù 祈使句 imperative sentence; sentence which expresses a request
(yàoqiú 要求) or command (mìnglìng 命令); (def. in
Zhu Yizhi 1990: 339; Zhang Meilan 1987: 309-312);
see: SENT.IMP
qián zhuì 前綴 prefix; see: PREF
qīngyīn 輕音 voiceless sound
qūxiàng dòngcí 趨向動詞 directional verb
qūzhé yǔ 屈折語 inflectional language
quēfá xíngtài 缺乏形態 isolating (language)
quēzì 缺字 missing Chinese graph/word
15

R
ràngbù liáncí 讓步連詞 (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 175) (?)
rénchēng dàicí 人稱代詞 personal pronoun (Yu Liming 1988; Yu Liming 1989;
Wu Fuxiang 1996: 1-31; Hong Bo 1999 (a); Yu
Guangzhong/Ueda 2000: 260-282; Feng Chuntian
2000: 1-81; Mei Zulin 2000; Tang Weiqun/Zhang
Yongmei 2000; Hong Bo 2002)
rènshi 認識 epistemic (modality)
rènzhī yīnsù 認知因素 cognitive factors
róngliàng liàngcí 容量量詞 classifier of content
S
sècāyīn 塞擦音 affricate
sèyīn 塞音 obstruent
shégēnyīn 舌根音 dorsal sound
shèjí 涉及 be affected; transitive ?
shéjiānyīn 舌尖音 apical sound
shémiàn hòuyīn 舌面後音 velar
shémiàn qiányīn 舌面前音 dorsal
shéyīn 舌音 lingual sound
shěnglüèjù 省略句 'abbreviated sentence'; sentence in which one or several
components are missing (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 421-
423)
shěnglüè piānpáng zìxíng 省略偏旁字形 graphic abbreviation; Chinese graph in abbreviated
form
shēngmǔ 聲母 'sound-mother'; initial consonant
shēngpáng 聲旁 phonetic
shēngpáng de pòhuài 聲旁的破壞 deformation of the phonetic component of a Chinese
graph
shēngyīn 聲音 sound
shēngyùn 聲韻 consonants and vowels (?)
shēngyùnxué 聲韻學 (historical) phonology
shǐchéngshì 使成式 causative; see: CAUS
shìfēi wènjù 是非問句 interrogative sentence which expects the answer 'yes' or
'no' (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 345-350; Wu Zhenyu
1998)
shīgē 詩歌 poetry; poems and songs
shíjiān fùcí 時間副詞 adverbs of time (def. see Zhu Yizhi 1990: 159-161;
Song Yinsheng 1996: 74-141); see: ADV.TEMP
shíjiān jù 時間句 temporal sentence; see: SENT.TEMP
16

shījù 詩句 verse, line in a poem
shīlì 施力 agency
shīshì 施事 agent (often referring to 'subject' and contrasted with
shòushì 受事)
shítài 時態 tense (Mu Jihong 1986)
shǐyì jù 使役句 causative sentence; factitive sentence (Feng Chuntian
2000: 613-648)
shīyùn 詩韻 rhyme
shízì 實字 'full words'; content word; ant. xūzì 虛字
shǒucí 首詞 head-word.
shòudǎocí 受導詞 term used by Gao Minkai 1957 for
coverbs/prepositions; see: COV/PREP
shòushì 受事 (logical) object
shǒuyīn 首音 initial
shǒuyǔ chóngfù fǎ 首語重復法 anaphora
shùbīn jiégòu 述賓結構 verb + object construction
shùliàng fùcí 數量副詞 adverb of quantity (Li includes adverbs of frequency;
def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 161-162)
shùyǔ 述語 predicate
shùcí 數詞 numeral (Zhang Meilan 1987: 297-308; Yu
Guangzhong/Ueda 2000:246-259); see: NUM
shùzì 數字 numeral; see: NUM
shùliàngcí 數量詞 numeral-plus-classifier expression
shuāngbīn jiégòu 雙賓結構 double-object construction (Peyraube 1986; Peyraube
1987)
shuāngbīnjù 雙賓句 sentence with a direct and indirect object
shuāngchóng fǒudìng jù 雙重否定句 sentence including a double-negation which
emphasizes the affirmative mood of the sentence
(不能不 + VERB 'cannot not VERB > has to VERB;
necessarily VERBs' (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 431-434)
shuāng jíwù jiégòu shì 雙及物結構式 double-object construction
shuāngyīncí 雙音詞 binom; disyllabic word; word consisting of two
syllables
shuāngyīnhuà 雙音化 disyllabication; binom formation
shuāngyīn jiécí 雙音節詞 binom; disyllabic word; word consisting of two
syllables
shuāngyīnjié yǔsù 雙音節語素 disyllabic morpheme
sīcāyīn 嘶擦音 sibilant
sǐzì 死字 'dead' Chinese graph; graph which was only used once
or very rarely
sòng 頌 praise; eulogy
sòngqìyīn 送氣音 aspirated sound
súcíyǔ 俗詞語 vulgarism; colloquial expression
17

sútǐzì 俗體字 popular/vulgar form of a Chinese graph
súyǔ 俗語 vernacular expression; colloquial expression (Li Jinxi
1928; Zhu Juyi 1956; Zürcher 1978; Mair 1980; Tian
Zhongyao 1984; Yuan Bin 1986; Yuan Bin 1988(c);
Wen Duanzheng 1989; Yuan Bin 1989(c); Liang
Xiaohong 1992(a); Huang Zheng 1994; Liu Jian 1999;
Gurevich 1999; Kôsaka 2000; Yuan Jinhu 2000; Yuan
Jinhu 2001)
súzì 俗字 popular/vulgar form of a Chinese graph (Ôta 1982)
suǒchù jiècí 所處介詞 preposition indicating location (Feng Chuntian 2000:
323)
T
tàncí 嘆詞 interjection
tèzhǐ wènjù 特指問句 interrogative sentence which has to include a
interrogative pronoun (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 343-
345)
tǐbiāojì 體標記 aspect marker (guo 過; le 了; zhe 著) (Li Ne/Shi Yuzhi
1997)
tǐcí 體詞 nominals
tónggēncí 同根詞 cognate word; cognate
tōngjiǎzì 通假字 borrowed graph
tóngwèi 同位 apposition
tóngxíngcí 同形詞 homograph
tóngxíngzì 同形字 homograph; homography
tóngyìcí 同義詞 synonym
tóngyīncí 同音詞 homophone; homonym
tóngyīn jiǎjiè zì 同音假借字 homophone; phonetic loan; 'false' phonetic loan (one of
the traditional six categories of Chinese graphs)
tóngyī1n tōngjiǎ zì 同音通假字 phonetic loan
tóngyīnzì 同音字 homophone; homonym
tōngyòngzì 通用字 interchangeable Chinese graphs
tóngyuáncí 同源詞 cognate
tóngyùncí 同韻詞 rhyme word
tǔqìyīn 土氣音 aspirate
tuányīn 團音 alveolo-palatal fricative
tuìbiàn 蛻變 transformation
tuōluò 脫落 deletion (Lü Shuxiang 1944/1984)
W
18

wàiláicí 外來詞 loan word

wánchéng 完成 perfective
wánchéngmào 完成貌 perfective aspect (Mei Zulin 1981)
wánchéngmào cíwěi 完成貌詞尾 verbal suffix/aspect marker indicating perfective aspect
(Li Ne/Shi Yuzhi 1997; Mei Zulin 1981)
wánquán jù 完全句 sentence which includes all 'necessary' parts (e.g SUBJ-
PRED-OBJ) (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 420)
wèi 謂 predicate; see: pred.
wèibīn dòngcí 謂賓動詞 predicative object verbs (another name for modal
auxiliaries since the VP which follows them can be
regarded as verbal object); (Zhu Dexi 1982: 122;
Pulleyblank 1995: 39; Peyraube 1999: 29)
wěiwǎnyǔ 委婉語 euphemism
wèixiàng 謂向 attribute
wénxué 文學 literature
wényán cíyǔ 文言詞語 classical expression
wěiyīn 尾音 final
wéntǐ 文體 literary style; genre
wénzì 文字 Chinese graph; script; writing; written language; style
of writing
wénzì zīrǔ 文字孳乳 graphic derivates
wènjù 問句 interrogative sentence (Xu Zhengkao 1988; Wu Zhenyu
1998)
wúrénchēng 無人稱 impersonal
wúxíngtài yǔ 無形態語 formless language
wùzhì míngcí 物質名詞 mass noun
wúzhǔjù 無主句 subjectless sentence (Wang Li; Gao Mingkai; def. in
Zhu Yizhi 1990: 411) see: SENT.SUBJ.OM
X
xìcí 繫詞 copula; see: COP
xiǎnzǔyīn 險阻音 glottalized consonant
xiānghù dàicí 相互代詞 reciprocal pronoun (?)
xiàngxíngzì 象形字 pictograph
xiǎochēngcí 小稱詞 diminutive
xiǎopǐncí 小品詞 particle
xiǎoshéyīn 小舌音 uvular; uvular consonant
xiéyīn 諧音 homophonic; homonymic (Zhang Meilan 1987: 335-
339)
xínghé fǎ 形合法 hypotaxis
19

xíngjiè 形借 borrowing of the graphic shape of a Chinese graph
xíngpáng 形旁 signific; semantic component of a Chinese graph;
significum
xíngróngcí 形容詞 adjective; see: ADJ
xíngshéngzì 形聲字 phonogram
xíngshū 行書 semi-cursive script
xìngtài fùcí 性態副詞 (def. Zhu 1990: 164-165)
xiūcí 修辭 rhetoric
xūhuà 虛化 'emptification' (Peyraube 1999: 208; fn.35)
xūzì 虛字 'empty words'; functions words (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990:
59-61); ant. shízì 實字 'full words'
xuǎnzé wènjù 選擇問句 choice-question sentence; disjunctive question sentence;
a interrogative sentence where a choice between A or
B is presented (MM: 他是中國人還是外國人 "Is he a
foreigner or a Chinese?"; MENG: 禮與食孰重?"Ritual
propriety or food, which one is more respected?"; (def.
in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 352-355; Mei Zulin 1978 (a); Li
Siming 1983; Feng Chuntian 2000: 693-702; Wu
Zhenyu 1998; for a subtype see: fǎnfù wènjù)
Y
yǎnbiàn 演變 evolution/formation (of words for example)
yāngyuányīn 央元音 central vowel; mid-vowel
yìdú 異讀 variant pronunciation
yìhé fǎ 意合法 parataxis
yīpíng jiècí 依憑介詞 coverb indicating dependance (Feng Chuntian 2000:
406); see: COV.DEPEND
yìsù 義素 semem; semanteme
yìtìzì 異體字 variant Chinese graph
yíwèi 移位 dislocation
yíwèn dàicí 疑問代詞 interrogative pronoun (Sun Xixin 1985; Zhu Qingzhi
1990; Wu Fuxiang 1996: 56-104; Wu/Zhi 1999: 296-
311; Feng Chuntian 2000: 148-259; Peyraube/Wu
Fuxiang 2000); see: NPRO.QUEST
(often divided into: shìwù yíwèn dàicí 事物疑問代詞
'what/which'; rénwù yíwèn dàicí 人物疑問代詞 'who';
fāngshì qíngzhuàng yíwèn dàicí 方式，情狀疑問代詞
'how'; yuányīn mùdì yíwèn dàicí 原因目的疑問代詞
'why'; shíjiān yíwèn dàicí 時間疑問代詞 'when';
chùsuǒ yíwèn dàicí 處所疑問代詞 'where'; shùliàng
yíwèn dàicí 數量疑問代詞 'how many; how much')
20

yíwèn fùcí 疑問副詞 adverbs of question (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 163-164;
Yuan Bin 1988(a); Yuan Bin 1988(b); Yuan Bin
1989(b); Jiang Lansheng 1990); see: ADV.QUEST
(e.g. kě 可; hái 還 which often appear as structural
element in interrogative sentences)
yíwènjù 疑問句 interrogative sentence; question sentence (Zhang
Meilan 1987: 247-273; Yu Guangzhong/Ueda
2000:95-126); see: SENT.QUEST
yíwèn yǔqìcí 疑問語氣詞 modal interrogative particle; sentence final particle
expressing interrogative mood (Zhang Meilan 1987:
192-224; Wu Hua 1987); see: SF.QUEST
yíwèn zhǐshì dàicí 疑問指示代詞 interrogative pronoun; see: NPRO.QUEST
yìyì 意義 meaning
yìyìcí 意譯詞 semantic loanword; word from another language which
is translated into Chinese according to its meaning
(Zhu Qingzhi 2000(a): 247, fn.1); ant. yìyīn cí 譯音詞
yìyīn 譯音 to transliterate; transliteration
yìyīncí 譯音詞 transliteration word; loan word; a word from another
language which is phonetically transliterated (def. in
Zhu Yizhi 1990: 29); ant. yìyìcí 譯意; yìyì cí 意譯詞
yìzì tóngxíng 異字同形 different graphs sharing the same graphic shapes
yīnbiàn 音變 phonetic change; tone sandhi
yīnchéng jiècí 因乘介詞 (Feng Chuntian 2000: 406)
yīndià4o 音調 tone; tonality
yīnduàn 音段 segment; fraction
yīnfú 音符 phonetic symbol
yīnguǒ liáncí 因果連詞 conjunction indicating cause/reason (def. in Zhu Yizhi
1990: 176; see Song Yinsheng 1996: 412-428); see:
SI.REASON
yīnjié 音節 syllable
yìnōu yǔyán 印歐語言 Indo-european language
yǐnshēn 引申 extension; extend (the meaning of a word)
yǐnshēnyì 引申義 extended meaning of a word
yīnsù 音素 phoneme
yīnwèi 音位 phoneme
yīnyì 音義 reading and meaning; pronunciation and meaning of a
Chinese graph
yīnyùnxié 音韻學 phonology
yīnzhuì 音綴 syllable
yǐnyǔ 隱語 parable (?) (Zhang Meilan 1987: 326-329)
yòngyǔ 用語 wording; term
yǔcí 語詞 words and phrases
yǔfǎ 語法 grammar (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 1-6)
21

yǔfǎcí 語法詞 syntactical word
yǔfǎ gōngnéng 語法功能 grammatical function (?) (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 6-7)
yǔfǎhuà 語法化 grammaticalization (on this term in the Chinese
contexts see Shi Yuzhi/Li Ne 2001: 2-4)
yǔfǎxué 語法學 syntax; grammar
yǔjìng yǐngxiǎng 語境影響 pragmatic influence
yǔqìcí 語氣詞 words expressing modality; mood particle; sentence
final particle expressing modality/mood; see: SF; yǔqì
zhùcí
yǔqì fùcí 語氣副詞 adverb of modality (which modify the whole sentence);
(def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 167; Song Yinsheng 1996:
178-216)
yǔqì zhùcí 語氣助詞 auxiliary word indicating modality (Hu Zhu'an 1958;
Jiang Lansheng 1986; Luo Ji 1994 (SF yě 也); Sun
Xixin 1999 (SF); Feng Chuntian 2000: 515-554; Sun
Xixin 2001 (SF); Li Ming 2002 (modal verbs)); see:
SF; V.MOD; yǔqì cí 語氣詞
yūshuōfǎ 迂說法 periphrasis
yǔsù 語素 morpheme (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 9-10)
yǔtóng jiècí 與同介詞 coverb indicating equality/identity (?) (Feng Chuntian
2000: 301-322)
yǔxù 語序 word-order
yǔyán 語言 language
yǔyì yǐnshēn 語義引申 semantic extension
yǔyīnxué 語音學 phonetics; phonology
yǔyuán 語源 etymology
yǔzhuì 語綴 affix; see: cízhuì
yuǎn bǐnyǔ 遠賓語 direct object; see: zhíjiē bǐnyǔ
yuányīn héxiélü4 元音和諧律 vowel harmony
yuǎnzhǐ zhǐshì dàicí 遠指指示代詞 far-range demonstrative pronoun (Feng Chuntian 2000:
118-132); see: NPRO.DEM
yùn 韻 rhyme; rhyme class
yùnbù 韻部 final segment
yùnfù 韻腹 main vowel
yùnmǔ 韻母 vowel
yùntóu 韻頭 head vowel
yùnwěi 韻尾 terminal vowel
Z
zàojùfǎ 造句法 syntax
zhèngjù 正句 main clause
22

zhèngtǐzì 正體字 standard form of a Chinese graph
zhǐdàicí 指代詞 demonstrative pronoun
zhíjiē bǐnyǔ 直接賓語 direct object; see: yuǎn bǐnyǔ
zhǐshì 指事 deictic
zhǐshì dàicí 指示代詞 demonstrative pronoun (Lü Shuxiang 1985; Peyraube
1992; Wu Fuxiang 1996: 32-55; Wu/Zhi 1999: 283-
295); see: NPRO.DEM
zhǐshìzì 指示字 deictic graph; deictograph
zhìshǐ jù 致使句 causative sentence; sentence which includes the coverbs
jiào 叫, lìng 令, shǐ 使 , etc. "cause (somebody) to
VERB"
zhíwù hùyì 職務互易 mutual exchange of lexical functions
zhōnglìhuà 中立化 neutralization
zhōngxīn míngcí 中心名詞 head noun; nominal head
zhōngxīnyǔ 中心語 nominal head (?); central
zhōngxìng zhǐshì dàicí 中性指示代詞 'neutral' demonstrative pronouns (Feng Chuntian 2000:
133-148)
zhōng zhuì 中綴 infix (def. Zhu Yizhi 1990: 15)
zhùcí 助詞 auxiliary word (Li Quan 1992; Xiang Xi 1993: 455-
477; Wu Fuxiang1996: 286-369; Yu
Guangzhong/Ueda 2000: 409-454); see: AUX
zhǔ 主 subject; see: SUBJ
zhǔdòng 主動 active (verb)
zhùdòngcí 助動詞 auxiliary verb; (often referring to modal verb; modal
auxiliary); Wang Li 1985 uses this term for
coverbs/prepositions
zhǔdòngzhě 主動者 initiator/agent of an action
zhǔjù 主句 main sentence; principal sentence
zhǔtí 主題 subject; topic
zhǔwèi jù 主謂句 sentence containing a subject and predicate (def. in Zhu
Yizhi 1990: 359-361)
zhǔwèi shì 主謂式 (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 42-44)
zhuànwén 篆文 seal script
zhuānyǒu míngcí 專有名詞 proper noun; see: NPR
zhuǎnzhé liáncí 轉折連詞 adversative/concessive conjunction; see: SI.CONS
zhuàngtài bǔyǔ 狀態補語 aspect marker ? (Li Ne/Shi Yuzhi 1997)
zhuàngtài dòngcí 狀態動詞 stative verb; see: VI.ST
zhuàngtài fùcí 狀態副詞 adverbs of state (?) (Song Yinsheng 1996: 142-177)
zhuàngyǔ 狀語 adverbial modifier; adverbial
zhuóyīn 濁音 voiced sound
zì 字 Chinese graph; Chinese character (def. in Zhu Yizhi
1990: 19)
zìdiào 字調 tone of a Chinese graph
23

zǐjù 子句 clause (as part of a sentence)
zìmǔ 字母 initial; letter; letter of an alphabet
zīshēng biànhuàn yǔfǎ 孳生變換語法 generative transformational grammar
zīshēng yǔfǎ 孳生語法 generative grammar
zìsù 字素 grapheme
zìtǐ 字體 graphic form (of a Chinese graph); graphic shape
zìxíng 字形 style/shape of a Chinese graph
zìxíng fēnhuà 字形分化 differentiation of graphic forms
zìyì 字義 semantic
zǐyīn 子音 consonant
zìyīn 字音 pronunciation of a Chinese graph
zìyóu yǔsù 自由語素 free morpheme; morpheme which can constitute a
sentence by itself (def. in Zhu Yizhi 1990: 11)
zuòyòngcí 作用詞 operator
Historical periods
24

4.2 Periods of language development3
(OBI oracle bone inscriptions)

(bronze inscr. bronze inscriptions)
pre-archaic Chinese language of the oracle bone inscriptions (OBI)
(14th-11th cent. B.C.)
Early Archaic Chinese (EAC) 10th-6th cent. B.C. (SHI, SHU)
Late Archaic Chinese (LAC) 5th-2nd cent. B.C.; the 'classical' period with works
such as LUNYU, MENG, ZUO, HANFEI, XUN, etc.
pre-Medieval Chinese transition period form 1st cent. B.C. till 1st. cent. A.D.
(SHIJI)
Early Medieval Chinese (EMC) 2nd-6th cent. A.D. (HANSHU, HOUHANSHU,
SHISHUO, BAIYUJING, etc.)
EMC /.../ reconstructed pronunciation of Early Medieval Chinese
based on the Qièyùn 切韻 rhyme dictionary dating from
601 A.D. (usually following Pulleyblank's
reconstruction)
Late Medieval Chinese (LMC) 7th-13th cent.
LMC /.../ reconstructed pronunciation of Late Medieval Chinese
(usually following Pulleyblank's reconstruction)
Early Mandarin 13th-14th cent.
Middle Mandarin 15th-19th cent.
Modern Mandarin (MM) 19th-21st cent.
LC (Literary Chinese) is used when referring to 'classical Chinese' as more or less

standardized medium of written communication (based on LAC and standardized during the
Han), regardless of period.
3
I roughly follow Peyraube's system of periodization (Peyraube 1996, see also Peyraube 1988).

Historical periods
25

4.3 HISTORICAL PERIODS
Xia Xià 夏 ca.21. cent.-16. cent. B.C.

Shang Shāng 商 ca.16. cent.-11. cent. B.C.
Zhou Zhōu 周 11. cent. - 221 B.C.
Western Zhou Xī-Zhōu 西周 11. cent. - 770 B.C.
Eastern Zhou Dōng-Zhōu 東周 770 - 221 B.C.
Spring and Autumn period Chūn-qiū 春秋 722 - 481 B.C.
Warring States Zhàn-guó 戰國 403 - 221 B.C.
Qin Qín 秦 221 - 206 B.C.
Han Hàn 漢 206 B.C. - 220 A.D.
Western Han Xī-Hàn 西漢 206 B.C. - 23 A.D.
Eastern Han Dōng-Hàn 東漢 25 - 220 A.D.
Three Kingdoms Sān-guó 三國 220 - 265 A.D.
Western Jin Xī-Jìn 西晉 265 - 316 A.D.
Six Dynasties Liù-cháo 六朝 317 A.D. - 589 A.D.
Eastern Jin Dōng-Jìn 東晉 317 - 420 A.D.
Sixteen Kingdoms Shí-liù guó 十六國 304 - 439 A.D.
South. and North. Dyn. Nán-běi-cháo 南北朝 420 - 589 A.D.
Song Sòng 宋 420 - 479 A.D.
Qi Qí 齊 479 - 502 A.D.
Liang Liáng 梁 502 - 557 A.D.
Chen Chén 陳 557 - 589 A.D.
Northern Wei Běi-Wèi 北魏 386 - 534 A.D.
Eastern Wei Dōng-Wèi 東魏 534 - 550 A.D.
Northern Qi Běi-Qí 北齊 550 - 577 A.D.
Western Wei Xī-Wèi 西魏 535 - 557
Northern Zhou Běi-Zhōu 北周 557 - 581 A.D.
Sui Suí 隋 581 - 618 A.D.
Tang Táng 唐 618 - 907 A.D.
Five Dynasties Wǔ-dài Shí-guó 五代十國 907 - 979 A.D.
Later Liang Hòu-Liáng 後梁 907 - 923 A.D.
Later Tang Hòu-Táng 後唐 923 - 936 A.D.
Later Jin Hòu-Jìn 後晉 936 - 946 A.D.
Later Han Hòu Hàn 後漢 947 - 950 A.D.
Later Zhou Hòu-Zhōu 後周 951 - 960 A.D.
Ten Kingdoms Shí-guó 十國 902 - 979 A.D.
Song Sòng 宋 960 - 1279 A.D.
Northern Song Běi-Sòng 北宋 960 - 1127 A.D.
Southern Song Nán-Sòng 南宋 1127 - 1279 A.D.
Liao Liáo 遼 907 - 1125 A.D.
Western Xia Xī-Xià 西夏 1032 - 1227 A.D.
Jin Jīn 金 1115 - 1234 A.D.
Yuan Yuán 元 1279 - 1368 A.D.

Historical periods
26

Ming Míng 明 1368 - 1644 A.D.
Qing Qīng 清 1644 - 1911 A.D.

Conventions
27

4.4 CONVENTIONS FOR THE TRANSCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE
SENTENCES
All abbreviated grammatical terms in the word-by-word transliterations of example sentences

are written in capital letters. Occasionally several terms are linked together in order to
highlight a syntactic phenomenon. A dot "." is used between those terms. For instance
VT.CAUS refers to a transitive verb which is used as causative (e.g. yī 一 (VT.CAUS) 'cause
to be one > unite'). V.MOD.NEC refers to a modal verb expressing necessity. The actual
meaning of a term is occasionally indicated after the grammatical category with small caps.
For instance NPRO.QUESTwhy refers to a interrogative pronoun meaning 'why'. All words
which are not regarded as grammatical function words in the word-by-word transliterations
are written with small caps. Semantic and functional units are separated from each other by
"/". For example: 汝大須修行 NPRO2PL/ADVvery/V.MOD.OBLshould/cultivate-practice.
('You really should practice intensely!'). The constituents of compounds which are perceived
to have a close relationship to each other are linked together with "-" (i.e. disyllabic words;
noun plus suffix; etc.). When the literary translation of the constituents of a compound does
not indicate the meaning of the compound, the meaning is sometimes indicated after the
symbol ">". For instance: 知音 know-sound>friend.

Symbols and Abbreviations
28

4.5 SYMBOLS/ABBREVIATIONS
4.5.1 SYMBOLS - GENERAL/GRAMMAR
/.../ phonetic transliteration (i.e. 摩: LMC /mua/; the graph 摩 has

the reading 'mua' in Late Middle Chinese; if not otherwise
indicated the readings are according to Pulleyblank)
[...] (a) relation NP[VP + NOM] (i.e. an NP consisting of a VP
and a nominalizer)
(b) translator's remarks inserted into the translation
[?] translation is uncertain/doubtful
[??] translation is very uncertain (translator is at a loss)
?? uncertainty regarding the definition of semantic or syntactic
features in the word-for-word transliteration
(...) optional elements
{xxx} defines the semantic field (i.e. VT{give} refers to transitive
verbs with the semantic field 'to give'; VT{speak} refers to
transitive words indicating a speech act)
/ separates elements in the word-by-word transliteration
| boundary between clauses
|| sentence boundary
X-Y in word-by-word transliterations: X and Y have a close
relation to each other (e.g. in disyllabic compounds: gǎibiàn
改變 'change-transform'; huàtóu 話頭: N-SUFF)
: length in vowels
* ungrammatical expression/phrase/sentence
fi cross-reference to
X≈Y X is syn. to Y
X≠Y X is ant. to Y
X>Y (a) literary meaning X has derived meaning Y (e.g. 知音
know-sound>friend; jiàn 見: 'see > understand')
(b) 'becomes; develops into'
# boundary symbol
Indicates a syntactic unit (which is written at the bottom of

the triangle) without specifying its internal structure

29

4.5.2 SYMBOLS - TEXT EDITION
□ missing or unidentifiable graph in the text

X(Y) Chinese graph X is a variant of Y
X(~Y?) Chinese graph X should probably be Y (X can be a misprint,
a phonetic loan, etc.)
X(+Y?) Chinese graph Y is probably missing after X
(X* in the original text the standard graph X occurs in a graphic
variation)
X(-) the Chinese graph X is superfluous
X(??) the Chinese graph X is possibly corrupt
{{...}} indicating text portions in ZTJ which are written with small
graphs (and which are inserted as commentaries)

30

4.5.3 ABBREVIATIONS - GENERAL
A.D. anno domini (after Christ)

ant. antonymous; antonym
attr. attributed
B.C. before Christ
cent. century
ch. chapter
cit. cited
d. died
comm. commented; annotated
comp. compiled
d.n.a. does not apply
d.u. dates unknown
e.g. exempli gratia (for example)
ed. edited; editor
esp. especially
et.al. et alii (and others)
etc. et cetera
fasc. fascicle (juàn 卷)
fig. figurative
ibid. ibidum
F frequency (if not otherwise indicated referring to frequencies
in ZTJ)
jap. Japanese
kor. Korean
lit. literary
r. reigned
ref. reference
skr. Sanskrit
syn. synonymous; synonym
tr. translated; translator
vs. versus
vol. volume

31

4.5.4 ABBREVIATIONS - GRAMMATICAL TERMS
1SG first person singular

1PL first person plural
2SG second person singular
2PL second person plural
3SG third person singular
3PL third person plural
AD/ad adjunct to
ADJ adjective
ADNOM adnominal
AFF affirmation; affirmative
ASP aspect
CAP capability
CAUS causative
CLASS (individual) classifier
COLL/coll. colloquial language
COMPARAT comparative
COND condition
CONS concessive (adversative)
CONJ conjunction
CONJ.COORD coordinative conjunction
CONJ.TEMP temporal conjunction
CONJ.REASON conjunction indicating reason
CONT continuous aspect
CONTR contraction
COP copula (e.g. shì 是, wéi 為)
COP.EMPHASIS copula indicating emphasis (e.g. shì 是)
COP.IDENTITY copula indicating identity (e.g. jí 即)
COP.QUEST.CHOICE copula marking a choice question sentence (e.g. shì 是...shì
是...)
(COUNTER counter factional)
COV coverb
COV.BENEFACT coverb indicating the benefactor of an action ('for the sake of;
for') (e.g. wèi 為)
COV.DEPEND coverb indicating on what an action is based upon/depends
on ('depending on; based on') (e.g. yī 依 'based on')
COV.DIR coverb indicating direction (e.g. dào 到)
COV.DISP coverb indicating the object in disposal sentences (i.e. yǐ 以;
jiāng 將; bǎ 把)
COV.EXCEPT coverb introducing the entity which is excluded as subject or
object from the main action ('besides; with the exception of')
(e.g. chú 除)
COV.INCL coverb indicating an entity which performs the action
together with the subject ('together with; with') (e.g. tóng 同)
COV.INSTR coverb indicating the means by which an action is performed
('with; by means of; using') (e.g. yǐ 以)
COV.LOC coverb indicating location ('at; in') (e.g. zài 在)

32

COV.LOC.DESTIN coverb indicating the destination of a motion/action ('to') (e.g.
zhì 至)
COV.LOC.ORIG coverb indicating the location an action starts out from
('from') (e.g. cóng 從)
COV.PASS coverb indicating the agent in passive sentences (e.g. bèi 被;
cáo 曹)
COV.PURPOSE coverb indicating the purpose of an action ('for; in order to')
(e.g. wèi 為)
COV.TEMP coverb indicating temporality (e.g. yú 於)
COV.TEMP.DESTIN coverb indicating the temporal end-point of an action ('until')
(e.g. zhì 至)
COV.TEMP.DUR coverb indicating the duration of an action ('for; for the
period of') (e.g. jīngyú 經於)
COV.TEMP.ORIG coverb indicating the temporal starting point of an
action/state ('from') (e.g. cóng 從)
COV.TOP coverb indicating the topic the main verb makes a statement
about ('as for; regarding') (e.g. duìyú 對於)
COV.OBJ coverb indicating the object of the main verb
COV.OBJ.DIR coverb indicating the direct object of an action
COV.OBJ.INDIR coverb indicating the indirect object of an action (e.g.yú 於)
COV.OBJ.SPEECH coverb indicating the recipient of a speech act (e.g. duì 對)
COVP coverbal phrase
DEF definite
DEROG derogatory
dial. dialectical form
DIR directional
DISP disposal
DUR durative
EXCL exclamatory
F frequency
GEN genitive
GR grammaticalized
GR.SEMI semi-grammaticalized
FUT future
HON honorific
HUM human
HUMB humble
IMP imperative
INF infix in verbal complement; see: zhōng zhuì 中綴 (e.g. bù 不
in dàobùdé 道不得 'be unable to speak')
INF.CAP infix expressing capability (e.g. dé 得)
INF.NUM infix between numerals (e.g. yǒu 有)
INST instrumental
INT intensifier
lit. literary meaning
LOC locative
MOD modality
N noun

33

N.AB abstract noun
N.ACT action noun; noun conveying an activity (e.g. shuō 說
'speaking')
NadV denominal adverb
N.ANIM noun with the feature 'non-human' and 'animated'
N.CONCR concrete noun
N.COUNT count noun
N.GENERIC generic noun
N.GR (semi-) grammaticalized noun
N.GR.LOC localizer (relative place word) indicating the relative position
in space (e.g. shān xià 山下 'under the mountain')
N.GR.TEMP semi-grammaticalized noun expressing a relative position in
time
N.GR.CLAUSE.COND a (semi-) grammaticalized noun appearing at the end of a
clause indicating a conditional clause (e.g. shí 時 'if'; zhě 者)
N.GR.CLAUSE.TEMP a (semi-) grammaticalized noun appearing at the end of a
clause indicating a temporal subordinate clause (i.e. ...cì 次
'when...'; ...hòu 後 'after...'; shí 時 'at the time when...')
N.HUM noun with the feature 'human'
N.LOC locative; noun expressing a location
N.MASS mass noun
N.PLANT noun with the feature 'plant'
N.REF referential NP
N.TERM (Buddhist) term
N.TERM.PHON phonetic transliteration of a Buddhist term
N.TIT (see TIT) title
NEC necessity
NEG negator, negative
NOM nominalizer
NP noun phrase
NPR proper name
NPR.LOC place name
NPR.LOC.PHON place name which is a phonetic transliteration
NPR.PHON proper name which is a phonetic transliteration
NPRO pronoun
NPRO.DEM demonstrative pronoun
NPRO.DEM.LOC demonstrative pronouns such as zhèlǐ 這P 'here'
NUM numeral
NUM.INF numeral expressing an infinite amount
OBJ object
OBJ.DIR direct object
OBJ.INDIR indirect object
OM omitted
ONOMAT onomatopoeia
ORD ordinal number
PART particle (e.g. zhī 之, di 地 as 'genitive' markers)
PASS passive
PERF perfective aspect
PHON phonetic

34

PHONskr phonetic for Sanskrit
PIVOT pivot; pivot construction
PL plural
POSS possessive
post postposed
pre preposed
PRED predicate
PREF prefix
PREF.ORD prefix marking an ordinal number (e.g. dì 第)
PROG progressive form
POSS possibility
PUT putative
QUANT quantifier
QUEST question; interrogative
REDUP reduplicated
REFL reflexive
RES resultative
SENT sentence
SENT.AFF affirmative sentence/clause
SENT.COND conditional sentence/clause
SENT.CONS concessive sentence/clause
SENT.DISP disposal sentence
SENT.IMP imperative sentence
SENT.NEG negated sentence
SENT.QUEST interrogative sentence
SENT.QUEST.AFF-NEG affirmative/negative-interrogative sentence
SENT.QUEST.CHOICE choice question sentence
SENT.SUBJ.OM sentence with omitted subject
SENT.TEMP temporal sentence/clause
SF sentence final
(SF.AFF sentence final particle indicating affirmation)
(SF.CHANGE sentence final particle indicating change of situation)
SF.CLAUSE.PAUSE mid-sentence final indicating a pause
SF.EMPHASIS sentence final giving emphasis to a statement
SF.EXCL sentence final indicating an exclamation
SF.IMP sentence final particle indicating a command or request
SF.PERF sentence final particle indicating perfective
(SF.PAST sentence final indicating a past event)
SF.QUEST sentence final interrogative particle
SF.QUEST.AFF-NEG sentence finals consisting of an affirmative/negative part (e,g,
yěwú 也無)
SI sentence initial
SI.REASON sentence initial introducing reason ('because...')
SI.COND sentence initial introducing a conditional clause (e.g. ruò 若
'if')
SI.CONS sentence initial introducing a consessive clause (e.g. suī 雖)
SI.TEMP sentence initial introducing a temporal clause
STRUCT structural element; structure word
SUBJ subject

35

SUBJ.OM omitted subject
SUFF suffix
SUP superlative
TEMP temporal
TERM Buddhist term
TERM>COLL originally Buddhist term which changed meaning and
became part of the colloquial language
TERM.PHON Buddhist term deriving from Sanskrit/Pali; phonetic
transliteration of a Sanskrit term
TIT title
TOP topic; topic marker
V verb
V{x} verb belonging to the semantic category x (e.g. V{speak})
V.CLASS verbal classifier
V.COMP. verbal complement
V.COMP.CAP verbal complement expressing capability (e.g. de 得 as in
jiědé 解得 'be able to understand')
V.COMP.DIR directional verbal complement (e.g. lái 來 as in jiānglái 將來
'bring (towards the speaker)')
V.COMP.RES resultative verbal complement (e.g. què 卻)
V.GR.CLAUSE.TEMP (semi-) grammaticalized verbs with temporal function (e.g.
liǎo 了, qì 訖, yǐ 已 at the end of clauses indicating relative
anteriority)
V.GR.PASS grammaticalized verb indicating that the following verb is
passivized (e.g. jiàn 見)
V.GRpostNUM.APPROX Grammaticalized verb postposed to a numeral expressing an
approximate amount (e.g. lái 來)
V.MOD modal verb
V.MOD.CAP modal verb expressing capability (e.g. néng 能 'be able to')
V.MOD.FUT modal verb indicating (near) future (e.g. nǐ 擬 'going to')
V.MOD.NEC modal verb expressing necessity (e.g. yīng 應 'it necessarily
follows that')
V.MOD.OBL modal verb expressing obligation (e.g. gāi 該 'should')
V.MOD.PERM modal verb expressing permission
V.MOD.POSS modal verb expressing possibility (e.g. kě 可)
V.MOD.VOL modal verb expressing volition (e.g. yù 欲 'want to')
V.STRUCT structure word in verbs
V.SUFF verbal suffix (e.g. -shēng 生)
VP verb phrase
VI intransitive verb
VI.NUM intransitive verb consisting of a numeral (e.g. yī 一 'be one')
VI.PROC intransitive verb indicating a process (e.g. shìmiè 示滅 'to
die')
VI.REDUP reduplicated intransitive verb
VI.ST intransitive stative verb (e.g. bái 白 'be white')
VI.ACT intransitive action verb
VT transitive verb (e.g. chuán 傳 'to transmit')

36

VT.PASS passivized transitive verb (e.g. chuán 傳 'be transmitted')
VT.PIVOT verb introducing a pivot construction (e.g. jiào 教 'make
somebody do something')
VT.SENT transitive verb with sentential object (e.g. yuē 曰 'say that...')
VTT ditransitive verb (verb which can be followed by a indirect
and direct object)
VTV transitive verb with verbal object (e.g. gǎn 敢 'dare to
VERB')

BIBLOGRAPHIES
37

4.6 BIBLIOGRAPHIES
4.6.1 CITATION OF SOURCES - CONVENTIONS
The biography is organized into three parts: A, B, and C.

A is the bibliography of primary sources.
In bibliography B dictionaries, collections, bibliographies, indices, and other reference
materials are listed. In bibliography B-elec a selection of important electronic reference materials
are listed (including web dictionaries, electronic dictionaries, data-bases).
Bibliography C is the bibliography of secondary sources, including sources in Chinese, Japanese,
English, and a few other languages. The bibliography includes primarily reference materials on
the Chinese language, a few items on general linguistics and relevant books on Chinese
Buddhism (especially Chán Buddhism).
Primary sources are cited by title of the work. Primary sources which are cited frequently are
cited using an abbreviation. For a list of abbreviations see below. These abbreviations are written
in italic capital letters (e.g. AVATAMSAKA is the abbreviation for: Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng
大方廣佛華嚴經). Texts translated from Sanskrit or Pali are usually cited according to their
Chinese titles. If any, the original Sanskrit title is added in brackets. If the Sanskrit title is
reconstructed a question mark is added.
Secondary sources (including dictionaries and collections) are cited by the last name of the
author and the year of publication (e.g. Clark 1991). Because of the great number of
homophonous Chinese family names, secondary sources in Chinese are cited by the full name of
the author (without indicating the tones and without Chinese graphs) and the year of publication
(e.g. Mei Zulin 1995). A number of frequently cited dictionaries and reference works are cited
using an abbreviation. These abbreviations are written with italics (but not with capital) letters
(e.g. Nakamura is the abbreviation for: Nakamura Hajime 望月信亨: Bukkyô-go daijiten
佛教語大辭典 [Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhist Terms]. 3 vol.; Tôkyô, Tôkyô shoseki
東京書籍 1975.).
Reference to editions of Zǔtáng jí which are used in this work are as follows: ZTJ, WU, FO,
SUN, KOR, ZHANGHUA (see also the introduction (1.5) to the thesis where the editions are
discussed).
A survey over abbreviations with reference to full titles in the respective bibliographies is given
below. The abbreviated titles of sources appear also in the biographies A to C. In order to make
the abbreviations easily recognizable they are written with bold letters in the bibliography (i.e.
Nakamura).
Occasionally basic textual information on primary sources is added after the bibliographical
entry. This information is written within rectangular brackets and with small letters.
"**" preposed to the author's name indicates that the source could not be consulted directly but
was considered as relevant to be listed in the bibliography.

BIBLOGRAPHIES
38

Incomplete or doubtful bibliographical information is marked by "??".
Reference to the Taishô edition (T.) of Buddhist texts (Takakusu Junjirô (ed.): Taishô shinshû
daizôkyô 大正新修大藏經) is given in the following way: T.volume/number text number: page
number column number (a-c) line number (optional) (e.g. T. 48/2009: 370a16). Reference to
Buddhist texts included in the Dai Nihon Zokuzôkyô 大日本續藏經 is given in the following
way: ZZ. volume number: page number column a-c line number (optional) (e.g. ZZ. 103: 27a7)
Long vowels in Japanese words are indicated with the diacritic "^" (e.g. ô, û). Because of
technical reasons the graphs of Japanese proper names and words are written with the respective
Chinese standard graphs and not with the simplified form of Japanese graphs.
Secondary sources written in the PRC after 1950 are usually written in the simplified form of
Chinese graphs. Primary sources, sources which were published in Taiwan or Japan are usually
written in the traditional form of Chinese graphs.
The titles of journal articles are marked with "...". After a Chinese or Japanese title a tentative
English translation is usually added in square brackets [...]. Incomplete biographic entries are
marked with two question marks ("??").
Components of compound words in AC and MC are connected with a hyphon whereas

compounds in MM are written as one word (AC zhōngguó vs. MM zhōngguó). Components in
proper names are directly connected (e.g. Huìzhōng).

