Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Learning Outcome
7.1 Outline the forms of, the classification of, and health risks from
exposure to hazardous substances
7.2 Explain the factors to be considered when undertaking an
assessment of the health risks from substances commonly
encountered in the workplace
7.3 Describe the use and limitations of Workplace Exposure Limits
including the purpose of long term and short term exposure limits
7.4 Outline control measures that should be used to reduce the risk of ill-
health from exposure to hazardous substances
7.5 Outline the hazards, risks and controls associated with specific
agents
7.6 Outline the basic requirements related to the safe handling and
storage of waste.
1
3/11/2016
Biological Hazards
Bacteria – Legionella (pneumonia, possible death),
Leptospirosis (damage kidney & liver, possible death),
Salmonella (poisoning, nausea, vomiting, possible death)
Classification Of Substances
Hazardous To Health
• Irritant
• Corrosive
• Harmful
• Very toxic
• Toxic
• Carcinogenic
• Mutagenic
• Teratogenic
2
3/11/2016
INGESTION ABSORPTION
INHALATION INJECTION
3
3/11/2016
10
Injection
• Needle stick injuries & sharps
11
Other Defences
• Pain
• Hormones e.g. adrenalin
12
4
3/11/2016
13
14
15
5
3/11/2016
17
18
6
3/11/2016
19
Limitations of Information in
Assessing Risks to Health
7) Cumulative effects from earlier exposure not taking into
account
8) Frequency of past events cannot provide an indication
of the probability of repeats in the future, if
circumstances are not the same
9) Data gathered from events for which there is no
previous accident data or which occur infrequently are
estimated by modelling or by the exercise of
judgement, inevitably subjective and uncertain.
20
21
7
3/11/2016
22
23
• An initial appraisal
• A basic survey (Smoke tube, dust lamps, grab sampler)
• A full survey (direct & indirect reading instruments)
24
8
3/11/2016
Stain Tubes
25
26
Inaccurate
Low cost
Immediate result
Only a ‘snap shot’ is taken during a small
amount of time
Operators need little experience
27
9
3/11/2016
28
29
30
10
3/11/2016
Personal Sampling
LIMITATIONS
Limitations of personal sampling include the possibility of operator
interference. Unless watched continuously, there is a risk that the
operators may attempt to manipulate the reading for their own
interest. They could seek to lower the result by blocking