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Abbreviations
39

4.6.2 ABBREVIATIONS OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES
(OVERVIEW)
abbreviation full title see bibliography
AVATAMSAKA Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng 大方廣佛華嚴經 A
BAIYUJING Bǎiyù jīng 百喻經 A
Bianwen Dūnhuáng biànwén jí 敦煌變文集 A
BIYANLU Bìyán lù 碧巖錄 A
BLZ Bǎolín zhuàn 寶林傳 A
Buddhist Names Zhōngguó fójiào rénmíng dàcídiǎn biānjī wěiyuánhuì
中國佛教人名大辭典編輯委員會 (ed.): Zhōngguó fójiào rénmíng dàcídiǎn
中國佛教人名大辭典 B
CHUCI Chǔcí 楚辭 A
CFBJ Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶紀 A
CHANLIN Chánlín sēngbǎo zhuàn 禪林僧寶傳 A
CHUANXIN FAYAO Huángbò shān Duànjì chánshī chuánxīn fǎyào 黃蘗山斷際禪師傳心法要 A
Diming Zāng Lìhé 藏勵和 (ed.): Zhōngguó gǔ-jīn dìmíng dàcídiǎn
中國古今地名大辭典 B
DIAMOND Jīngāng bōrě bōluómì jīng 金剛般若波羅密經 A
DONGSHAN A Yún zhōu Dòngshān Wùběn chánshī yǔlù 筠州洞山悟本禪師語錄 A
DONGSHAN B Ruìzhōu Dòngshā1n Liángjiè chánshī yǔlù 瑞州洞山良价禪師語錄 A
Dunhuang dictionary Lǐ Xiànlín 李羡林 (ed. in chief): Dūnhuángxué dàcídiǎn 敦煌学大辞典 B
Edgerton Edgerton, Franklin: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary B
ERYA Ěryǎ 爾雅 A
Feng Fēng Zuòmín Feng 馮作民 (tr.): Chán yǔlù 禪語錄 C
FO Fóguāng Dàzàngjīng Biānxiū Wěiyuánhùi 佛光大藏經編修委員會 (ed.): Fóguāng
dàzāngjīng - chán zāng - shizhuàn bù - Zǔ táng jí 佛光大藏經 - 史傳 - 祖堂集 A
FOBEN Fó běn xíng jí jīng 佛本行集經 A
Foguang Cí Yí 慈怡 (ed. in chief): Fóguāng dàcídiǎn 佛光大辭典 B
Function Words Zhōngguó shèhuì kēxuéyuàn yǔyán yánjiūsuǒ - gǔdài hànyǔ yánjiūshì
中国社会科学院语言研究所－古代汉语研究室 B
GONG Gōngyáng 公羊 A
GSZ Gāosēng zhuàn 高僧傳 A
GU Gǔlíáng 穀梁 A
Guanzhi Bó Zhēng 柏錚 (ed.): Zhōngguó gǔdài guānzhì 中國古代官制 B
GUANGYUN Guǎngyùn 廣韻 A
GUAN Guǎnzǐ 管子 A
GUOYU Guóyǔ 國語 A
GUZUN Gǔzūnsù yǔlù 古尊宿語錄 A
HANFEI Hánfēizî 韓非子 A
HANSHU H4ànshū 漢書 A
Heji Guo Moruo/Hu Houxuan (ed.): Jiǎgǔwén héjí 甲骨文合集 B
History Zhōngguó Lìshǐ Dàcídiǎn Biānzuǎn Wěiyuánhuì
中国历史大辞典编纂委员会(ed.): Zhōngguó lìshǐ dàcídiǎn -
Suí Táng Wǔ-dài shǐ 中国历史大辞典－随唐五代史 C
Hobogirin Démieville, Paul u.a. (ed.): Hôbôgirin - Dictionnaire Encyclopédique
du Bouddhisme dàprès les Sources Chinois et Japonaises. B
HOUHANSHU Hòu Hàn shū 後漢書 A
HSWJ Hànshǐ wàizhuàn 漢史外傳 A
HUAINANZI Huáinánzî 淮南子 A
Hucker Hucker, Charles O.: A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. B
HYDCD Luó Zhúfēng 罗竹风 (ed. in chief): Hànyǔ dàcídiǎn 漢語大辭典 B
Index Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山 (ed.): Sôdôshû sakuin 祖堂集索引 B
40

JDCDL Jǐngdé chuándēng lù 景德傳燈錄 A
Jiang/Cao Jiāng Lánshēng 江蓝生/Cáo Guǎngshùn 曹广顺:
Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn 唐五代语言词典 B
JINPINGMEI Jīnpíng méi 金瓶梅 A
JINSHU Jìnshū 晉書 A
JIUTANGSHU Jiù Tángshū 舊唐書 A
JIYUN Jíyùn 集韻 A
LANKA Léngqié ābáduōluó bǎo jīng 楞伽阿跋多羅寶經; A
Rù Léngqié jīng 入楞伽經 A
LAO Lǎo-zǐ 老子 A
LAYMAN PANG Páng jūshì yǔlù 龐居士語錄 A
LDFBJ Lìdài fǎbǎo jì 歷代法寶記 A
LEIPIAN Lèipiān 類篇 A
LIANDENG Liándēng huìyào 聯燈會要 A
LIEZI Lièzǐ 列子 A
LIJI Lǐjì 禮記 A
LINJILU Zhènzhōu Línjì Huìzhào Chánshī yǔlù 鎮州臨濟慧照禪師語錄語 A
LONG AGAMA Cháng āhán jīng 長阿含經 A
LONGKAN Lóngkān shǒujìng 龍龕手鏡 A
LOTUS Miàofǎ liánhuá jīng 妙法蓮花經 A
LSCQ Lü3shì chūnqiū 呂氏春秋 A
LQSZJ Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師咨記 A
LUNHENG Lùnhéng 論衡 B
LUNYU Lúnyǔ 論語 B
LUOYANG QIELANJI Luòyáng qiélán jì 洛陽伽籃記 A
MAZU YULU Jiāngxī Mǎzǔ Dàoyī chánshī yǔlù 江西馬祖道一禪師語錄 A
MENG Mèngzǐ 孟子 B
MIDDLE AGAMA Zhōng āhán jīng 中阿含經 A
MO Mòzǐ 墨子 B
Mochizuki Mochizuki Shinkô 望月信亨:
Mochizuki Bukkyô Daijiten 望月佛教大辭典 B
Muller Dictionary of East Asian Buddhist Terms B-elec
Nakamura Nakamura Hajime 望月信亨: Bukkyô-go daijiten 佛教語大辭典 B
NANSHI Nánshǐ 南史 A
NIRVANA Dàbān níhuán jīng 大般泥洹經 A
Dàbān nièpán jīng 大般涅槃經 A
Pelliot Pelliot collection of Dūnhuáng manuscripts
PLATFORM Liùzǔ dàshī fǎbǎo tánjīng 六祖大師法寶壇經 A
Liùzǔ tánjīng 六祖壇經 A
Pulleyblank Pulleyblank, Edwin G.: Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation -
in early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. B
QIXINLUN Dàshèng qǐxīn lùn 大乘起信論 A
Oda Oda Tokunô 織田得能: Bukkyô daijiten 佛教大辭典 B
QTS Quán Táng shī 全唐詩 B
QTW Quán Táng wén 全唐文 B
QUANZHOU QIANFO Quánzhōu Qiānfó xīn zhuó zhū zǔshī sòng 泉州千佛新著諸祖師頌 A
Renming Zāng Lìhé 藏勵和 (ed.): Zhōngguó rénmíng dàcídiǎn 中國人名大辭典 B
RUTANG Rù Táng qiúfǎ xúnlǐ xíngjì 入唐求法巡禮行記 A
SANGUOZHI Sānguó zhì 三國志 A
SGSZ Sòng gāosēng zhuàn 宋高僧傳 A
SHANGSHU Shàngshū 尚書 A
SHANHAI Shānhǎi jīng 山海經 A
SHENHUI YULU Shénhuì yǔlù 神會語錄 A
41

SHI Shījīng 詩經 A
SHIJI Shîjì 史記 A
SHIJIAPU Shìjiā pǔ 釋迦譜 A
SHISHUO Shìshuō xīnyǔ 世說新語 A
SHU Shūjīng 書經 A
SHUIHUZHUAN Shuǐhǔ zhuàn 水滸傳 A
SHUOWEN Shuōwén jiězì 說文解字 B
SHUOYUAN Shuōyuàn 說苑 B
SIFENLÜ Sìfēn lǜ 四分律 A
SONGSHI Sòngshǐ 宋史 A
Soothill Soothill, William/Lewis Hodous: A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms B
SOUSHENJI Sǒushén jì 搜神記 A
Stein Stein collection of the Dūhuáng manuscripts stored at the
National Library in London
SUISHU Suíshū 隋書 A
T. Takakusu Junjirô (ed.): Taishô shinshû daizôkyô 大正新修大藏經 B
TLS Thesaurus Linguae Sericae B-elec.
VIMALAKIRTI Wéimójié suǒ shuō jīng 維摩詰所說經 A
Wéimójié jīng 維摩詰經 A
WANGFANZHI Wáng Fànzhì shī 王梵志詩 A
Wenlin Wénlín 文林 B-elec.
WENXUAN Wénxuǎn 文選 A
WU Wú Fúxiáng 吳福祥 and Gù Zhīchuān 顧之川 (ed.): Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 A, C
WUDENG Wǔdēng huìyuán 五燈會元 A
Wu Dialect Creamer, Thomas (ed.): A Chinese-English Dictionary of the Wu dialect B
WUMENGUAN Wúmén guān 無門關 A
XINTANGSHU Xīn Tángshū 新唐書 A
XUN Xúnzǐ 荀子 A
YAOYUE Dùnwù zhēnzōng jīngāng bōrě xiūxíng dá bǐ àn fǎmén yàojué
頓悟真宗金剛般若修行達彼岸法門要決 A
YINBENJING Qǐshì yīnběn jīng 起世因本經 A
YINGUOJING Guòqù xiànzài yīnguǒ jīng 過去現在因果經 A
YOUXIANKU Yóuxiān kū 游仙窟 A
YTL Yán tiě lùn 鹽鐵論 A
YUPIAN Yùpiān 玉篇 A
Zengaku Komazawa Daigaku-nai Zengaku Daijiten Hensanshô
駒澤大學內禪學大辭典編纂所: Zengaku Daijiten 禪學大辭典 B
Zenseki kaidai Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山: Zenseki kaidai 禪籍解題 B, C
ZGC Zhànguó cè 戰國策 A
ZHENGLIJUE Dùnwù dàshèng zhènglǐ jué 頓悟大乘正理訣 A
ZHENZONG LUN Dàshèng kāixīn xiǎnxìng dùnwù zhēnzōng lùn 大乘開心顯性頓悟真宗論 A
ZHUANG Zhuāngzǐ 莊子 A
ZHUZI Zhūzǐ yǔlèi 朱子語類 A
ZHZH Lěng Yùlóng 冷玉龙 and Wéi Yīxīn 韦一心 (ed.): Zhōnghuá Zìhǎi 中华字海 B
ZIZHI TONGJIAN Zīzhì tōngjiàn 資治通鑑 A
ZTJ Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山 (ed.): Sôdôshû 祖堂集 A
ZUO Zuǒzhuàn 左傳 A
ZZ. Dai Nihon Zokuzôkyô 大日本續藏經 B
BIBLIOGRAPHY - Primary Sources
42

4.6.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY (A): PRIMARY SOURCES
Ādūshì wáng jīng 阿闍世王經 (Ajātaśatrukaukṛtyavinodana); tr. by Zhī Lóujiāchèn

支婁迦讖. T.15/626.
Āmítuó jīng 阿彌陀經 (Sukhāvatīvyūha); tr. by Kumārajīva. T.12/366: 246-348.
Āpídámójùshě lùn 阿毘達磨俱舍論 (Abidharmakośaśāstra); atrributed to Vasubandhu; tr. by

Xuánzàng 玄奘. T. 29/1558.
AVATAMSAKA see: Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng 大方廣佛華嚴經
Ānxīn fǎmén 安心法門 [The Dharma Gate of Pacifying the Mind]; traditionally attr. to
Bodhidharma. Included in Shǎoshì liùmén (jap. Shôshitsu rokumon) 少室六門. T. 48/2009:
370a-c.
Bǎiyù jīng 百喻經 [Sūtra of One Hundred Parables]. [BAIYUJING]

Apocryphon, comp. in the 5th cent. in China. Ed. in Eifring 1992: 338-441 (page
numbers starting from the end of the book).
- Jīnlíng shūhuàshè 金陵書畫社 1981.
Bǎolín zhuàn 寶林傳 [Transmissions of the Treasure Grove], ed. in Yanagida 1975.[BLZ]
[For a discussion of this work see the introduction (1.7.1.1).]
Běi-Qí shū 北齊書 [History of the Northern Qí]; by Lǐ Délín 李德林 (530-590) and Lǐ Bóyào
李白藥 (565-648); comp. 627-636.
Beijing, Zhōnghuáshūjú 中華書局
Bǎoxìng lùn 寶性論 (Ratnagotravibhāga) [Treatise on the Treasure Nature]; tr. by Jiānhuì
堅慧 (Sāramati) and Lènámótí 勒那摩提 (Ratnamati). T.31/1611.
[Full title: Jiūjìng yīshèng bǎoxìng lùn 究竟一乘寶性論. This treatise originated in the 5th cent. A.D.
and had great influence on the Chinese concept of the human nature as innately pure and containing the seed for
future Buddhahood.]
Bèiduō shùxià sīwéi shíèr yīnyuán jīng 貝多樹下思唯十二因緣經 (Nidānasūtra;

Nagaropamasūtra); tr. by Zhīqiān 支謙. T.16/713.
Bìyán lù 碧巖錄 [Blue Cliff Records], by Xuědòu Zhòngxiǎn 雪竇重顯 (980-1052); comm.
by Yuánwù Kèqín 圓悟克勤 (1063-1135). T.48/2003. [BIYANLU]
Bianwen see: Dūnhuáng biànwén jí 敦煌變文集
BLZ see: Bǎolín zhuàn 寶林傳
Bōrě dàoxíng pǐn jīng 般若道行品經 (Aṣṭasāhasrikā); tr. by Zhī Lóujiāchèn 支婁迦讖.
T.8/224.

43

Cáoxī dàshī zhuàn 曹溪大師傳. Written ca. 782.

[This text was originally brought to Japan by Saichô 最澄 (767-822), the founder of the Japanese
Tendai 天台 sect. The text was discovered in Japan the 1970s. For a study and translation see Ishii Shûdô
(ed./tr.): Sôkei daishi den 曹溪大師傳. Daijô butten 大乘佛典, vol. 12. Zen goroku 禪語錄. Tôkyô, Chûô
kôronsha 中央公論社 1992.]
Cǎoshān dàshī yǔlù 曹山大師語綠 [The Recorded Sayings of Great Master Cǎoshān (840-
901)]. ZZ. 119: 922a1-941b1.
CFBJ see: Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶紀
Chánlín sēngbǎo zhuàn 禪林僧寶傳; by Hùihóng 惠洪 (1071-1128). ZZ. 137: 439-568.

[CHANLIN]
Chánmén jīng 禪門經 [Sūtra of the Gate of Dhyāna]. Apocryphon. Ed. in Suzuki 1968, vol.3.
Chányuán zhū quán jí dūxù 禪源諸詮集都序 [General Preface to a Collection of the

Interpretations of Chán]; by Zōngmì 宗密 (780-841). T. 48/2015: 397-413.
[Ed., comm. and tr. in Kamata 1971.]
Cháng āhán jīng 長阿含經 (Dīrghāgama). Tr. by Buddhayaśas and Zhú Fóniàn 竺佛念.
T.1/1. [LONG AGAMA]
Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論 (Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi[śāstra]?]. By Dharmapāla; tr. by

Xuánzàng 玄奘. T.31/1585: 1a-59a.
Chéngxīn lùn 澄心論. Stein 2669 (ed. in: Suzuki 1968, vol.2); Stein 3558, 4064; Pelliot 3434,
3777.
[This short treatise consists of ca. 650 graphs and elaborates on methods of meditation. Some versions
of the text also have the title Zhèngxīn lùn 證心論. The text is probably connected to the early Chán school;
there might be also a connection to the early Tiāntái school; information see in Zenseki Kaidai: 455.]
Chóu chánshī yì - wèn dàshèng ānxīn rùdào zhī fǎ yúnhé

稠禪師意﹣問大乘安心入道之法云何 [The Intention of Chán Master (Sēng) Chóu -
Question on the Method of Pacifying the Mind and Gaining Enlightenment in Mahāyāna]. In
Pelliot 3559, plate 26-27.
[Reprinted in Yanagida 1967, plate 15B-16A; ed. in Yanagida 1963: 57-58; Okimoto 1989: 94; ed., tr.
and comm. in Anderl 1995: 67-79.]
Chodang chip see: Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集
Chóngkè gǔzūn yǔlù 重刻古尊語錄, ZZ. 118.
Chǔcí 楚辭 [Songs of the South] [CHUCI]

- Jīn Kāichéng 金開誠, Dǒng Hónglì 董洪利, Gāo Lùmíng 高路明: Qū Yuán jí
jiàozhù 屈原集校注. 2 vol. Beijing: Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書句 1996.

44

- Wāng Huǎn 汪緩: Chǔcí jíjiě 楚辭集解, Beijing: Běijīnggǔjíchūbǎnshè 北京古
籍出版社 1994.
[see: Hawkes, David (tr.): The Songs of the South. London, Penguin 1985.]
Chū sānzāng jìjí 出三藏記集 [Collection of Notes [Concerning the] Translation of the
Tripiṭaka]. T.55/2145.
[This is one of the early Chinese 'transmission texts', compiled in 515 by Sēngyòu 僧祐. There are two
lists containing respectively 53 and 54 names, starting with Buddha and ending with the names of some
important monks from Kashmir; see McRae 1986: 79-80.]
Chuándēng yùyīng jí 傳燈玉英集. Comp. by Wáng Suí 王隨 (973-1039).

[An early 'Transmission of the Lamp' history; the only extant version reprinted in Yanagida: Zengaku
sosho 禪學諸書 5: 155-335; on Wáng Suí see SONGSHI: 10202; information on the text based on Wittern 2002:
137.]
Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶紀 [Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma Treasure]; by Dùfěi
杜胐. Pelliot 3559. T.85/2838. [CFBJ]
[Tr. in Yanagida 1971: 329-435 and McRae 1986: 255-269. This is an early Chán transmission text
which was written in 712 A.D. by a member of the Northern Chán School. The text creates a connection between
the 'Patriarchs' Dàoxìn, Sēngcàn, and Hóngrěn.]
Chuánxīn fǎ yào 傳心法要 see: Huángbò shān Duànjì chánshī chuánxīn fǎyào
黃蘗山斷際禪師傳心法要.
Címíng sìjiā lù 慈明四家綠; ZZ.120: 161ā-186b11.
Dàbān níhuán jīng 大般泥洹經 (Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra). Tr. by Fǎxiǎn 法顯. T.12/376:
[NIRVANA]
Dàbān nièpán jīng 大般涅槃經 (Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra). Tr. by Tán Wúchèn 曇無讖 (so
called 'Northern Edition'). T.12/374: 365-606. [NIRVANA]
Dàbān nièpán jīng 大般涅槃經 (Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra). Tr. by Huìyán 慧嚴 and Xiè
Língyùn 謝靈運 (so-called 'Southern Edition'). T.12/375: 605-852. [NIRVANA]
Dàbān niépán jīng hòu fēn 大般涅槃經後分. By Jñānabhadra (produced in China?).

T.12/377.
Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng 大方廣佛華嚴經 (Avataṃsaka sūtra). Tr. by Buddhabhadra. T.

9/278: 395-788. [AVATAMSAKA]
Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng 大方廣佛華嚴經 (Avataṃsaka sūtra). Tr. by Śiskānanda.

T.10/279: 1-444. [AVATAMSAKA]
Dà lóutàn jīng 大樓炭經 (Lokasthāna?). Tr. by Fǎlì 法立 and Fǎjù 法炬. T.1/23.
Dámó dàshī wùxìng lùn 達摩大師悟性論 [Treatise on the Nature of Enlightenment by Great
Master Bodhidharma]. (Incorrectly) attributed to Bodhidharma (d.u.). ZZ. 1,2,15,5:405-408;
T.48/2009: 373-376.

45

Dámó chánshī lùn 達摩禪師論 [Treatise of Chán Master Bodhidharma]. Pelliot 2039.
[The text was composed during the late 7th century and consists of ca. 49 lines; the text includes
materials on the early Chán School; the header has the title: Tiānzhúguó Pútídámó chánshī lùn yī juàn
天竹國菩提達摩禪師論一卷; on Pelliot 3018 there is also a short text introduced by the title Pútídámó lùn
菩提達摩論; however this is a excerpt from the Èrrù sìxíng lùn and does not show any parallels to Pelliot 2039;
there is another text by the same name discovered among the Dūnhuáng manuscripts stored in the Yàoshī 藥師
monastery; the text consists of ca. 107 line and was edited in Sekiguchi Shindai 關口真大: Darma daishi no
kenkyû 達摩大師k研究; also this text is related to the Early Chán school and not to Bodhidharma; see Zenseki
kaidai: 455.]
Dámó dàshī wùxìng lùn 達摩大師悟性論 [Bodhidharma's Treatise on the Nature of

Enlightenment]. (Incorrectly) attributed to Bodhidharma. ZZ. I,2,15,5 (Taibei ed., vol. 110).
Dámó dàshī xuèmò lùn 達摩大師血脈論 [Treatise on the Blood Lineage of Bodhidharma].
(Incorrectly) attributed to Bodhidharma. ZZ. I,2,15,5 (Taibei ed., vol. 110).
Dàshèng běizōng lùn 大乘北宗論 [Treatise of the Northern School of the Great Vehicle].
T.85: 1281-1282a.
Dàshèng kāixīn xiǎnxìng dùnwù zhēnzōng lùn 大乘開心顯性頓悟真宗論 [Treatise on the

True Principle of Opening the Mind and Manifesting the [Buddha-] Nature in Sudden
Enlightenment According to the Mahāyāna]. Attr. to Huìguāng 慧光 (?); date of composition
ca. 725. A.D. Pelliot 2162; Stein: 4286; T.85/1835: 1278-1281; [ZHENZONGLU]
[For a study and translation see Suzuki 1968, vol.3: 318-330. Tr. in Cleary 1986: 103-130; partly tr. in
McRae 1987: 242-243.]
Dàshèng qǐxīn lùn 大乘起信論 [Treatise on the Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna]
(apocryphal). T. 32/1666: 575-583; T.32/1667: 583-591. [QIXINLUN]
Dàshèng wúshēng fāngbiàn mén 大乘無生方便門 [Expedient Means of Birthlessness in the

Mahāyāna]; Stein 2503; T. 85/2834.
[A text which originated in the Northern School written in the form of questions and answers.]
Dàshèng xīnxíng lùn 大乘心行論 [Treatise on the Practice of Mind in Mahāyāna]; attr. to
Sēngchóu 僧稠 (480-560) (date of composition probably early 8th century). Pelliot 3559,
plates 28-33; repr. in Yanagida 1963: plates 16B-17B;
[Ed. in Yanagida 1967: 63-64 (partly) and Okimoto 1987: 94-96; ed., tr. and comm. in Anderl 1995: 84-
125.]
Dà-Táng xīyù jì 大唐西域記. By Biànjī 辯機 and Xuánzàng 玄奘. T.51/2087.
Dàzhì dù lùn 大智渡論 (Mahāprajñāpāramitā śāstra). By Nāgārjuna, tr. by Kumārajīva (344-

413 or 350-409). T.25/1509: 57-757.
DONGSHAN A see: Yúnzhōu Dòngshān Wùběn chánshī yǔlù 筠州洞山悟本禪師語錄
DONGSHAN B see: Ruìzhōu Dòngshā1n Liángjiè chánshī yǔlù 瑞州洞山良价禪師語祿

46

Dūnhuáng biànwén 敦煌變文 [Dūnhuáng Transformation Texts] [Bianwen]
Wang Zhongmin et. al.: Dūnhuáng biànwén jí 敦煌變文集. Beijing, Rénmín wénxué
chūbǎnshè 人民文學出版社 1957.
Huáng Zhēng 黃徵/Zhāng Yǒngquán 張涌泉 (ed.): Dūnhuáng biànwén jiàozhù
敦煌變文校注. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1997.
Dùnwù dàshèng zhènglǐ jué 頓悟大乘正理訣 [Deciding on the True Principle of Sudden
Enlightenment in Mahāyāna]. By Wángxí 王錫 (d.u.); composed in the late 8th century (?).
Pelliot 4646, plates 126B-158B; repr. in Démieville 1987: plates I-XXXII; Stein 2627;
Beijing 5306. [ZHENGLIJUE]
Dùnwù rùdào yàomén 頓悟入道要門 [Essential Teaching on Sudden Enlightenment and

Entering the Way]. By Dàzhū Huìhǎi 大珠慧海 (d.u.). ZZ. 1,2,15,5: 420-426.
Dùnwù zhēnzōng jīngāng bōrě xiūxíng dá bǐ àn fǎmén yàojué

頓悟真宗金剛般若修行達彼岸法門要決 [Essential Determination of the Doctrine of
Adamantine Wisdom According to the True Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment]. By Zhìdá
智達 (= Hóumòchén Yǎnzhī 侯莫陳琰之); composed ca. 712. Pelliot 116; ed. in Ueyama
1976. [YAOJUE]
Èr Chéng jí 二程集 (Song)

Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1981.
Èrrù sìxíng lùn 二入四行論 [Treatise on the Two Entries and Four Practices]. By
Bodhidharma (d.u.). Stein 2715, 3375, 7159; Pelliot 2923, 3018, 4634.
[Ed., tr. and annotated in Yanagida 1969; see also Suzuki 1968: 141-161; Red Pine 1987: 2-8. Probably
the only surviving work which is based on the teaching of Bodhidharma.]
Ěryǎ 爾雅 [ERYA]
Shí-sān zhùshū 十三注疏. Vol.8. Taibei, Yìwén yìnshūguǎn 藝文印書館 1985.
Fǎhuá jīng 法華經 see: Miàofǎ liánhuā jīng 妙法蓮華經
Fǎjù jīng shū 法句經疏 [Commentary to the Fǎjù jīng (A)]. Anonymous. Pelliot 2325;
T.85/2902: 1435-1444.
Fǎjù jīng shū 法句經疏 [Commentary to the Fǎjù jīng (B)]. Anonymous. Pelliot 2192.
Fǎxìng lùn 法性論 [Treatise on the Dharma-Nature]. Anonymous. Stein 2669.
Fǎyuàn zhū lín 法苑珠林 (ca. 668). By Dàoshì 道世. T.53/2122: 265b-1030a.
Fóběn xíngjí jīng 佛本行集經 (skr. Abhiniṣkramaṇa sūtra?). Tr. by Jñānagupta. T.3/190.
[FOBEN]
Fózǔ lìdài tōngzài 佛祖歷代通載 [Records on the Buddhas and Patriarchs of Successive
Generations]. By Niàncháng (1282-1341?).T. 49/2036: 477-735.

47

Fózǔ tǒngjì 佛祖統紀 [Comprehensive History of the Buddhas and Patriarchs]. By Zhìpan
志d (d.u.); composed ca. 1258-1269. T.49/2035: 129-475.
Fù fǎzāng yīnyuàn zhuàn 付法藏因緣傳. T.50/2058: 297a-322b.
Gānlù zìshū 干祿字書 [Dictionary for Employment Seekers]

By Yán Yuánsūn 顏元孫 (d. 714). Contained in Sìkù quánshū 四庫全書, vol. 224:
243-250.
Gāosēng zhuàn 高僧傳. By Huìjiǎo 慧皎. T.50/2059. [GSZ]
Gōngyáng zhuàn 公羊傳 [GONG]

Chūnqiū gōngyáng zhuàn 春秋公羊傳. Liáoníng 遼寧, Liáoníng jiàoyù chūbǎnshè
遼寧教育出版社 1997.
[This is a commentary to the Chūnqiū 春秋. See Loewe 1993: 67-76.]
Gǔliáng zhuàn 穀梁傳 [GU]

[This is a commentary to the Chūnqiū 春秋. On this text and editions see Loewe 1993: 67-76.]
Gǔzūnsù yǔlù 古尊宿語錄 [Recorded Sayings of Old Worthies]. By Yí Zāngzhǔ 頤藏主;

compiled in 1403. ZZ. 1,2,23 (Taibei ed., vol.118). [GUZUN]
- Taibei, Táiwān xīnwénfēng chūbǎnshè 台灣新文豐出版社 1994.
- Xiāo Shàfù 蕭萐父/Lǚ Yǒuxiáng 呂有祥 (ed., comm.). Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局
1994.
[Based on the compilation of the Recorded Sayings of 20 Chán masters from the Tang and Song
periods in 4 volumes (the compilation started in 1138). The present edition is a continuation of these records
which was published in 1403. On this text see Zenseki kaidai: 448, no. 17-19; Ui 1966, vol.2: 472-509;
Sasaki/Miura: 369 ff. (see Wittern 2002: 132).]
Guàndǐng jīng 灌頂經. Tr. by Bóshīlímìduōluó 帛尸梨蜜多羅 (Śrīmitra?). T.21/1331.
Guānxīn lùn 觀心論 [Treatise on the Contemplation of the Mind]. Stein 646, 2595, 5532;
Pelliot 2460, 2657, 4646; a version is published in T.48: 366c-369c under the title Pòxiāng
lùn 破相論 [Treatise on the Destruction of Characteristics].
[The text was traditionally attributed to Bodhidharma but was probably composed in the 8th century by
Shénxiù 神秀 or one of his disciples (text information see in McRae 1986: 325, fn. 159).]
Guǎnghóng míng jí 廣弘明集. By Dàoxuān 道宣 (596-667). T.52/2103.
Guǎngyǎ 廣雅. By Zhāng Yī 張揖 [GUANGYA]

Guǎngyǎ shūzhèng 廣雅疏證. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1983.
Guǎngyùn 廣韻. By Chén Péngnián 陳彭年; comp. in 1008. [GUANGYUN]

[Included in the Sì bù cōngkān 四部叢刊; the 1704 edition reprinted in 1964, Guǎngyùn jiàoběn
廣韻校本]
Guòqù xiànzài yīnguǒ jīng 過去現在因果經. Tr. by Guṇabhadra. T.3/189. [YINGUOJING]

48

Guóyǔ 國語 (Discourses of the State) [GUOYU]

Guóyǔ quányì 國語全議. Guìyáng, Guìzhōu rénmín chūbǎnshè 貴州人民出版社
1995.
Guǎnzǐ 管子 [Master Guǎn] [GUAN]

Lǐ Miǎn 李勉 (ed.): Guǎnzǐ jīnzhù jīnyì 管子今註今譯. Taibei, Shàngwù yìnshūguǎn
尚物印書館 1990.
Hánfēizǐ 韓非子 Master Hánfēi [HANFEI]

Liáng Qǐxióng 梁啟雄: Hánfēizǐ qiǎnjiě 韓非子淺解. 2 vol. Beijing: Zhōnghuá shūjú
1960.
Hánshān shī 寒山詩 [HANSHAN]

Xiàng Chǔ 項處 (ed.): Hánshān shī 寒山詩注. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 2000.
[The approximately 300 poems attributed to Hánshān are an important source for Táng vernaculars; for
translations see Iriya 1958 (into Japanese) with many annotations on the usage of vernacular elements; Red Pine
1983; Snyder 1966, Stalberg Roberta 1977; Waley 1954; Watson 1962; Henricks 1990; for a highly critical
review of Henricks' translation and an interesting general discussion of the translation of vernacular texts see
Mair 1992.]
Hànshū 漢書 [The Book of Hàn]. By Bān Gù 班固. [HANSHU]

Wáng Xiānqiān 王先謙 (ed.): Hànshū bǔzhù 漢書補注. Beijing, Zhōnghuáshūjú
中華書局 1983.
[see: Dubs 1938-1955; Watson 1974.]
Hòu Hànshū 後漢書 [HOUHANSHU]

Hànshǐ wàizhuàn 漢史外傳 [Exoteric Commentary on the Hán School Text of the Songs]
[HSWJ]
Xǔ Wéiyù 許維遹: Hànshǐ wàizhuàn jíshì 漢史外傳集釋. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書局 1980.
Huáinánzî 淮南子 [Master Huáinán] [HUAINAN]

Zhāng Shuāngdì 張雙棣: Huáinánzǐ jiàoshì 淮南子校釋. Beijing, Běijīng dàxué
chūbǎnshè 北京大學出版社 1996.
Huángbòshān Duànjì chánshī wǎnlíng lù 黃蘗山斷際禪師宛陵錄. T.48/2012B: 384-387.
Huángbòshān Duànjì chánshī chuánxīn fǎyào 黃蘗山斷際禪師傳心法要. T.48/2012A: 379-

384. [CHUANXIN FAYAO]
[The abbreviated title of this work is Chuánxīn fǎyao 傳心法要, a record of the teaching of Huángbò
Xīyùn 黃蘗希運 compiled by the official Péixiū 裴休 (797-870) who was a student of Zōngmì 宗密.]
Huánglóng sìjiā yǔlù 黃龍四家語錄. ZZ. 120: 187a1-243a6.
Jíyùn 集韻 [JIYUN]

49

Comp. in 1039 by Dīng Dù 丁度 et. al. Song edition reprinted in 1989 in Sòng kè
jíyùn 宋刻集韻.
Jiāngxī Mǎzǔ Dàoyī chánshī yǔlù 江西馬祖道一禪師語錄 [The Recorded Sayings of Chán
Master Mǎzǔ Dàoyī from Jiāngxī (709-788)]. ZZ. 119: 810a1-817a6. [MAZUYULU]
Jǐngdé chuándēng lù 景德傳燈錄 [The Record of the Transmission of the Lamp Published in
the Jǐngdé Era]. By Dàoyuán (1004). T.51/2076: 196-467. [JDCDL]
Jīngāng bōrě bōluómì jīng 金剛般若波羅密經 (Vajracchedika). Tr. by Kumārajīva, T.8/235:

748-752. [DIAMOND]
Jīngāng sānmèi jīng 金剛三昧經 (Sūtra of the Adamantine Samādhi). Apocryphon. T.9/273:
365-374.
[For a study and translation of the text see Buswell 1989.]
Jīnpíng méi 金瓶梅 [JINPINGMEI]

Jìnán 濟南, Qílǔ shūshè 齊魯書社 1989.
Jìnshū 晉書 [History of the Jìn] [JINSHU]

By Fáng Xuánlíng 房玄齡 (578-648), comp. in 644 (646);
Jiù Tángshū 舊唐書 [Old History of the Táng] [JIUTANGSHU]

Comp. by Liú Xǔ 劉喣 (887-946) in 940-945. 16 vol.;
Juéguān lùn 絕觀論 [Treatise on the Transcendence of Cognition]. Pelliot 2045, 2074, 2885.
Ed. in Suzuki 1968, vol. 2: 188-209.
[This text is attributed to Bodhidharma but actually contains material of the early Chán School; the full
title is: Sānzāng fǎshī Pútídámó juèguān lùn 三藏法師菩提達摩絕觀論; the text consists of a dialogue between
'Mister Entered-the-Principle' (rùlǐ xiānshēng 入理先生) and his disciple 'Conditioned Teaching' (Yuánmén
緣門); the text is usually connected to the teaching of Niútóu 牛頭; on editions and studies of this text see
Zenseki kaidai: 456.]
Kāiyuán shìjiào lù 開元釋教錄 [A Record of Buddhism during the Kāiyuán Era]. By

Zhìshēng 智昇 (ca. 669-740). T.55/2154.
LANKA see: Léngqié ābáduōluó bǎo jīng 楞伽阿跋多羅寶經 and Rù Léngqié jīng 入楞伽經
Laṇkāvatāra sūtra see: Léngqié ābáduōluó bǎo jīng 楞伽阿跋多羅寶經 and Rù Léngqié jīng
入楞伽經
Lǎo Qǐdà 老乞大 ??
Lǎozǐ 老子 [Master Lǎo] [LAO]

50

Gāo Míng 高明: Bóshū Lǎozǐ jiàozhù 帛書老子校注, Beǐjīng, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書句 1996.
[see: Lau 1983]
LAYMAN PANG see: Páng jūshì yǔlù 龐居士語錄
Lèipiān 類篇 [LEIPIAN]
By Sīmǎ Guāng 司馬光 et. al.; ed. in 1066.
The 1706 edition is reprinted by Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1984.
Léngqié ābáduōluó bǎo jīng 楞伽阿跋多羅寶經 (Laṇkāvatāra sūtra). Tr. by Guṇabhadra

(394-468). T.16/670: 479-415. [LANKA]
Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師資記 [Record on the Masters and Disciples of the Laṇkāvatāra]; by
Jìngjué 淨覺 (683-?). Pelliot 3294, 3436, 3537, 3703, 4564; Stein 2054. T.85/2837: 1283-
1290. [LQSZI]
[This is a transmission text of the Early Chán school. Tr. in Faure 1989: 87-182, Cleary 1986: 17-78,
Yanagida 1971: 49-326.]
Lìdài fǎbǎo jì 歷代法寶記 [Records of the [Transmission of the] Dharma-Treasure through

the Generations]. T.51/2075: 179a-196b. [LDFBJ]
[This early Chán transmission text was written some when between 780 and 800 A.D.; see Yanagida
1975(b) and Yanagida 1983.]
Liándēng huìyào 聯燈會要, comp. in 1183 by Wùmíng 悟明 (d.u.). ZZ. 1, 2B, 9: 3-5: 208-
477 (vol. 136 in the Taiwan edition). [LIANDENG]
Lièzǐ 列子 [Master Liè] [LIEZI]

- Xiāo Dēngfú 簫登福 (ed.): Lièzǐ gǔzhù jīnyì 列子古注今譯. Taibei, Wénjīn
chūbǎnshè 1990.
- Yān Běimíng 嚴北溟 et al. (ed.): Lièzǐ yìzhù 列子譯注. Shanghai: Shànghǎi gǔjí
chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 1991.
- Yáng Bójùn 楊伯峻 (ed.): Lièzǐ jíshì 列子集釋. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書句 1979.
[see: Graham 1960]
Lǐjì 禮記 [The Book of Rites] [LIJI]

Chén Hào 陳澔 (ed.) (1261-1341) : Lǐjì jíshuō 禮記集說. Beijing, Zhōngguó shūdiàn
中國書店 1994.
LINJILU see: Zhènzhōu Línjì Huìzhào chánshī yǔlù 鎮州臨濟慧照禪師語錄語
Liùdùjí jīng 六度集經 (Ṣaṭpāramitāsaṃgraha?). Tr. by Kāng Sēnghuì 康僧會. T.3/152.
Liùzǔ dàshī fǎbǎo tánjīng 六祖大師法寶壇經 [Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch on
the Dharma-treasure]. T. 48/2008. [PLATFORM]
[On the many versions of the PLATFORM see Zenseki kaidai: 459-461; this edition is based on a Yuan
edition (the so-called Zōng-bǎo 宗寶 edition).]

51

Liùzǔ tánjīng 六祖壇經 [Platform Scripture of the Sixth Patriarch on the Dharma-treasure].
Stein 5475. T. 48/2007: 237a-345b; Ui 1941, vol.2: 117-171; Suzuki/Kuda 1934; for a critical
edition and annotated translation of the text see Yampolsky 1967. [PLATFORM]
[This is the earliest extant version of the PLATFORM (dating ca. 830-860) discovered among the
Dūnhuáng manuscripts; since the manuscript is full of mistakes and corrupt Chinese graphs it is possibly a copy
of an even earlier version of the text. Some scholars assume that the original text was written ca. 714 shortly
after Huìnéng's death. This text was expanded until it got its present from (ca. 820). Other scholars (like Hú Shì)
also assume the existence of an earlier version but contribute the scripture to the circle around Shénhuì 神會 and
claim that the relation to Huìnéng is fictive. The contents of the Platform scripture (including a biographic part,
the famous verses by Shénxiù and Huìnéng, attacks on the Northern School, and a doctrinal part dealing with
prajñāpāramitāprajñåpåramitåprajñåpåramitå thought, sudden awakening, seeing one's own nature, No-
thoughtNo-thoughtNo-thought, No-mindNo-mindNo-mind, etc.) together with Shénhuì's writings are
representative for the Chán thought in the middle and late 8th century. These concepts were eventually
elaborated on and adjusted by later masters (as can be seen in some Song editions of the PLATFORM); there is
not much reference to the text in the 9th century, however, there is much reference to Huìnéng as the Sixth
Patriarch. The next edition dates from 967, compiled by Huìxīn 惠昕 (d.u.), this edition is not preserved. Other
editions include the Japanese edition Kôshôji bon Rokuso dankyô 興聖寺本六祖壇經, ed. in Suzuki/Kuda 1934;
Kaga Daijôji shozô Shôshû Sôkeizan Roku soshi dankyô 加賀大乘寺所藏韶州曹溪山六祖師壇經, ed. in:
Komazawa Daigaku Bukkyô gakkai gakuhô 駒澤大學佛教學會學報 8 (1938): 1-56. The information on the
text is based on Yampolsky 1967: 89-110; for a survey over the editions see ibid.: 191. The Kôshôji version was
found after the second world-war at the Kôshôji temple (a Rinzai 臨濟 temple on Horikawa Street in North
Kyôto).]
LJSZI see: Léngqié shīzī jì 楞伽師資記
LONG AGAMA see: Cháng āhán jīng 長阿含經
Lóngkān shǒujìng 龍龕手鏡. By Xíngjūn 行均 in 997. [LONGKAN]

The Korean Koryo (918-1392) print is based on Liao (927-1125) carvings of the text.
Reprinted by Běijīng shūjú 北京書局 1985.
[There is also a post 1068 A.D. version of the text called Lóngkān shǒujiàn 龍龕手腱. Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書局 1985.]
LOTUS see: Miàofǎ liánhuá jīng 妙法蓮花經
Lǚshì chūnqiū 呂氏春秋 [The Annals of Lü Buwei] [LSCQ]

Zhāng Shuāngdì 張雙棣 (ed./tr./comm.): Lǚshì chūnqiū yìzhù 呂氏春秋譯注.
Chángchūn 長春 1993.
[see: Knoblock/Riegel 2000]
Lùnhéng 論衡 [Theories Weighed Against Each Other] [LUNHENG]

Liú Pànsuì 劉盼遂 et al. (ed.): Lùnhéng jiàoshì 論衡校釋. 4. vol. Běijīng, Zhōnghuá
shūjú 中華書句 1990.
Lúnyǔ 論語 [The Analects] [LUNYU]

Chéng Shùdé 程樹德 (ed.): Lúnyǔ jíshì 論語集釋. 4. vol. Běijīng: Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書句 1990.

52

Luòyáng qiélán jì 洛陽伽籃記 [Record of the Monasteries of Luòyáng]. Compiled by Yáng
Xuànzhī 楊衒之 (?-555) in ca. 530 A.D. T.51/2092: 999-1022. [LUOYANG QIELANJI]
- Zhōu Zǔmó 周祖謨 (ed./comm.). Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1985 (19581).
- Fàn Xiángyōng 范祥雍 (ed./comm.). Shanghai, Shànghǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshè
上海古籍出版社 1978.
[Tr. in Jenner 1981 and Wang 1984; see also Lai 1990]
Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra see: Dàbān nièpán jīng 大般涅槃經
Mǎzǔ Dàjì chánshī 馬祖大寂禪師 [Chan Master Mǎzǔ Dàjì (709-788)]. Contained in fascicle
1 of the Gǔzūnsù yǔlù 古尊宿語錄. ZZ. 118: 159b9-161b1.
Miào fǎ liánhuá jīng 妙法蓮華經 (skr. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka). Tr. by Kumārajīva. T.9/262: 1-

61. [LOTUS]
Mèngzǐ 孟子 [Master Mèng] [MENG]

Yáng Bójùn 楊伯峻 (ed.): Mèngzǐ yìzhù 孟子譯注. 2. vol. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書句 1962.
[see: Lau, D. C. (tr.): Mencius. 2.vol. Hong Kong, Chinese University Press 1984]
Móhēbōrěbōluómì jīng 摩訶般若波羅蜜經 (Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā sūtra). Tr.

by Kumārajīva. T. 8/223: 217-424.
Móhēsēngzhǐ lǜ 摩訶僧祇律 (Mahāsāṃghikavinaya?). Tr. by Buddhabhadra and Fǎxiǎn

法顯. T.22/1425.
Mòzǐ 墨子 [Master Mò] [MO]

Wú Yùjiāng 吳毓江 (ed.): Mòzǐ jiàozhù 墨子校注. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書句 1993.
NANQUAN YULU see: Chízhōu Nánquán Pǔyuàn chánshī yǔyào 池州南泉普願禪師語要
Nán-Qí shū 南齊書 [History of the Southern Qí]

Compiled by Xiāo Zǐxiǎn 蕭子顯 (489-537) 537 A.D.
Nánshǐ 南史 [History of the Southern Dynasties] [NANSHI]

Comp. by Lǐ Yánshòu 李延壽 in 630-650 (covers the period 420-589 A.D.).
Nántiānzhúguó Pútídámó chánshī guānmén 南天竹國菩提達摩禪師觀門 [The Gate of

Contemplation of Chán master Bodhidharma from Southern India]. Stein 2583 (T.85); Stein
2669 (Suzuki 1968, vol. 2); Stein 6958 (Komazawa daigaku bukkyôgaku-bu kenkyû kiyô
駒澤大學佛教學部研究紀要 23); Pelliot 2050.
[This short text consists of ca. 430 graphs dealing with Chán contemplation and seven kinds of proper
practice; attached to the text are '10 kinds of merits connected to the loud recitation of Buddhas name'; see
Zenseki kaidai: 455.]

53

NIRVANA see: Dàbān níhuán jīng 大般泥洹經 and Dàbān nièpán jīng 大般涅槃經
(Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra)
Páng jūshì yǔlù 龐居士語錄 [The Recorded Sayings of Layman Páng]. In. ZZ. 120: 55a1-
82a8. [LAYMAN PANG]
[Collection of the sayings of Páng Yùn 龐蘊 (740-803), a disciple of Mǎzǔ and Shítóu 石頭. Tr. see in
Sasaki 1992.]
PLATFORM see: Liùzǔ dàshī fǎbǎo tánjīng 六祖大師法寶壇經 and Liùzǔ tánjīng
六祖壇經
Púsà shànjiè jīng 菩薩善戒經 (Bodhisattvabhūmi); tr. by Qiúnábámó 求那跋摩

(Guṇavaram). T.30/1582.
Pǔyào jīng 普曜經 (Lalitavistara). Tr. by Zhú Fǎhù 竺法護 (Dharmarakṣa). T.3/186.
Qǐshì jīng 起世經. Tr. by Janakutta. T.1/24.
Qǐshì yīnběn jīng 起世因本經. Tr. by Dharmagupta. T.1/25. [YINBENJING]
Quánzhōu Kāiyuán sì zhì 泉州開元寺志 (comp. 1643).

Ed. in Zhōngguó fósì shǐ zhì huìkān dì èr jí 中國佛寺史志匯刊第二輯. Táiwǎn
míngwén shūjú 台灣明文書局 1980.
Quánzhōu Qiānfó xīn zhuó zhū zǔshī sòng 泉州千佛新著諸祖師頌. Stein 1635. T.85/2861.
[QUANZHOU QIANFO]
Rénwáng bōrě bōluómì jīng 仁王般若波羅蜜經. Tr. by Kumārajīva. T.8/245.
Rù Léngqié jīng 入楞伽經 (Laṇkāvatāra sūtra). Tr. by Bodhiruci (?-527). T.16/671: 514-586.
[LANKA]
Rù Táng qiú fǎ xún lǐ xíngjì (jap. Nit-Tô guhô jurei gyôki)入唐求法巡禮行記 [Account of a
Pilgrimage to the Táng in Search of the Dharma]. By Ennin 圓仁. [RUTANG]
Huāshān wényì chūbǎnshè 花山文藝出版社 1992.
[This text was written by the Japanese monk Ennin who came to China in 838 where he stayed until
847. He travelled to several places, got acquainted with a number of teachings of Chinese Buddhism, learned
Sanskrit and Chinese. He recorded his observations regarding many aspects of Chinese culture and his
encounters during his travels in form of a diary. A hand-written manuscript of the text was not discovered before
the 20th century. For a analysis of the semantics of the text see Dong Zhiqiao 2000; the text was translated into
English by Reischauer, Edwin O.: Ennin's Diary. Ronald Press 1955; see also Reischauer, Edwin O.: Ennin's
Travels in Tang China. Ronald Press 1955.]
Rùi yīng běnqǐ jīng 瑞應本起經 see: Tàizǐ ruìyīng běnqǐ jīng 太子瑞應本起經

54

Ruìzhōu Dòngshān Liángjiè chánshī yǔlù 瑞州洞山良价禪師語祿 [Record of Chán Master
Dòngshān Liángjiè of Ruìzhōu]. Comp. by Yǔfēng Yuánxìn 語風圓信. T.47/1986(b): 519-
526. [DONGSHAN B]
Saddharmapuṇḍarīka see: Miàofǎ liánhuá jīng 妙法蓮花經
Sānguó zhì 三國志 [Records of the Three Kingdoms] [SANGUOZHI]

By Chén Shòu 陳壽. Beijing 北京, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 2002 (19591).
[Ca. 4th century A.D.; commentary by Péi Sōng 裴松 (Song dynasty)]
SGSZ see: Sòng gāosēng zhuàn 宋高僧傳
Shānhǎi jīng 山海經 [Classic of Mountains and Seas] [SHANHAI]

Yuán Kě 袁坷 (ed.): Shānhǎi jīng jiàoyì 山海經校譯. Shanghai, Gǔjí
chūbǎnshè古籍出版社 1985.
[Parts of the work were written during the Warring States period, other parts during the Han and Jin.]
Shànhuì dàshì yǔlù 善慧大士語錄 [The Recorded Sayings of Master Shànhuì]. ZZ 120: 1a1-
54a9.
Shàngshū 尚書 [Book of Official Documents] [SHANGSHU]

Sūn Xīngyǎn 孫星衍 (ed.): Shàngshū jīngǔwén zhù shū 尚書今古文注疏. 2. vol.
Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書句 1998.
[see: Karlgren 1950]
Shǎoshì liùmén 少室六門 [The Six Gates of (Mt.) Shàoshì]. T.48/2009: 365a5-376b14.
[Contains the following treatises: Xīn jīng sòng 心經頌; Pòxiàng lùn 破相論; Èrzhǒng rù 二種入;
Ānxīn fǎmén 安心法門; Wùxìng lùn 悟性論; Xuèpài lùn 血派論; these were materials attributed to Bodhidharma
and compiled during the Song period; however Èr zhǒng rù 二種入 (or: Èrrù sìxíng lùn 二入四行論) is the only
treatise which is closely connected to Bodhidharma.]
Shénhuì yǔlù 神會語錄 [The Recorded Sayings of Shénhuì]. Ed. in Hu Shih (Hú Shì) 胡適
(ed.): Shénhuì héshàng yíjí 神會和尚遺集 [Collection of the Extant Works of Shénhùi].
Shànghǎi Yàdōng túshūguǎn 亞東圖書館1930. See also Yang Zengwen 1996). [SHENHUI
YULU]
[Full title: Hú Shì jiào Dūnhuáng Táng xiěběn Shénhuì héshàng yíjí 胡適校敦煌唐寫本神會和尚遺集;
in 1925 Hú Shì travelled to London and Paris and examined the Dūnhuáng manuscripts there; among the Pelliot
manuscripts he discovered three new texts connected to the monk Shénhuì which he critically edited. Especially
Hú Shì's introduction Hézé dàshī Shénhuì zhuàn 荷澤大師神會傳 shed new light on the influence of this monk
on the early Chán school. The book edits the following texts and text-fragments: (a) Shénhuì yǔlù dìyī cánjuàn
神會語錄第一殘卷 [First Text Fragment of the Recorded Sayings of Shénhuì]; Pelliot 3047 (first part); the
second part which consists of questions and answers is probably a record of the criticism on the 'Northern
School' of Chán which was initiated by Shénhuì during his stay at the Kāiyuán 開元 monastery in the beginning
of the 8th century; (b) Shénhuì yǔlù dìèr cánjuàn 神會語錄第二殘卷 (Pelliot 3047); (c) Pútídámó nánzōng
dìng shìfēi lùn bìng xù 菩提達摩南宗定是非論並序; (d) Shénhuì yǔlù dìsān cánjuàn 神會語錄第三殘卷
(Pelliot 3488); (e) Dùnwù wúshēng bōrě sòng cán juàn (Stein 468); appendix: Hézé Shénhuì dàshī yǔ
荷澤神會大師語 (from the entry on Shénhuì in JDCDL); for a translation of the texts see Gernet 1949; there is a
reprint of Húshì's book which was published in 1968 at Zhōngyāng yánjiū yuàn Hú Shì jìniàn guǎnkān

55

中央研究院胡適紀念館刊 under the same title (with the addition: fù Hú Shì xiānshēng wǎnnián de yánjiū
附胡適先生晚年的研究); information based on Zenseki kaidai: 450, no. 29, 30.]
Shēng jīng 生經 (Jātaka?). Tr. by Dharmarakṣa. T.3/154.
Shíèr yīnyuán jīng 十二因緣經 see: Bèiduō shùxià sīwéi shíèr yīnyuán jīng
貝多樹下思唯十二因緣經
Shǐjì 史記 [Records of the Historian] [SHIJI]

Sīmǎ Qiān 司馬遷: Shǐjì 史記. Beijing: Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書句 1965.
[see: Nienhauser 1994; Watson 1961]
Shìjiā pǔ 釋迦譜. By Sēngyòu 僧祐. T.50/2040 [SHIJIAPU]
Shïjïng 詩經 [Book of Songs] [SHI]

Jiǎng Jiànyuán 蔣見元/Chéng Jùnyīng 程俊英 (ed.): Shījīng zhùxī 詩經注析. Beijing,
Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書句 1991.
Shímén biànhuò lùn 十門弁惑論. By Fùlǐ 復禮. T.52/2111.
Shìshuō xīnyǔ 世說新語 [A New Account of the Tales of the World]. By Liú Yìqìng 劉義慶
[SHISHUO]
- Zhāng Wànqǐ 張萬起/Liú Shàngcí 劉尚慈 (ed.): Shìshuō xīnyǔ yìzhù
世說新語譯注. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1998 (19951).
- Xú Zhènè 徐震堮: Shìshuō xīnyǔ jiàojiān 世說新語校箋. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書局 2001 (19841).
[Compiled under the guidance of Liú Yìqìng 劉義慶 (403-444); The work contains anecdotes about
persons and the society during the period 150-420 A.D. It is also an important source for the contemporary
language. For a translation see Mather, Richard B. (tr.): A New Account of Tales of the World. Univ. of
Minnesota Press 1976. On the language of SHISHUO see Zhāng Wànqǐ 張萬起: Shìshuō xīnyǔ cídiǎn
世說新語詞典. Beijing/Shanghai, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商物印書館 1998 (19931). See Wilkinson 2000: 813]
Shísòng lǜ 十誦律 (Sarvāstivādavinaya?; Daśādhyāyavinaya?). Tr. by Fúruòduōluó

弗若多羅 (Puṇyatara), Tánmóliúzhī 曇摩流支 (Dharmaruci), Luóshí 羅什 (Kumārajīva).
T.23/1435.
Shū jīng 書經 [SHU] [Book of Dokuments]

Sūn Xīngyǎn 孫星衍 (ed.): Shàngshū jīngǔwén zhù shū 尚書今古文注疏. 2. vol.
Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjù 中華書局 1998.
Shuǐhǔ zhuàn 水滸傳 [SHUIHUZHUAN]

Rénmín wénxué chūbǎnshè 人民文學出版社 1975.
Shuōwén jiězì 說文解字 [Explaining Graphs and Characters]. By Xǔ Shèn 許慎; completed
in 100 A.D. [SHUOWEN]
Duàn Yùcái 段玉裁 (ed.): Shuōwén jiězì zhù 說文解字注. Shanghai: Shànghǎi gǔjí
[The original edition with commentaries by Duàn was written 1776-1807 and edited in 1815.]

56

Shuōyuàn 說苑 [Forest of Explanations] [SHUOYUAN]

Xiàng Zōnglǔ 向宗魯 (ed.): Shuōyuàn jiàozhèng 說苑校證. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書局 1987.
Sìfēn lǜ 四分律 (Dharmagupta[ka]vinaya). Tr. by Fótuóyéshě 佛陀耶舍 (Buddhayaśas) and

Zhú Fóniàn 竺佛念. T.22/1428. [SIFEN]
Sìjiā yǔlù 四家語錄 . ZZ. 1,2,24,5: 405-423 (vol. 119 in the Taiwan edition).
[The first printed edition was prepared in Japan 1648-1651.]
Sìkù quánshū 四庫全書

[The work on this imperial library was begun in 1771. More than 10,000 books and manuscripts were
reviewed from which 3,461 titles were selected. The 2.3 million pages were copied by hand by 3,826 copyists.
There were four copies made of each text for several imperial palaces and stored in library buildings. In 1782
another three copies were ordered to be stored in provinces and for open access for the public. Today four of the
all together seven copies are still extant. The master copy for the modern editions is the one originally stored at
the Wényuān gē 文淵閣 in the Forbidden City and which was moved to the Palace Museum in Taibei. The
photo-facsimile reprint of this copy was published as Yǐngyìn wényuān gē sìkù quánshū 影印文淵閣四庫全書.
Táibeǐ, Shāngwù chūbǎnshè 商物出版社 1983-1986. 1,500 vol.
Reprinted by Shànghǎi gǔjí chūbǎn shè 上海古籍出版社 in 1987 in reduced size.
There are also several CD-ROM editions. On the collection and information on indices, studies, etc. see
Wilkinson 2000: 273-277.]
Sìshíèr zhāng jīng 四十二章經. Tr. by Jiāshèmótèng 迦葉摩騰 (Kāśyapa Mātaṅga?).

T.17/784.
Sòng gāosēng zhuàn 宋高僧傳 [The Sòng Dynasty Record of Eminent Monks]. By Zànníng
贊寧(919-1001). T.50/2061: 709a-900a. [SGSZ]
Sòngshǐ 宋史 [History of the Sòng Dynasty] [SONGSHI]

Comp. by Tuōtuō 脫脫 (1313-1355) et. al.
Sǒushén jì 搜神記 [SOUSHENJI]

Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjù 中華書局 1979.
Suíshū 隋書 [SUISHU]
By Wèi Zhēng 魏徵 (580-643).
Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 1973.
Tàipíng guǎngjì 太平廣記 [Extended Records from the Tàipíng era]. Comp. in 977-981 by Lǐ
Fǎng 李昉 (925-969).
Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 1996 (19611).
[This is a collection of 475 bǐjì xiǎoshuō 筆記小說 dating from the Han to the Five Dynasties period.]
Tàipíng yǔlǎn 太平御覽 [Imperially Reviewed Encyclopedia of the Tàipíng era]. Compiled
by Lǐfǎng 李昉 (925-969).

57

4 vol. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1995 (19601).
Tàizǐ ruì yīng běnqǐ jīng 太子瑞應本起經. Tr. by Zhī Qiān 支謙. T.3/185.
Tàizǐ xū dà nou jīng 太子須大M經 (Jinaputrārthasiddhasūtra). Tr. by Shèngjiān 聖堅.

T.3/171.
Tiānshèng guǎngdēng lù 天聖廣燈錄 [The Tiānshèng Extended Record of the Lamp]. ZZ.
135: 595-902.
[This text was compiled during the tiānshèng 天聖 era (1023-1032) by Lǐ Zūnxù 李遵勗 (988-1038;
see SONGSHI: 13567-13569; biographic information see also in Wittern 2002: 138-139); the compilation was
completed in ca. 1029 but was somewhat revised afterwards; in 1036 a preface by Renzong (1022-1063) was
included; the work was soon included in the official Buddhist canon and the first extant printed version dates
from 1148 (printed at the Kāiyuán 開源 monastery in Fú province); see Wittern 2002: 136.]
VIMALAKIRTI see: Wéimójié jīng 維摩詰經 and Wéimójié suǒ shuō jīng 維摩詰所說經
(Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa)
Wáng Fànzhì shī 王梵志詩 [WANGFANZHI]

- Zhāng Xíhòu 張錫厚 (ed.; comm.): Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1983.
- Xiàng Chǔ 項楚 (ed.; comm.): Shanghai, Shànghǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社
1991.
Wéimójié jīng 維摩詰經 (Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa), tr. by Zhī Qiān 支謙. T. 14/474: 519-536.
[VIMALAKIRTI]
Wéimójié suǒ shuō jīng 維摩詰所說經 (Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa). Tr. by Kumārajīva; T.14/475:

537a-557b. [VIMALAKIRTI]
Wénshū shuō bōrě jīng 文殊說般若經 see: Wénshūshīlì suǒ shuō bōrěbōluómì jīng
文殊師利所說般若波羅蜜經
Wénshūshīlì suǒ shuō móhēbōrěbōluómì jīng 文殊師利所說摩訶般若波羅蜜經

(Saptaśatikā). Tr. by Màntuóluóxiān 曼陀羅仙. T.8/232.
Wénshūshīlì suǒ shuō bōrěbōluómì jīng 文殊師利所說般若波羅蜜經 (Saptaśatikā). Tr. by

Sēngqiépóluó 僧伽婆羅 (Saṃgabhara). T.8/233.
Wén xuǎn 文選 [WENXUAN]

WU see: Zǔ táng jí 祖堂集
Wǔdēng huìyuán 五燈會元. Comp. by Pǔjì 普濟 in 1252. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局
19902. (see also ZZ. 1, 2B: 10-11, Taibei ed., vol. 138). [WUDENG]
Wǔjiā yǔlù 五家語錄【法眼宗】 [The Recorded Sayings of the Five Houses (The Fǎyǎn
School)]. ZZ. 119: 994a1-1008a11.

58

[A collection of Recorded Sayings of the five lineages of Línjì 臨濟, Guīyǎng 溈仰, Yúnmén 雲門,
Cáodòng 曹洞 and Fǎyǎn 法眼, compiled in 1630; on this text see Zenseki Kaiseki: 446]
Wúliàng yì jīng 無量義經. Tr. by Tánmóqiétuóyéshě 曇摩伽陀耶舍. T.9/276.
Wúmén guān 無門關 [The Gateless Barrier]. Comp. by Zōngshào 宗紹. T.48/2005: 292c-
299c. [WUMENGUAN]
[Tr. in Sekida 1977 and Hirata 1969.]
Wúxīn lùn 無心論 [Treatise on No-mind]. Stein 5619. T.85/2831; Yabuki 1930: 77-78;
Suzuki 1968, vol. 2.
[Sekiguchi Shindai 關口真大 observes certain parallels in contents to the Juèguān lùn 絕觀論 and
suggests that it possibly is connected to the teaching of Niútóu 牛頭; see Zenseki Kaidai: 454.]
Xiányú jīng 賢愚經. Tr. by Huìjué 慧覺. T.4/202.
Xīn Táng shū 新唐書 [New History of the Táng] [XINTANGSHU]

Compiled 1043-1060 by Ōu Yángxiū 歐陽修 (1077-1072) et. al.; 10 vol.
Xīn Wǔdài shǐ 新五代史 [New History of the Five Dynasties Period]
Compiled 1044-1060 by Ōu Yángxiū 歐陽修 (1077-1072),
Xiū xīnyào lùn 修心要論 [Treatise on the Essentials of the Cultivation of the Mind]; attr. to
Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601-674). Pelliot 3434, 3559, 3777; Stein 2669, 3558, 4064, 6159. T.
48/2011: 377-379; McRae 1986: 1-16 (page numbers starting from the end of the book).
[This text is supposed to reflect the teachings of the 'Fifth Patriarch' Hóngrěn 弘忍 (601-674); the
versions of the text have different titles such as Dǎo fán qù shèng wù jiětuōzōng xiū xīnyào lùn
導凡趣聖悟解脫宗修心要論 or Yīshèng xiǎn zìxīn lùn 一乘顯自心論; the text is studied and translated in
McRae 1986; further information on the text see in Zenseki kaidai: 455.]
Xiūxíng běnqǐ jīng 修行本起經. Tr. by Zhú Dàlì 竺大力 and Kāng Mèngxiáng 康孟詳.
T.3/184. [BENQIJING]
Xù chuándēng lù 續傳燈錄 [Continued Records of the Transmission of the Lamp]. T.51/2077:

469a-714c.
Xù gāosēng zhuàn 續高僧傳 [Continued Records of Eminent Monks]. By Dàoxuān 道宣

(596-667). T.50/2060: 425-707. [XGSZ]
Xuèpài lùn 血派論 [Treatise on the Blood Lineage]. Contained in Shǎoshì liùmén 少室六門.
T.48/2009: 373b2-376b14.
Xúnzî 荀子 [Master Xún] [XUN]

Xúnzî xïnzhù 荀子新注, Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 1979.
Yán tiě lùn 鹽鐵論 [Discourses on Salt and Iron] [YTL]

59

Comp. in the 1st cent. B.C. by Huán Kuān 桓寬.
Wáng Lìqì 王利器 (ed.): Yán tiě lùn jiàozhù 鹽鐵論校注. 2 vol. Tiānjīn gǔjī
chūbǎnshè 天津古籍出版社 1983.
YAOJUE see: Dùnwù zhēnzōng jīngāng bōrě xiūxíng dá bǐ àn fǎmén yàojué

頓悟真宗金剛般若修行達彼岸法門要決
Yírì móníbǎo jīng 遺日摩尼寶經 (Kāśyapaparivarta). Tr. by Lokakṣema (2nd cent. A.D).
T.12/350.
YINBENJING see: Qǐshì yīnběn jīng 起世因本經
Yīnguǒ jīng 因果經 see: Guòqù xiànzài yīnguǒ jīng 過去現在因果經
YINGUOJING see: Guòqù xiànzài yīnguǒ jīng 過去現在因果經
Yúqié shīdì lùn 瑜伽論師地論 (Yogacār[y]abhūmiśāstra). Tr. by Xuánzàng 玄奘 (602-664).

T.30/1579: 279-882.
Yóu xiān kū 游仙窟 [YOUXIAN]

Shanghai, Shànghǎi shūdiàn 上海書店 1985.
Yùpiān 玉篇 [YUPIAN]
Written in 543 by Chén Péngnián 陳彭年; additions date from 647.
Beijing, Běijīng-shì zhōngguó shūdiàn 北京市中國書店 1983.
Yùxuǎn yǔlǔ 御選語錄 [The Recorded Sayings of Yùxuǎn]. ZZ. 119: 357-809.
Yuánjué jīng dàshū chāo 圓覺經大疏鈔. By Zōngmì 宗密 (780-841). ZZ.1,14,3-5: 204-462;

1,15,1: 1-41 (vol. 14-15 in Taiwan edition).
Yuánmíng lùn 圓明論 [Treatise on Perfect Illumination]. Attr. to Shénxiù 神秀 (606?-706).

Pelliot 3559, 3664; ed. in McRae 1986: 18-44 (Chinese page numbers starting from the end of
the book).
Yúnzhōu Dòngshān Wùběn chánshī yǔlù 筠州洞山悟本禪師語錄 [Record of Chán Master

Dòngshān Běnwù of Yúnzhōu]. Comp. by Yímò Xuánqiè 宜默玄契 between 1736 und 1740
(based on old materials); between 1751 and 1765 revised by Huì Yìn 慧印. T.47/1986(a):
507-519. [DONGSHAN A]
Zēngyī āhán jīng 增壹阿含經 (Ekottarāgama, Ekkottarika). Tr. by Gautama Saṃghadeva.

T.2/125.
Zhànguó cè 戰國策 [Intrigues of the Warring States] [ZGC]

Shanghai, Shànghǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 1978.

60

Zhènzhōu Línjì Huìzhào chánshī yǔlù 鎮州臨濟慧照禪師語錄語 [The Recorded Sayings of
Línjì Huìzhào of Zhènzhōu]. By Huìzhào 慧照 (alias Yìxuán 義玄, ?-867). T.47/1985: 495-
506 and ZZ. 118: 198b6-220b2 . [LINJILU]
[An early version of the text was first included in the Tiānshèng guǎngdēng lù (1036); afterwards it was
included in the Sìjiā lù (1120) and began to circulate as independent text in 1120. Also contained in juàn 4 and 5
of the Gǔzūnsù yǔlù 古尊宿語錄). Tr. in Sasaki 1975 and Watson 1999. See also Sasaki 1973 and Démieville
1970. This is probably the most difficult text of the yǔlù genre.
There is a gap of ca. 200 years between the death of Línjì and the first edition of his records; the work is
therefore a doubtful source for the vernacular language of the 9th century but rather reflects the language of the
early 11th century (see Wittern 2002: 128 ).]
Zhēnzōng lùn see: Dàshèng kāixīn xiǎnxìng dùnwù zhēnzōng lùn 大乘開心顯性頓悟真宗論
Zhèng fǎyǎn zāng 正法眼藏 [Treasure-house of the True Dharma-eye]. ZZ. 118: 1-153.
ZHENGLIJUE see: Dùnwù dàshèng zhènglǐ jué 頓悟大乘正理訣
Zhèng xīn lùn 證心論 [Treatise on Enlightening the Mind]. Pelliot 3434, 3777.
[Material on meditation methods of the early Chán school consisting of ca. 650 Chinese graphs.]
Zhōng āhán jīng 中阿含經 (Madhyamāgama). Tr. by Gautama Saṃghadeva. T.1/26.

[MIDDLE AGAMA]
Zhōng běnqǐ jīng 中本起經. Tr. by Yúnguǒ 雲果 and Kāng Mèngxiáng 康孟詳 (2nd cent.
A.D.). T.4/197.
Zhōnglùn 中論 (Madhyamaka-śāstra). By Nāgārjuna; tr. by Kumārajīva. T.30/1564: 1-39.
Zhōushū 周書
[On this text and editions see Loewe 1993:229-233.]
Zhūzǐ yǔlèi 朱子語類 [ZHUZI]

By Zhūxī 朱熹 (Song)
Zhuànjí bǎiyuán jīng 撰集百緣經 (Avadānaśataka). Tr. by Zhīqiān 支謙 (late 2nd., 3rd cent.
A.D.). T.4/196.
Zhuāngzǐ 莊子 [Master Zhuāng] [ZHUANG]

- Guō Qìngfán 郭慶藩 (ed.): Zhuāngzǐ jíshì 莊子集釋. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書局 1961.
- Harvard Yenching Institute Sinological Index Series, Supplement no. 20, Beijing
1947.
Zìhuì 字彙 [ZIHUI]
By Méi Dǐngzuò 梅鼎祚; comp. in 1615.
Shanghai, Shànghǎi císhū chūbǎnshè 上海辭書出版社 1991.
[This dictionary includes 33,179 graphs and reduced the number of radicals to 214.]

61

Zìjiàn 字鑒 [Mirror of Chinese Graphs]

Compiled ca. 1330 by Lǐ Wénzhòng 李文仲. The 1780 transcript is included in the
Sìkù quánshū 四庫全書, vol. 228: 17-74.
Zīzhì tōngjiàn 資治通鑑 [Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government] [ZIZHI

TONGJIAN]
Compiled by Sī Mǎguāng 司馬光 (1019-1086).
[This historiographic work covers the period from 403 B.C. till 959 A.D.]
Zōngjìng lù 宗鏡錄 [Records of the Mirror of Truth]. Comp. by Yánshòu 延壽 (904-975) in

961 (sometimes referred to as Xīnjìng lù 心鏡錄). T.48/2016: 417b-957b.
[A collection of portions of Buddhist scriptures and treatises from India and China, compiled in order to
enhance an integrated approach to scriptural studies and meditation practice.]
Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 [Collection from the Patriarchs' Hall]

main editions:4
- Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山 (ed.): Sodôshû 祖堂集. Zengaku sôsho 禪學叢書 4.
[Mimeographic edition] Chûmon shuppansha 中文出版社1974. [ZTJ]
- Wú Fúxiáng 吳福祥 and Gù Zhīchuān 顧之川 (ed.): Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集. Chángshā 長沙,
Yùelù shūshè 岳麓書社 1996. [WU]
- Fóguāng dàzàngjīng biānxiū wěiyuánhùi 佛光大藏經編修委員會 (ed.): Fóguāng
dàzāngjīng - chán zāng - shizhuàn bù - Zǔtáng jí 佛光大藏經 - 史傳 - 祖堂集 [The Fóguāng -
Tripiṭaka - Historical Works - Zǔtáng jí]. Fóguāng shān sī 佛光山寺, Fóguāng chūbǎnshè
佛光出板社 1994. [FO]
- Zhāng Huá 張華 (ed.): Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集 (Zhōngguó chánzōng diǎnjí cóngkān
中國禪宗典籍叢刊). Zhèngzhōu 鄭州, Zhōngzhōu gǔjí chūbǎnshè 中州古籍出版社 2001.
[ZHANGHUA]
- Draft version of juàn 3 of Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集, ed. by Sūn Chāngwǔ 孫昌武. [SUN]
ZTJ see: Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集
Zuìyè yīngbào jiàohuà dìyù jīng 罪業應報教化地獄經. Tr. by Ān Shìgāo 安世高; T.17/724.
Zuǒzhuàn 左傳 [ZUO]
Yáng Bójùn 楊伯峻 (ed.): Chūnqiū Zuǒzhuàn zhù 春秋左傳注. Beijing, Zhōnghuá
shūjú 中華書局 1983.
4
For a more thorough reference to the editions of ZTJ see the introduction (1.5).

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Collections and Dictionaries
62

4.6.4 BIBLIOGRAPHY (B): COLLECTIONS - DICTIONARIES -
BIBLIOGRAPHIES - INDICES - ELECTRONIC RESOURCES
Bào Jiāshēng 鲍家声 et. al.: Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū (vol. 8) - jiànzhù juàn -
míngshān míngsì juàn 中国佛教百科全书 - 建筑卷－名山名寺卷 [Encyclopaedic Book
Collection on Chinese Buddhism - vol. 8 on Architecture, Famous Mountains and Temples];
ed. in chief Lài Yǒnghǎi 赖永海. Shànghǎi, Shànghǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 2000.
Bó Zhēng 柏錚 (ed.): Zhōngguó gǔdài guānzhì 中國古代官制 [The System of Officials in

Ancient China]. Beijing, Běijīng Dàxué Chūbǎnshè 北京大學出版社 1989. [Guanzhi]
Bökset, Roar: A Dictionary of Nonstandard Simplified Chinese Characters. Monographs

published by the Society for Oriental Studies Stockholm, no. 18. Stockholm, Akademitryck
date ??.
[No date found in the dictionary.]
Bussmann, Hadumod: Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. London/New

York, Routledge 1998.
Buswell, Robert: East Asian Buddhist Studies - A Reference Guide. [Unpublished

manuscript] (1992).
Chinese dialects see: Duàn Kāiliǎn 段开琏: Zhōngguó mínjiān fāngyán cídiǎn
中国民间方言词典
Cí Yí 慈怡 (ed. in chief): Fóguāng dàcídiǎn 佛光大辭典 [The Fóguān Encyclopedic

Dictionary]. 8 vol. Beǐjīng, Beǐjīng túshūguǎn chūbǎnshè 北京圖書館出版社 ??. [Foguang]
[This is a reprint of the Táiwān Fóguāng shān chūbǎnshè 臺灣佛光山出版社 edition from 1989. There
is no date provided for the reprint.]
Creamer, Thomas (ed. in chief): A Chinese-English Dictionary of the Wu dialect.

Kensington, Dunwoody Press 1991. [Wu Dialect]
Dai Nihon Zokuzôkyô 大日本續藏經. 150 vol. Kyôto, Zôkyô shuin 藏經書院 1905-1912.
[ZZ]
[reprinted in Taiwan: Xīn wénfēng chūbǎn gōngsī 新文豐出版公司 1968-1970.]
Daitô Publishing Co. (ed.): Japanese - English Buddhist Dictionary. Tôkyô, Daitô Publishing
Co. 1982.
Daizôkyô Gakujutsu Yôgo Kenkyûkai 大藏經學術用語研究會 (Ed.): Taishô Shinshû

Daizôkyô Sakuin 大正新修大藏經所引 [Index to the Taishô Tripitaka]. 30 vol. Tôkyô,
Taishô Shinshû Daizôkyô kankôkai 1940 - 1947.
Démieville, Paul et.al. (ed.): Hôbôgirin - Dictionnaire Encyclopédique du Bouddhisme

dàprès les Sources Chinois et Japonaises. Tôkyô/Paris, Maison franco-japonaise/Maison
Franco-Japonaise 1929 - 1979. [Hobogirin]

63

Démieville, Paul/Hubert Durt/Anna Seidel: Répertoire du Canon Bouddhique Sino-japonais -

Édition de Taishô - Fascicule Annexe du Hôbôgirin. Tôkyô, Shôwa kôgyô shashin insatsusho
1978.
Dictionary of Chinese Dialects see: Duan 1994
Diming see: Zāng Lìhé 藏勵和 (ed.): Zhōngguó gǔ-jīn dìmíng dàcídiǎn
中國古今地名大辭典
Dīng Fúbǎo 丁福保: Fóxué dàcídiǎn 佛學大辭典 [Encyclopedic Dictionary of Buddhism].

Beijing, Wénwù Chūbǎnshè 文物出版社 1984 (19251).
Duàn Kāiliǎn 段开琏: Zhōngguó mínjiān fāngyán cídiǎn 中国民间方言词典 [Dictionary of

Chinese Dialects]. Hǎikǒu 海口, Nánhǎi chūbǎnshè 南海出版社 1994. [Chinese Dialects]
Edgerton, Franklin: Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary - Volume II -

Dictionary. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 1985 (19531). [Edgerton]
Eifring, Halvor: A Concordance to Baiyujing 百喻經引得. With an Introduction by L.N.

Menshikov. The Oslo Chinese Concordance Series, vol. 2 (general editor: Christoph
Harbsmeier). Oslo, Solum Forlag 1992.
Foguang see: Cí Yí 慈怡 (ed. in chief): Fóguāng dàcídiǎn 佛光大辭典 [The Fóguāng

Encyclopedic Dictionary]
Frankel, Hans H.: Catalogue of Translations from the Chinese Dynastic Histories for the
Period 220-960. Berkeley/Los Angeles, Univ. of California Press 1957.
Gardner, James L.: Zen Buddhism - A Classified Bibliography of Western-Language

Publications through 1990. Salt Lake City/Utah, Wings of Fire Press 1991.
Grimes, John: A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy - Sanskrit Terms Defined in

English. Albany/New York, State Univ. of New York Press 1989.
Grönbold, Günter: Der Buddhistische Kanon - Eine Bibliographie. Wiesbaden, Otto

Harrassowitz 1984.
Guanzhi see: Bó Zhēng 柏錚 (ed.): Zhōngguó gǔdài guānzhì 中國古代官制
Guo Moruo/Hu Houxuan (ed.): Jiǎgǔwén héjí 甲骨文合集 [Collected Oracle Bone
Writings].13 vol. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1998 (1979-19821). [Heji]
["The Heji contains 41,956 photographs of rubbings and lithographs of most of the main oracle-bone
inscriptions discovered between 1899 and 1970." (Wilkinson 2000: 400).]
Hanayama Shinshô: Bibliography on Buddhism. Tôkyô, Hokuseidô Press 1961.

64

Hé Jīnsōng 何金松: Xūcǐ lìshí cídiǎn 虚词历时词典 [A Historical Dictionary of Function
Words]. Wǔhàn 武汉, Húběi Rénmín Chūbǎnshè 湖北人民出版社 1994.
History see: Zhōngguó Lìshǐ Dàcídiǎn Biānzuǎn Wěiyuánhuì

中国历史大辞典编纂委员会(ed.) 1984
Hobogirin see: Démieville (ed.) 1929-1979
Hóng Yè 洪業 (ed.): Dào-zāng zìmù yǐndé - Fó-zāng zìmù yǐndé

道藏字目引得﹣佛藏字目引得 [An Index to the Daoist and Buddhist Canons]. Shanghai,
Shànghǎi gǔ-jí chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 1986.
Hú Zhāozhù 胡昭著 and Luó Shúzhēn 罗淑珍: Táng Wǔ-dài Cí suǒyǐn 唐五代索引 [An
Index to the Cí Poetry of the Táng and Five Dynasties Periods]. Beijing, Dāngdài Zhōngguó
Chūbǎnshè 当代中国出版社 1996.
Huáng Huìxián 黃惠賢 (ed. in chief): Èrshíwǔ-shǐ rénmíng dàcídiǎn 二十五史人名大辭典

[Dictionary of Personal Names in the Twenty Five Histories]. 2. vol. Zhèngzhōu 鄭州,
Zhōngzhōu Gǔjí Chūbǎnshè 中州古籍出版社 1997.
Huáng Zhēng 黃徵/Zhāng Yǒngquán 張涌泉 (ed.): Dūnhuáng biànwén jiàozhù

敦煌變文校注. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 1997.
Hucker, Charles O.: A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford, Stanford
Univ. Press 1985. [Hucker]
[The reference number to this dictionary is not the page number but the entry number.]
HYDCD see: Luó Zhúfēng 罗竹风 (ed. in chief) 1979
Index see: Yanagida 1980-1982
Jiāng Lánshēng 江蓝生/Cáo Guǎngshùn 曹广顺: Táng Wǔdài yǔyán cídiǎn

唐五代语言词典 Shànghǎi, Shànghǎi jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 上海教育出版社 1997. [Jiang/Cao]
[A Dictionary of the Language of the Táng and Five Dynasties Periods.]
Jiǎng Lǐhóng 蔣禮鴻 (ed.): Dūnhuáng wénxiàn yǔyán cídiǎn 敦煌文獻語言詞典 [Dictionary
of the Language of Dūnháng Literature]. Hángzhōu 杭州, Hángzhōu Dàxué Chūbǎnshè
杭州大學出版社 1994.
Luó Zhúfēng 罗竹风 (ed. in chief): Hànyǔ dàcídiǎn - suōyìnběn 汉语大辞典 - 缩印本
[Encyclopedic dictionary of Chinese - Edition in reduced format]. 3 vol. Shanghai, Hànyǔ
dàcídiǎn chūbǎnshè 汉语大词典出版社 1997. [HYDCD]
Kamata Shigeo 鐮天茂雄: Chûgoku bukkyô-shi jiten 中國佛教史辭典 [A Historical

Dictionary of Chinese Buddhism]. Tôkyo, Tôkyodô shuppan 1981.

65

Komazawa Daigaku-nai Zengaku Daijiten Hensanshô 駒澤大學內禪學大辭典編纂所 (ed.):
Zengaku Daijiten 禪學大辭典 [An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Zen Buddhism]. 3 vol. Tôkyo,
Taishukan shoten 1977. [Zengaku]
Lay, U Ko: Guide to Tripitaka (Bibliotheka Indo-Buddhica No. 71). Dheli, Sri Satguru
Publications 1990.
Lěng Yùlóng 冷玉龙/Wéi Yīxīn 韦一心 (ed.): Zhōnghuá Zìhǎi 中华字海. Zhōnghuá shūjú
中华书局 1994. [ZHZH]
Lǐ Géfēi 李格非 (Ed.): Hànyǔ dàzídiǎn 漢語大字典 [Dictionary of Chinese Graphs].

Volume in reduced format. Wǔhàn 武漢, Húběi Císhū Chūbǎnshè/Sìchuān císhū chūbǎnshè
湖北辭書出版社／四川辭書出版社 1996. [HYDZD]
Lǐ Xiànlín 李羡林 (ed. in chief): Dūnhuángxué dàcídiǎn 敦煌学大辞典 [An Encyclopedic

Dictionary of Dūnhuáng Studies]. Shànghǎi, Shànghǎi císhū chūbǎnshè 上海辞书出版社
1999 [19981]. [Dunhuang dictionary]
Lóng Qián'ān 龙潜庵 (ed.): Sòng Yuán yǔyán cídiǎn 宋元语言词典. Shànghǎi, Shànghǎi
císhū chūbǎnshè 上海辞书出版社 1985.
** Lú Rùnxiáng 卢润祥: Táng Sòng shī-cí chángyòng yǔ cídiǎn 唐宋诗词常用语词典.

Chángshā 长沙, Húnán chūbǎnshè 湖南出版社 1991.
Mochizuki Shinkô 望月信亨: Mochizuki Bukkyô Daijiten 望月佛教大辭典 [Encyclopedic

Dictionary of Buddhism]. 10 vol. Tôkyô, Sekai Seiten Kankô kyôkai 1933-1936.
[Mochizuki]
Nakamura Hajime 望月信亨: Bukkyô-go daijiten 佛教語大辭典 [Encyclopedic Dictionary

of Buddhist Terms]. 3 vol. Tôkyô, Tôkyô shoseki 東京書籍 1975. [Nakamura]
Oda Tokunô 織田得能: Bukkyô daijiten 佛教大辭典 [Encyclopedic Dictionary of

Buddhism]. Tôkyô, Daizô shuppan kabushiki kaisha 大藏出版株式會社 1954. [Oda]
Pān Zhòngguī 潘重規 et al.: Dūnhuáng súzì pǔ 敦煌俗字譜. Taibei, Táiwān shímén túshū
gōngsī 臺灣石門圖書公司 1978.
Pfandt, Peter: Mahâyâna Texts translated into Western Languages - A Bibliographical Guide.
Köln, E. J. Brill 1986.
Pulleyblank, Edwin G.: Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation - in Early Middle Chinese,

Late Middle Chinese, and Early Mandarin. Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press
1991. [Pulleyblank]
Quán Táng shī 全唐詩 [Complete Poetry of the Táng] (comp. 1705-1706). Ed. by Shèng Zǔ
聖祖 and Péng Dìngqiú 彭定求. 2 vol. Tàiběi, Hóngyè Shūjú 宏業書局 1977 (2 vol.). [QTS]

66

Quán Táng wén 全唐文 [Complete Prose Literature of the Táng] (comp. ca. 1814). Ed. by
Dǒng Hào 董浩 (1740 - 1818) et.al. 20 vol. Taibei, Huáwén shūjú 華文書局 1965. [QTW]
Raguin, Yves: Terminologie Raisonnee du Bouddhisme Chinois. Taibei, Ōuyǔ chūbǎnshè

歐語出版社 1985.
Renming see: Zāng Lìhé 藏勵和 (ed.): Zhōngguó rénmíng dàcídiǎn 中國人名大辭典
Soothill, William E./Lewis Hodous: A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms. Delhi,

Motilal Barnarsidass 1987 (London 19371). [Soothill]
** Suzuki Tetsuo 鈴木哲雄 (ed.): Chûgoku zenshû jimmei sakuin: Fu Keitoku dentôroku
jimmei sakuin 中國禪宗人名索引付景德傳燈錄人名索引 [An Index to the Personal Names
of the Chinese Chán School - Appendix - Index to the Personal Names of the Transmission of
the Lamp of the Jǐngdé Era]. Nagoya, Kikôdô 其弘堂 1975.
Takakusu Junjirô (ed.): Taishô shinshû daizôkyô 大正新修大藏經 [Revised Edition of the
Buddhist Canon in the Taishô-era]. 100 vol. Tôkyô, Daizô shuppan kai 大藏出板會 1922-
1933. [T.]
Wáng Lì 王力 (ed.): Wáng Lì gǔhànyǔ zìdiǎn 王力古漢語字典 [Wáng Lì's Dictionary of

Ancient Chinese]. Beijng, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中華書局 2000.
Wilkinson, Endymion: Chinese History - A Manual. Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph

Series, 46. Cambridge (Mass.)/London, Harvard Univ. Press 1998.
--------------------------: Chinese History - A Manual - Revised and Enlarged. Harvard-

Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 52. Cambridge (Mass.)/London, Harvard Univ. Press
2000.
Wu Dialect see: Creamer 1991
Xú Péijūn 徐培均/Fàn Mínshēng 范民声: Shī Cí Qǔ míngjù cídiǎn 诗词曲名句辞典 [A

Dictionary of Famous Phrases in Shī, Cí and Qǔ]. Shànghǎi 上海, Hànyǔ Dàcídiǎn
Chūbǎnshè 汉语大辞典出版社 1996.
Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山(ed.): Sodôshû sakuin 祖堂集索引 [Index to the Collection from
the Patriarchs' Hall]. 3 vol. Kyôto: Kyôto daigaku jinbun kagaku kenkyûsho
京都大學人文科學研究所 1980-1982. [Index]
Yáng Wéizhōng 杨维中 et. al.: Zhōngguó fójiào bǎikē quánshū (vol. 5) -
Yíguǐ中国佛教百科全书 - 仪轨 [Encyclopedic Book Collection on Chinese Buddhism - vol.
5 - Ceremonies, Ritual, etc.], ed. in chief: Lài Yǒnghǎi 赖永海. Shànghǎi, Shànghǎi gǔjí
Yoo Yushin: Buddhism - A Subject Index to Periodical Articles in English, 1728-1971.

Metuchen/N.Y., Scrarecrow Press 1973.

67

--------------: Books on Buddhism - An Annotated Subject Guide. Metuchen/N.Y.,

Scrarecrow Press 1976.
** Yuán Bīn 袁宾 (ed. in chief): Chánzōng cídiǎn 禅宗辞典 [Dictionary of the Chán
School]. Wǔhàn 武汉, Húběi rénmín chūbǎnshè 湖北人民出版社 1994.
Zāng Lìhé 藏勵和 (ed.): Zhōngguó rénmíng dàcídiǎn 中國人名大辭典 [Encyclopedic

Dictionary of Chinese Personal Names]. Shanghai, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商務印書館 1984
(19211). [Renming]
-----------------------------: Zhōngguó gǔ-jīn dìmíng dàcídiǎn 中國古今地名大辭典

[Encyclopedic Dictionary of Historical and Modern Chinese Place Names]. Hongkong,
Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn Xiānggāng fēnguǎn 商務印書館香港分館 1982 (19311). [Diming]
Zengaku see: Komazawa Daigaku-nai Zengaku Daijiten Hensanshô 1977
Zhāng Wànqǐ 张万起: Shìshuō xīnyǔ cídiǎn 《世说新语》词典 [A Dictionary of the

Shìshuō xīnyǔ]. Běijīng, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 1993.
Zhōngguó fójiào rénmíng dàcídiǎn biānjī wěiyuánhuì 中國佛教人名大辭典編輯委員會

(ed.): Zhōngguó fójiào rénmíng dàcídiǎn 中國佛教人名大辭典 [Encyclopedic Dictionary of
Chinese Buddhist Personal Names]. Shànghǎi, Shànghǎi císhū chūbǎnshè 上海辭書出版社
2002 (19991). [Buddhist Names].
Zhōngguó Lìshǐ Dàcídiǎn Biānzuǎn Wěiyuánhuì 中国历史大辞典编纂委员会(ed.):

Zhōngguó lìshǐ dàcídiǎn - Suí Táng Wǔ-dài shǐ 中国历史大辞典－随唐五代史
[Encyclopedic Historical Dictionary of China - the Histories of the Suí, Táng and Five
Dynasties Periods]. Shànghǎi, 上海 Shànghǎi císhū chūbǎnshè 上海辞书出版社 1995.
[History]
Zhōngguó shèhuì kēxuéyuàn yǔyán yánjiūsuǒ - gǔdài hànyǔ yánjiūshì

中国社会科学院语言研究所－古代汉语研究室 (ed.): Gǔdài hànyǔ xūcí cídiǎn
古代汉语虚词词典 [A Dictionary of Function Words in Ancient Chinese]. Beijing, Shāngwù
yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 2000. [Function Words].
ZHZH see: Lěng Yùlóng 冷玉龙/Wéi Yīxīn 韦一心 (ed.): Zhōnghuá Zìhǎi 中华字海
Zhū Yīzhī 朱一之: Xiàndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ shùyǔ cídiǎn 现代汉语语法术语词典 [A Dictionary
of Grammatical Terms of Modern Mandarin]. Beijing, Huáyǔ jiàoxué chūbǎnshè
华语教学出版社1990.
ZZ see: Dai Nihon Zokuzôkyô 大日本續藏經
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES (B-elec)

68

Dictionary of East Asian Buddhist Terms (Chief Editor: Charles Muller;
Toyo Gakuen University) [Muller]
[http://www.human.toyogakuen-u.ac.jp/~acmuller/dicts/deabt.htm]
[This is an extremely useful and thorough online dictionary on a wide range of Buddhist terms.]
Electronic version of ZTJ; input: Lín Yǒngzé 林永澤 (Beijing University); based on the
edition by WU (see bibliography A).
Electronic Zen texts by the International Research Institute of Zen Buddhism (IRIZ;
Hanazono University, Kyôto)
[http://www.iijnet.or.jp/iriz/irizhtml/zentexts/cdtexts.htm]
[This is a collection of a great number of Chan/Zen texts which can be downloaded]
Thesaurus Linguae Sinicae; editor in chief: Christoph Harbsmeier (draft-version, not yet
published) [TLS]
Wénlín 文林 Software for Learning Chinese, Version 2.0. Copyright (C) 1997,1998 Wenlin
Institute, Inc.
ABC Dictionary Copyright (C) 1996 University of Hawai'i Press. [Wenlin]

BIBLIOGRAPHY - Secondary Sources
69

4.6.5 BIBLIOGRAPHY (C): SECONDARY SOURCES
Abe Chôichi 阿部肇一: Zhōngguó Chánzōng shǐ 中國禪宗史 [A History of the Chinese
Chán School]. Tr. from Jap. by Guān Shìqiān 關世謙. Taibei, Dōngdà túshū gōngsī
東大圖書公司 1989. [Abe 1989]
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.: Classifiers - A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices.

Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press 2000. [Aikhenvald 2000]
Alleton, Viviane: Les Auxiliares de Mode en Chinois Comtemporain. Paris, Maison des
Sciences de l'Homme 1984. [Alleton 1984]
Allwood, Jens/Lars-Gunnar Andersson/Östen Dahl: Logic in Linguistics. Cambridge,

Cambridge Univ. Press 1997 (19771). [Allwood 1997]
Amore, Roy C. (ed.): Developments in Buddhist Thought: Canadian Contributions to

Buddhist Studies. Waterloo/Ontario, Wilfried Laurier Univ. Press 1979. [Amore 1979]
** Anayama Takamichi 穴山孝道: Kôryô ban Sôdôshû to zenshû kodenseki 高麗板

《祖堂集》と禪宗古典籍 [The Gāolì-edition of the Zǔtáng jí and the Ancient Scriptures of
the Chán-school]. Tôyô gakuen dai ni shû 東洋學苑第二輯 1933. [Anayama 1933]
Anderl, Christoph: Sengchou 僧稠 (480-560)—Studie über einen chinesischen

Mediationsmeister des 6. Jahrhunderts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Bedeutung
für die frühe Periode des Chan-Buddhismus. M.A. thesis, Wien 1995. [Anderl 1995]
---------------------: Informal Notes on the Term "jìng" 境 in the Línjì lù 臨濟錄. In: Wénxué
yǔ zōngjiào - Sūn Chāngwǔ jiàoshòu qī-shí huádàn jìnián wénjí 文學與宗教-
孫昌武教授七十華誕紀念文集 [Literature and Religion - Festschrift on the Occasion of
Prof. Sun Changwu's 70th Birthday]. Beijing: Zōngjiào wénhuà chūbǎnshè 宗教文化出板社
2007: 391-423.
---------------------: Nedtegnede uttalelser av zen-mester Línjì Huìzhào. In: Zen, ed. by Halvor
Eifring, Mark Teeuwen, Vladimir Tikhonov. Oslo: De Norske Bokklubbene 2007: 80-184.
---------------------: Preface (co-author). In: Zen, ed. by Halvor Eifring, Mark Teeuwen,
Vladimir Tikhonov. Oslo: De Norske Bokklubbene 2007: IX-LV.
---------------------: Notes on the Development of Modal Verbs and their Functions in Middle
Chinese Texts. In: Chinese Linguistics in Budapest (Chinese Linguistics in Europe, vol. 1),
ed. by Redouane Djamouri and Rint Sybesma. Paris, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur
l'Asie Orientale (EHESS, CRLAO) 2006.
Anderl, Christoph & Halvor Eifring (ed.): Studies in Chinese Language and Culture –
Festschrift in Honour of Christoph Harbsmeier on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday. Ed. by
Christoph Anderl and Halvor Eifring. Oslo, Hermes Academic Publishing 2006.

70

---------------------: Zen in the Art of Insult – Notes on the Syntax and Semantics of Abusive
Speech in Late Middle Chinese. In: Studies in Chinese Language and Culture – Festschrift in
Honour of Christoph Harbsmeier on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday. Oslo, Hermes
Academic Publishing 2006: 377-393.
---------------------: Notes on the Development of Vernacular Literature in China and the

Language of the Early Recorded Sayings. In: Studia Orientalia Slovaca 4 (2005): 103-124.
[Anderl 2005]
---------------------: Studies in the Language of Zu-tang ji. Dr. Art. thesis. 2 vol. Oslo, Unipub
April / November 2004. (XXVIII + 963 pp.
---------------------: The Semantics of Qing 情 in Chan Buddhist Chinese. In: Love and
Emotions in Traditional Chinese Literature, ed. by Halvor Eifring. Leiden, Brill 2004: 149-
224. [Anderl 2004]
App, Urs: Facets of the Life and Teaching of Chan Master Yunmen Wenyan (864-949).
Ph.D. diss., Temple Univ. 1987. [App 1987]
-----------: Master Yunmen. New York/Tôkyô/London, Kodansha International 1994. [App

1994]
Basham, Arthur L.: The Evolution of the Concept of the Bodhisattva. In: The Bodhisattva
Doctrine in Buddhism, ed. by Leslie Kawamura. Calgary, 1978: 19-60. [Basham 1978]
Bauer, Wolfgang: Der Chinesische Personenname. Wiesbaden, Otto Harrassowitz 1959.

[Bauer 1959]
Beal, Samuel: A Catena of Buddhist Scriptures from the Chinese (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica
Series No.62). Delhi, Sri Satguru Publications 1989 (London 18711). [Beal 1989]
Běijīng dàxué zhōngwénxì Yǔyán xué lùncóng biān wěihuìbiān

北京大学中文系《语言学论丛》编委会编 (ed.): Yǔyán xué lùncóng 语言学论丛. Vol. 25.
Beijing, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 2002.
** Bennett, P.A.: "The Evolution of Passive and Disposal Sentences." In: Journal of Chinese
Linguistics 9/1 (1981). [Bennett 1981]
Berling, Judith A.: "Bringing the Buddha Down to Earth - Notes on the Emergence of yülu as
a Buddhist Genre." In: History of Religions (1987): 56-88. [Berling 1987]
Bianchi, E.: Guida allo Studio delle Fonti Buddhiste Cinesi (Edizione Preliminare). Venezia,
Cafoscarina 2000. [Bianchi 2000]
Bielenstein, Hans: The Chinese Colonization of Fukien until the End of T'ang. In: Studia
Serica Berhard Karlgren Dedicata, ed. by Egerod and Glahn. Copenhagen, Einar Munksgaard
1959: 98-122. [Bielenstein 1959]
** Birnbaum, Raoul: "Thoughts on T'ang Buddhist Mountain Traditions and their Context."
In: T'ang Studies 2 (1984): 5-23. [Birnbaum 1984]

71

Blyth, R.H.: Zen and Zen Classics. Tôkyô 1970. [Blyth 1970]
Bökset, Roar: Long Story of Short Forms. Draft version, April 2003. [Bökset 2003]
Broughton, Jeffrey L.: Kuei-feng Tsung-mi - The Convergence of Ch'an and the Teachings.
Dissertation. Columbia Univ. Press 1975. [Broughton 1975]
Brown, Brian E.: The Buddha Nature - A Study of the Tathāgatagarbha and Alayavijñana.
Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 1991. [Brown 1991]
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.: Chinul's Systematization of Chinese Meditative Techniques in Korean

Son Buddhism. In: Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism, ed. by Peter N. Gregory.
Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii press 1986: 199-242. [Buswell 1986]
-----------------------------: The 'Short-cut' Approach of K'an-hua Meditation - The Evolution

of a Practical Subitism in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism. In: Sudden and Gradual - Approaches to
Enlightenment in Chinese Thought. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1987: 321-377.
[Buswell 1987]
-----------------------------: Ch'an Hermeneutics: A Korean View. In: Buddhist Hermeneutics,

ed. by Donald S. Lopez. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1988: 231-256. [Buswell 1988]
-----------------------------: The Formation of Ch'an Ideology in China and Korea. The

Vajrasamādhi-Sûtra, a Buddhist Apocryphon. Princeton/NewJersey, Princeton Univ.Press
1989. [Buswell 1989]
-----------------------------(ed.): Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha. Honolulu, University of Hawaii

Press 1990. [Buswell 1990]
------------------------------: The Path to Perdition - The Wholesome Roots and their

Eradication. In: Paths to Liberation - The Mārga and its Transformations in Buddhist
Thought, ed. by Robert Buswell u. Robert M. Gimello. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press
1992. [Buswell 1992(a)]
------------------------------: The Zen Monastic Experience - Buddhist Practice in

Contemporary Korea. Princeton Univ. Press 1992. [Buswell 1992(b)]
------------------------------: The Transformation of Doubt (Yǐqíng 疑情) into a Positive

Emotion in Chinese Buddhist Meditation. In: Love and Emotions in Ancient Chinese
Literature, ed. by Halvor Eifring. Leiden, Brill 2004: 225-236. [Buswell 2004]
Buswell, Robert u. Robert M. Gimello (ed.): Paths to Liberation - The Mārga and its
Transformations in Buddhist Thought. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1992.
[Buswell/Gimello 1992]
Bybee, Joan/Suzanne Fleischman (ed.): Modality in Grammar and Discourse.

Amsterdam/Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company 1995. [Bybee 1995]

72

Cadonna, Alfredo: Yülu e teng lu della Scuola Buddhista Chan come Fonte per lo Studio di
Elementi 'Vernacolari' del 'Middle Chinese'. Tesi di laurea [M.A. thesis]. Venezia 1978-1979.
[Cadonna 1978-1979]
** ----------------------: "Il Diabattito Linguistico Aavviatosi con il Movimento del 4 Maggio:

Hu Shih e le Ricerche sul Cinese 'Vernacolare' in Epoca T'ang-Sung." In: Cina 16 (1980):
133-154. [Cadonna 1980]
---------------------: "Il Frammento Manoscritto del Jingde Chuandeng lu nel Fondo di

Dunhuang a Leningrado - Riferimenti alle Fonti a Stampa e Annotazioni Linguistiche." In:
Cina 17 (1981): 7-33. [Cadonna 1981]
---------------------: "Note sull' Evoluzione del Sostituto Interrogativo zie muět (是沒 >
甚(什)麼) dal Medio al Tardo Cinese Medievale - Con Specifico Riferimento al Manoscritto
di Dunhuang S 2503. Parte I." In: Studi di cinese classico, a cura di M. Scarpari. Venezia
1983: 121-157. [Cadonna 1983]
---------------------: "La Transmissione della Lampada dell'era della Virtù Luminescente

(Jingde Chuandeng lu, cap. XI). Note testuali e linguistiche sull'intero manoscritto Flug 229b
conservato nel fondo di Dunhuang a San Pietroburgo." In: Studi di Onore di Lionello
Lanciotti, a cura di S. M. Carletti, M. Sacchetti, P. Santangelo. Napoli (vol.I): 145-177. Date
??
Cadonna, Alfredo (ed.): Turfan and Tun-Huang: The Texts. Encounter of Civilizations on the
Silk Route. Orientalia Venetiana IV. Venice 1992. [Cadonna 1992]
--------------------- (ed).: India,Tibet, China - Genesis and Aspects of Traditional Narrative.

Orientalia Venetiani VII. Venice 1999. [Cadonna 1999]
Cadonna, Alfredo/E. Bianchi (ed.): Facets of Tibetan Religious Tradition and Contacts with
Neighbouring Cultural Areas. Firenze, Leo S. Olschki Editore 2002. [Cadonna 2002]
** Cài Hánmò 蔡涵墨 (Hartmann, Charles): "Chán-zōng Zǔtáng jí zhōng yǒu guān Hán Yù
de xīn zīliào 禪宗《祖堂集》中有關韓愈的新資料." In: Shūmù lǐkān 書目李刊 17/1: 19-
21. YEAR ?? [Cai Hanmo ??]
Cài Jìnghào 蔡竟浩: "Chóngtán yǔzhùcí kàn de qǐyuán 重谈语助词'看'的起源." In:

Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 1 (1990): 75-76. [Cai Jinghao 1990(a)]
** ------------------------: Wèi Jìn Nánběicháo cíyǔ lièshì 魏晋南北朝词语列释. Nánjīng

南京, Jiāngsū gǔjí chūbǎnshè 江苏古籍出版社 1990. [Cai Jinghao 1990(b)]
** ------------------------: "Zhōnggǔ hànyǔ de liáncí bèi 中古汉语的连词'被'[The Conjunction

bèi in Middle Chinese]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 2 (1995): 154. [Cai Jinghao 1995]
Campo, Daniela: "Sei Discorsi (Fayu) del Maestro Xuyun (1840-1959) - Considerazioni Sulla
Lingua della Scuola Buddhista Chan in Epoca Moderna." In: Estratto 42/3 (Serie orientale 34)
(2003): 273-301. [Campo 2003]

73

Cáo Guǎngshùn 曹广顺: "Zǔtáng jí zhōng de dì (di), què (liǎo), zhù
《祖堂集》中的"底"(地), 却(了),著 [The Particles 'di', 'que(le)' and 'zhu' in Zǔtáng jí]." In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 3 (1986): 192-202. [Cao Guangshun 1986(a)]
-----------------------------: "Zǔtáng jí zhōng yǔqì cí 'ne' yǒu guān de jǐ ge

zhùcí《祖堂集》中语气词'呢'有关的几个助词 [Several Auxiliary Words Related to the
Modality-Particle ne in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Yǔyá2n yánjiū 语言研究 2 (1986). [Cao Guangshun
1986(b)]
-----------------------------: "Wèi Jìn Nánběi-cháo dào Sòng-dài de 'dòng+jiāng' jiégòu

魏晋南北朝到宋代的'动＋将'结构 [The Construction 'Verb + jiāng' From the Periods of
Wèi, Jìn, the Southern and Northern Dynasties until the Sòng Dynasty]." In: Zhōngguó yǔyán
中国语言 2 (1990): 130-135. [Cao Guangshun 1990]
-----------------------------: "Shuō zhùcí gè 说助词'个'[A Discussion on the Auxiliary Word

gè]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 1994/4. [Cao Guangshun 1994]
-----------------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ zhùcí 近代汉语助词 [Auxiliary Words in Early

Mandarin]. Beijing, Yǔyán chūbǎnshè 语文出版社 1995. [Cao Guangshun 1995]
----------------------------: "Fóběn xíngjí jīng zhōng de 'xǔ' hé 'zhě'

《佛本行集经》中的'许'和'者'[Xǔ and zhě in the Fóběn xíngjí jīng]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén
中国语文 6 (1999). [Cao Guangshun 1999]
Cáo Guǎngshùn 曹广顺/Yù Xiàoróng 遇笑容: "Zhōnggǔ yì-jīng zhōng de chùzhì-shì

中古译经中的处置式 [The Disposal Form in Medieval Sūtra Translations]." In: Zhōngguó
yǔwén 中国语文 6 (2000). [Cao/Yu 2000]
Cáo Xiǎoyún 曹小云: "'Zǔtáng jí bèijù yánjiū' shāngbǔ '《祖堂集》被字句研究'商补." In:

Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 5 (1993): 391-392. [Cao Xiaoyun 1993]
** Chan, W.T. (tr.): The Platform Scripture. New York 1963. [Chan 1963]
Chang, Chung-yuan: "Ch'an Buddhism - Logical and Illogical." In: Philosophy East and
West, 17/1-4 (1967): 37-49. [Chang 1967]
------------------------: Original Teachings of Ch'an Buddhism - Selected from The

Transmission of the Lamp. New York, Pantheon Books 1969. [Chang 1969]
Chang Hsin-chang: Chinese Literature: Popular Fiction and Drama. Edinburgh, Edinburgh
Univ. Press 1973. [Chang 1973]
Cháng Qīng 常青: "Zǔtáng jí fùcí 'yě' 'yì' de gòngyòng xiànxiàng

《祖堂集》副词'也''亦'的共用现象." In: Tiānjīn Shīdà xuébào 天津师大学报 1 (1989).
[Chang Qing 1989]

74

Chao, Yuen-Ren: A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley/Los Angeles, Univ. of California
Press 1968. [Chao 1968]
Chappell, David W.: The Teachings of the Fourth Ch'an Patriarch Tao-hsin (580-651). In:
Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, ed. by Whalen Lai u. Lewis R. Lancaster. Asian Humanities
Press, Berkeley, 1983: 89-130. [Chappell 1983]
--------------------------: From Dispute to Dual Cultivation - Pure Land Responses to Ch'an

Critics. In: Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism, ed. by Peter N. Gregory.
Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii press 1986: 163-198. [Chappell 1986]
-------------------------- (ed.): Buddhist and Taoist Practice in Medieval Chinese Society.

Buddhist and Taoist Studies 2. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1987. [Chappell 1987]
--------------------------: Hermeneutical Phases in Chinese Buddhism. In: Buddhist

Hermeneutics, ed. by Donald S. Lopez.Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1988: 175-206.
[Chappell 1988]
Chén Chéngzé 陈承泽: Guówénfǎ cǎochuàng 国文法草创. Shàngwù yìnshūguǎn

尚务印书馆 1982. [Chen Chengze 1982]
** Chén Chūshēng 陈初生: "Zǎoqī chùzhì shì lüèlùn 早期处置式略论 [Remarks on the
Early Disposal Form]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 3 (1983). [Chen Chusheng 1983]
Ch'en, Kenneth K. S.: "Economic Background of the Hui-ch'ang Persecution." In: Harvard
Journal of Asian Studies 19 (1956): 67-105. [Ch'en 1956(a)]
-------------------------: "The Sale of Monk Certificates During the Sung Dynasty - A Factor in
the Decline of Buddhism in China." In: Harvard Theological Review 49 (1956): 307-
327.[Ch'en 1956(b)]
-------------------------: Buddhism in China - A Historical Survey. Princeton/New Jersey,

Princeton Univ. Press 1973 (19631). [Ch'en 1973(a)]
----------------------------: The Chinese Transformation of Buddhism. Princeton/New Jersey,

Princeton Univ. Press 1973. [Ch'en 1973(b)]
Chén Yǒngxún 陈勇勳 (Chin Yong Hun): Tonhwang pyǒnmun ǒbǒp yǒngu
敦煌变文语法研究 [Studies in the Grammar of the Dūnhuáng Transformation Texts]. Seoul
汉城, Yonsei 延世大学 Univ., Chungmun yǒngguso 中文研究所; Sǒksa nonmun 硕士论文
1988. [Chen Yongxun 1988]
** Chén Yìxiào 陳義孝: Fójiào chángjiàn cíhuì 佛教常見辭彙. Táiběi 薹北, Wénjīn
chūbǎnshè 文津出版社 1990. [Chen Yixiao 1990]
Chén Zépíng 陈泽平: "Shìlùn wánchéng-mào zhùcí 'qù' 试论完成貌助词'去'[On the

Perfective Aspect Marker qù]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 2 (1992): 143-146. [Chen
Zeping 1992]

75

** Cheng, Lisa L. Sh.: On the typology of Wh-Questions. Doctoral Dissertation MIT (1991).
[Cheng 1991]
** ----------------------: "On Dōu Quantification." In: Journal of East Asian Linguistics 4

(1995): 197-234. [Cheng 1995]
Cheng Te-k'un: "The Excavation of T'ang Dynasty Tombs at Ch'üan-chou, Southern Fukien."
In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 4 (1939): 1-11. [Cheng Dekun 1939]
Chéng Xiāngqīng 程湘清 (ed.): Wèi Jìn Nán-běi-cháo hànyǔ yánjiū 魏晋南北朝汉语研究
[Research on the Grammar of the Wèi, Jìn and Southern and Northern Dynsties]. Jìnán 济南,
Shāndōng jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 山東教育出板社 1992. [Cheng Xiangqing 1992(a)]
-------------------------------------: Suí Táng Wǔ-dài hànyǔ yánjiū 随唐五代汉语研究

[Research on the Grammar of the Suí, Táng and Five Dynasties Periods]. Jìnán 济南,
Shāndōng jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 山東教育出板社 1992. [Cheng Xiangqing 1992(b)]
-------------------------------------: Sòng Yuán Míng hànyǔ yánjiū 宋元明汉语研究 [Research

on the Grammar of the Sòng, Yuán and Míng Dynasties]. Jìnán 济南, Shāndōng jiàoyù
chūbǎnshè 山東教育出板社 1992. [Cheng Xiangqing 1992(c)]
** Cheng Zhenduo ??: Dūnhuáng de sù wénxué 敦煌的俗文学 [Popular Literature from

Dūnhuáng]. In: Xiǎoshuō Yuèbào 小说月报 20.3 (1929): 475-496. [Cheng Zhenduo 1929]
-------------------------: Zhōngguó sù wénxué shǐ 中国俗文学史 [History of Chinese Popular

Literature]. 2. vol. Changsha, Commercial Press 1938. Republished: Beijing, Zuòjiā
chūbǎnshè 作家出版社 1957. [Cheng Zhenduo 1983]
** Cheung, Samuel H. N.: "Perfective Particles in the Bianwen Language." In: Journal of
Chinese Linguistics 5 (1977). [Cheung 1977]
** Chierchia, Gennaro: Questions with Quantifiers. In: Natural Language Semantics 1

(1993). [Chierchia 1993]
Clark, Hugh R.: Community, Trade, and Networks - Southern Fujian Province from the
Third to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press 1991. [Clark 1991]
Cleary, J. C.: Zen Dawn - Early Zen Texts from Tun Huang. Shambala, Boston/ London
1986. [Cleary 1986]
Cleary, Thomas and J. C. Cleary: The Blue Cliff Record. Boston/London, Shambala 1992.
[Cleary 1992]
Cleary, Thomas: The Flower Ornament Scripture - A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra.
Boston/London, Shambala 1993. [Cleary 1993]

76

Coblin, South W.: "Review of E. G. Pulleyblank, Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation."
In: Monumenta Serica 41 (1993): 299-315. [Coblin 1993]
---------------------: "Marginalia on Two Translations of the Qieyun Preface". In: Journal of

Chinese Linguistics 24/1: 85-96. DATE ?? [Coblin ??]
Conze, Edward: Buddhist Scriptures. London, Penguin Books 1959. [Conze 1959]
---------------------: Buddhistisches Denken - Drei Phasen Buddhistischer Philosophie in

Indien. Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Taschenbuch Verlag 1988. [Conze 1988]
--------------------(ed.): Buddhist Texts through the Ages. Boston/Shaftesbury, Shambala

1990. [Conze 1990]
Cruise, Henry: "Early Buddhism - Some Recent Misconceptions." In: Philosophy East and
West 33/2 (1983): 149-166. [Cruise 1983]
Dayal, Har: The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature. Delhi/Patna/Varanasi,

Motilal Banarsidass 1975 (19321). [Dayal 1975]
Demiéville, Paul: "Sur l'authenticité du Ta tch'eng k'i sin Louen." In: Bulletin de la Maison
Franco-Japonaise, 2/2 (1929): 1-79. (reprinted in Demiéville 1973: 1-80) [Demiéville 1929]
--------------------: "Les Dèbuts de la Littérature en Chinois Vulgaire." In: Académie des

Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Comptes Rendus 1952. [Demiéville 1952]
--------------------: "La Pénétration du Bouddhisme dans la Tradition Philosophique Chinoise."

In: Cahiers d'Histoire Mondiale, 3/1 (1956): 19-38. (reprinted in Demiéville 1973: 241-260)
[Demiéville 1956]
--------------------: Deux Documents de Touen-houang sur le Dhyāna Chinois. In: Essays in

the History of Buddhism Presented to Professor Zenryû Tsukamoto (1961): 1-27. (reprinted in
Demiéville 1973: 320-346) [Demiéville 1961]
--------------------: Vimilakīrti en Chine. In: L'Enseignement de Vimilakīrti, tr. by Étienne

Lamotte (Louvain, 1962): 438-455. (reprinted in Demiéville 1973: 347-364) [Demiéville
1962]
--------------------: Le Bouddhisme Chinois. In: Encyclopédie de la Pléiade - Histoire des

Religions. Band 1 (Paris 1970): 1249-1319. (reprinted in Demiéville 1973: 365-435)
[Demiéville 1970(a)]
-------------------: "Le recueil de la Salle des patriarches (Tsou t'ang tsi)." In: T'oung Pao 56
(1970): 262-286. [Demiéville 1970(b)]
--------------------: Choix d'Études Bouddhiques (1929-1970). Leiden, E.J. Brill 1973.

[Demiéville 1973]

77

--------------------: Le Concile de Lhasa. Une Controverse sur le Quiétisme entre Bouddhistes
de l'Inde et de la Chine au VIIIe Siècle de l'Ère Chrétienne. Paris, Collège de France-Institut
des Hautes Études Chinoises 1987 (19521). [Demiéville 1987]
Diāo Yànbīn 刁宴斌: "Shìlùn jìndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ de tèdiǎn 试论近代汉语语法的特点 [On
the Special Features of the Grammar of Early Mandarin]." In: Liáoníng shifàn dàxué xuébào
辽宁师范大学学报 1 (1991): 52-59. [Diao Yanbin 1991]
-------------------------: "Jìndài hànyǔ 'bǎ' zì jù yǔ 'jiāng' zì jù de qūbié

近代汉语'把'字句与'将'字句的区别 [The Differences between Sentences with bǎ and
Sentences with jiāng in Early Vernacular Chinese]." In: Liáoníng shifàn dàxué xuébào
辽宁师范大学学报 1 (1993): 50-52. [Diao Yanbin 1993]
** -------------------------: "Zǔtáng jí zhèngfǎn wènjù tànxī 《祖堂集》正反问句探析 [An

Inquiry into the Positive-negative Interrogative Sentence in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Súyǔyán yánjiū
俗语言研究 1 (1994): 29-33. [Diao Yanbin 1994]
--------------------------: "Lùn jìndài hànyǔ shòushì zhǔyǔ jù 论近代汉语受事主语句 [On the

Object - Subject Sentence in Early Modern Chinese]." In: Liáoníng Shīfàn dàxué xuébào
辽宁师范大学学报 5 (1999). [Diao Yanbin 1999]
Dīng Bāngxīn 丁邦新 and Yú Ǎiqín 余靄芹 (ed.): Yǔyán biànhuà yǔ Hànyǔ fāngyán
語言變化與漢語方言 [Language Change and Chinese Dialects]. Lǐ Fāngguì xiānshēng jìniàn
lùnwénjí 李方桂先生紀念論文集 [Collection of Papers in Commemoration of Lǐ Fāngguì].
Univ. of Washington 2000. [Ding Bangxin 2000]
Dīng Shēngshù 丁声树: Xiàndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ jiǎnghuà 现代汉语语法讲话 [Introduction to

the Grammar of Modern Chinese]. Beijing, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 1979. [Ding
Shengshu 1979]
Deotjes, Jenny: Quantifiers and Selection - On the Distribution of Quantifying Expressions in

French, Dutch and English. Dordrecht, Holland Institute of Generative Linguistics 1997.
[Deotjes 1997]
Dobson, W.: Late Archaic Chinese. Toronto, Univ. of Toronto Press 1959. [Dobson 1959]
--------------: Early Archaic Chinese. Toronto, Univ. of Toronto Press 1960. [Dobson 1960]
Dǒng Kūn 董琨: Hàn Wèi Liù-cháo fójīng suǒ jiàn ruògān xīnxīng yǔfǎ chéngfēn
汉魏六朝佛经所见若干新兴语法成分 [Some New Grammatical Elements in the Buddhist
Scriptures of the Hàn, Wèi, and Six Dynasties Periods]. Jiāngsū gǔjí chūbǎnshè
江苏古籍出版社 1985. [Dong Kun 1985]
Dǒng Zhìqiáo 董志翘: "Dūnhuáng wénshū cíyǔ suǒjì 敦煌文书词语琐记." In: Dūnhuáng
yánjiū 敦煌研究 4 (1999): 31-39. [Dong Zhiqiao 1999]

78

--------------------------: Rù Táng qiúfǎ xún lǐ xíngjì cíhuì yánjiū
《入唐求法巡礼行记》詞匯研究 [A Study of the Vocabulary of the Rù Táng qiúfǎ xún lǐ
xíngjì]. Beijing, Zhōngguó shèhuì kēxué chūbǎnshè 中国社会科学出版社 2000. [Dong
Zhiqiao 2000]
Dragunov, A.A.: Untersuchungen zur Grammatik der Modernen Chinesischen Sprache.

Berlin, Akademie Verlag 1960. [Dragunov 1960]
** Drocourt, Z.: "Analyse Syntaxique des Expressions Quantitatives en Chinois Archaique."

In: Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 22/2 (1993): 217-237. [Drocourt 1993]
Du Jiwen: The Multi-Ethnic Character of Chinese Buddhism. In: Buddhist Studies in the
People's Republic of China - 1990-1991, ed. by Michael R. Saso. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii
Press 1992: 22-69. [Du Jiwen 1992]
Duàn Guānsòng 段观宋: Chánzōng yŭlù yínán cíyǔ kǎoshì 禅宗语录疑难词语考释 [Studies
on difficult words in Recorded Sayings Texts of the Chán School]. In: Dōngguan lǐgōng
xuéyuàn xuébào 东莞理工学院学报 8/1 (2001): 52-55. [Duan Guangsong 2001]
Duàn Lìfēn 段莉芬: "Zuì zǎo chūxiàn xìcí 'shì' de dìxià zīliào
最早出現系詞'是'的地下自資料." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén tōngxùn 中國語文通訊 6 (1989).
[Duan Lifen 1989]
Dubs, Homer H. et al. (tr.): History of the Former Han Dynasty. Baltimore, Waverley Press
1938-1955. [Dubs 1938-1955]
Dumoulin, Heinrich: "Die Entwicklung des Chinesischen Ch'an nach Hui-neng im Lichte des
Wu-men-kuan." In: Monumenta Serica 4 (1941): 40-72. [Dumoulin 1941]
------------------------ "Bodhidharma und die Anfänge des Ch'an-Buddhismus." In:

Monumenta Nipponica 7 (1951): 67-83. [Dumoulin 1951]
** --------------------------: The Development of Chinese Zen After the Sixth Patriarch. New
York 1953. [Dumoulin 1953]
--------------------------: Zen Buddhism - A History - Volume 1: - India and China. New York,
Macmillian Publishing Company 1988. [Dumoulin 1988]
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley/Peter N. Gregory (ed.): Religion and Society in T'ang and Sung
China. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1993. [Ebrey 1993]
Edwards, E.D.: Chinese Prose Literature of the Tang Period (A.D. 618-906). 2 vol. New
York, Ams Press 1974 (reprint). [Edwards 1974]
Eifring, Halvor: Clause Combinations in Chinese. Leiden/New York/Köln, E.J. Brill 1995.
[Eifring 1995]

79

Eifring, Halvor (艾皓德): "Jìndài hànyǔ yǐ 'shí' shāwěi de cóngjù
近代汉语以'时'煞尾的从句 [The Clauses Ended by shí in Early Modern Chinese]." In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 6 (1991): 451-459. [Eifring 1991]
Eifring, Halvor (ed.): Love and Emotions in Ancient Chinese Literature. Leiden, Brill 2004.
[Eifring 2004]
Elder, George R.: Buddhist Insight - Essays by Alex Wayman. Dheli, Motilal Banarsidass
1990 (19841). [Elder 1990]
** Erbaugh, M. S.: Taking Stock: The Development of Chinese Noun Classifiers Historically
and in Young Children. In: Noun Classes and Categorization, ed. by C. Craig. Amsterdam,
John Benjamins 1986: 399-436. [Erbaugh 1986]
Fāng Yīxīn 方一新: "Hàn Wèi Liù-cháo fānyì fójīng shìcí 汉魏六朝翻译佛经释词
[Translation of Words in the Buddhist sūtras from the Hàn, Wèi and Six Dynasties Periods]."
In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2 (1992): 156-160. [Fang Yixin 1992]
Faure, Bernard: The Concept of One-Practice Samadhi in Early Ch'an. In: Traditions of
Meditation in Chinese Buddhism, ed. by Peter N. Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press
1986: 99-128. [Faure 1986(a)]
------------------: "Bodhidharma as Textual and Religious Paradigm." In: History of Religions,

25/3 (1986): 187-198. [Faure 1986(b)]
------------------: "Space and Place in Chinese Religious Traditions." In: History of Religions
26/4 (1987): 337-356. [Faure 1987]
------------------: La Volonté d'Orthodoxie dans le Bouddhisme Chinois. Paris, Centre

National de la Recherche Scientifique 1988. [Faure 1988]
------------------: Le Bouddhisme Ch'an en Mal d'Histoire - Genése d'une Tradition Religieuse

dans la Chine des T'ang. École Française d'Extrême-Orient. Paris, 1989. [Faure 1989]
------------------: The Rhetoric of Immediacy - A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism.

Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton/New Jersey: 1991. [Faure 1991]
------------------: Relics and Flesh Bodies: The Creation of Ch'an Pilgrimage Sites. In:
Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China, ed. by Susan Naquin and Chün-fang Yü. Berkely/Los
Angeles/Oxford, Univ. of California Press 1992: 150-189. [Faure 1992]
------------------: Chan Insights and Oversights. An Epistemological Critique of the Chan

Tradition. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press 1993. [Faure 1993]
------------------: The Will to Orthodoxy - A Critical Genealogy of Northern Chan Buddhism.

Standford, Standford University Press 1997. [Faure 1997]
[That is the English version of Faure 1988.]

80

------------------: The Red Thread - Buddhist Approaches to Sexuality. Princeton, Princeton
University Press 1998. [Faure 1998]
Féng Chūntián 冯春田: "Shìlùn jiégòu zhùcí 'di (de)' de yīxiē wèntí
试论结构助词'底（的）'的一些问题 [On a Number of Problems Concerning the Structural
Auxiliary Word di (de)]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 6 (1990): 448-453. [Feng Chuntian
1990]
---------------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ wèntí yánjiū 近代汉语语法问题研究 [Studies in

Grammatical Problems of Early Mandarin]. Jìnán 济南, Shāndōng jiàoyù chūbǎnshè
山东教育出版社 1991. [Feng Chuntian 1991]
---------------------------: Táng Wǔdài mǒu xiē yǔfǎ xiànxiàng qiǎnxī

唐五代某些语法现象浅析 [A Tentative Analysis of Some Grammatical Phenomena of the
Táng and Wǔdài Periods]. In: Súi - Táng - Wǔdaì hànyǔ yánjiū 随唐五代汉语研究 [A Study
on the Chinese Language of the Súi, Táng and Wǔdài Periods], ed. by Chéng Xiāngqīng
程湘清. Jìnán 济南, Shāndōng jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 山东教育出版社 1992. [Feng Chuntian
1992(a)]
---------------------------: Wèi Jìn Nán-běi-cháo shíqī mǒuxiē yǔfǎ wèntí tànjiū

魏晋南北朝时期某些语法问题探究 [Investigation into Some Grammatical Problems of the
Wèi, Jìn and Northern and Southern Dynasties (220-581)]. In: Cheng Xiangqing 1992: 179-
239. [Feng Chuntian 1992(b)]
** -------------------------: "Shìshuō Zǔtáng jí, Jǐngdé chuándēng lù 'zuòmó (shēng)' yǔ

'zěnme(shēng)' zhī lèi cíyǔ
试说《祖堂集》，《景德傳燈錄》'作摩（生）'与'怎麽（生）'之类词语 [On Words of
the Type 'zuò-mó (shēng)' and'zěn-me(shēng) in Zǔtáng jí and Jǐngdé chuándēng lù]." In:
Súyǔyán yánjiū 俗语言研究 2 (1995): 23-28. [Feng Chuntian 1995]
---------------------------: "Táng Sòng Chán-zōng wénxiàn de 'V-sì' jiégòu

唐宋禅宗文献的'V似'结构 [On the Construction V- sì 似 in the Literature of the Chán
School of the Táng and Sòng Periods]." In: Shāndōng shèhuì kēxué 山东社会科学 6 (1995):
94-97. [Feng Chuntian 1995]
---------------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū 近代汉语语法研究 [Studies in Grammar of

Early Mandarin]. Jìnán 济南, Shāndōng jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 山东教育出版社 2000. [Feng
Chuntian 2000]
Feng Li (Féng Shènglì 馮勝利): "The Copula in Classical Chinese Declarative Sentences."
In: Journal of Chinese Linguistics 21/2. [Feng Li ??]
----------: "Origine et évolution du complément directionnel complexe en chinois." In: Cahier

de Linguistique Asie Orientale 30/2 (2001): 179-214. [Feng Li 2001]
Féng Shūyí 冯淑仪: "Dūnhuáng biànwén jí hé Zǔtáng jí de xíngróngcí, fùcí cíwěi

《敦煌变文集》和《祖堂集》的形容词，副词词尾 [Suffixes to Adjectives and Adverbs

81

in the Dūnhuáng biànwén jí and Zǔtáng jí]." In: Yǔwén yánjiū 语文研究 1(1994): 17-26.
[Feng Shuyi 1994]
Féng Zuòmín 馮作民 ( tr.): Chán yǔlù 禪語錄 [The Recorded Sayings of Chan-Buddhism].
Taibei, Xingguang Chubanshe 1981; vol.2. [Feng]
Ferguson, Andy: Zen's Chinese Heritage - The Masters and their Teachings. Boston, Wisdom
Publications 2000. [Ferguson 2000]
Foulk, Griffith T.: The 'Ch'an School' and its Place in the Buddhist Monastic Tradition. Ph.D.
dissertation. Univ. of Michigan 1987. [Foulk 1987]
---------------------: Myth, Ritual, and Monastic Practice in Sung Ch'an Buddhism. In:
Religion and Society in T'ang and Sung China, ed. by Patricia Buckley Ebrey u. Peter N.
Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1993: 147-208. [Foulk 1993]
---------------------: The Form and Function of Kôan Literature - A Historical Overview. In:
Heine/Wright 2000: 15-45. [Foulk 2000]
Frauwallner, E.: Die Philosophie des Buddhismus. Berlin, Akademie-Verlag 1994

(19561).[Frauwallner 1994]
Fujieda Akira: The Tun-huang Manuscripts. In: Essays on the Sources for Chinese History,
ed. by Donald D. Leslie, Colin Mackerras u. Wang Gungwu. Canberra, Australian National
University Press 1973: 120-128. [Fujieda 1973]
Gāo Míngkǎi 高名凱: "Táng-dài chánjia yǔlù suǒ jiàn de yǔfǎ chéngfēn
唐代禪家語錄所見的語法成分 [Grammatical Elements Observed in Recorded Sayings of
Chán Adherents from the Táng-period]." In: Yánjīng xuébào 燕京學報 [Yanjing Journal] 34
(1948): 49-84. [Gao Mingkai 1948]
** -----------------------: "Yǔfǎ záshì 語法雜事 [Notes on Grammar]. In: Yánjīng xuébào

燕京學報 (Yanjing Journal) 40 (1951): 89-129. [Gao Mingkai 1951]
--------------------------: Hànyǔ yǔfǎ lùn 汉语语法论 [Discussions/Essays on the Grammar of

Chinese]. Beijing, Kēxué chūbǎnshè 科学出版社 1957. [Gao Mingkai 1957]
Gāo Zēngliàng 高增良: "Liùzǔ tánjīng zhōng suǒ jiàn de yǔfǎ chéngfēn
《六祖坛经》中的所见的语法成份 [Grammatical Elements in the Liùzǔ tánjīng
(Platformsūtra of the Sixth Patriarach)]." In: Yǔwén yánjiū 语文研究 4 (1990). [Gao
Zengliang 1990]
** Gāo Qǐ'ān 高启安: Táng Wǔdài Dūnhuáng sēngrén yǐnshí de jǐge míngcí jiěshì
唐五代敦煌僧人饮食的几个名词解释. In: Dūnhuáng yánjiū 敦煌研究 4 (1999). [Gao Qi'an
1999]
Gē Yì 戈弋: "Bǎ zì jù de qǐyuán 把字句的起源 [The Origin of bǎ 把 Sentences]." In:

Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 2 (1958). [Ge Yi 1958]

82

Gernet, Jacques: Les Aspects Économique du Bouddhisme dans la Société Chinoise du Ve au

Xe Siècle. Paris, Ècole Française d'Extrême-Orient 1956. [Gernet 1956]
-----------------------: Entretiens du Maītre de Dhyāna Chen-houei du Ho-tsö (668-760). Paris,

Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient 1977. [Gernet 1977]
Gimello, Robert M./Peter N. Gregory (ed.): Studies in Ch'an and Hua-yen. Honolulu, Univ.
of Hawaii Press 1983. [Gimello/Gregory 1983]
Graham, A.C. (tr.): Lieh Tzu. London, John Murray 1960. [Graham 1960]
----------------: "Some Basic Problems of Classical Chinese Syntax." In: Asia Major 14
(1968): 192-216. [Graham 1968]
Granoff, Phyllis/ Koichi Shinohara (ed.): Monks and Magicians - Religious Biographies in
Asia. Oakville/New York/London, Mosaic Press 1988. [Granoff/Koichi 1988]
** Greenberg, J. H.: "Numeral Classifiers and Substantial Number: Problems in the Genesis
of a Linguistic Type." In: Working Papers on Language Universals 9 (1972): 1-39.
[Greenberg 1972]
Gregory, Peter N. (ed.): Traditions of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu,

University of Hawaii Press 1986. [Gregory 1986]
---------------------- (ed.): Sudden and Gradual - Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese

Thought. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1987. [Gregory 1987]
------------------------: Sudden Enlightenment Followed by Gradual Cultivation - Tsung-mi's

Analysis of Mind. In: Sudden and Gradual - Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese
Thought, ed. by Peter Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1987: 279-320. [Gregory
1987]
Gregory, Peter N./Patricia Buckley Ebrey: The Religious and Historical Landscape. In:
Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1993: 1-44. [Gregory/Ebrey 1993]
Groot, J. J. M. de: Le Code du Mahāyāna en Chine - Son Influence sur la Vie Monacale et
sur le Monde Laïque (Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te
Amsterdam, Afdeeling Letterkunde, Deel 1, No. 2). Amsterdam, Johannes Müller 1893.
[Groot 1893]
Guō Hóng 郭红: "Tāchēng dàicí 'tā' jiūjìng chǎnshēng yú hé shí

他称代词'他'究竟产生于何时 [When did the Third Person Pronoun tā Originate?]." In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中國語文 5 (1998): 398-399. [Guo Hong 1998]
Guo Jiansheng: The Interactional Basis of the Mandarin Modal néng 'can'. In:
Bybee/Fleischman 1995: 205-238. [Guo Jiansheng 1995]

83

Guō Qínnà 郭芹纳: Shì 'nǔlì' 释'努力' [Translating nǔlì]. In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文
1(1982). [Guo Qinna 1982]
** Guō Xīliáng 郭锡良: "Jiècí 'yǐ' de qǐyuán de fāzhǎn 介词'以'的起源的发展." In: Gǔhànyǔ
yánjiū 古汉语研究 1 (1998). [Guo Xiliang 1998]
** Gurevich, Isabella S.: Ocherk grammatiki kitaiskogo yazyka III-V vv. (po perevodam na
kitaiskii yazyk proizvedenii budiiskoi literatury). Moscow, Nauka 1974. [Gurevich 1974]
** -------------------------: "On the Historical Grammar of the Colloquial Chinese Language of

the Tang Dynasty (based on Chan-Buddhist yulu)." In: Annual Report from the Institute of
Zen Studies 22 (1996): 1-43. [Gurevich 1996]
-------------------------: Buddhist Literature as the Most Representative Source for the Study of
the Historical Grammar of Vernacular Chinese from the Six Dynasties to the Tang. In: India,
Tibet, China - Genesis and Aspects of Traditional Narrative, ed. by A. Cadonna. Firenze, Leo
S. Olschki Editore 1999: 181-192. [Gurevich 1999]
** Gurevich, I.S./Zograf, I.T.: Chrestomatija po istorii kitajskogo jazyka III-XV vv. Moscow
1982. [Gurevich/Zograf 1982]
Hakeda Yoshito S.: The Awakening of Faith - Attributed to Asvaghosha. New York,
Columbia University Press 1967. [Hakeda 1967]
Halliday, M.A.K.: The Language of the Chinese 'Secret History of the Mongols'. Oxford
1959. [Halliday 1959]
Hanan, Patrick: The Chinese Short Story - Studies in Dating, Authorship, and Composition.
Harvard Yenching Institute Monograph Series 21. Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press 1973.
[Hanan 1973]
---------------: The Chinese Vernacular Story. Cambridge, Harvard Univ. Press 1981. [Hanan
1981]
---------------: "Sung and Yuan Vernacular Fiction - A Critique of Modern Methods of

Dating." In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 30 (1970): 159-184. [Hanan 1970]
Hansen, Valerie: Gods on Walls: A Case of Indian Influence on Chinese Lay Religion? In:
Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1993: 75-113. [Hanan 1993]
** Hao, Wei-Kuang (郝尉光): Syntactic Analysis of the Zen Dialogues in the Tang Dynasty.
M.A. thesis. Taibei, Fu-Jen Catholic University Graduate School of Linguistics 1984. [Hao
Weiguang 1984]
Harbsmeier, Christoph: Wilhelm von Humboldts Brief an Abel-Rémusat und die

Philosophische Grammatik des Altchinesischen. Grammatica Universalis vol. 17. Stuttgart
1979. [Harbsmeier 1979]

84

--------------------------: Aspects of Classical Chinese Syntax. London/Malmö: Curzon 1981.
[Harbsmeier 1981]
--------------------------: Modern Chinese Analytical Syntax. Department of East European and

Oriental Studies, Univ. of Oslo 1992. [Harbsmeier 1992]
--------------------------: Xunzi and the Problem of Impersonal First Person Pronouns. In: Early
China 22 (1997). [Harbsmeier 1997]
--------------------------: Language and Logic - vol. 7 of Joseph Needham (ed.): Science and
Civilisation in China. Cambridge Univ. Press 1998. [Harbsmeier 1998]
--------------------------: Two Studies on Classical First Person Pronouns. Unpubl. draft version
1999. [Harbsmeier 1999]
--------------------------: Remarks on Marked Nominal Compounds in Classical Chinese: Some

Thirty-seven semantic Relations Marked by the Genitive Marker zhī 之. Unpubl. draft
version, march 2000. [Harbsmeier 2000(a)]
--------------------------: Consider the Notion of Grammatical Overdetermination. Unpubl.

draft version, march 2000. [Harbsmeier 2000(b)]
--------------------------: Modal Qi 其, Subjectivity and Classical Chinese Subjunctive Modes.

Unpubl. draft version, march 2000. [Harbsmeier 2000(c)]
--------------------------: Notes on the Syntax and Semantics of Pre-Buddhist Chinese

Numerals. In: Und folge nun dem, was mein Herz begehrt -Festschrift für Ulrich Unger zum
70. Geburtstag, ed. by Reinhard Emmerich and Hans Stumpfeldt (in collaboration with
Monique Nagel-Angermann, Yu Hong and Enno Giele). Hamburger Sinologische Schriften
8, Hamburg 2002: 253-272. [Harbsmeier 2002]
** Hartmann, Charles (Cài Hánmò 蔡涵墨): "Chán-zōng 'Zǔtáng jí zhōng yǒu guān Hányù
de xīn zīliào 禪宗《祖堂集》中有關韓愈的新資料." In: Shūmù lǐ kān 書目李刊 17/1
(1983): 19-21. [Hartmann 1983]
Harvey, Peter: An Introduction to Buddhism - Teachings, History and Practices. Cambridge,

Cambridge University Press 1995. [Harvey 1995]
Hé Jīnsōng 何金松: "Kěndìng-shì 'hǎobù' chǎnshēng de shídài 肯定式'好不'产生时代 [The

Period of the Emergence of the Affirmative Pattern hǎobù]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文
5 (1990): 393-394. [He Jinsong 1990]
** Hé Lèshì 何乐士: "Zuǒzhuàn de shùliàngcí 《左传》的数量词 [The Numeral plus

Quantifier Expression in the Zuǒzhuàn]." In: Yǔyán wénxué xuéshù lùnwén jí
语言文学学术论文集. Shanghai, Zhīshi Chūbǎnshè 知识出版社 1989. [He Lishi 1989]
-----------------------: Cóng Shǐjì hé Shìshuō xīnyǔ de bǐjiào kàn Shìshuō xīn yǔ de yǔfǎ tèdiǎn
从《史记》和《世说新语》的比较看《世说新语》的语法特点 [The Characteristic

85

Features of the Grammar of Shìshuō xīnyǔ Viewed from a Comparison Between the Shǐjì and
the Shìshuō xīnyǔ]. In: Cheng Xiangqing 1992(a): 86-178. [He Lishi 1992(a)]
-----------------------: Dūnhuáng biànwén yǔ Shìshuō xīnyǔ ruògān yǔfǎ tèdiǎn bǐjiào

敦煌变文与《世说新语》若干语法特点比较 [A Comparison of Grammatical
Characteristics of the Dūnhuáng Transformation Texts and the Shìshuō xīnyǔ]. In: Cheng
Xiangqing 1992(b): 133-268. [He Lishi 1992(b)]
-----------------------: Gǔhànyǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū lùnwénjí 古汉语语法论文集 [Collection of

Articles on the Grammar of Ancient Chinese]. Běijīng, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商物印书管
2000. [He Lishi 2000]
Hé Yà'nán 何亚南: Hànyǔ chùzhì-shì tànyuán 汉语处置式探源 [Study into the Origin of the
Disposal-form]. Conference paper. Dì-èr jiè zhōnggǔ hànyǔ xuéshù yántàohuì
第二届中古汉语学术研讨论. Hángzhōu 杭州 2001. [He Ya'nan 2001]
** Heine, Steven: "Does the Kôan have Buddha-Nature?" In: Journal of the American
Academy of Religion 58 (1990): 357-387. [Heine 1990]
-----------------: Dôgen and the Kôan Tradition - A Tale of Two Shôbôgenzô Texts. Alabany,
State University of New York Press 1994. [Heine 1994]
-----------------: Visions, Divisions, Revisions - The Encounter between Iconoclasm and

Supernaturalism in Kôan Cases about Mount Wu-t'ai. In: Heine/Wright 2000: 137-167.
[Heine 2000]
Heine, Steven/Dale S. Wright: The Kôan - Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism. New York,
Oxford Univ. Press 2000. [Heine/Wright 2000]
Henne, Henry/Ole Bjørn Rongen/Lars Jul Hansen: A Handbook on Chinese Language

Structure. Oslo/Bergen/Tromsö, Universitetsforlaget 1977. [Henne/Rongen/Hansen 1977]
** Her, One-Soon: "Historical Development of BA and JIANG in the Tang Dynasty." In:
Language Variation and Change 2 (1990): 279-296. [Her 1990]
Hershock, Peter D.: Liberating Intimacy - Enlightenment and Social Virtuosity in Ch'an
Buddhism. Albany, State University of New York Press1996. [Hershock 1996]
Higusa ??日種讓山: Obaku zenji no zenhô 黃蘗禪師の禪法 [The Chán Method of Chán
Master Huángbò]. In: Zengaku kenkyû 禪學研究 52 (1936): 1-24. [Higusa 1936]
Hiragawa Akira 平川明: Bukkyô kenkyû no sho mondai 佛教研究の諸問題 [Problems

Regarding the Research on Buddhism]. Tôkyô, Yamayoshibô 1987. [Hiragawa 1987]
Hirano Sôjô 平野宗淨: "Zenshûgaku no kiso-teki shiben ni-tsuite

禪宗學の基礎的思辯就いて [On the Basic Analysis of the Study of the Chán School]." In:
Zengaku Kenkyû 禪學研究 56 (1968): 20-28. [Hirano 1968]

86

Hóng Bō 洪波: Shànggǔ hànyǔ dì-yī rénchēng dàicí 'wú', 'áng' de láiyuán jí qí yǔ 'yú' 'wǒ'
'zhèn' de gōngnéng chàyì
上古汉语第一人称代词'吾''卬'的来源及其与'余（予）''我''朕'的功能差异 [The Origin of
the First Person Pronouns 'wú', 'áng' in Archaic Chinese and the Differences in Function to the
First Person Pronouns yú, wǒ, zhèn]. In: Liú Shūxīn 1999: 27-37. [Hong Bo 1999(a)]
-----------------: Jiān-guǒ jí - hàn tái yǔ zhuī zhǐ 坚果集－汉台语锥指. Tiānjīn 天津, Nánkāi
dàxué chūbǎnshè 南开大学出版社 1999. [Hong Bo 1999(b)]
-----------------: "Xiān-Qín hànyǔ duì chēngdàicí 'ěr', 'rǔ', 'ér', 'nǎi' de fēnbié
先秦汉语对称代词'j''女（汝）''而''乃'的分别 [The Differences between the Personal
Pronouns ěr, rǔ, ér, nǎi in Pre-Qín Chinese]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2 (2002): 30-37.
[Hong Bo 2002]
Hóng Chéng 洪诚: "Lùn Nán-běi-cháo yǐqián hànyǔ zhōng de xìcí

论南北朝以前汉语中的系词 [A Discussion of the Copula in Chinese Prior to the Six
Dynasties Period]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2 (1957). [Hong Cheng 1957]
Hori, Victor Sôgen: Kôan and Kenshô in the Rinzai Zen Curriculum. In: Heine/Wright 2000:
280-312. [Hori 2000]
Hopper, Paul J./Elisabeth C. Traugott: Grammaticalization. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ.

Press 2000 (19931). [Hopper/Traugott 2000]
** Hopper, Paul/Sandra A. Thompson: "Transitivity in Grammar and Discourse." In:

Language 56/2: 251-299. [Hopper/Thompson ??]
Hú Shì 胡適: Shénhuì héshàng yíjí 神會和尚遺集. Yādōng túshūguǎn 亞東圖書館 1930.
[Hu Shi 1930]
[Reprinted in Taibei, Hú Shì jìniànguǎn 胡適記念館 1970]
---------------: Báihuà wénxué shǐ 白話文學史 [A History of the Chinese Vernacular

Language]. Shanghai, Commercial Press 1934 (19281) [Hu Shi 1934]
Hu Shih (Hú Shì 胡適): "An Appeal for a Systematic Search in Japan for Long-hidden T'ang
Dynasty Source-materials of the Early History of Zen Buddhism." In: Bukkyô to bunka
佛教と文化 (1960): 15-23. [Hu Shi 1960]
Hú Yùshù 胡裕树: Xiàndài hànyǔ 现代汉语 [Modern Chinese]. Shanghai, Shànghǎi jiàoyù
chūbǎnshè 上海教育出版社 1979. [Hu Yushu 1979]
Hú Zhú'ān 胡竹安: "Sòng Yuán báihuà zuòpǐn zhōng yǔqì zhùcí 宋元白话作品中语气助词
[Modal Auxiliary Words in the Vernacular Literature of the Sòng and Yuán Period]." In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 6 (1958): 270-274. [Huzhu'an 1958]

87

-----------------------: "Dùnhuáng biànwén zhōng de shuāngyīn liáncí 敦煌变文中的双音连词
[Disyllabic Conjunctions in the Dūnhuáng biànwén (Transformation Texts)]." In: Zhōngguó
yǔwén 中国语文 10 (1961): 41-46. [Huzhu'an 1961]
** Hú Zhú'ān 胡竹安 et. al.: Jìndài hànyǔ yánjiū 近代汉语研究 [Studies in Early Mandarin].
Běijīng, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书光馆 1992. [Huzhu'an 1992]
Huáng Bóróng 黄伯荣: Xiàndài hànyǔ 现代汉语 [Modern Chinese]. Gānsù rénmín
chūbǎnshè 甘肃人民出版社 1983. [Huang Borong 1983]
Huáng Chànhuá 黃懺華: Zhōngguó fójiào shǐ 中國佛教史 [History of Chinese Buddhism].
Shanghai, Shànghǎi wényì chūbǎnshè 上海文藝出版社 1990. [Huang Chanhua 1990]
** Huang Shuanfan: ?? "Mandarin Causatives." In: Journal of Chinese Lingustics 2 (1974):

354-369. [Huang Shuanfan 1974]
** ---------------------: ?? Space, Time and the Semantics of Lai and Qu. In: Proceedings of
Symposium on Chinese Linguistics. Linguistic Institute of the Linguistic Society of America
1977.
** ---------------------: ?? "The History of the Disposal Construction Revised". In: Journal of

Chinese Linguistics 14 (1986): 43-51.
Huáng Zhēng 黄征: Dūnhuáng súyǔcí jīshì 敦煌俗语词辑释." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 1
(1994): 170-175. [Huang Zheng 1994]
Hurvitz, Leon: "Wei Shou on Buddhism and Taoism." In: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,
20 (1957): 362-382. [Hurvitz 1957]
------------------: The Abhidharma on the 'Four Aids to Penetration'. In: Buddhist Thought
and Asian Civilization - Essays in Honor of Herbert V. Guenther on his Sixtieth Birthday, ed.
by Leslie Kawamura u. Keith Scott. Emeryville, Dharma Publishing 1977: 59-104. [Hurvitz
1977]
------------------: The Mind of the Early Chinese Buddhist. In: Developements in Buddhist
Thought: Canadian Contributions to Buddhist Studies, ed. by Roy C. Amore.
Waterloo/Ontario, Wilfried Laurier Univ. Press 1979: 114-161. [Hurvitz 1979]
Ikeuchi Hiroshi 池內宏: "Kôrai-chô no daizôkyô 高麗朝の大藏經﹣下." In: Tôyô gakubô

東洋學報 14/1 (1924). [Ikeuchi 1924]
** Iljic, R.: Le Marquer Laizhe. In: Cahier de Linguistique Asie Orientale 12/2 (1983): 65-
102. [Iljic 1983]
** Iritani Sensuke 入谷仙介/Matsumura Takashi 松村昂: Kanzan shi 寒山詩. Zen no

goroku 禪の語錄 13. Tôkyô, Chikuma shobô 1970. [Iritani 1970]

88

** Iriya Yoshitaka 入矢義高: "On Some Texts of Ancient Spoken Chinese." Manuscript
preserved in Ryôsen-an, Kyôto, 1954. [Iriya 1954]
[This is an English Translation of the Henri Mapero's article 'Sur quelques texts anciens de chinois
parlé' with comments and amendments by Iriya Yoshitaka, Ruth Fuller Sasaki and Burton Watson.]
------------------------------- (tr.): Kanzan 寒山. Chûgoku shijin senshû 中國詩人全書 5.

Tôkyô, Iwanami shoten 岩波書店 1958. [Iriya 1958]
-------------------------------: Tonkô henbunshû kôgo goi sakuin 敦煌變文集口語語匯索引

[Index of Colloquial Expressions in the Dūnhuáng biànwén jí]. Kyôto, privately printed 1961.
[Iriya 1961]
** ---------------------------: Tonkô henbunshû kôgo goi hoi 敦煌變文集口語語匯補遺

[Supplement of Colloquial Expressions in the Dūnhuáng biànwén jí]. Kyôto, privately printed
1985. [Iriya 1985]
** ---------------------------: Goroku no kotoba to buntai 語錄の語言と文體 [The Language

and Literary Style of the Recorded Sayings]. In: Zengaku kenkyû 禪學研究 68 (1990): 1-20.
[Iriya 1990]
[Chinese translation by Lǐ Zhuàngyīng 李壮鹰 in: Súyǔyán yánjiū 俗语言研究 1(1993): 4-17.]
Ishii Shûdô 石井修道: "Zenshû Fukusaki Shokei-in no Joshû zenji Shoto to Sodôshû
泉州福先招慶院の淨修禪師省僜と《祖堂集》[Chán Master Jìngxiū Shèngdēng of the
Zhāoqìng Monastery of Quanzhōu and the Zǔtáng jí]." In: Komazawa daigaku bukkyôgaku-
bu kenkyû kiyô 駒澤大學佛教學部研究紀要 44 (1986). [Ishii 1986]
Ishii Shûdô 石井修道: Sô-dai Zen-shû shi no kenkyû 宋代禪宗史の研究 [Studies in the
Chán School of the Sòng Period]. Daitô shuppansha 大東出版社 1987. [Ishii 1987]
[pp. 62-92 are on ZTJ and JDCDL]
---------------------------: Kung-an Ch'an and the Tsung-men t'ung-yao chi (tr. from Japanese
by Albert Welter). In Heine/Wright 2000: 110-136. [Ishii 2000]
[On ZTJ see pp. 120-121]
Ivanhoe, Philip J. (ed.): Chinese Language, Thought and Culture - Nivison and his Critics.
Chicago/La Salle, Open Court 1996. [Ivanhoe 1996]
Jan Yün-hua: "Buddhist Historiography in Song China." In: Deutsche Morgenländische

Gesellschaft 114/2 (1964): 360-381. [Jan 1964]
---------------: Ch'uan-fa Yuan - The Imperial Institute for Transmission of Buddha-dharma in

Sung China. In: Studies in Asian History and Culture, ed. by Buddha Prakash. Meerut,
Meenakshi Prakashan 1970: 70-93. [Jan 1970]
---------------: The Bodhisattva Idea in Chinese Literature - Typology and Significance. In:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism, ed. by Leslie Kawamura. Calgary, 1978: 125-152.
[Jan 1978]

89

---------------: "The Mind as the Buddha-nature - The Concept of the Absolute in Ch'an
Buddhism." In: Philosophy East and West 31/4 (1981): 467-478. [Jan 1981]
---------------: Seng-ch'ou's Method of Dhyāna. In: Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, ed. by
Whalen Lai and Lewis R. Lancaster. Asian Humanities Press, Berkeley: 1983:51-64. [Jan
1983]
Jenner, W. J. F.: Memories of Loyang - Yang Hsüan-chih and the Lost Capital (493-534).
Oxford, Clarendon Press 1981. [Jenner 1981]
Jespersen, Otto: The Philosophy of Grammar. Chicago/London, The Univ. of Chicago Press
1992 (19241). [[Jespersen 1992]
Jiǎn Zōngxiū 簡宗修: "Bái Jūyì jí zhōng de běizōng wénxiàn yǔ běizōng chánshī
《白居易集》中的北宗文獻與北宗禪師 [The Literary Products of the Northern School (of
Chán) and Chán Masters of the Northern School in the Collected Works of Bái Jūyì]." In:
Fójiào yánjiū zhōngxīn xuébào 佛教研究中心學報 6 (2001): 215-240. [Jian Zongxiu 2001]
Jiǎng Jìpìn 蒋冀聘/Wú Fúxiáng 吴福祥: Jìndài hànyǔ gāngyào 近代汉语纲要 [An Outline
of Early Mandarin]. Húnán jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 湖南教育出版社 1997. [Jiang Jipin 1997]
Jiāng Lánshēng 江蓝生: "Yíwèn yǔqìcí 'ne' de láiyuán 疑问语气词'呢'的来源 [The Origin
of the Sentence Final Interrogative Particle ne]." In: Yǔwén yánjiū 语文研究 2 (1986). [Jiang
Lansheng 1986]
----------------------------: "Bā juànběn Sōu shén jì yǔyán de shídài

八卷本《搜神记》语言的时代." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中國語文 4 (1987). [Jiang Lansheng
1987]
----------------------------: "Bèidòng guānxī cí 'chī' de láoyuán chūtàn

被动关系词'吃'的来源初探 [A First Inquiry into the Origin of the Linking Word chī 吃]." In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 1989. [Jiang Lansheng 1989]
** ----------------------------: "Yíwèn fúcí 'kě' tàn yuán 疑问副词'可'探源 [Inquiry into the
Origin of the Interrogative Adverb kě]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 3 (1990): 40-50.
[Jiang Lansheng 1990]
------------------------------: "Shuō 'mo' yǔ 'men' tóngyuán 说'麽'与'们'同源 [On the Common

Origin of me and men]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中國語文 3 (1995): 180-190. [Jiang Lansheng
1995]
------------------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ tànyuán 近代汉语探源. Beijing, Shāngwù

yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 2001. [Jiang Lansheng 2001]
------------------------------: Shíjiāncí 'shí' hé 'hòu' de fǎhuà 时间词'时'和'後'的法化 [The

Grammaticalizatin of the Time Words shí and hòu]. In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中國語文 4 (2002):
291-301. [Jiang Lansheng 2002]

90

Jiǎng Lǐhóng 蒋礼鸿: Dūnhuáng biànwén zìyì tōngshì 敦煌变文字义通释. Shanghai,
Shànghǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshì 上海古籍出版社 1988. [Jiang Lihong 1988]
--------------------------: Dūnhuáng biànwén zìyì tōngshì 敦煌变文字义通释. Shanghai,

Shànghǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 1997. [Jiang Lihong 1997]
--------------------------: Jiǎng Lǐhóng jí 蔣禮鴻集 [The Collected Works of Jiǎng Lǐhóng]. 6

vol. Hángzhōu 杭州, Zhèjiāng jiàoyù chūbǎn shè 浙江教育出版社 2001. [Jiang Lihong
2001]
Jiǎng Shàoyú 蒋绍愚: "Zǔtáng jí cíyǔ shìshì 《祖堂集》词语试释 [A Tentative Translation

of [some] Words/Expressions in Zǔtáng jí]" In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 2/1985: 142-
147. [Jiang Shaoyu 1985]
** --------------------------: Táng shī yǔyán yánjiū 唐诗语言研究 [A Study of the Language of

Táng Poetry]. Zhèngzhōu 郑州, Zhōngzhōu gǔjí chūbǎnshè 中州古籍出版社 1990. [Jiang
Shaoyu 1990]
--------------------------: Guānyú jìndài hànyǔ yánjiū de jǐdiǎn xiǎngfǎ

关于近代汉语研究的几点想法 [Some Ideas Concerning the Study of Early Mandarin]. In:
Liu Jian/Hou Jingyi 1993: 242-248. [Jiang Shaoyu 1993]
Jiǎng Shàoyú 蒋绍愚: Jìndài hànyǔ yánjiū gàikuàng 近代汉语研究概况 [A Survey Study
on Early Mandarin]. Beijing , Běijīng dàxué chūbǎnshè 北京大学出版社 1994. [Jiang
Shaoyu 1994]
Jiǎng Zōngxǔ 蒋宗许: "Yě tán cíwěi fù 也谈词尾'復'[A Further Discussion of the Suffix fù].
In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 4 (1990): 298-301. [Jiang Zongxu 1990]
--------------------------: "Yǔqìcí na kǎosuǒ 语气词’那’考索 [An investigation into the particle

of modality na]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 1 (1996).
Jīn Zhàozǐ 金兆梓: Guówénfǎ zhī yánjiū 国文法之研究. Shàngwù yìnshūguǎn 尚务印书馆
1982. [Jin Zhaozi 1982]
Johnson, Dale R.: A Glossary of Words and Phrases in the Oral Performing and Dramatic
Literatures of the Jin, Yuan, and Ming. Ann Arbor, Center for Chinese Studies/Univ. of
Michigan 2000. [Johnson 2000]
Jong, J. W. de: A Brief Survey of Chinese Buddhist Historiography. In: Buddhist Studies by
J. W. de Jong, ed. by Gregory Schopen. Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press 1979: 103-112.
[Jong 1979(a)]
-------------------: Buddha's Word in China. In: Buddhist Studies by J. W. de Jong, ed. by

Gregory Schopen. Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press 1979: 77-102. [Jong 1979(b)].
-------------------: Emptiness. In: Buddhist Studies by J. W. de Jong, ed. by Gregory Schopen.

Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press 1979: 59-68. [Jong 1979(c)]

91

-------------------: The Absolute in Buddhist Thought. In: Buddhist Studies by J. W. de Jong,

ed. by Gregory Schopen. Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press 1979: 43-52. [Jong 1979(d)]
-------------------: The Study of Buddhism - Problems and Perspectives. In: Buddhist Studies
by J. W. de Jong, ed. by Gregory Schopen. Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press 1979: 15-28.
[Jong 1979(e)]
Jorgensen, John A.: The Earliest Text of Ch'an Buddhism - The Long Scroll. M.A.
Dissertation (unpubl.). Australian National University 1979. [Jorgensen 1979]
-----------------------: "The 'Imperial' Lineage of Ch'an Buddhism - The Role of Confucian

Ritual and Ancestor Worship in Ch'an's Search for Legitimation in the Mid-T'ang Dynasty."
In: Papers on Far Eastern History 35 (1987): 89-134. [Jorgensen 1987]
Kane, Daniel: The Preface to the Qieyun as a Historical Document. Unpubl. manuscript,
E.A.C.S. conference, Turin 2000. [Kane 2000]
** Kallgren, Gerty: Studies in Sung Time Colloquial Chinese as Revealed in Chu Hi's
Ts'üanshu. Stockholm 1960. [Kallgren 1960]
Karlgren, B. (tr.): The Book of Documents. Gothenburg, Elanders 1950. [Karlgren 1950]
Katsuki Sekida: Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan and Hekiganroku. Weatherhill, New
York/Tôkyô: 1977. [Katsuki 1977]
Kawamura, Leslie S. u. Keith Scott (ed.): Buddhist Thought and Asian Civilization - Essays
in Honor of Herbert V. Guenther on his Sixtieth Birthday. Emeryville, Dharma Publishing
1977. [Kawamura/Scott 1977]
Kawamura, Leslie S. (ed.): The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism. Calgary, 1978.

[Kawamura 1978]
Keightley, David N.: The Ancestral Landscape -Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang
China. Berkeley, Institute of East Asian Studies 2000. [Keightley 2000]
Kinugawa Kenji 衣川賢次: Sodôshû satsuki《祖堂集》札記 [Notes on Zùtáng jí]. Zen

bunka kenkyû kiyô 24 (1998): 113-126. [Kinugawa 1998]
Kieschnick, John: The Eminent Monk - Buddhist Ideals in Medieval Chinese Hagiography.
Honolulu, Univ. of Hawai'i Press 1997. [Kieschnick 1997]
---------------------: The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture. Princeton/Oxford,

Princeton Univ. Press 2003. [Kieschnick 2003]
** Kim Chigyǒn 金知見 (ed.): Chodang chip pyǒng nonjip 《祖堂集》並論集. Seoul,
Taehan Chǒnt'ong pulgyo yǒn'guwǒn 大韓傳統佛教研究院 1987. [Kim 1987]
Knoblock, John/Riegel, Jeffrey (tr./comm.): The Annals of Lü Buwei. Stanford, Stanford

Univ. Press 2000. [Knoblock/Riegel 2000]

92

Kobayashi Enshô 小林圓照: "Ichigyô zammai shikô 一行三昧弘考 [Extensive Study of the
Term yīxíng sānmèi ('One-practice samādhi')]." In: Zengaku kenkyû 51 (1961): 176-186.
[Kobayashi 1961]
Koga Hidehiko 古賀英彥: "Sôdôshû jinmei sakuin 《祖堂集》人名索引 [Index to Personal

Names in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Zen Bunka Kiyô 10 (1978). [Koga 1978]
-------------------------------: Zen goroku o nomu tame no kibon go shokô

禪語錄を讀むための基本語彙初稿 [A First Draft for a Basic Vocabulary for the Reading
of Chán Buddhist Recorded Sayings]. In: Zengaku kenkyû 禪學研究 1985. [Koga 1985]
-------------------------------: Zen goroku o nomu tame no kibon go - zoku

禪語錄を讀むための基本語彙﹣續 [A Basic Vocabulary for the Reading of Chán Buddhist
Recorded Sayings - Continuation]. In: Zengaku kenkyû 禪學研究 1991. [Koga 1991]
Kôsaka Jun'ichi 香坂順一: Báihuà yǔhuì yánjiū 白话语汇研究 [Study in the Vocabulary of
Vernacular Chinese]. Tr. by Jiāng Lánshēng 江蓝生 and Bái Wéiguó 百维国. Beijing,
Zhōnghuá shūjú 中华书局 2000 (19971). [Kôsaka 2000]
Kurz, Johannes L.: "The Politics of Collecting Knowledge - Song Taizong's Compilations
Project." In: T'oung Pao 87 (2002): 289-316. [Kurz 2002]
Kyôdo Jikô: A Study of the Buddhist Manuscripts of Dunhuang - Classification and Method.
In: Bukkyô no rekishi to shisô 佛教の歷史と思想 [Buddhist History and Thought], ed. by
Mibu Taishun bôshi shôju kinen 壬生臺舜博士頌壽紀念. Tôkyô, Daizo shuppan 1985: 17-
70. [Kyôdo 1985]
** Lài Jiàntíng 賴建婷: Wǎn-Táng jì Wǐ-dài Chánzōng de fāzhǎn 晚唐暨五代禪宗的發展

[The Development of the Chán-school in the Late Táng and Five Dynasties Periods]. Táiběi,
Zhōngguó wénhuà dàxué shíxué yánjiūsuǒ bóshì lùnwén
中國文化大學史學研究所博士論文 (PH.D. thesis) 1994. [Lai Jiagting 1994]
Lai, Whalen W.: "The Meaning of 'Mind-only' (weixin): An Analysis of a Sinitic Mahāyāna
Phenomenon." In: Philsophy East and West, 27/1 (1977): 65-84. [Lai 1977(a)]
-------------------: "Chinese Buddhist Causation Theories - The Analysis of the Sinitic

Mahāyāna Understanding of pratītya-samutpāda." In: Philosophy East and West, 27/3 (1977):
241-264. [Lai 1977(b)]
** ---------------: "Further Developments of the Two Truths Theory in China." In; Philosophy
East and West 30 (1980): 139-162. [Lai 1980]
-------------------: The Pure and the Impure - The Mencian Problematik in Chinese Buddhism.
In: Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, ed. by Whalen Lai u. Lewis R. Lancaster. Asian
Humanities Press, Berkeley: 1983: 299-326. [Lai 1983]

93

-------------------: Society and the Sacred in the Secular City. Temple Legends of the Loyang
Ch'ieh-lan-chi. In: State and Society in Early Medieval China, ed. by Albert E. Dien.
Stanford/California, Stanford Univ. Press 1990: 229-268. [Lai 1990(a)]
-------------------: The Chan-ch'a ching - Religion and Magic in Medieval China. In: Chinese
Buddhist Apocrypha, ed. by Robert Buswell. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1990: 175-206.
[Lai 1990(b)]
Lai, Whalen u. Lewis R. Lancaster (ed.): Early Ch'an in China and Tibet. Berkeley Buddhist
Studies Series 5. Asian Humanities Press, Berkeley 1983. [Lai/Lancaster 1983]
Lamotte, Étienne: "Mañjuśrī." In: T'oung Pao 48/1-3 (1960): 1-96. [Lamotte 1960]
---------------------: The Teaching of Vimalakirti. London/Henley/Boston, Routledge &

Kegan Paul Ltd. 1976. [Lamotte 1976]
-----------------------: Assessment of Textual Interpretation in Buddhism. In: Buddhist

Hermeneutics, ed. by Donald S. Lopez. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1988: 11-28.
[Lamotte 1988]
Lancaster, Lewis (ed.): Prajñāpāramitā and Related Systems - Studies in Honor of Edward
Conze. Printed in Korea (?), 1977. [Lancaster 1977]
-----------------------: The Bodhisattva Concept - A Study of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. In:
The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhism, ed. by Leslie Kawamura. Calgary, 1978: 153-164.
[Lancaster 1978]
----------------------: The Rock Cut Canon in China - Findings at Fang-Shan. In: The Buddhist
Heritage - Papers Delivered at the Symposium of the Same Name Convened at the School of
Oriental and African Studies University of London, November 1985, ed. by Tadeusz
Skorupski. Tring, The Institute for Buddhist Studies 1989: 144-156. [Lancaster 1989]
Lancaster, Lewis and Park, Sung-Bae: The Korean Buddhist Canon - A Descriptive
Catalogue. Berkeley, Univ. of California Press 1979. [Lancaster/Park 1979]
Lau, D.C. (tr.): Tao Te Ching. Hong Kong, Chinese University Press 1983. [Lau 1983]
Lee Soo Min 李守民: Hae'in-sa changgyǒnggak kǒmch'uk hwan'gyǒng

海印寺藏經閣建築環境 [Architectual Environment of Changkyǒnggak of the Hae'in
Monastery]. Tongguk Taehakkyo 東國大學校, Taehagwǒn 大學院. Kǒnch'uk Konghakkwa
建築工學科 1999. [Lee 1999]
Legge, James (tr.): The Chinese Classics. 5 vol. Taibei, SMC Publishing INC. 1991 (reprint).
[Legge 1991]
**Li, Charles N. (ed.): Word Order and Word Order Change. Austin, Univ. of Texas Press
1975. [Li 1975]

94

Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson: "Co-verbs in Mandarin Chinese: Verbs or
Prepositions?". In: Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2 (1974): 257-278.[Li/Thompson 1974(a)]
** -------------------------------------------: "An Explanation of WO Change SVO > SOV." In:

Foundations of Language 12/2 (1974). [Li/Thompson 1974(b)]
** -------------------------------------------: Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Language.

In: Subject and Topic, ed. by Ch. N. Li. New York, Academic Press 1976. [Li/Thompson
1976(a)]
** -------------------------------------------: Development of the Causative in Mandarin Chinese:

Interaction of Diachronic Processes in Syntax. In: Shibatani Masayoshi (ed.), Syntax and
Semantics. New York, Academic Press 1976: 477-491. [Li/Thompson 1976(b)]
Li, Charles N./Sandra A. Thompson: Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar.

Berkeley/Los Angeles, Univ. of California Press 1981. [Li/Thompson 1981]
Lǐ Chóngxíng 李崇兴: "Yuán qǔ cíyǔ jiěshì 元曲词语解释." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2
(1983): 127-133. [[Li Chongxing 193]
---------------------------: "Zǔtáng jí zhōng de zhùcí "qù"《祖堂集》中的助词"去" [The

Auxiliary Word qu in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 1(1990): 71-74. [Li
Chongxing 1990(a)]
** ------------------------: "Xuǎnzéwèn jìhào 'háishì' de láilì 选择问记号'还是'的来历 [The

Origin of the Choice-question Marker háishì]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2 (1990): 76-81.
[Li Chongxing 1990(b)]
** Lí Jǐnxī 黎錦熙: "Zhōngguó jìndàiyǔ yánjiū tíyì 中國近代語研究提議 [A Proposal for

the Study of the Early Vernacular Chinese]." In: Xīnchén bào fùkān 新晨報副刊 (1928). [Li
Jinxi 1928] [The same article also appeared in Guóyǔ xúnkān 國語旬刊 1/2 (1929).]
** -------------------: "Zhōngguó jìndàiyǔ yánjiū 中國近代語研究 [The Study of Early

Vernacular Chinese]." In: Héběi dàxué zhōukān 河北大學周刊 1 ??. [Li Jinxi ??]
Lǐ Míng 李明: Liǎng-Hàn shíqī de zhùdòngcí xìtǒng 两汉时期的助动词系统 [The System

of Auxiliary (Modal) Verbs during the Han Dynasty]. In: Běijīng dàxué zhōngwénxì Yǔyán
xué lùncóng biān wěihuìbiān 北京大学中文系《语言学论丛》编委会编 (ed.) 2002: 257-
283. [Li Ming 2002]
Lǐ Nè 李讷/Shí Yùzhì 石毓智: "Lùn hànyǔ tǐbiāojì dànshēng de jīzhì

论汉语体标记诞生的机制. In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 2 (1997): 82-96. [Li Ne/Shi
Yuzhi 1997]
** Lǐ Píng 李平: "Shìshuō xīnyǔ hé Bǎiyù jīng de dòngbǔ jiégòu

《世说新语》和《百喻经》的动补结构 [Verbal Complement Constructions in the Shìshuō
xīnyǔ and Bǎiyù jīng]." In: Yǔyánxué lùncóng 语言学论丛 14(1987). [Li Ping 1987]

95

Lǐ Quán 李泉: "Dūnhuáng biànwén zhōng de zhùcí xìtǒng 敦煌变文中的助词系统 [The
System of Auxiliary Words in the Dūnhuáng Transformation Texts]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū
语言研究 1(1992): 37-52. [Li Quan 1992]
** Lǐ Rúlóng 李如龍: "Quánzhōu fāngyán de 'tǐ' 泉州方言的'體'." In: Dòngcí de tǐ

動詞的體, ed. by Zhāng Shuāngqìng 張雙慶. Hongkong, Xiānggāng zhōngwén dàxué
zhōngguó wénhuà yánjiūsuǒ 香港中文大學中國文化研究所/ Wúduōtài zhōngguō yǔwén
yánjiū zhōngxīn 吳多泰中國語文研究中心 1996: 195-224. [Li Rulong 1996]
** Lǐ Sēn 李森 (ed.): Zhōngguó chánzōng dàquán 中国禅宗大全. Chángchūn 长春出版社

1991. [Li Sen 1991]
** Lǐ Sīmíng 李思明: "Cóng Biànwén, Yuán zájù, Shuǐhǔ, Hónglóu mèng kàn xuǎnzé wènjù
de fāzhǎn 从变文，元杂剧，《水浒》，《红楼梦》看选择文句的发展 [The
Development of the Choice-interrogative Sentence from the Biànwén, Yuán drama, until the
Shuǐhǔ and Hónglóu mèng]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2 (1983): 158-167. [Li Siming
1983]
!!** ---------------------: "Zǔtáng jí, Wǔdēng huìyuán zhōng de zhǐshì dàicí 'yǔmó' yǔ 'nínmó'
《祖堂集》，《五灯会元》中的指示代词'與麼'与'恁麼'[The Demonstrative Pronouns
yǔmó and nínmó in Zǔtáng jí and Wǔdēng huìyuán]." In: Ānwēi Guǎngbō diànshì dàxué
xuébào 安微广播电视大学学报 1 (1990): 42-46. [Li Siming 1990]
!!** ----------------------: "Zǔtáng jí zhōng 'de' zì de kǎochá 《祖堂集》中'得'字的考察" [A

Study on de in Zǔtáng jí]. In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 3 (1991): 88-91. [Li Siming 1991]
** -----------------------: "Wǎn Táng yǐlái kěnéngxìng dòngbǔ jiégòu zhōng bīnyǔ wèizhì de
fāzhǎn biànhuà 晚唐以来可能动补结构中宾语位置的发展变化." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū
古汉语研究 4 (1992): 47-52. [Li Siming 1992]
** -----------------------: "Hànyǔ chéngyǔ yǔ fójiào wénhuà 汉语成语与佛教文化." In:

Yǔyán wénzì yīngyòng 语言文字应用 1 (1993). [Li Siming 1993]
-----------------------: "Zhūzǐ yǔlèi de chùzhì-shì 《朱子语类》的处置式 [The Disposal Form

in the Zhūzǐ yǔlèi]." In: Ānqìng shīfàn xuéyuàn xuébào 安庆师范学院学报 1 (1994). [Li
Siming 1994]
Lǐ Wéiqí 李维琦: Fó jīngshìcí 佛经释词 [Vocabulary of the Translations of Buddhist

Scriptures]. Chángshā 长沙, Yuèlù shūshè 岳麓书社 1993. [Li Weiqi 1993]
** Li, Y.C.: "What does Disposal mean? - Features of the Verb and Noun in Chinese." In:
Journal of Chinese Linguistics 2/2 (1974): 200-218. [Li 1974]
** ----------: "The Historical Development of the Co-verb and the Co-verbal Phrase in
Chinese." In: Journal of Chinese Linguistics 8 (1980). [Li 1980]

96

** Li, Yen-hui A.: Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Kluwer, Dordrecht 1990.
[Li Yen-hui 1990]
** Lǐ Zhuàngyīng 李壮鹰: "Chányǔ jiědú - tóu bái yǔ tóu hēi 禅语解读－'头白'与'头黑'."

In: Běijīng shīdà xuébaò 北京师大学报 2 (1996). [Li Zhuangying 1996]
Liáng Tiānxí 梁天錫: Zǔtáng jí tōngkǎo 《祖堂集》通考. Sóng-dài Lì-sēng bǔbiān fójiào
chánzōng zǎoqī dēnglù yánjiū zhī yī 宋代麗僧補編佛教禪宗早期燈錄研究之一. Néngrén
dàxué bào 能仁大學報 7 (2000): 27-76. [Liang Tianxi 2000(a)]
-------------------------: Zǔtáng jí fēnkǎo 《祖堂集》分考. Sóng-dài Lì-sēng bǔbiān fójiào

chánzōng zǎoqī dēnglù yánjiū zhī èr 宋代麗僧補編佛教禪宗早期燈錄研究之二. Sòng
Xùxuān jiàoshòu bā-shí róngshòu lùnwénjí chōuyǐngběn
宋旭軒教授八十榮壽論文集抽影本 2000: 837-908. [Liang Tianxi 2000(b)]
** Liáng Xiǎohóng 梁晓虹: Fójīng zhōng 'yú' de yīzhǒng tèshū yòngfǎ

佛经中'於'的一种特殊用法 [A Particular Usage of 'yú' in Buddhist Scriptures]. In: Jiǔjiāng
shīzhuān xuébào 九江师专学报 1/2 (1985). [Liang Xiaohong 1985]
** -------------------------: "Xiǎo yì fójīng 'rén', 'rénzhě' yòngzuò dì-èr rénchēng dàicí

小议佛经'仁'、'仁者'用作第二人称代词." In: Nánjīng shīdà xuébào 南京师大学报 3
(1986). [Liang Xiaohong 1986]
-------------------------: "Hàn-Wèi Liù-cháo yìjīng duì hànyǔ cíhuì shuāngyīnhuà de yǐngxiǎng

汉魏六朝译经对汉语词汇双音化的影响 [The Influence of the Translation of Buddhist
Scriptures of the Hàn, Wèi and Six Dynasties Periods on the Binomicalization of Chinese]."
In: Nánjīng shīdà xuébào 南京师大学报 2 (1991). [Liang Xiaohong 1991(a)]
-------------------------: "Fójiào yòngcí tèsè záyì 佛教用词特色杂议 [Miscellaneous Views on

the Special Use of Words in Buddhist Scriptures]." In: Zhèjiāng shīdà xiébào 浙江师大学报
4 (1991): 123-126. [Liang Xiaohong 1991(b)]
** -------------------------: "Fójīng pìyù zàocí zhī tèsè 佛经譬喻造词之特色." In: Yǔwén

jiànshè tōngxùn 语文建设通讯 33 (1991). [Liang Xiaohong 1991(c)]
** -------------------------: "Fójiào diǎnjí yǔ jìndài hànyǔ kǒuyǔ 佛教典籍与近代汉语口语

[Buddhist Scriptures and the Vernacular Language of Early Mandarin]. In: Zhōngguó yǔwén
中国语文 3 (1992). [Liang Xiaohong1992 (a)]
** -------------------------: "Xiàndài hànyǔ zhōng yuányú fójiào de shíjiāncí

现代汉语中源于佛教的时间词 [Temporal Expressions in Modern Chinese Originating from
Buddhism]." In: Yǔwén jiànshè tōngxùn 语文建设通讯 36 (1992). [Liang Xiaohong 1992(b)]
--------------------------: "Hànyǔ chéngyǔ yǔ fójiào wénhuà 汉语成语与佛教文化 [Idiomatic

Phrases (chéngyǔ) in Chinese and Buddhist Culture]." In: Yǔyán wénzì yīngyòng
语言文字应用 1 (1993): 91-98. [Liang Xiaohong 1993]

97

-----------------------------: Fójiào cíyǔ de gòuzào yǔ hànyǔ cíhuì de fāzhǎn
佛教词语的构造与汉语词汇的发展 [The Formation/Structure of Buddhist Terms and the
Development of the Chinese Vocabulary]. Beijing, Běijīng Yǔyán xuéyuàn chūbǎnshè
北京语言学院出版社 1994. [Liang Xiaohong 1994]
-----------------------------: Chánzōng diǎnjí zhōng 'zǐ' de yòngfǎ 禅宗典籍中'子'的用法 [The

Use of (Suffix) zǐ in Chán Scriptures]. In: Gǔ hànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 2 (1998). [Liang
Xiaohong 1998]
-----------------------------: Fójiào yǔ hànyǔ cíhuì 佛教與漢語詞彙 [Buddhism and the

Vocabulary of Chinese]. Táiběi, Fóguāng wénhuà shìyè yǒuxiàn gōngsī
佛光文化事業有限公司限 2001. [Liang Xiaohong 2001]
** Liebenthal, W.: "The Sermon of Shen-hui." In: Asia Major 3/2 (1952): 132-155.
[Liebenthal 1952]
Lín Xīnnián 林新年: Zǔtáng jí 'zhe' de yǔfǎhuà děngjí yánjiū 祖堂集'著'的语法化等级研究

[A Study of the Degree of Grammaticalization of zhe]. In: Fújiàn shīfàn dàxué xuébào
福建师范大学学报 3 (2004): 133-139. [Lin Xinnian 2004]
Liú Bǎishūn 刘百顺: "'Nǔlì' shìyì shāngquán 努力释义商榷 [Considerations on Paraphrasing

nǔlì]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 6 (1984). [Liu Baishun 1984]
Liú Jiān 刘坚 (ed.): Jìndài hànyǔ dúběn 近代汉语读 [Reader of Early Mandarin]. Shanghai,
Shànghǎi jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 上海教育出版社 1985. [Liu Jian 1985]
Liú Jiān 刘坚: "Shìlùn hé zì de fāzhǎn, fù lùn gòng zì hé lián zì

试论'和'字的发展，副论'共'字和'连'字. In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 6 (1989): 447-453.
[Liu Jian 1989]
Liú Jiān 刘坚 et al.: Jìndài hànyǔ xūcí yánjiū 近代汉语虚词研究 [A Study of Function
Words in Early Mandarin]. Beijing, Yǔwén chūbǎnshè 语文出版社 1992. [Liu Lian 1992(a)]
---------------- et al.: Táng-dài shī cí yǔ cídiǎn gù cídiǎn 唐代诗词语词典故词典. Beijing:

Shèhuì kēxué wénxiàn chūbǎnshè 社会科学文献出版社 1992. [Liu Lian 1992(b)]
Liú Jiān 刘坚: Shénme shì 'lùzhù' 什么是'露柱'[What is the Meaning of the Term lùzhù]. In:
Hànyǔshǐ yánjīu jíkān 汉语史研究集刊 [Collected Research Papers on the History of
Chinese], vol. 2; ed. by Sìchuān dàxué hànyǔshǐ yánjiūsuǒ 四川大學漢語史研究所.
Chéngdū 成都, Bāshǔ shūshè 巴蜀書社 1999. [Liu Jian 1999(a)]
---------------- (ed.): Gǔdài báihuà wénxiàn xuǎndú 古代白话文献选读 [Selected Reading of

Texts in Ancient Vernacular Chinese]. Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 1999. [Liu Jian
1999(b)]

98

Liú Jiān 刘坚/Cáo Guǎngshùn 曹广顺/Wú Fúxiáng 吴服祥: Lùn yòufā hànyǔ cíhuì yǔfǎhuà
de ruògān yīnsù 论诱发汉语词汇语法化的若干因素. In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 3
(1995): 161-169. [Liu/Cao/Wu 1995]
Liú Jiān 刘坚/Jiǎng Shàoyú 蒋绍愚 (ed. in chief): Jìndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ zīliào huìbiān (Táng
Wǔ-dài juǎn) 近代汉语语法资料汇编（唐五代卷[Compilation of Material on the Grammar
of Early Mandarin (Táng/Five Dynasties Periods)]. Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商務印書館 1990.
[Liu Jian/Jiang Shaoyu 1990]
Liú Jiān 刘坚/Jiǎng Shàoyú 蒋绍愚 (ed. in chief): Jìndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ zīliào huìbiān (Sòng-dài
juǎn) 近代汉语语法资料汇编（宋代卷）[Compilation of Material on the Grammar of Early
Mandarin (Song Dynasty)]. Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商務印書館 1992. [Liu Jiang/Jiang Shaoyu
1992]
Liú Jiān 刘坚/Hóu Jīngyī 侯精一 (ed.): Zhōngguó yǔwén yánjiū sì-shí jìnián wénjí
中国语文研究四十记年文集 [Forty Years of Chinese Linguistics - A Commemorative
Volume]. Běijīng 北京, Běijīng yǔyán xuéyuàn chūbǎnshè 北京语言学院出版社 1993. [Liu
Jian 1993]
Liu Jian/Peyraube, Alain: History of Some Coordinative Conjuntions in Chinese. In: Journal
of Chinese Linguistics 22.2 (1994): 179-201. [Liu/Peyraube 1994]
** Liú Lì 刘利: "Zǔtáng jí dòngcí bǔyǔ guǎnkuī 《祖堂集》动词补语管窥." In: Xúzhōu

shīyuàn xuébào 徐州师院学报 3 (1992): 61-65. [Liu Li 1992]
--------------: Xiān Qín hànyǔ zhùdòngcí yánjiū 先秦汉语助动词研究 [Studies in the

Auxiliary Verbs of pre-Qin Chinese]. Sìchuān dàxué bóshì xuéwèi lùnwén
四川大学博士学位论文 1995. [Liu Li 1995]
Liú Shìrú 刘世儒: "Lüè lùn Wèi Jìn Nán-běi-cháo yǐqián hànyǔ zhōng de xìcí
略论魏晋南北朝以前汉语中的系词 [A Short Discussion of the Copula in Chinese Prior to
the Wèi, Jìn, and Six Dyansties Periods]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 12 (1957). [Liu
Shiru 1957]
** ---------------------: "Wèi-Jìn Nánběi cháo gètǐ liàngcí yánjiū 魏晋南北朝个体量词研究

[Study on the Individual Classifiers of the Wèi-Jìn Nánběi Period]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén
中国语文 10/1 (1961): 26-40. [Liu Shiru 1961]
Liǔ Shìzhèn 柳士镇: "Bǎiyù jīng zhōng de bèidòng jùshì 《百喻经》中的被动句式

[Passive Constructions in the Bǎiyù jīng]." In: Nánjīng dàxué xuébào 南京大学学报 2
(1985). [Liu Shizhen 1985(a)]
------------------------: "Bǎiyù jīng zhōng ruògān yǔfǎ wèntí de tànsuǒ

《百喻经》中若干语法问题的探索 [Explorations into Some Grammatical Problems of the
Bǎiyù jīng]. In: Zhōngzhōu xuékān 中州学刊 5 (1985): 94-98. [Liu Shizhen 1985(b)]

99

** -------------------------: Shìshuō xīnyǔ jùfǎ tèdiǎn chūtàn 《世说新语》句法特点初探 [A
Preliminary Inquiry into the Features of the Syntax of Shìshuō xīnyǔ]. In: Yǔyán yánjiū jíkān
语言研究集刊. Jiāngsū jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 江苏教育出版社 1986. [Liu Shizhen 1986]
------------------------: Wèi Jìn Nánběi cháo lìshǐ yǔfǎ 魏晋南北朝历史语法 [A Historical

Grammar of the Wèi, Jìn, and Six Dynasties Periods]. Nánjīng, Nánjīng dàxué chūbǎnshè
南京大学出版社 1992. [Liu Shizhen 1992]
Liú Shūxīn 刘叔新 (ed. in chief): Yǔyán yánjiū lùncóng 语言研究论丛 [Collection of
Articles on the Research in Language]. Tiānjīn 天津, Nánkāi dàxué chūbǎnshè
南开大学出版社 1999. [Liu Shuxin 1999]
** Liú Xūnnǐng 劉勛寧: Zǔtáng jí fǎnfù wènjù de yīxiàng kǎochá

《祖堂集》反复问句的一项考察 [A Study of the Choice-question Sentence in Zǔtáng jí].
In: Xiàndài hànyǔ yánjiū 现代汉语研究. Běijīng, Běijīng yǔyán wénhuà dàxué chūbǎnshè
北京语言文化大学出版社 1998: 150-162 [Liu Xunning 1998(a)]
[This is a reprint in Chinese of the Japanese article by 劉勛寧 published in Chûgoku bunka 中國文化
1995.]
** ------------------------: Zǔtáng jí qù hé qù yě fāngyán zhèng 《祖堂集》'去'和'去也'方言证.

In: Gǔhànyǔ yǔfǎ lùnwénjí 古汉语语法论文集. Beijing, Yǔwén chūbǎnshè 语文出版社:
674-683 [Liu Xunning 1998(b)]
** Liú Zhōngxìn 刘忠信: "Zǔtáng jí zhōng de yǐnmíng dàicí 《祖堂集》中的隐名代词."

In: Zhēnjiāng shīzhuān xuébào 镇江师专学报 2 (1992). [Liu Zhongxin 1992]
** Liú Zǐyú 刘子瑜: "Táng Wǔdài shíqī de chùzhì-shì 唐五代时期的处置式 [The Disposal
Form in the Tang and Five Dynasties Periods]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2 (1995). [Liu
Ziyu 1995]
---------------------: Zài tán Táng Sòng chùzhì-shì de láiyuán 再谈唐宋处置式的来源 [A

Further Discussion on the Origin of the Disposal Form of the Tang and Song Periods]. In:
Běijīng dàxué zhōngwénxì Yǔyán xué lùncóng biān wěihuìbiān
北京大学中文系《语言学论丛》编委会编 (ed.) 2002: 206-231. [Liu Ziyu 2002]
Lopez, Donald: "Buddhist Hermeneutics - A Conference Report." In: Philosophy East and
West, 37/1 (January 1987): 71-83. [Lopez 1987]
------------------ (ed.): Buddhist Hermeneutics. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1988. [Lopez
1988(a)]
-------------------: On the Interpretation of Mahāyāna Sūtras. In: Buddhist Hermeneutics, ed.

by Donald S. Lopez.Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1988: 47-70. [Lopez 1988(b)]
------------------- (ed.): Buddhism in Practice. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press 1995. [Lopez
1995]

100

Lú Lièhóng 卢烈红: "Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào dàicí yánjiū 《古尊宿语要》代词研究 [A Study on
the Pronouns in Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào]." Wǔhàn 武汉, Wǔhàn dàxué xuéshù cóngshū
武汉大学学术丛书 5 (1998): 97-103. [Lu Liehong 1998(a)]
------------------------: "Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào de jìnzhǐ dàicí 《古尊宿语要》的近指代词 [Close-

range Demonstrative Pronouns in Gǔzūnsù yǔ yào]." In: Wǔhàn dàxué xuébào 武汉大学学报
5. [Lu Liehong 1998(b)]
Lǚ Shūxiāng 呂叔湘: "The Third Person Pronoun and Related Matters in Classical and
Modern Chinese." In: Huāxī Xiéhé dàxué Zhōngguó wénhuà yánjiūsuǒ jíkān
華西協和大學中國文化研究所集刊 1940. Reprint in: Lü 1984: 38-57. [Lü Shuxiang
1940/1984]
-------------------------: "Shì Jǐngdé chuándēng lù zhōng 'zài, zhuó' èr zhùcí

釋《景德傳燈錄》中'在'，'著'二助詞 [Translating the Two Auxiliary Words zài and zhuó in
Jǐngdé chuándēng lù]. In: Huāxī Xiéhé dàxué Zhōngguó wénhuà yánjiūsuǒ jíkān
華西協和大學中國文化研究所集刊 1941. Reprint in: Lü Shuxiang 1984: 58-72. [Lü
Shuxiang 1941/1984]
-------------------------: "'Xiāng' zì piān zhǐ shìlì '相'字偏指釋例." In: Jīnlíng, Qílǔ, Huāxī
dàxué zhōngguó wénhuà huìkān 金陵，齊魯，華西大學中國文化匯刊 2 (1942). Reprint in:
Lü3 1984: 104-115. [Lü Shuxiang 1942/1984]
-------------------------: "'Jiàn' zì zhǐdài zuòyòng '見'字指代作用." In: Jīnlíng, Qílǔ, Huāxī

Lü3 1984: 116-121. [Lü Shuxiang 1943/1984(a)]
-------------------------: "Lùn 'dǐ','dì' zhī biàn jí 'dǐ' zì de yóulái

論'底'，'地'之辯及'底'字的由來 [A Discussion of the Graphs dǐ and dì and the Origin of dǐ]."
In: Jīnlíng, Qílǔ, Huāxī dàxué zhōngguó wénhuà huìkān
金陵，齊魯，華西大學中國文化匯刊 3 (1943). Reprint in: Lü Shuxiang 1984: 122-131.
[Lü Shuxiang 1943/1984(b)]
-------------------------: "'Gè' zì de yīngyòng fànwéi, fù lùn dānwèicí qián 'yī' zì de tuōluò

'個'字的應用範圍，附論單位詞前'一'字的脫落 [The Scope of use Classifier gè, with a
Discussion on the Deletion of the Graph yī 'one' before Classifiers]." In: Jīnlíng, Qílǔ, Huāxī
Lü Shuxiang 1984: 145-175. [Lü Shuxiang 1944/1984]
** -------------------------: Zhōngguó wénfǎ yàolüè 中国文法要略 [An Outline of Chinese

Grammar]. Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书管 1947. [Lü Shuxiang 1947]
-------------------------: Hànyǔ yǔfǎ lùnwénjí 汉语语法论文集 [A Collection of Articles on

Chinese Grammar]. Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书管 1984. [Lü Shuxiang 1984]
[Originally published in Kēxué chūbǎnshè 科學出版社 1955.]

101

** -------------------------: Bǎ zì yòngfǎ de yánjiū '把'字用法的研究 [A Study of the Function
of 'bǎ']. In: Lü Shuxiang 1984. [Lü Shuxiang 1984]
-------------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ zhǐdàicí 近代汉语指代词 [Demonstrative Pronouns in

Early Mandarin]. Shanghai 上海, Xuélín chūbǎnshè 学林出版社 1985. [Lü Shuxiang 1985]
[With additions by Jiāng Lánshēng 江藍生.]
Lù Tán'ān 陆澹安: Xiǎoshuō cíyǔ huìshì 小说词语汇释 [An Explanation of Words in

Novels]. Shànghǎi, Shànhǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 1979 (19621). [Lu Tan'an 1979]
-------------------: Xìqǔ cíyǔ huìshì 戲曲詞語匯釋 [An Explanation of Words in Drama-

literature]. Shànghǎi, Shànhǎi gǔjí chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 1981. [Lu Tan'an 1981]
Lǚ Yòufū 吕幼夫: "Zǔtáng jí cíyǔ xuǎnshì 《祖堂集》词语选释 [Translation of Selected

Words in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Liáoníng dàxué xuébào 辽宁大学学报 2 (1992). [Lü 1992]
Luk, Charles (tr.): The Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra. Boston/Shaftesbury, Shambala 1990. [Luk
1990]
Luó Jì 罗骥: "Běi-Sòng jùwěi yǔqìcí yě yánjiū 北宋句尾语气词'也'研究 [A Study of the

Modal Sentence Final yě in the Northern Song]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 3 (1994).
[Luo Ji 1994]
Lyons, John: Semantics. 2 vol. Cambridge/London/New York/Melbourne, Cambridge Univ.

Press 1977. [Lyons 1977]
Mǎ Bèijiā 马贝加: "Duìxiàng jiècí 'jiāng' de chǎnshēng 对象介词'将'的产生 [The Origin of

the Object Coverb jiāng]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 4 (2000): 36-41. [Ma Beijia 2000]
------------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ jiècí 近代汉语介词 [Prepositions/Coverbs of Early

Mandarin]. Běijīng, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中华书局 2002. [Ma Beijia 2002]
Mǎ Jiànzhōng 马建忠: Mǎ shì wén tōng 马士文通. Shàngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 1983
(18981). [Ma Jianzhong 1983]
Mair, Victor: "Lay Students and the Making of Written Vernacular Narratives - An Inventory
of Tun-huang Manuscripts." In: Chinoperl 10 (1980): 5-96. [Mair 1980]
----------------: Tun-huang Popular Narratives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1983.

[Mair 1983(a)]
** ----------------: "The Narrative Revolution in the Chinese Literature - Ontological

Presuppositions." In: Chinese Literature 5/1 (1983): 1-27. [Mair 1983(b)]
----------------: "Records of Transformation Tableaux (pien-hsiang)." In: T'oung Pao 72

(1986): 3-43. [Mair 1986(a)]

102

----------------: "Oral and Written Aspects of Chinese Sūtra Lectures (chiang ching wen)." In:
Chinese Studies 4,2 (1986): 311-334. [Mair 1986(b)]
----------------: T'ang Transformation Texts. Cambridge, Harvard University Press 1989.

[Mair 1989(a)]
----------------: Painting and Performance - Chinese Picture Recitation and its Indian Genesis.
Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1989. [Mair 1989(b)]
----------------: "Script and Word in Medieval Vernacular Sinitic." In: Journal of the American
Oriental Society 112/2 (1992): 269-278. [Mair 1992]
----------------: On 'Transformationists' (bianjia) and 'Jumbled Transformations' (laza bian) -

Two New Sources for the Study of 'Transformation Texts' (Bianwen). In: Cadonna 1999: 3-
65. [Mair 1999]
Maspero, Henri: "Sur Quelque Textes Anciens de Chinois Parlé." In: Bulletin de l'école
Française d'Extrême-Orient 14/4 (1914): 1-36 [Maspero 1914]
[Translated into English under the title 'On some texts of ancient spoken Chinese' by Yoshitaka Iriya,
Ruth F. Sasaki, and Burton Watson. Kyôto, privately circulating 1954.]
Matzubara Akira 松原郎??/Kinugawa Kenji 衣川賢次/Ogawa Takashi 小川隆: "Sodôshû

Chôka oshô shô Kaku Kyoi《祖堂集》鳥窠和尚章白居易 [TheChapter on Preceptor
Niǎokē in Zǔtáng jí and Bái Jūyì]." Sodôshû kenkyûkai hôku no
ni《祖堂集》研究會報告之二 [The Second Report of the Zǔtáng jí Research Association].
In: Tôyô bunka kenkyûjo kiyô 東洋文化研究所紀要 140 (2002): 59-122.
[Matzubara/Kinugawa/Ogawa 2002]
** Matzuo Yoshiki 松尾良樹: Tonkô henbunshû kôgo goi sakuin fu hoi

敦煌變文集口語語匯索引附補遺 [Supplement to the Index of Colloquial Expressions in the
Dūnhuáng Biànwén jí]. Kyôto 1985: Privately circulating copy of a handwritten manuscript.
[Matzuo 1985]
McCawley, James D.: The Syntactic Phenomena of English. 2 vol. Chicago/London, The
Univ. of Chigago Press 1988. [McCawley 1988]
McRae, John R.: The Ox-Head School of Chinese Ch'an Buddhism - From Early Ch'an to the
Golden Age. In: Studies in Ch'an and Hua-yen, ed. by Robert M. Gimello u. Peter N.
Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1983: 169-252. [McRae 1983]
-------------------: The Northern School and the Formation of Early Ch'an Buddhism.
Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press 1986. [McRae 1986]
-------------------: Shen-hui and the Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment in Early Ch'an

Buddhism. In: Sudden and Gradual - Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought, ed.
by Peter N. Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1987: 227-278. [McRae 1987]
-------------------: Encounter Dialogue and the Transformation of the Spiritual Path in Chinese
Ch'an. In: Paths to Liberation - The Mārga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, ed.

103

by Robert E. Buswell u. Robert M. Gimello. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1992: 339-369.
[McRae 1992]
------------------: The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism. In:

Heine/Wright 2000: 46-74. [McRae 2000]
------------------: Seeing Through Zen - Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese

Chan Buddhism. Berkeley/Los Angeles, Univ. of California Press 2003. [McRae 2003]
** Méi Zǔlín 梅祖麟: "Xiàndài hànyǔ xuǎnzé wènjùfǎ de láiyuán 现代汉语选择句法的来源

[The Origin of the Disjunctive Question Sentence in Modern Chinese]." In: Shǐyǔ suǒ jíkān
史语所集刊 (Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology) 49/1 (1978). [Mei Zulin
1978(a)]
-----------------------: "Táng Sòng chìzhì shì de láiyuán 唐宋处置的来源 [The Origin of the
Disposal Form in the Táng and Sòng Dynasty]. In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 3 (1978).
[Mei Zulin 1978(b)]
-----------------------: "Xiàndài hànyǔ wánchéng-mào jùshì hé cíwěi de láiyuán

现代汉语完成貌和词尾的来源 [The Origin of the Perfective Aspect Construction and the
Perfective Suffix in Modern Chinese]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 1 (1981): 65-77. [Mei
Zulin 1981]
-----------------------: "Dūnhuáng Biànwén lǐ de 'yì mò' hé 'jǔ' zì

敦煌变文里的'熠没'和'𠃥（举）'字 [A Study of the Chinese graphs 熠没 and 𠃥（举）in
the Dūnhuáng Transformation Texts]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 1 (1983). [Mei Zulin
1983]
-----------------------: "Táng Sòng chùzhì-shì de láiyuán 唐宋处置式来源 [The Origin of the

Disposal Form in the Tang and Song Dynasties]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 216 (1990):
191-206. [Mei Zulin 1990]
-----------------------: Táng-dài Sòng-dài gòngtóng yǔ de yǔfǎ hé xiàndài fāngyán de yǔfǎ

唐代，宋代共同語的語法和現代方言的語法 [The Common Grammar of the Tang- and
Song-Periods and the Grammar of Contemporary Local Dialects]. In: Dì-èr jiè zhōngguó jìng-
nèi yǔyán jí yǔyánxué guójí tǎohuì lùnwénjí
第二屆中國境內語言暨語言學國際研討會論文集 [Proceedings of the Second International
Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics], ed. by Lǐ Rénguǐ 李壬癸, Huáng Jūrén
黃居仁 and Lín Yīngjīn 林英津. Táiběi 台北 1991: 35-61. [Mei Zulin 1991(a)]
-------------------------: "Cóng Hàn-dài de 'dòng + shā', 'dòng + sǐ' lái kàn dòngbǔ jiègòu de
fāzhǎn, jiǎn lùn zhōnggǔ shǐqí de shīshòu guānxi de zhōnglìhuà
从汉代的'动＋杀''动＋死'来看动补结构的发展，柬论中古时期的施受关系的中立化
[The Historical Development of the Verb-resultative complement Construction, with a Note
on the Neutralization of the pre-verbal Agent/Patient distinction in Middle Chinese]." In:
Yǔyánxué lùncóng 语言学论丛 16 (1991): 112-136. [Mei Zulin 1991(b)]

104

-------------------------: Mǐnnányǔ fùshù rénchēng dàicí xíngchéng héyīn de niándài
閩南語複數人稱代詞形成合音的年代. In: Ding/Yu 2000: 261-270. [Mei Zulin 2000]
Méi Zǔlín 梅祖麟/Yáng Xiùfāng 楊秀芳: "Jǐge Mǐnnányǔ yǔfǎ chéngfèn de shíjiān céngcì
幾個閩南語語法成份的時間層次 [The Temporal Layers of Several Components of the
Grammar of the Mǐnnán Dialect]." In: Lìshǐ yǔyán yánjiūsuǒ jíkān 歷史語言研究所集刊
66/1 (1995): 1-21. [Mei/Yang 1995]
Mélanges de Sinologie Offerts à Monsieur Paul Demiéville - I. Paris, Presses Universitaires

de France 1966. (ed.??) [Demiéville 1966]
Mélanges de Sinologie Offerts à Monsieur Paul Demiéville - II. Paris, Presses Universitaires
de France 1974. (ed.??) [Demiéville 1974]
Mèng Guǎngdào 孟广道: "Fójiào duì hànyǔ cíhuì de yǐngxiǎng 佛教对汉语词汇的影响

[The Influence of Buddhism of the Lexic of Chinese]. In: Hànzì wénhuà 汉字文化 1 (1997):
30-34. [Meng Guangdao 1997]
** Men'šikov, L.N./Zograf, I.T.: Bjan'ven o vozdaianii za milosti. 2 vol. Mosca 1972.

[Men'šikov/Sograf 1972]
Metha, Mahesch: Sûnyatā and Dharmatā - The Mādhyamika View of Inner Reality. In:
Developements in Buddhist Thought: Canadian Contributions to Buddhist Studies, ed. by Roy
C. Amore. Waterloo/Ontario, Wilfried Laurier Univ. Press 1979: 26-37. [Metha 1979]
** Miura, Isshu and Ruth Fuller Sasaki: Zen Dust - The History of the Koan and Koan Study
in Rinzai (Lin-chi) Zen. Kyôto, The First Zen Institute of America 1966. [Miura/Sasaki 1966]
Mizuno, Kôgen: Buddhist Sutras - Origin, Development, Transmission. Tôkyô, Kosei

Publishing Co. 1995 (19821). [Mizuno 1995]
Mù Jìhóng 木霁弘: "Zhūzǐ yǔlèi zhōng de shítài zhùcí 'le'

《朱子语类》中的时态助词'了'[The Temporal Auxiliary Word le in Zhūzǐ yǔlèi]." In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 4 (1986): 288-295. [Mu Jihong 1986]
Mullie, Jos L. M.: Le mot-particule TCHE. T'oung Pao 36 (1942). [Mullie 1942]
Mullie, Jos. L.M.: Grondbeginselen van de Chinese Letterkundige Taal. 3. vol.: vol. 1 (Het
Zelfstandig Naamwoord, Het Bijvoeglijk Naamwoord, Het Telwoord, Het Voornaamwoord);
vol. 2 (Het Werkwoord); vol. 3 (Het Bijoord, De Voorzetsels en Achterzetsels, Het
Voegwoord, De Beginwoorden en Slotwoorden, Het Tussenwerpsel, De Syntaxis der Zinnen).
Leuven, H. Dewallens 1946-47. [Mullie 1946-47]
Myhill, John/Laura A. Smith: The Discourse and Interactive Functions of Obligation

Expressions. In: Bybee/Fleischman 1995: 239-292. [Myhill/Smith 1995]
Nagao Gadjin: The Foundational Standpoint of Mādhyamika Philosophy. Delhi, Sri Satguru
Publications 1990 (State Univ. of New York Press 19891). [Nagao 1990]

105

Nagashima Takayuki: Truths and Fabrication - An Investigation from the documents of the
Zen (Ch'an) Sect. London, Probsthain 1978. [Nagashima 1978]
Nakamura Hajime 中村元: Zhōngguó fójiào fāzhǎn shǐ 中國佛教發展史 [A History of the
Development of Buddhism in China]. Tr. into Chinese by Yú Wànjū 余萬居. 3 vol. Taibei,
Tiān-huá chū-bǎn shì-yè 天華出版事業 1984. [Nakamura 1984]
Naquin, Susan / Yü Chün-fang (ed.): Pilgrims and Sacred Sites in China. Berkely/Los
Angeles/Oxford, Univ. of California Press 1992. [Naquin/Yü 1992]
Ng Yu-Kwan: T'ian-t'ai Buddhism and Early Mādhyamika. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press
1993. [Ng 1993]
Nukariya Kaiten 忽滑谷快天: Chôsen Zenkyôshi 朝鮮禪教史 [A History of Korean

Buddhism]. 春秋社 1930. [Nukariya 1930]
[Early mention of ZTJ]
Nienhauser, W. et al. (tr): The Grand Scribe's Records. Vol. 1, Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1994. [Nienhauser 1994]
Nishitani Keiji 西谷啟治/Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山 (ed.): Zenke goroku 禪家語錄 [The
Recorded Sayings of Chán Adherents]. vol. 2. Sekai koten bungaku zenshû
世界古典文學全集, no. 36B. Tokyo, Chikuma shobô 1974. [Nishitani/Yanagida 1974]
Nivison, David S.: Response to K. Takashima, 'Toward a New Pronominal Hypothesis of Qi

in Shang Chinese'. In: Ivanhoe 1996: 267-276. [Nivison 1996]
** Norman, Jerry and W. South Coblin: "A New Approach to Chinese Historical
Linguistics". In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 115/6 (1995): 576-584.
[Norman/Coblin 1995]
Norman, Jerry and Mei Tsu-lin: "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical
Evidence." In: Monumenta Serica 32 (1976): 274-301. [Norman/Mei 1976]
Norman, Jerry: Chinese. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press 1999 (19881). [Norman 1999]
Nuyts, Jan: Epistemic Modality, Language, and Conceptualization. Amsterdam/Philadelphia,

John Benjamins Publishing Company 2000. [Nuyts 2000]
Okayama Hajime 丘山新/Kinugawa Kenji 衣川賢次/Ogawa Takashi 小川隆: Sodôshû Gozu

Hôyu shô soshô 《祖堂集》牛頭法融章疏證 [Commentaries on the Chapter on Niútóu
Fǎróng in Zǔtáng jí]. Sodôshû kenkyûkai hôkoku no ichi 《祖堂集》研究會報告之一 [The
First Report of the Zǔtáng jí Research Association]. In: Tôyô bunka kenkyûjo kiyô
東洋文化研究所紀要 139 (1999): 39-83. [Okayama/Kinugawa/Ogawa 1999]
** Ôta Tatsuo 太田長夫: Sodôshû kôgo goi sakuin 《祖堂集》口語語匯索引 [Index of

Colloquial Expressions in Zǔtáng jí]. (1962). ??

106

----------------------: Tôsô zokuji fu [Sodôshû no bu] 唐宋俗字譜 [祖堂集之部] [A List of
Non-standard Graphs of the Tang and Song - Section on the Zǔtáng ji]. Tôkyô: Kyûko shoin
汲古書院 1982. [Ôta 1982]
Ôta Tatsuo 太田長夫: Chûgoku rekidai kogobun 中國歷代口語文 [A History of the

Colloquial Chinese Language]. Jiāngnán shūyuàn 江南書院 1957. (reprinted by Hôyû shoten
朋友書店 in 1983; a Chinese translation published by Běijīng dàxúe chūbǎnshè
北京大學出版社). [Ôta 1957]
Ôta Tatsuo 太田長夫: Chûgokugo rekishi bunpô 中國語歷史文法 [A Historical Grammar of

the Chinese Language]. Kyôto, Hôyû shoten 朋友書店 1958 (a Chinese translation published
by Běijīng dàxúe chūbǎnshè 北京大學出版社 1987). [Ôta 1958]
Ôta Tatsuo 太田長夫: Chûgoku goshi tsûkô 中國語史通考 [A Historical Study of the
Chinese Language]. Tôkyô, Hakusuisha 白帝社 1988. (Translated into Chinese under the title
Hànyǔ shǐ tōngkǎo 漢語史通考, published by Chóngqìng chūbǎnshè 重慶出版社 1991).
[Ôta 1988]
** Ôtani Kôshô 大谷光照: Tôdai no Bukkyô girei 唐代の佛教儀禮 [Buddhist Ceremonies

in the Táng Dynasty]. 2. vol. Tôkyô 1937. [Ôtani 1937]
Ôya Tokujô 大屋德城: Chôsen Haiin'sa kyôban no kenkyû 朝鮮海印寺經版の研究 [Study

on the Edition of Buddhist Scriptures in the Korean Hae'in Monastery]. Senshi junreikô
鮮支巡禮行 1930. [Ôya 1930]
Pachow, W.: "A Buddhist Discourse on Meditation from Dunhuang." In: Univ. of Ceylon
Review, 21/1 (1963): 47-62. Reprinted in: Pachow, W.: Chinese Buddhism - Aspects of
Interaction and Reinterpretation. Lanham, Univ. Press of America 1980: 35-54. [Pachow
1980]
-----------------: Chinese Buddhism - Aspects of Interaction and Reinterpretation. Lanham,

Univ. Press of America 1980. [Pachow 1980]
Palmer, Frank. R.: Modality and the English Modals. London, Longman 1979. [Palmer 1979]
---------------------: Mood and Modality. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press 1986. [Palmer
1986]
Palmer, Frank R.: Negation and the Modals of Possibility and Necessity. In
Bybee/Fleischman 1995: 453-472. [Palmer 1995]
** Pān Chōngzhōng 潘充中: Hànyǔ yǔfǎ shǐ gàiyào 汉语语法史概要 [An Outline of the
History of Chinese Grammar]. Zhōngzhōu shūhuàshè 中州书画社 1982. [Pan Chongzhong
1982]
** Pān Wéiguì 潘維桂/Yáng Tiāngē 楊天戈: "Dūnhuáng biànwén hé Jǐngdé chuándēng lù

zhōng 'le' zì de yòngfǎ 敦煌變文和《景德傳燈錄》中'了'字的用法 [The Usage of le in the

107

Transformation Texts and the Jǐngdé chuándēng lù]." In: Yǔyán lùnjí 語言論集 1(1980).
[Pan Weigui 1980]
Papafragou, Anna: Modality - Issues in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Amsterdam,

Elsevier 2000. [Papafragou 2000]
Paul, Diana Y.: Philosophy of Mind in Sixth-Century China - Paramārtha's 'Evolution of

Consciousness'. Stanford, Stanford Univ. Press 1984. [Paul 1984]
Pelliot, Paul: "Notes sur Quelques Artistes des Six Dynasties et des T'ang." In: T'oung Pao,
22 (1923): 215-291. [Pelliot 1923]
Perkins, Michael R.: Modal Expressions in English. London, Frances Pinter 1983. [Peyraube
1983]
Peyraube, Alain (Bèiluóbèi 貝羅貝): "Adverbiaux et Compléments de Lie en Chinois." In:

Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 1 (1977): 43-60. [Peyraube 1977]
-------------------: "Les Syntagmes Prépositionnels de Lieu Adverbiaux en Mandarin." In:

Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 3 (1978): 25-38. [Peyraube 1978]
-------------------: Les Constructions Locatives en Chinois Moderne. Paris, Editions Langages

croisés 1980. [Peyraube 1980]
-------------------: "Les Formes en ba en Chinois Vernaculaire Médiéval et Moderne". In:

Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 14/2 (1982): 193-213. [Peyraube 1982]
-------------------: "Shuāngbīn jiégòu cóng Hàn-dài zhī Táng-dài de lìshǐ fāzhǎn

双宾结构从汉代之唐代的历史发展 [The Historical Development of Double-object
Constructions from the Hàn Dynasty until the Táng Dynasty]." In: Zhōngguó yǔyán
中国语言 3/1986: 204-216. [Peyraube 1986]
-------------------: The Double-object Construction in Lunyu and Mengzi. In: Wang Li

memorial Volumes. Hong Kong, Joint Publishing Co. 1987: 331-358. [Peyraube 1987]
-------------------: Syntaxe Diachronique du Chinois. Evolution des Constructions Datives du

14e av.J.-C.Siècle au 18e Siècle. Paris: Collège de France 1988. [Peyraube 1988]
-------------------: "History of the Passive Constructions in Chinese until the 10th Century." In:
Journal of Chinese Linguistics 17/2 (1989): 335-371. [Peyraube 1989(a)]
-------------------: History of the Comparative Construction in Chinese from the 5th cent. BC to
the 14th cent. AD. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sinology. Taiwan:
Academica Sinica (1989): 589-612. [Peyraube 1989(b)]
-------------------: "Zǎoqī 'bǎ' zì jù de jǐge wèntí 早期'把'字句几个问题 [Some Problems

Concerning the Early 'bǎ' Sentence]."In: Yǔwén Yánjiū 语文研究 1 (1989): 1-9. [Peyraube
1989(c)]

108

-------------------: "Syntactic Change in Chinese - on Grammaticalization." In: Bulletin of the
Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica, Taiwan 59/3 (1991): 617-652.
[Peyraube 1991(a)]
-------------------: "Some Remarks on the History of Chinese Classifiers." In: University of

California at Santa Barbara Working Papers in Linguistics 3 (1991): 161-176. [Peyraube
1991(b)]
-------------------: "Some Remarks on the Demonstratives in the Fuzhou Dialect with

Reference to their Historical Evolution in Medieval and Modern Chinese". In: Zhōngguó jìng
nèi yǔyán jí yǔyánxué 1/1 (1992): 494-522 (with Michel Désirat). [Peyraube 1992]
-------------------: "Le Rôle des Classificateurs Nominaux en Chinois et leur Évolution

Historique: en Cas des Changement Cyclique". In: Faits des Langue 2 (1993): 51-61 (with
Thekla Wiebusch). [Peyraube 1993]
-------------------: "On the History of Chinese Locative Prepositions." In: Zhōngguó jìng nèi
yǔyán jí yǔyánxué 2 (1994): 361-387. [Peyraube 1994(a)]
-------------------: "History of Some Coordinative Conjunctions in Chinese." In: Journal of

Chinese Linguistics 22/2 (1994): 179-201 (with Liu Jian). [Peyraube 1994(b)]
-------------------: "Is Chinese Syntax Iconically Motivated?" In: Journal of Linguistics. Hong
Kong Baptist University 1994. [Peyraube 1994(c)]
-------------------: "Nouvelles Réflexions sur l'histoire des Formes Accusatives en 'ba' du

Chinois". In: Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 23 (1994): 165-277.[Peyraube 1994(d)]
-------------------: "Sur un Cas d'Ambiguité en Chinois Médiéval Concernant des Formes

Comparatives". In: Faits de Langue 5 (1995): 73-82 (with Thekla Wiebusch). [Peyraube
1995(a)]
-------------------: Problems Relating to the History of Different Copulas in Ancient Chinese.

In: Linguistic Essays in Honor of William S. Y. Wang, ed. by M. Y. Chen and J. L. Tzeng.
Taibei, Pyramid Press 1995: 383-404. (with Thekla Wiebusch). [Peyraube 1995(b)]
-------------------: Recent Issues in Chinese Historical Syntax. In: New Horizons in Chinese
Linguistics, ed. by J. Huang and A. Li. Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers 1996: 161-
214. [Peyraube 1996]
[My page numbers refer to the draft version of the manuscript.]
-------------------: "On Word Order in Archaic Chinese". In: Cahiers des Linguistique - Asie
Orientale 26/1 (1997): 3-20. [Peyraube 1997(a)]
-------------------: "On Word Order and Word Order Change in Pre-Archaic Chinese". In:
Zhōngguó jìng nèi yǔyán jí yǔyánxué 4 (1997): 105-124. [Peyraube 1997(b)]
-------------------: Gǔdài hànyǔ zhōng de 'dòng-zhī-míng' jiégòu 古代汉语中的'动之名'结构

[On the 'Verb-zhi-Noun' Construction in Classical Chinese]. In: Gǔ hànyǔ yǔfǎ lùnwén jí

109

古汉语语法论文集 [Essays on the Grammar of Classical Chinese], ed. by Guo Xiliang.
1998: 392-407. [Peyraube 1998(a)]
-------------------: On the History of Classifiers in Archaic and Medieval Chinese". In: Studia
Linguistica Serica, ed. by B. T'sou. Hong Kong, City University Press 1998: 131-145.
[Peyraube 1998(b)]
[In the thesis the page numbers as reference to this work do not match the above page numbers but the
pre-print copy which was available to me.]
-------------------: "Ordre des Mots et Changement d'ordre des Mots en Chinois Ancien." In:
Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Paris, De Boccard 1998:
533-542. [Peyraube 1998(c)]
-------------------: "Shànggǔ zhōnggǔ hànyǔ liàngcí de lìshǐ fāzhǎn

上古中古汉语量词的历史发展 [Historical Development of Classifiers in Archaic and
Medieval Chinese]. In: Yǔyánxué lùncóng 语言学论丛 5 (1998): 346-352.[Peyraube
1998(d)]
-------------------: On the Modal Auxiliaries of Possibility in Classical Chinese. In: Selected

Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Chinese Linguistics, ed. by H.S. Wang, F.
Tsao and C. Lien. Taibei, The Crane Publishing Co. Ltd 1999: 27-52. [Peyraube 1999(a)]
-------------------: "The Verb-zhi-Noun Structure in Classical Chinese". In: Zhōngguó jìng nèi
yǔyán jí yǔyánxué 5 (1999): 593-613. [Peyraube 1999(b)]
-------------------: "Sur le Changement Syntaxique et Sémantique: à propos de Deux Ouvrages

Récents sur la Grammaire Historique de Chinois." In: Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie
Orientale 28/1 (1999): 113-124. [Peyraube 1999(c)]
-------------------: Les Déplacements de Constituants en Syntaxe Historique du Chinois. In: In

Honor of Mei tsu-lin - Studies on Chinese Historical Syntax and Morphology, ed. by A.
Peyraube and C. Sun. Paris, EHESS 1999: 131-145. [Peyraube 1999(d)]
-------------------: "Historical Change in Chinese Grammar." In: Cahiers de Linguistique -

Asie Orientale 28/2 (1999): 177-226. [1999(e)]
Peyraube, Alain/C. Sun (ed.): In Honor of Mei Tsu-lin - Studies on Chinese Historical
Syntax and Morphology. Paris, EHESS 1999. [Peyraube 1999(f)]
Peyraube, Alain (贝罗贝)/Wú Fúxiáng 吴福祥: "Shànggǔ hànyǔ yíwèn dàicí de fǎzhǎn
yǔyǎnbiàn 上古汉语疑问代词的发展与演变 [Development and Evolution of Interrogative
Pronouns in Archaic Chinese]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 4 (2000): 311-326. [Peyraube
2000]
Peyraube, Alain: Lexique des Mots Grammaticaux de la Langue Chinoise Classique. Paris,
Editions Langages croisés. Forthcoming.
Powell, William F.: The Record of Tung-shan. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1986.
[Powell 1986]

110

** Pregadio, F.: "Le periodizzazioni della lingua cinese." In: Studi di cinese classico, a cura
di M. Scarpari. Venezia 1983: 17-58. [Pregadio 1983]
Pulleyblank, Edwin G.: "Qieyun and Yunjing - the Essential Foundation for Chinese
Historical Linguistics". In: Journal of Asian and Oriental Studies 118/2. date ??
---------------------------: Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar. Vancouver, UBC Press 1995.

[Pulleyblank 1995]
Pye, Michael: Skilful Means - A Concept in Mahayana Buddhism. London, Duckworth 1978.
[Duckworth 1978]
** Qián Xuéliè 钱学烈: Shìlùn Quán Táng shī zhōng de bǎ zì jù 试论全唐诗中的'把'字句

[Concerning the bǎ sentence in the Complete Poems of the Táng]. In: Jìniàn Wánglì
xiānshēng jiǔ-shí dànchén wénjí 纪念王力先生九十诞辰文集. Jìnán 济南, Shāndōng jiàoyù
chūbǎnshè 山东教育出版社 1991: 349-363. [Qian Xuelie 1991]
Qiu Xigui (裘錫圭): Chinese Writing. Tr.by Gilbert L. Mattos and Jerry Norman. Berkeley,
The Society for the Study of Early China/The Institute of East Asian Studies 2000. [Qui Xigui
2000]
Qú Tuìyuán 瞿蛻圓: Liú Yǔxí jí zan zhèng 劉禹錫集箋證. Shànghǎi, Shànghǎi gǔjí
chūbǎnshè 上海古籍出版社 1989. [Qu Tuiyuan 1989]
Radford, Andrew: Transformational Grammar. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press 1988.

[Radford 1988]
Ramsey, Robert S.: The Languages of China. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press 1987.
[Ramsey 1987]
Rawlinson, Andrew: The Ambiguity of the Buddha-nature Concept in India and China. In:
Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, ed. by Whalen Lai u. Lewis Lancaster. Berkeley, Asian
Humanities Press 1983: 259-280. [Rawlinson 1983]
Red Pine (tr.): The Collected Songs of Cold Mountain. Port Townsend, Copper Canyon
1983. [Red Pine 1983]
----------- (tr.): The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma. San Francisco, North Point Press 1987.
[Red Pine 1987]
Ren Jiyu: Shenxiu and the Northern School of Zen. In: Buddhist Studies in the People's
Republic of China - 1990-1991, ed. by Michael R. Saso. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press
1992: 1-21. [Ren Jiyu 1992]
** Rikugawa Taiun: "The Zǔtáng jí and the biography of Linji." In: Rinzai oyobi Rinzairoku
no kenkyû 臨濟及び臨濟錄の研究 .Tôkyô, Kikuya 1949: 121-135. [Rikugawa 1949]

111

Robinson, Richard H.: Early Mādhyamika in India and China. Delhi/Varanasi/Patna, Motilal
Banarsidass 1978 (19671). [Robinson 1978]
** Rosemont, Henry: "The Meaning Is the Use - Koan and Mondo as Linguistic Tools of the
Zen Masters." In: Philosophy East and West 20 (1970): 109-119. [Rosemont 1970]
Ruegg, Seyfort D.: La Théorie du Tathāgatagarbha et du Gotra - Études sur la Sotériologie et

la Gnoséologie du Bouddhisme. Paris, École Française d'Extrême-Orient 1969. [Ruegg 1969]
----------------------: Buddha-Nature, Mind and the Problem of Gradualism in a Comparative

Perspektive - On the Transmission and Reception of Buddhism in India and Tibet. London,
School of Oriental and African Studies 1989. [Ruegg 1989]
Sagart, L.: "L'infixe -r- en Chinois Archaique." In: Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de
Paris 88/1 (1993): 261-293. [Sagart 1993]
Sasaki, Genjun H.: Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought. Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass
1992 (19861). [Sasaki 1992]
Sasaki Ruth Fuller: "The Life of Lin-chi I-hsuan." In: The Eastern Buddhist 5/2 (1973): 70-
94. [Sasaki 1973]
Sasaki, Ruth Fuller (tr.): The Record of Lin-chi - The Recorded Sayings of Ch'an Master Lin-
chi Hui-chao of Chen Prefecture. Kyôto, The Institute for Zen Studies 1975. [Sasaki 1975]
Saso, Michael R.: (ed.): Buddhist Studies in the People's Republic of China - 1990-1991.
Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1992. [Saso 1992]
Sawer, Michael: Studies in Middle Chinese Grammar - The Language of the Early 'yeulu'.
PH.D. thesis. Canberra, Australian National University 1969. [Sawer 1969]
Schafer, E. H.: The Empire of Min. Harvard-Yenching Institute 1954. [Schafer 1954]
[On the Min-emperors and Chán-Buddhism see pp. 91-95.]
** -----------------: "Preliminary Remarks on the Structure and Imagery of the 'Classical

Chinese' Language of the Medieval Period." In: T'oung Pao 50 (1963): 257-264. [Schafer
1963]
Schlütter, Morten: 'Before the Empty Eon' versus 'A Dog has no Buddha-Nature' - Kung-an
Use in the Ts'ao-tung Tradition and Ta-hui's Kung-an Introspection Ch'an. In: Heine/Wright
2000: 169-199. [Schlütter 2000]
Seo, Kyung-Bo: A Study of Korean Zen Buddhism Approached through the Chodangjip.
Temple University 1968 (Ph. Diss.). [Seo 1968]
** Shi, Ziqian: "The Grammaticalization of the Particle LE in Mandarin Chinese." In:

Language Variation and Change 1 (1989): 99-114. [Shi Ziqian 1989]

112

Shih, Robert: Biographies des Moines Éminentes (Kao seng tchouan) de Houei-kiao
Traduites et Annotées. Première Partie - Biographies des Premiers Traducteurs. Louvain
1968. [Shih 1968]
** Shiina Kôyû 椎名宏雄: "Sôdôshû no hensô《祖堂集》の編成 [The Compilation of

Zǔtáng jí]. " In: Shûkyô kenkyû 宗教研究 21 (1979). [Shiina 1979]
Shimura Ryôji 志村良治: Zhōngguó zhōngshì yǔfǎshǐ yánjiū 中国中世语法史研究

[Research on the Grammar of Medieval Chinese]. Běijīng, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中华书局 1995.
[Shimura 1995]
[Translated from Japanese by Jiāng Lánshēng 江蓝生 and Bái Wéiguó 白维国.]
Shinohara Koichi: Two Sources of Buddhist Biographies - Stupa Inscriptions and Miracle
Stories. In: Monks and Magicians - Religious Biographies in Asia, ed. by Phyllis Granoff u.
Koichi Shinohara. Oakville/New York/London, Mosaic Press 1988: 119-228. [Shinohara
1988]
Schopen, Gregory (ed.): Buddist Studies by J. W. de Jong. Berkeley/California, Asian

Humanities Press 1979. [Schopen 1979]
Schumann, Hans W.: Mahāyāna Buddhism - Die Zweite Drehung des Rades. München,
Diederichs 1990. [Schumann 1990]
Snyder, Gary: Riprap & Cold Mountain Poems. Writing 7. San Francisco, Four Seasons
Foundation 1966. [Snyder 1966]
So Kee Long: "The Development Process of Fujian from Han to Sui." In: Xuecong 3 (1991):
281-293. [So 1991]
---------------: "Developments in Southern Fukien under the T'ang and the Min." In: Journal of
the American Oriental Society 115/3 (1995): 443-451. [So 1995]
Sòng Yínshèng 宋寅聖: "Zǔtáng jí suǒ jiàn Táng Wǔ-dài xīn xīng chùsuǒ fāngxiàng jiècí
tānjiū 《祖堂集》所見唐五代新興處所方向介詞探究 [Research into Locative and
Directional Prepositions which Appeared during the Táng and Five Dynasties Periods]." In:
佛教文學 3. [Song Yinsheng]
[The date of the article is not recognizable from my copy; cited as Song Yinsheng (no date)]
----------------------------: Zǔtáng jí xūcí yánjiū 《祖堂集》虛詞研究 [A Study on Function

Words in Zǔtáng jí]. Ph.D. thesis. Táiběi, Zhōngguó Wénhuà Dàxué 中國文化大學 1996.
[Song Yinsheng 1996]
** Song Yuzhu: "Guānyú shíjiān zhùcí de hé laizhe 关于时间助词'的'和'来着' [On the

Temporal Particles de and laizhe]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 4 (1981): 271-276. [Song
Yuzhu 1981]
Stalberg, Roberta: The Poems of the Han-shan Collection. Ph.D. dissertation. Ohio State
University 1977. [Stalberg 1977]

113

Stevenson, Daniel: The Four Kinds of Samādhi in Early T'ien-t'ai Buddhism. In: Traditions
of Meditation in Chinese Buddhism, ed. by Peter N. Gregory. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii
press 1986: 45-98. [Stevenson 1986]
Sun Chaofen: "The Adposition yi and Word Order Change in Classical Chinese." In: Journal
of Chinese Linguistics 19/2 (1991). [Sun Chaofen 1991]
----------------: "Transitivity, the BA Construction and its History." In: Journal of Chinese
Linguistics 23/1 (1995): 159-195. [Sun Chaofen 1995]
----------------: Word-order Change and Grammaticalization in the History of Chinese.

Standford, Stanford Univ. Press 1996. [Sun Chaofen 1996]
----------------: "Semantically Conditioned Shifts in Chinese." In: Cahiers de Linguistique

Asie Orientale 30/2 (2001): 133-178. [Sun Chaofen 2001]
Sūn Xīxìn 孙锡信: "Zǔtáng jí zhōng de yíwèn dàicí 《祖堂集》中的疑问代词

[Interrogative Pronouns in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中國語文 2 (1985). [Sun Xixin
1985]
----------------------: Hànyǔ lìshǐ yǔfǎ yàolüè 汉语历史语法要略 [An Outline of a Historical

Grammar of Chinese]. Shanghai, Fùdàn dàxué chūbǎnshè 复旦大学出版社 1992. [Sun Xixin
1992]
----------------------: Hànyǔ lìshǐ yǔfǎ cónggǎo 汉语历史语法丛稿 [An Outline of an

Historical Grammar of Chinese]. Shanghai, Hànyǔ dàcídiǎn chūbǎnshè 汉语大词典出版社
1997. [Sun Xixin 1997]
----------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ yǔqìcí 近代汉语语气词 [Sentence Final Modal Particles in

Early Mandarin]. Beijing, Yǔwén chūbǎnshè 语文出版社 1999. [Sun Xixin 1999]
----------------------: Sòng Yuán yǔ qìcí de fāzhān hé biànhuà 宋元語氣詞的發展和變化 [The

Development and Change of Modal Sentence Final Particles of the Sòng and Yuán Periods].
In: Gǔhànyǔ yǔfǎ lùnwénjí 古漢語語法論文集 [Collected Essays in Ancient Chinese
Grammar], ed. by Redouane Djamouri. Paris, École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales -
Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l'Asie Orientale 2001. [Sun Xixin 2001]
Sūn Zhànlín 孙占林: "'qù' de 'wǎng' yì de chǎnshēng '去'的'往'义的产生 [The Origin of the
Meaning 'go to' of the Word qù]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 3 (1991). [Sun Zhanlin
1991]
Suzuki, Daisetz T.: The Zen Doctrine of No Mind - The Significance of the Sûtra of Hui-
neng Weil-lang. London, Rider and Company 1949. [Suzuki 1949]
Suzuki Daisetzu T. 鈴木大拙: Suzuki Daisetzu zenshû 鈴木大拙全集 [The Collected Works
of Suzuki Daisetzu]. 3 vol. Tôkyô, Iwanami shoten 岩波書店 1968. [Suzuki 1968]

114

------------------------- (tr.): The Lankavatara Sutra. Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, London:
1973 [19321]. [Suzuki 1973]
-------------------------: Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra. Taibei, SMC Publishing 1991

(London, Routledge & Sons 19301). [Suzuki 1991]
Suzuki Daisetzu T. 鈴木大拙/Kuda Rentarô 公田連太郎: Tonkô shutsudo Rokuso dankyô

敦煌出土六祖壇經 [The Platform sutra of the Sixth Patriarch Exvacated in Dūnhuáng].
Tôkyô 1934. [Suzuki 1934]
Suzuki Tetsuo 鈴木哲雄: "Sodôshû taishô Keitoku Dentôroku

《祖堂集》對照《景德傳燈錄》." In: Zen kenkyûjo kiyô 禪研究所紀要 22 (1993): 249-
500. [Suzuki 1993]
Swanson, Paul L.: Foundations of T'ien-T'ai Philosophy - The Flowering of the Two Truths
Theory in Chinese Buddhism. Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press 1989. [Swanson 1989]
Sweetser, Eve E.: From Etymology to Pragmatics - Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of
Semantic Structure. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press 1998 (19901). [Sweetser 1998]
** Tai, J. H.: On the Change from SVO to SOV in Chinese. In: Papers from the Parasession
on Diachronic Syntax, ed. by S.B. Steever, C.A. Walker and S.S. Mufwere. Chicago, Chicago
Linguistic Society 1976. [Tai 1976]
** ---------------: "Variation in Classifier Systems Across Chinese Dialects: Towards a

Cognition-Based Semantic Approach." In: Zhōngguó jìng nèi yǔyán jí yǔyánxué
中国境内语言暨语言学 1 (1992): 587-608. [Tai 1992]
** Tai, J. H./Wang Lianqing: "A Semantic Approach to the Classifier tiao." In: Journal of the
Chinese Language Teachers Association 25/1 (1990): 35-56. [Tai/Wang 1990]
Takasaki Jikido: A Study on the Ratnagotravibhāga (Uttaratantra). Rome; Instituto Italiano

per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente 1966. [Takasaki 1966]
-------------------: An Introduction to Buddhism. Tôkyô, Tôhô Gakkai 1987 [Takasaki 1987]

[The Japanese original was tr. by Rolf W. Giebel: Takasaki Jikido 高崎直道: Bukkyô Nyûmon
佛教入門. Tôkyô, Tôkyô Daigaku Shuppankai 1983.]
Takashima, Ken-ichi: Toward a New Pronominal Hypothesis of Qi in Shang Chinese. In:

Ivanhoe 1996: 3-38. [Takashima 1996]
Tán Wěi 譚偉: Zǔtáng jí wénxiàn yǔyán yánjiū 《祖堂集》文獻語言研究 [Studies in the
Text and Language of Zǔtáng jí]. Chéngdū, Bāshǔ shūshè 巴蜀書社 2005. [Tan Wei 2005]
Táng Wèiqún 唐为群/Zhāng Yǒngméi 张咏梅: "Bǎiyù jīng 'wǒ' 'ěr' 'tā' yánjiū
《百喻经》'我''爾''他'研究 [A Study on the Pronouns wǒ, ěr, and tā in Bǎiyù jīng]." In:
Húběi mínyuàn xuébào 湖北民院学报 2 (2000). [Tang Weiqun 2000]

115

Tāng Yòngtóng 湯用彤: Suí Táng fójiào shǐ 隋唐佛教史 [A History of Buddhism of the Suí
and Táng Periods]. Táiběi, Fóguāng chūbǎnshè 佛光出版社 2001. [Tang Yongtong 2001]
Táng Yùmíng 唐钰明: "Hàn Wèi Liù-cháo bèidòngshì lüèlùn 汉魏六朝被动词式略论." In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 3 (1987): 216-223. [Tang Yuming 1987]
--------------------------: "Táng zhì Qīng de 'bèi' zì jù 唐至清的'被'字句 [The Passive Sentence

with bèi from the Táng until the Qīng]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 6 (1988): 459-468.
[Tang Yuming 1988]
--------------------------: "Shànggǔ pànduàn-jù de biànhuàn kǎochá 上古判断句的变换考察."

In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 5 (1991). [Tang Yuming 1991]
--------------------------: "Zhōnggǔ 'shì' zì pànduàn-jù shùyào 中古'是'字判断句述要." In:

Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 5 (1992): 394-399. [Tang Yuming 1992]
Táng Zuòfān 唐作藩: Hànyǔshǐ xuéxí yǔ yánjiū 汉语史学习与研究 [Research and Study on
the History of Chinese]. Běijīng, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商物印书馆 2001. [Tang Zuofan
2001]
** Tao Hongyin: "NP Coordination in Medieval Chinese - A Discourse Approach." In:

Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale 20/1 (1991): 85-106. [Tao Hongyin 1991]
Teiser, Stephen F.: The Scripture on the Ten Kings and the Making of Purgatory in Medieval
Chinese Buddhism. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1994. [Teiser 1994]
----------------------: The Ghost Festival in Medieval China. Princeton, Princeton Univ. Press
1996 (19881). [Teiser 1996]
The Korean Buddhist Research Institute (ed.): The History and Culture of Buddhism in
Korea. Seoul, Dongguk University Press 1993. [Korean Buddhism 1993]
The Korean Buddhist Research Institute (ed.): Buddhist Thought in Korea. Seoul, Dongguk
University Press 1994. [Korean Buddhism 1994]
** Thompson, Sandra: "Transitivity and the BA Construction in Mandarin Chinese." In:

Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1/2 (1973): 208-221. [Thompson 1973]
Tián Chūnlái 田春来: Zǔtáng jí jùmò de cì 《祖堂集》句末的次 [Sentence final cì in

Zǔtáng jí]. In: Chángjiāng xuéshù 长江学术 1 (2007): 176-179. [Tian Chunlai 2007]
Tián Zōngyáo 田宗尧: Zhōngguó huàběn xiǎoshuō súyǔ cídiǎn 中国话本小说俗语辞典 [A

Dictionary of Colloquial Expressions in Chinese Short Stories and Novels]. Táiběi, Xīn
Wénfēng chūbǎn gōngsī 新文丰出版公司 1984. [Tian Zongyao 1984]
[This work lists about 32,000 colloquial expressions from Chinese vernacular fiction.]
Tokiwa Daijô 常盤大定: "Hôrinden no kenkyû 寶林傳の研究. [Studies in the Bǎolín

zhuàn]." In: Tôhô gakuhô 東方學報 4 (1933). [Tokiwa 1933]

116

-------------------------------: Hôrinden no kenkyû 寶林傳の研究. [Studies in the Bǎolín

zhuàn]. Tôkyô, Tôhô bunka gakuin Tôkyô kenkyûsho 東方文化學院東京研究所 1934.
[Tokiwa 1934]
-------------------------------: Shina bukkyô shi no kenkyû 支那佛教史の研究 [Studies in

Chinese Buddhism]. 3 vol. Tôkyô 1943. [Tokiwa 1943]
Traugott, Elisabeth: On the Rise of Epistemic Meanings in English: An Example of

Subjectification in Semantic Change. In: Language 57: 33-65. [Traugott ??]
Traugott, Elisabeth C. and Richard B. Dasher: Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge,

Cambridge Univ. Press 2002. [Traugott 2002]
Tsuchiya Masaaki 土屋昌明/Kinugawa Kenji 衣川賢次/Ogawa Takashi 小川隆: "Raisan

oshô Raku dô ka kô 懶瓚和尚《樂道歌》攷 - Sodôshû kenkyûkai hôkoku 3
《祖堂集》研究會報告 3 [A Study of the Lèdào gē of Preceptor Lǎnzàn - Report Number
Three of the Zǔtáng jí Research Association]." In: Tôyô bunka kenkyûjo kiyô
東洋文化研究所紀要 141 (2001): 125-195. [Tsuchiya 2001]
** Twichett, Denis.W.: "Monastic Estates in T'ang China." In: Asia Major, NS, 5 (1956):
123-146. [Twichett 1956]
---------------------------: "The Monasteries and China's Economy in Medieval Times." In:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 19/3 (1957): 526-549. [Twichett 1957]
Tzukamoto Zenryû: A History of Early Chinese Buddhism - From its Introduction to the
Death of Hui-yüan. 2 vol. Tôkyô/New York/San Francisco, Kodansha International LTD
1985. [Tzukamoto 1985]
[Original title: Chûgoku Bukkyô Tsûshi 中國佛教通史, vol. 1 (1979), tr. by Leon Hurvitz]
Ui Hakuju 宇井伯壽: Hokuzô zen no hitobito to kyôsetzu 北宗禪の人人と較說. In: Bukkyô

kenkyû 2/4 (1938): 34-69. [Ui 1938]
--------------------------: Zengaku shi kenkyû 禪學史研究 [Studies on the History of Chán-

Buddhism]. 3 vol. Tôkyô, Iwanami shoten 岩波書店 1966 (1939-19431). [Ui 1966]
[The vol. Běizōng cánjiǎn 北宗殘簡 is a collection of source materials on the Early Chán school.]
Unger, Ulrich: Grammatik des Klassischen Chinesisch. 6 vol.: vol. 1 (Wort, Syntagma,
Münster 1994); vol. 2 (Nominalsatz, Münster 1996); vol. 3/1 (Präpositionen, Münster 1996);
vol. 3/2 (Verbalsatz, Partikeln, ausser Konjunktionen, Münster 1992); vol. 3/3 (Verbalsatz,
Verbalklassen, Hilfsverben, Münster 1996); vol.3/4 (Verbalsatz, Konjunktionen, Münster
1997). Draft versions. Münster 1992-1997.
Unger, Ulrich: Rhetorik des Klassischen Chinesisch. Wiesbaden, Harrasowitz Verlag 1994.
[Unger 1994]
Van Valin, Robert D./Randy J. LaPolla: Syntax - Structure, Meaning and Function.
Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press 1997. [Van Valin/LaPolla 1997]

117

** Verob'eva, M.I./Gurevič, I.S./Men'šikov, L.N./Spirin, S.A./Skoljar, S.A.: Opisanie

kitaïskix rukopiseï Dun'xuanskogo fonda Institua narodov Azii. Vypusk 1. Pod redaktsiei:
L.N. Men'šikova. Mosca, 1963.
Von Wright, Georg H.: Truth, Knowledge, and Modality. Oxford, Basil Blackwell 1984.
[Von Wright 1984]
Waley, Arthur (tr.): "27 Poems by Han-shan." In: Encounter 3/3 (1954): 3-8. [Waley 1954]
-----------------: Ballads and Stories from Tun-huang. New York 1960. [Waley 1960]
-----------------: "Two Posthumous Articles: (1) A Song Colloquial Story from Tsu-t'ang chi."
In: Asia Major 14/2 (1968): 243-253. [Waley 1968]
Wáng Chuándé 王傳德/Shàng Qìng 尚慶: Hànyǔ shǐ 漢語史 [A History of the Chinese
Language]. Jìnán 濟南: Jìnán chūbǎnshè 濟南出版社 1996. [Wang Chuande 1996]
Wáng Dōngmíng 王東明 et al.: Sòng Yuán Míng Qīng bǎibù xiǎoshuō yǔcí dàcídiǎn
宋元明清百部小說語詞大辭典 [A Dictionary on Colloquial Expressions in the novels of the
Sòng, Yuán, Míng, and Qīng Dynasties]. Chángān: Shǎnxī rénmín chūbǎnshè
陝西人民出版社1992. [Wang Dongming 1992]
Wang Gongwu: "The Nanhai Trade." In: Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic
Society 31/2 (1958): 72-112. [Wang Gongwu 1958]
Wáng Lì 王力: Zhōngguó xiàndài yǔfǎ 中國現代語法 [A Grammar of Modern Mandarin]. 2

vol. Chóngqìng 重慶, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商務印書館 1943-1944. ?? [Wang Li 1943-
1944]
[There is a Taiwanese reprint of this book, published in Táiběi 臺北, Lándēng wénhuà shìyè gōngsī
藍燈文化事業公司 1987].
------------------: Zhōngguó yǔfǎ lǐlùn 中國語法理論 [A Theory of Chinese Grammar]. 2 vol.

Chóngqìng 重慶, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商務印書館 1944-1945. [Wang Li 1944-1945]
[There is a Taiwanese reprint of this book, published in Táiběi 臺北, Lándēng wénhuà shìyè gōngsī
藍燈文化事業公司 1987].
------------------: Hànyǔshǐ gǎo 汉语史稿 [Outline of the History of Chinese]. Revised

Edition. Beijing, Kēxué chūbǎnshè 科学出版社 1958. [Wang Li 1958]
[There is a reprint of this book, published in Hongkong, Bōwén shūjú 波文書局.]
Hànyǔshǐ gǎo 汉语史稿 [Outline of the History of Chinese]. Vol. 2. Beijing,

----------------------:
Zhōnghuá shūjú 中华书局 1980. [Wang Li 1980]
------------------: Hànyǔ yǔfǎ shǐ 汉语语法史 [A History of Chinese Grammar]. Beijing:

Shāngwù Yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 1989. [Wang Li 1989]

118

------------------: Gǔdài hànyǔ 古代漢語 [Ancient Chinese]. 4 vol. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú
中華書局 2000 (19621). [Wang Li 2000]
Wáng Shàoxīn 王紹新: "Liàngcí 'gè' zài Táng-dài qiànhòu de fāzhǎn

量詞'個'在唐代前後的發展 [The Development of the Classifier gè During the Táng Period]."
In: Yǔyán jiàoxué yǔ yánjiū 語言教學與研究 2 (1989): 98-119. [Wang Shaoxin 1989]
---------------------------: Táng-dài shī wén xiǎoshuō zhōng míngliàngcí de yúnyòng

唐代诗文小说中名量词的运用 [The Usage of Noun Classifiers in Poems, Prose, and Novels
During the Tang Dynasty]. In: Cheng Xiangqing 1992(b): 327-386. [Wang Shaoxin 1992]
Wáng Wēihuī 汪维辉: "Xìcí 'shì' fāzhǎn chéngshú de shídài 系词'是'发展成熟的时代 [The
Period of Development and Maturation of Copula shì]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 2
(1998): 133-136. [Wang Weihui 1998]
Wang Yi-t'ung (tr.): A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-yang - By Yang Xuanzhi.

Princeton/New Jersey, Princeton University Press 1984. [Wang 1984]
Wang Youru: "The Pragmatics of 'Never Tell Too Plainly': Indirect Communication in Chan
Buddhism." In: Asian Philosophy, 10/1 (march 2000): 7-32. [Wang Youru 2000]
** -------------: "Liberating Oneself from the Absolutized Boundary of Language: A

Liminological Approach to the Interplay of Speech and Silence in Chan Buddhism." In:
Philosophy East and West 51/1 (2001): 83-99. [Wang Youru 2001]
Wang Zhenping: "T'ang Maritime Trade Administration." In: Asia Major 4/1 (1991): 7-38.
[Wang Zhenping 1991]
Watson, Burton (tr.): Records of the Grand Historian of China. New York, Columbia
University Press 1961. [Watson 1961]
------------------- (tr.): Cold Mountain: 100 Poems by the T'ang Poet Han-shan. New York,
Gorve 1962. [Watson 1962]
------------------- (tr.): Courtier and Commoner in Ancient China. Selections from the
History of the Former Han by Pan Ku. New York, Columbia University Press 1974.
[Watson 1974]
--------------------(tr.): Records of the Grand Historian. New York/Hongkong, Columbia

Uinversity Press 1993. [Watson 1993]
------------------- (tr.): The Zen Teachings of Master Lin-chi - A Translation of the Lin-chi lu.
New York, Columbia Univ. Press 1999. [Watson 1999]
Watters, Thomas: Essays on the Chinese Language. Shanghai, Presbyterian Mission Press
1889. [Watters 1889]
** Wèi Péiquán 魏培泉: "Gǔhànyǔ jiècí yú de yǎnbiàn lüèshǐ 古汉语介词'於'的演变略史

[The Concise History of the Development of the Preposition yú in Ancient Chinese]. In:

119

Zhōngyāng yánjiūyuàn lìshǐ yǔyán yánjiūsuǒ jíkān 中央研究历史语言研究所集刊 62/4
(1993): 717-786. [Wei Peiquan 1993]
Weinstein, Stanley: Imperial Patronage in the Formation of T'ang Buddhism. In: Perspectives
on the T'ang, ed. by Arthur F. Wright u. Denis T. Twitchett. New Haven/London, Yale
University Press 1973: 265-306. [Weinstein 1973]
Welter, Albert: The Contextual Study of Chinese Buddhist Biographies - The Example of
Yung-ming Yen-shou (904-975). In: Monks and Magicians - Religious Biographies in Asia,
ed. by Phyllis Granoff u. Koichi Shinohara. Oakville/New York/London, Mosaic Press 1988:
247-268. [Welter 1988]
** -----------------: "Zanning and Chan - The Changing Nature of Buddhism in Early Song
China." In: Journal of Chinese Religion 23 (1995). [Welter 1995]
-----------------: Mahākāsyapa's Smile - Silent Transmission and the Kung-an (Kôan)

Tradition. In: Heine/Wright 2000: 75-109. [Welter 2000]
Wēn Duānzhèng 溫端政: Zhōngguó súyǔ dàcídiǎn 中国俗语大词典[An Encyclopadic

Dictionary of Chinese Colloquial Terms]. Shanghai, Shànghǎi císhū chūbǎnshè
上海辞书出版社 1989. [Wen Duanzheng 1989]
Wiese, Heike: Zahl und Numerale - Eine Untersuchung zur Korrelation konzeptueller and
sprachlicher Strukturen. Berlin, Akademie Verlag 1997. [Wiese 1997]
Williams, Paul: Mahāyāna Buddhism - The Doctrinal Foundations. London/New York,

Routledge 1992 (19891). [Williams 1992]
Wippermann, Dorothea: Die sprachlichen Mittel der Einbettung direkter Rede in der
chinesischen wenyan-Erzählliteratur bis zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Opera sinologica
8. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag 2001. [Wippermann 2001]
Wittern, Christian: Das Yulu des Chan-Buddhismus - Die Entwicklung vom 8.-11
Jahrhundert am Beispiel des 28. Kapitels des Jingde chuandenglu (1004). In: Schweizerische
Asiatische Studien, Monographien, vol. 31. Bern, Peter Lang 1998. [Wittern 1998]
----------------------: Style and Fashion in Early Song Chan Yulu. In: Facets of Tibetan
Religious Tradition and Contacts with Neighbouring Cultural Areas, ed. by A. Cadonna and
E. Bianchi. Firenze, Leo S. Olschki Editore 2002: 127-151. [Wittern 2002]
Wright, Arthur F.: T'ang T'ai-tsung and Buddhism. In: Perspectives on the T'ang, ed. by
Arthur F. Wright u. Denis T. Twitchett. New Haven/London, Yale University Press 1973:
239-263. [Wright 1973]
----------------------: Studies in Chinese Buddhism - Edited by Robert M. Somers. New

Haven/London, Yale Univ. Press 1990. [Wright 1990]
Wright, Dale: Philosophical Meditations on Zen Buddhism. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ.

Press 1998. [Wright 1998]

120

----------------: Kôan History: Transformative Language in Chinese Buddhist Thought. In
Heine/Wright 2000: 200-212. [Wright 2000]
Wú Fúxiáng 吴服祥: Dūnhuáng biànwén yǔfǎ yánjiū 敦煌变文语法研究 [A Study of the

Grammar of Dūnhuáng biànwén (Transformation Texts)]. Chángshā 长沙, Yuèlù shūshè
岳麓书社 1996. [Wu Fuxiang 1996]
------------------------: "Cóng 'VP-neg' shì fǎnfù wènjù de fēnhuà tán yǔqìcí 'mó' de chǎnshēng
从 'VP-neg' 反复问句的分化谈语气词'摩'的产生 [A Discussion of the Origin of Sentence
Final Modal Particle mó from Diversification of the Repetition Choice-question Sentence of
the Type VP-neg]." In: ??
Wǔ Huá 伍华: "Lùn Zǔtáng jí yǐ 'bù, fǒu, wú, mó' shōuwěi de wènjù
论《祖堂集》以'不，否，无，摩'收尾的问句 [A Study on Interrogative Sentences Finals
bù, fǒu, wú, mó in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Zhōngshān dàxué xuébào 中山大学学报 4 (1987). [Wu
Hua 1987]
** -------------------: "Táng Sòng báihuà cíyǔ kǎoshì 唐宋白话词语考释." In: Yǔwén wénzì
lùnjí 语言文字论集. Guǎngzhōu 广州: Guǎngdōng rénmín chūbǎnshè 广东人民出版社
1990: 249-255. [Wu Hua 1990]
Wú Màopíng 吳茂萍: Táng-dài chēngwèicí zhájì 唐代稱謂詞札記 [Notes on Appellations in

the Táng Dynasty]. In: Hànyǔshǐ yánjīu jíkān 汉语史研究集刊 [Collected Research Papers
on the History of Chinese], vol. 4; ed. by Sìchuān dàxué hànyǔshǐ yánjiūsuǒ
四川大學漢語史研究所. Chéngdū 成都, Bā shǔ shūshè 巴蜀書社 2001: 439-442. [Wu
Maoping 2001]
Wú Yánshēng 吴言生 (ed. in chief): Zhōngguó Chánxué [Studies in Chinese Chán

Buddhism]. vol. 1. Beijing, Zhōnghuá shūjú 中华书局 2002. [Wu Yansheng 2002]
** Wú Zéshūn 吴泽顺: "Bǎiyù jīng fùyīncí yánjiū 《百喻经》复音词研究 [A Study of

Disyllabic Words in Bǎiyù jīng]." In: Jíshǒu dàxué xuébào 吉首大学学报 1 (1987). [Wu
Zeshun 1987]
** Wǔ Zhènyù 武振玉: "Shì xī Wǔdēng huìyuán zhōng de shìfēi wènjù yǔ xuǎnzé wènjù
试析《五灯会元》中的是非问句与选择问句 [An Analysis of Yes-no Interrogative
Sentence and Choice-question Sentences in Wǔdēng huìyuán]." In: Chángchūn dàxué xuébào
长春大学学报 2 (1998). [Wu Zhenyu 1998]
Xiàng Xī 向熹: Jiǎnmíng hànyǔ shí 简明汉语史 [A Concise History of Chinese Grammar].
Beijing, Gāoděng jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 高等教育出版社 1993. [Xiang Xi 1993]
Xiāo Hóng 萧红: "Luòyáng qiélán jì de wǔzhǒng pànduàn jùshì

《洛阳伽篮记》的五种判断句式 [Five Types of Copula Sentences in Luòyáng qiélán jì]."
In: Ānwēi dàxué xuébào 安微大学学报 1 (1999). [Xiao Hong 1999]

121

** Xú Zhèngkǎo 徐正考: "Táng Wǔdài xuǎnzé yíwènjù xìtǒng chūtàn
唐五代选择疑问句系统初探 [A Preliminary Study on the System of Choice-question
Sentences in the Táng and Five Dynsties Periods]." In: Jílín dàxué shèhuì kēxué xuébào
吉林大学社会科学学报 2 (1988): 72-76. [Xu Zhengkao 1988]
Yabuki Keiki 矢吹慶輝: Meisha yoin - Tonkô shutsudo miden koitsu Butten kaihô
鳴沙餘韻﹣敦煌出土未傳古逸佛典開寶 [English subtitle: Rare and Unknown Chinese
Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature Discovered in Tun-huang Collected by Sir Aurel
Stein and Preserved in the British Museum]. Tôkyô, Iwanami shoten 岩波書店 1930. [Yabuki
1930]
Yāhóngtuōfū, Xiè. Yè. 雅洪托夫，谢·叶·(= Yakhontov, S.E.): Hànyǔ shǐ lùnjí 汉语史论集
[Collection of Articles on the History of the Chinese Language]. Beijing, Běijīng dàxué
chūbǎnshè 北京大学出版社 1986.
** Yakhontov, S.E.: "Pis'mennii i Razgovorn'ii Kitaiskii Yazyk VII-XIII vv. n.e." In: Zhanry i
stili literatur Kitaia i Koreii, (1969): 74-86. [Yakhontov 1969]
Yampolsky, Philip: The Platform Sûtra of the Sixth Patriarch. New York, Columbia
University Press 1967. [Yampolsky 1967]
-----------------------: New Japanese Studies in Early Ch'an History. In: Early Ch'an in China
and Tibet, ed. by Whalen Lai u. Lewis Lancaster. Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press 1983.
[Yamapolsky 1983]
** Yán Qiàmào 颜洽茂: 'Yú ' zài Liù-cháo hàn-yì fójīng zhōng de tèshū yòngfǎ
'於'在六朝汉译佛经中的特殊用法 [The Special Usage of 'yú' in the Chinese Translation of
Buddhist Scriptures from the Six Dynasties Period]. Hángzhōu dàxué chūbǎnshè
杭州大学出版社 1990. [Yan Qiamao 1990]
Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山: "Sodôshû no shiryô kachi 祖堂集の資料價質 [The Value of the
Materials in the Zǔtáng jí]." In: Zengaku Kenkyû 禪學研究 44 (1953). 31-80. [Yanagida
1953]
------------------------------: "Genmon shôchû shû ni tsuite 玄門聖冑集について." In: Bukkyô

shigaku 佛教史學 7/3 (1958): 44-57. [Yanagida 1958]
-----------------------------: "Den'hôbôki to sono sakusha - Perio 3559-gô bunsho o meguru

Hokushû-zen kenkyû shiryô no sakki, jo no ichi.
傳法寶紀とその作者﹣ペリオ三五五九號文書をめぐる北宗禪研究資札記その一 [The
Transmission of the Dharma-treasure and its Author - Studies on the Research Material on
the Northern School of Chán Buddhism Preserved on Pelliot 3559, Part One]." In: Zengaku
kenkyû 禪學研究 53 (1963): 45-71. [Yanagida 1963]

122

-----------------------------: "Sodôshû no honbun kenkyû 祖堂集の本文研究 [A Textual Study
of the Collection From the Patriarchs' Hall]." In: Zengaku kenkyû 禪學研究 54 (1964): 11-
87. [Yanagida 1964]
-----------------------------: Shoki zenshû shisho no kenkyû 初期禪宗史書の研究 [Studies on

the Historical Works of the Early Period of Chán Buddhism]. Kyôto: Hôzôkan 法藏館 1967.
[Yanagida 1967]
----------------------------: Daruma no goroku - ninyû shigyô ron 達摩の語錄﹣二入四行論

[The Recorded Sayings of Bodhidharma - Treatise on the Two Entrances and Four
Practices]. Zen no goroku 禪の語錄, no. 1. Tôkyô, Chikuma shobô 1969. [Yanagida
1969(a)]
** --------------------------: "Zenshû goroku no keisei 禪宗語錄の形成 [The Formation of the

Chán Recorded Sayings]. In: Indogaku Bukkyôgaku kenkyû 印度學佛教學研究 18/1 (1969):
39-47. [Yanagida 1969(b)]
----------------------------: "Sodôshû monogatari 祖堂集ものがたり 1-22 [Tales from the

Collections from the Patriarchs' Hall]." In: Zen bunka 禪文化 51-82 (1969-1976). [Yanagida
1969-1976]
** -----------------------------: 《祖堂集》影印序 (影印《祖堂集》卷首). Chûmon

shuppansha 中文出版社 1972. [Yanagida 1972]
-----------------------------: Zen goroku 禪語錄 [The Chán Recorded Sayings]. Tôkyô:

Chûôkôronsha 中央公論社 1974. [Yanagida 1974(a)]
-----------------------------: Sodôshû ni tsuite 祖堂集について [On the Collections From the

Patriarchs' Hall] 禪學業書之四, 祖堂集卷首). Chûmon shuppansha 中文出版社 1974.
[Yanagida 1974(b)]
-----------------------------: Zenseki kaidai 禪籍解題 [Explanation of Chán Literary Works]. In:

Nishitani Keiji 西谷啟治/Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山 1974: 445-514. [Zenseki kaidai]
-----------------------------(ed.): Hôrinden 寶林傳 [Bǎolín zhuàn]. Zengaku sôsho 禪學叢書 5.

Kyôto, Chûbun shuppansha 中文出版社 1975. [(Yanagida 1975(a)]
-----------------------------: Shoki no zenshi 2 - Rekidai hôbôki 初期の禪史 II

《歷代法寶記》. Tôkyô, Chikuma shobô 1975. [(Yanagida 1975(b)]
---------------------------- (ed.): Sodôshû sakuin 祖堂集索引 [Index to the Collections from the
Patriarchs' Hall]. 3 vol. Kyôto, Kyôto daigaku jinbun kagaku kenkyûsho
京都大學人文科學研究所 1980, 1982, 1984. [Index]
** Yanagida Seizan: "Kanshite Sodôshû 關於《祖堂集》[Regarding Zǔtáng jí]." In: Hôin

法音 2 (1983): 30-32. [Yanagida 1983]

123

-----------------------------: The Li-tai Fa-pao Chi and the Ch'an Doctrine of Sudden
Awakening. Tr. by Carl Bielefeldt. In: Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, ed. by Whalen Lai
and Lewis Lancaster. Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series 5. Asian Humanities Press.
Berkeley/Motilal Barnarsidass 1983: 13-49. [Yanagida 1983(a)]
-----------------------------: The Development of the 'Recorded Sayings' Texts of the Chinese

Ch'an School. In: Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, ed. by Whalen Lai and Lewis Lancaster.
Berkeley Buddhist Studies Series 5. Asian Humanities Press. Berkeley/Motilal Barnarsidass
1983: 13-49. [Yanagida 1983(b)]
[This is a translation by John McRae of Yanagida's article "Zenshû goroku no keisei 禪宗語錄の形成."
In: Indogaku Bukkyôgaku kenkyû 印度學佛教學研究 18 (1969).]
-----------------------------(ed.): Sodôshû 祖堂集. Zengaku sôsho 禪學叢書 4. Kyôto: Chûmon

shuppansha 中文出版社 1984 (19721). [ZTJ]
----------------------------: Zoku Junzen no jidai 續純禪の時代 - Sodôshû monogatari

《祖堂集》ものがたり. Kyôto, Zen bunka kenkyûjo 禪文化研究所 1985. [Yanagida
1985(a)]
---------------------------: "Goroku no rekishi - Zen bunken no seiritsu shiteki kenkyû

語錄の歷史 - 禪文獻の成立史的研究 [The History of the Recorded Sayings - Studies in the
History of the Formation of Chán Literary Works]." In: Tôhô gakuhô 57 (1985): 211-663.
[Yanagida 1985(b)]
**--------------------------: Zen no sanga 禪のさんが. Kyôto, Zen bunka kenkyûjo

禪文化研究所1986.
[Yanagida 1986]
--------------------------: Sodôshû 祖堂集 [Collections From the Patriarchs' Hall]. Daijô
butten 大乘佛典: Chûgoku 中國, Nihonhen, vol.13. Tôkyô, Chûôkôronsha 1990. [Yanagida
1990]
----------------------------: "Passion for Zen." In: Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 6 (1991-1992): 1-29.

[Yanagida 1991-1992]
----------------------------: "Kunchû Sodôshû 訓注《祖堂集》(12)." In: Zen bunka 禪文化 143

(1992): 102-127. [Yanagida 1992(a)]
----------------------------: "Kunchû Sodôshû 訓注《祖堂集》(13)." In: Zen bunka 禪文化 144

(1992): 94-105. [Yanagida 1992(b)]
Yáng Bójùn 扬伯峻/Hé Lèshì 何乐士: Gǔ hànyǔ yǔfǎ jí qí fāzhǎn 古汉语语法及其发展

[The Grammar of Ancient Chinese and its Development]. Beijing, Yǔwén chūbǎnshè
语文出版社 1992. [Yang/He 1992]
Yáng Jiànguó 杨件国: Jìndài hànyǔ yǐn lùn 近代汉语引论. Héféi 合肥, Huángshān shūshè
黄山书社 1993. [Yang Jianguo 1993]

124

Yang, L. S.: "Buddhist Monasteries and Four Money-Raising Institutions in Chinese
History." In: Harvard Journal of Asian Studies 13 (1950): 174-191. [Yang 1950]
Yáng Róngxiàng 楊榮祥: "Gǔhànyǔ zhōng 'shā' de yǔyì tèzhēng hé gōngnéng tèzhēng
古漢語中'殺'的語義特徵和功能特徵 [The Special Characterstics of the Meanings and
Functions of shā in Ancient Chinese]." In: Hànyǔshǐ xuébào 漢語史學報 2 (2002): 75-82.
[Yang Rongxiang 2002]
Yáng Yǒnglóng 杨永龙: "Hànyǔ fāngyán xiānshí zhùcí zhe de láiyuán

汉语方言先时助词'着'的来源." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2 (2002): 1-7. [Yang Yonglong
2002]
Yáng Zēngwén 杨曾文 (ed.): Shénhuì héshàng Chán-huà-lù 神會和尚禪話錄 [The

Recorded Sayings of Preceptor Shénhuì]. Beijing, Zhōnghuá Shūjú Chūbǎn 中華書局出版
1996. [Yang Zengwen 1996]
Yáng Zēngwén 杨曾文: Táng Wǔ-dài Chánzōng shǐ 唐五代禅宗史 [A History of the Chán
School of the Táng and Five Dynasties Periods]. Beijing, Zhōngguó shèhuì kēxué chūbǎnshè
中国社会科学出版社 1999. [Yang Zengwen 1999]
Yáo Zhènwǔ 姚振武: "Gǔhànyǔ shòushìjù zhōng 'jiàn V' jiégòu zài yánjiū
古汉语受事句中'见 V'结构再研究 [Further Research in the Construction 'jiàn V' in Object-
sentences in Ancient Chinese]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究 2 (1990). [Yao Zhenwu
1990]
** Yìn Shūn 印順: Zhōngguó Chán-zōng shǐ 中國禪宗史 [A History of the Chinese Chán
School]. Táiběi, Huiri Jiangtang 1971. [Yin Shun 1971]
Yokoi Seizan 橫井聖山 see: Yanagida Seizan
Yoshizu Yoshihide: The Relation between Chinese Buddhist History and Soteriology. In:
Paths to Liberation - The Mārga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, ed. by Robert
E. Buswell u. Robert M. Gimello. Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1992: 309-338. [Yoshizu
1992]
Yóu Lí 游黎: Táng Wǔ-dài dòngliàngcí fāzhǎn zhuàngkuàng jiǎnshù

唐五代動量詞發展狀況簡述 [A Brief Description of the Development of Verbal Classifiers
in the Táng and Five Dynasties Periods]. In: Hànyǔshǐ yánjīu jíkān 汉语史研究集刊
[Collected Research Papers on the History of Chinese], vol. 4; ed. by Sìchuān dàxué hànyǔshǐ
yánjiūsuǒ 四川大學漢語史研究所. Chéngdū 成都, Bā shǔ shūshè 巴蜀書社 2001. [You Li
2001]
Yú Gǔ 于谷: Chánzōng yǔyán hé wénxiàn 禪宗語言和文獻 [The Language and Literary

Works of the Chán-School]. Jiāngxī rénmín chūbǎnshè 江西人民出版社 1995. [Yu Gu 1995]

125

Yú Guāngzhōng 俞光中: "Yuán - Míng báihuà zhùcí 'lái' 元明白话助词"来" [The Auxiliary
Word lái in the Colloquial Language of the Yuán and Míng Dynasties]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén
中国语文 4 (1985): 289-291. [Yu Guangzhong 1985]
Yú Guāngzhōng 俞光中: "Shuǐhǔ quán zhuàn jùmò de 'zài zhè (nà) lǐ'
kǎo.《水浒全传》句末的'在这（那）里'考 [Study on the Construction zài zhè (nà) lǐ in the
Shuǐhǔ quán zhuàn]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 1 (1986): 63-69. [Yu Guangzhong
1986]
** -----------------------------: "'V zài N L' de fēnxī jí qí láiyuán xiànyí 'V 在 N L'

的分析及其来源献疑." In: Yǔwén yánjiū 语文研究 3 (1987). [Yu Guangzhong 1986]
Yú Guāngzhōng 俞光中/Ueda Hitoshi 植田均: Jìndài hànyǔ yǔfǎ yánjiū 近代汉语语法研究

[Studies in the Grammar of Early Mandarin]. Shànghǎi, Xuélín chūbǎnshè 学林出版社 2000
(19991). [Yu/Ueda 2000]
** Yú Lǐmíng 俞理明: "Cóng Hàn Wèi Liù-cháo fójīng kàn dàicí 'tā' de biànhuà
从汉魏六朝佛经看代词'他'的变化." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 6 (1988). [Yu Liming
1988]
** -----------------------: "Cóng fójīng cáiliào kàn zhōnggǔ hànyǔ rén jǐ dàicí de fāzhǎn
从佛经材料看中古汉语人己代词的发展." In: Sìchuān dàxué xuébào 四川大学学报 4
(1989). [Yu Liming 1989]
Yuán Bīn 袁宾: "Jìndài hànyǔ 'hǎo bù' kǎo 近代汉语'好不'考 [A Study on hǎo bù in Early
Mandarin]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 3 (1984): 207-215. [Yuan Bin 1984]
------------------: "Táng Sòng súyǔcí zhájì 唐宋俗语词札记 [Remarks on Vernacular

Expressions of the Táng and Sòng Periods]." In: Shāndōng shī dàxuébào 山东师大学报 4
(1986): 72-78. [Yuan Bin 1986]
------------------: Yíwèn fùcí 'kě' zhe tàn yuán 疑问副词'可'者探源 [A Study on the Origin of
the Interrogative Adverb kě]." In: Yǔyán yuèkān 语言月刊 3 (1988): 17. [Yuan Bin 1988(a)]
** ------------------: "Dūnhuáng biànwén zhōng de yíwèn fùcí 'hái'

敦煌变文中的疑问副词'還']." In: Yǔyán yuèkān 语言月刊 4 (1988). [Yuan Bin 1988(b)]
** ------------------: "Chánzōng zhùzuò lǐ de kǒuyǔ cí 禅宗著作里的口语语词 [Vernacular

Expressions in the Literary Works of the Chán School]." In: Yǔyán yuèkān 语言月刊 7
(1988): 11-12. [Yuan Bin 1988(c)]
------------------: "Zǔtáng jí 'bèi' zì yánjiū 《祖堂集》被字句研究 [A Study of the Passive

Sentences with bèi in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 1/1989: 53-62. [Yuan Bin
1989(a)]
[This article is reprinted in Jiang Shaoyu/Jiang Lansheng 1999: 195-213; reference given in the thesis is
to the page numbers of the reprint.]

126

------------------: "Shuō yíwèn fùcí hái 说疑问副词'還' [On the Interrogative Adverb hái]. In:
Yǔwén yánjiū 2 1989: 26-28. [Yuan Bin 1989(b)]
** ------------------: "Zài tán Chán-zōng yǔlù zhōng de kǒuyǔcí 再谈禅宗语录中的口语词

[Further Discussion on Vernacular Words in the Recorded Sayings of the Chán School]." In:
Yǔyán yuèkān 语言月刊 3(1989): 12-13. [Yuan Bin 1989(c)]
** ------------------ (ed.): Chán-zōng zhùzuò cíyǔ huì shì 禅宗著作词语汇释. Nánjīng 南京,
Jiāngsū gǔjí chūbǎnshè 江苏古籍出版社 1990. [Yuan Bin 1990]
** -------------------: "Chán-zōng zhùzuò lǐ de liǎng zhǒng yíwènjù yījiān lùn tóngxíng yǔfǎ
禅宗著作里的两种疑问句－兼论同行语法." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2(1992): 58-64.
[Yuan Bin 1992(a)]
** ------------------ (ed.): Zhōngguó chánzōng yǔlù dàguān 中国禅宗语录大观. Nánchāng

南昌, Bǎihuāzhōu wényì chūbǎnshè 百花洲文艺出版社 1992. [Yuan Bin 1992(b)]
----------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ gàilùn 近代汉语概论 [An Outline of Early Mandarin].

Shànghǎi 上海, Shànghǎi jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 上海教育出版社 1992. [Yuan Bin 1992(c)]
** -------------------: Chán-zōng yǔyán hé wénxiàn 禅宗语言和文献 [The Language and

Literature of the Chán School]. Nánchāng 南昌, Jiāngxī rénmín chūbǎnshè 江西人民出版社
1995. [Yuan Bin 1995]
** Yuán Jīnhǔ 袁津琥: "Zǔtáng jí zhōng de súyǔcí 《祖堂集》中的俗語詞 [Vernacular

Expressions in Zǔtáng jí]." In: Miányáng shīzhuān xuébào 綿陽師專學報 1(2000). [Yuan
Jinhu 2000]
** -----------------------: "Zǔtáng jí shì cí 《祖堂集》释词." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究

4 (2001).
Yuán Tíngdòng 袁庭栋: Gǔrén chēngwèi 古人称谓 [Appellations of the Ancient Chinese].
Chéngdū 成都, Sìchuān jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 四川教育出版社 1994. [Yuan Tingdong 1994]
** Yuè Jùnfā 岳俊发: "'De' zì jù de chǎnshēng hé yǎnbiàn '得'字句的产生和演变 [The

Origin and Development of Sentences with de]. In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 2(1984): 10-30.
[Yue Junfa 1984]
Zēng Liáng 曾良: "Dūnhuáng wénxiàn cíyǔ kǎoshì wǔ zé 敦煌文献词语考释五则." In:

Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 4 (2000): 117-119. [Zeng Liang 2000]
Zenseki kaidai see: Yanagida Seizan 柳田聖山: Zenseki kaidai 禪籍解題
Zeuschner, Robert B.: "The Understanding of Mind in the Northern Line of Ch'an (Zen)." In:
Philosophy East and West, 28/1 (January 1978): 69-79. [Zeuschner 1978(a)]

127

------------------------------: "The Meaning of 'Hīnayāna' in Northern Ch'an." In: The Eastern
Buddhist, 11/1 (May 1978): 37-49. [Zeuschner 1978(b)]
-----------------------------: The Concept of li nien ('being free from thinking') in the Northern
Line of Ch'an Buddhism. In: Early Ch'an in China and Tibet, ed. by Whalen Lai u. Lewis R.
Lancaster. Berkeley, Asian Humanities Press1983:131-148. [Zeuschner 1983]
------------------------------: Awakening in Northern Ch'an. In: Buddhist and Taoist Practice in

Medieval Chinese Society. Buddhist and Taoist Studies 2, ed. by David W. Chappell.
Honolulu, Univ. of Hawaii Press 1987: 85-108. [Zeuschner 1987]
** Zhāng Bèifú 章备福: "Jǐngdé chuándēng lù chéngyǔ zhájì 《景德传灯录》的成语札记

[Notes on Set Phrases in Jǐngdé chuándēng lù]." In: Guìzhōu shīyuàn xuébào 贵州师院学报
2 (1993). [Zhang Beifu 1993]
Zhāng Díhuá 张涤华: "Shì 'jiāngwèi' 释'将谓'[Translating jiāngwèi]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū
古汉语研究 2 (1991): 53-54. [Zhang Dihua 1991]
Zhāng Jìng 张静: Xīnbiān xiàndài hànyǔ 新编现代汉语 [Newly Edited Grammar of Modern
Chinese]. Shanghai, Shànghǎi jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 上海教育出版社 1982. [Zhang Jing 1982]
Zhāng Měilán 張美蘭: Chán-zōng - yǔyán gàilùn 禪宗語言概論 [An Outline of the
Language of the Chán School]. Táiběi, Wǔnán túshū chūbǎn yǒuxiàn gōngsī
五南圖書出版有限公司 1987. [Zhang Meilan 1987]
--------------------------: "Lùn Wǔdēng huìyuán zhōng tóngxíng dòngliàngcí

论《五灯会元》中同形动量词." In: Nánjīng shīdà xuébào 南京师大学报 1 (1996). [Zhang
Meilan 1996]
--------------------------: Zǔtáng jí yǔyán yánjiū gàishù 《祖堂集》语言研究概述 [A

Summary of the Linguistic Studies on Zǔtáng jí]. In: Wu Yansheng 2002: 332-342. [Zhang
Meilan 2002]
** Zhāng Shuāngqìng 张双庆: Zǔtáng jí suǒ jiàn Quánzhōu fāngyán cíhuì

《祖堂集》所见泉州方言词汇 [Elements of the Quánzhōu Dialect in Zǔtáng jí]. In: Dì-sì jū
guójì Mǐn fāngyán tǎohuì lùnwénjí 第四届国际闽方言研讨会论文集. Shàntóu dàxué
chūbǎnshè 汕頭大學出版社 1996. [Zhang Shuangqing 1996]
Zhāng Wànqǐ 张万起: "Liàngcí méi de chǎnshēng jí qí lìshǐ yǎnbiàn 量词'枚'的产生

及其历史演变 [The Origin and Development of Classifier méi]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén
中国语文 3 (1998): 208-217. Zhang Wanqi 1998]
Zhāng Xiāng 張相: Shī-cí-qǔ yǔ cíhuì shì 诗词曲语词汇释. Shànghǎi 上海: Zhōnghuá shūjú
中华书局 1980 (19531). [Zhang Xiang 1980]
Zhāng Zhìgōng 张志公: Hànyǔ zhīshí 汉语知识 [Knowledge of Chinese]. Beijing, Rénmín
jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 人民教育出版社 1979. [Zhang Zhigong 1979]

128

Zhējiāng dàxué hànyǔ shǐ yánjiū zhōngxīn 浙江大學漢語史研究中心 (ed.): Zhōnggǔ jìndài
hànyǔ yánjiū 中古近代漢語研究 [A Study of Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin].
Shanghai, Shànghǎi jiàoyù chūbǎnshè 上海教育出版社 2000.
** Zhèng Jǐngxióng 郑景雄: Chánzōng yǔ yányǔ wénzì 禅宗与言语文字. Hànchéng 汉城.

Dōngguó dàxué chánxué yánjiūsuǒ shuòshì lùnwén 东国大学禅学研究所硕士论文 (MA.
thesis) 1990. [Zheng Jingxiong 1990]
Zhōu Fǎgāo 周法高: Zhōngguó gǔdài yǔfǎ - Chēngdài piān 中國古代語法 [The Grammar of
Ancient Chinese]. 4 vol.: zàojù piān 造句篇 [Syntax]; gòucí piān 構詞篇 [Morphology];
chēngdài piān 稱代篇 [Pronouns]; Xūcí piān 虛詞篇 [Function Words]. Táiběi, Academica
Sinica 1965.
[Zhou Fagao 1965 (syntax); Zhou Fagao 1965 (morphology); Zhou Fagao 1965
(pronouns); Zhou Fagao 1965 (function words)]
Zhōu Yīliáng 周一良: Wèi Jìn Nánběi-cháo shǐ lùnjí 魏晋南北朝史论集 [Collected Articles
on the History of the Wèi, Jìn and Six Dynasties Periods]. Zhōnghuá shūjú 中华书局 1962.
[Zhou Yiliang 1962]
Zhōu Yùkǎi 周裕锴: Chánzōng yǔlù 禅宗语言 [The Language of the Chán School].
Zhèjiāng rénmín chūbǎnshè 浙江人民出版社 1999. [Zhu Dexi 1999]
Zhū Déxī 朱德熙: Hànyǔ jiǎngyì 汉语讲义 [Lecture Notes on Chinese]. Shāngwù
yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 1982. [Zhu Dexi 1982]
-------------------- : "Hànyǔ fāngyán lǐ de liǎng zhǒng fǎnfù wènjù

汉语方言里的两种反复问句 [Two Types of Repetition-Interrogative Sentences in Chinese
Dialects]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 1 (1985): 10-20. [Zhu Dexi 1985]
---------------------: Zhū Déxī wénjí 朱德熙文集 [The Collected Works of Zhū Déxī]. 5 vol.
Běijīng, Shāngwù yìnshūguǎn 商务印书馆 1999. [Zhu Dexi 1999]
Zhū Guānmíng 朱冠明: Zhōnggǔ yì-jīng zhōng de 'chí ' zì chùzhìshì

中古译经中的'持'字处置式 [The Disposal Form chí in Middle Chinese Sūtra Translations].
Unpublished conference paper. Dì-èr jiè zhōnggǔ hànyǔ xuéshù yántàohuì
第二届中古汉语学术研讨论. Hángzhōu 杭州 2001. [Zhu Guanming 2001]
----------------------------: "Zhōnggǔ yì-jīng zhōng de 'chí ' zì chùzhìshì

中古译经中的'持'字处置式 [The Disposal Form chí in Middle Chinese Sūtra Translations]."
In: Hànyǔshǐ xuébào 漢語史學報 2 (2002): 83-88. [Zhu Guanming 2002]
Zhū Jūyì 朱居易: Yuán jù súyǔ fāngyán shìlì 元剧俗语方言释例. Shanghai, Commercial
Press 1956. [Zhu Juyi 1956]
** Zhù Mǐnchè 祝敏彻: "Lùn chūqī chùzhì shì 论初期处置式 [On the Early Disposal
Form]." In: Yǔyánxué lùncóng 语言学论丛 1 (1957): 17-33. [Zhu Minche 1957]

129

------------------------: "Zhūzǐ yǔlèi zhōng 'dì' 'dǐ' de yǔfǎ zuòyòng

《朱子语类》中'地''底'的语法作用 [The Grammatical Function of dì and dǐ in Zhūzǐ yǔlèi]."
In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 3 (1982): 193-197. [Zhu Minche 1982]
** ------------------------: Zhūzǐ yǔlèi jùfǎ yánjīu 《朱子语类》句法研究 [Studies in the

Syntax of Zhūzǐ yǔlèi]. Wǔhàn 武汉, Chángjiāng wényì chūbǎnshè 长江文艺出版社 1991.
[Zhu Minche 1991]
------------------------: Jìndài hànyǔ jùfǎ shǐgǎo 近代汉语句法史稿 [A Historical Outline of

the Syntax of Early Mandarin]. Zhèngzhōu 郑州, Zhōngzhōu gǔjí chūbǎnshè
中州古籍出版社 1996. [Zhu Minche 1996]
Zhū Qìngzhī 朱慶之: "Shìlùn Hàn-Wèi-Liùcháo fódiǎn lǐ de tèshū yíwèncí

试论汉魏六朝佛典里的特殊疑问词 [On Special Interrogative Pronouns in Buddhist
Scriptures of the Hàn, Wèi and Six Dynasties Periods]." In: Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究 1 (1990):
75-82. [Zhu Qingzhi 1990]
--------------------------: "Guānyú yíwèn yǔqì zhùcí 'nà' láiyuán de kǎochá

关于疑问语气助词'那'来源的考察 [A Study on the Origin of the Interrogative Modal
Auxiliary Particle nǎ]." In: Gǔhànyǔ yánjiū 古汉语研究: 2 (1991): 24-28. [1991(a)] [Zhu
Qingzhi 1991(a)]
** --------------------------: Jiāng wú kǎo '將無'考 [Study on the Word jiāng wú]. In:
李羡林教授八十华诞纪念论文集. Jiāngxī rénmín chūbǎnshè 江西人民出版社. [1991(b)]
[Zhu Qingzhi 1991(b)]
--------------------------: Fódiǎn yǔ zhōnggǔ hànyǔ cíhuì yánjiū 佛典與中古漢語詞匯研究 [A

Study of the Relationship between Buddhist Scriptures and the Vocabulary of Middle Sinitic].
Ph.D. dissertation. Chéngdù, Sìchuān University (Department of Chinese). Published in
Táiwǎn under the same Chinese title as part of the Dàlù dìqū bóshì lùnwén cóngkān
大陸地區博士論文叢刊 [Mainland Region Doctoral Dissertations Series]. Táiběi, Wénjīn
chūbǎnshè 文津出版社 1992. [1992(a)] [Zhu Qingzhi 1992(a)]
-------------------------------: "Shì-lùn fódiǎn fānyì duì zhōnggǔ hànyǔ cíhuì fāzhǎn de ruògān
yǐngxiǎng 试论佛典翻译对中古汉语词汇发展的若干影响 [Regarding the Influence of the
Translation of Buddhist Texts on the Development of the Lexicon of Middle Chinese]. In:
Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 4 (1992): 297-305. [1992(b)] [Zhu Qingzhi 1992(b)]
-------------------------------: "Hàn-yì fódiǎn yǔwén zhōng de yuándiǎn yǐngxiǎng chūtàn

汉译佛典语文中的原典影响初探 [A Preliminary Research into the Influence of the Source
Text in the Chinese Translations from the Han Period]." In: Zhōngguó yǔwén 中国语文 5
(1993): 379-385. [Zhu Qingzhi 1993]
** ---------------------------: "'Tíhú' 'sānmèi' de zǎoqī yònglì: jiān tán hànyǔ fójiào yòngyǔ
sùyuán'醍醐''三昧'的早期用例：兼谈汉语佛教用语溯源." In: Wénshǐ zhīshí 文史知识 4
(1994). [Zhu Qingzhi 1994]

130

** ---------------------------: Fójiào hànyǔ de 'shí' hé 'shí shí' 佛教汉语的'时'和'时时'[Shí and

shí shí in Buddhist Chinese]. In: Hànyǔ shǐ yánjiū jíkān 漢語史研究集刊, vol. 1. Bāshǔ
shèhuì 巴蜀社會 1998. [Zhu Qingzhi 1998]
---------------------------: Fójīng fānyì zhōng de fāngyì jí qí duì Hànyǔ cíhuì de yǐngxiǎng

佛經翻譯中的仿譯及其對漢語詞匯的影響 [Loan Translations in the Translations of
Buddhist Sūtras and their Influence on the Vocabulary of Chinese]. In: Zhējiāng dàxué hànyǔ
shǐ yánjiū zhōngxīn 浙江大學漢語史研究中心 (ed.) 2000: 247-262. [Zhu Qingzhi 2000(a)]
---------------------------: Fàn Hàn Fǎhuá jīng zhōng de 'jì', 'sòng' hé 'jìsòng'

梵漢法華經中的'偈'、'頌'和'偈頌' [The Terms jì, sòng and jìsòng in the Chinese Translation
of the the Fǎhuá jīng]. In: Hànyǔ shǐ yánjiū jíkān 漢語史研究集刊, vol. 3. Bāshǔ shèhuì
巴蜀社會 2000. [Zhu Qingzhi 2000(b)]
---------------------------: Fójiào hùnhé hànyǔ chūlùn 佛教混合汉语初论 [A Preliminary

Discussion of Buddhist-hybrid Chinese]. Draft version 2000. [Zhu Qingzhi 2000(c)] [
** Zograf, It.: Ocherk grammatiki srednekitajskogo jazyka. Mosca: Nauka 1962.
** ------------: Srednekitajskij jazyk [The Middle Chinese Language]. Mosca: Nauka 1979.
Zürcher, E.: The Buddhist Conquest of China -The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in
Early Medieval China. 2 vol. Leiden, E.J. Brill 1972 (19591). [Zürcher 1972]
--------------: "Late Han Vernacular Elements in the Earliest Buddhist Translations." In:
Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 12 (1978): 177-203. [Zürcher 1978]
** --------------: Il Buddhismo in Cina. In: Storia delle Religioni 4. Religioni dell'India e

dell'Estremo Oriente. Roma-Bari, Laterza 1996: 369-410. [Zürcher 1996]

Bibliography and Linguistic Glossary Con

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Bibliography and Linguistic Glossary Con

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

GLOSSARIES

fēnjù 分句 clause (as part of complex sentence) (def. in Zhu Yizhi

wàiláicí 外來詞 loan word

(OBI oracle bone inscriptions)

LC (Literary Chinese) is used when referring to 'classical Chinese' as more or less

Xia Xià 夏 ca.21. cent.-16. cent. B.C.

All abbreviated grammatical terms in the word-by-word transliterations of example sentences

4.5.1 SYMBOLS - GENERAL/GRAMMAR

/.../ phonetic transliteration (i.e. 摩: LMC /mua/; the graph 摩 has

Indicates a syntactic unit (which is written at the bottom of

□ missing or unidentifiable graph in the text

A.D. anno domini (after Christ)

1SG first person singular

4.6.1 CITATION OF SOURCES - CONVENTIONS

The biography is organized into three parts: A, B, and C.

Incomplete or doubtful bibliographical information is marked by "??".

Components of compound words in AC and MC are connected with a hyphon whereas

Ādūshì wáng jīng 阿闍世王經 (Ajātaśatrukaukṛtyavinodana); tr. by Zhī Lóujiāchèn

Āmítuó jīng 阿彌陀經 (Sukhāvatīvyūha); tr. by Kumārajīva. T.12/366: 246-348.

Āpídámójùshě lùn 阿毘達磨俱舍論 (Abidharmakośaśāstra); atrributed to Vasubandhu; tr. by

AVATAMSAKA see: Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng 大方廣佛華嚴經

Bǎiyù jīng 百喻經 [Sūtra of One Hundred Parables]. [BAIYUJING]

Bèiduō shùxià sīwéi shíèr yīnyuán jīng 貝多樹下思唯十二因緣經 (Nidānasūtra;

Bianwen see: Dūnhuáng biànwén jí 敦煌變文集

BLZ see: Bǎolín zhuàn 寶林傳

Cáoxī dàshī zhuàn 曹溪大師傳. Written ca. 782.

CFBJ see: Chuán fǎbǎo jì 傳法寶紀

Chánlín sēngbǎo zhuàn 禪林僧寶傳; by Hùihóng 惠洪 (1071-1128). ZZ. 137: 439-568.

Chányuán zhū quán jí dūxù 禪源諸詮集都序 [General Preface to a Collection of the

Chéng wéishì lùn 成唯識論 (Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi[śāstra]?]. By Dharmapāla; tr. by

Chóu chánshī yì - wèn dàshèng ānxīn rùdào zhī fǎ yúnhé

Chodang chip see: Zǔtáng jí 祖堂集

Chóngkè gǔzūn yǔlù 重刻古尊語錄, ZZ. 118.

Chǔcí 楚辭 [Songs of the South] [CHUCI]

Chuándēng yùyīng jí 傳燈玉英集. Comp. by Wáng Suí 王隨 (973-1039).

Címíng sìjiā lù 慈明四家綠; ZZ.120: 161ā-186b11.

Dàbān niépán jīng hòu fēn 大般涅槃經後分. By Jñānabhadra (produced in China?).

Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng 大方廣佛華嚴經 (Avataṃsaka sūtra). Tr. by Buddhabhadra. T.

Dà fāngguǎng fó huāyán jīng 大方廣佛華嚴經 (Avataṃsaka sūtra). Tr. by Śiskānanda.

Dámó dàshī wùxìng lùn 達摩大師悟性論 [Bodhidharma's Treatise on the Nature of

Dàshèng kāixīn xiǎnxìng dùnwù zhēnzōng lùn 大乘開心顯性頓悟真宗論 [Treatise on the

Dàshèng wúshēng fāngbiàn mén 大乘無生方便門 [Expedient Means of Birthlessness in the

Dà-Táng xīyù jì 大唐西域記. By Biànjī 辯機 and Xuánzàng 玄奘. T.51/2087.

Dàzhì dù lùn 大智渡論 (Mahāprajñāpāramitā śāstra). By Nāgārjuna, tr. by Kumārajīva (344-

DONGSHAN A see: Yúnzhōu Dòngshān Wùběn chánshī yǔlù 筠州洞山悟本禪師語錄

DONGSHAN B see: Ruìzhōu Dòngshā1n Liángjiè chánshī yǔlù 瑞州洞山良价禪師語祿

Dùnwù rùdào yàomén 頓悟入道要門 [Essential Teaching on Sudden Enlightenment and

Dùnwù zhēnzōng jīngāng bōrě xiūxíng dá bǐ àn fǎmén yàojué

Èr Chéng jí 二程集 (Song)

Fǎhuá jīng 法華經 see: Miàofǎ liánhuā jīng 妙法蓮華經

Fǎxìng lùn 法性論 [Treatise on the Dharma-Nature]. Anonymous. Stein 2669.

Fù fǎzāng yīnyuàn zhuàn 付法藏因緣傳. T.50/2058: 297a-322b.

Gānlù zìshū 干祿字書 [Dictionary for Employment Seekers]

Gāosēng zhuàn 高僧傳. By Huìjiǎo 慧皎. T.50/2059. [GSZ]

Gōngyáng zhuàn 公羊傳 [GONG]

Gǔliáng zhuàn 穀梁傳 [GU]

Gǔzūnsù yǔlù 古尊宿語錄 [Recorded Sayings of Old Worthies]. By Yí Zāngzhǔ 頤藏主;

Guàndǐng jīng 灌頂經. Tr. by Bóshīlímìduōluó 帛尸梨蜜多羅 (Śrīmitra?). T.21/1331.

Guǎnghóng míng jí 廣弘明集. By Dàoxuān 道宣 (596-667). T.52/2103.

Guǎngyǎ 廣雅. By Zhāng Yī 張揖 [GUANGYA]

Guǎngyùn 廣韻. By Chén Péngnián 陳彭年; comp. in 1008. [GUANGYUN]

Guòqù xiànzài yīnguǒ jīng 過去現在因果經. Tr. by Guṇabhadra. T.3/189. [YINGUOJING]

Guóyǔ 國語 (Discourses of the State) [GUOYU]

Guǎnzǐ 管子 [Master Guǎn] [GUAN]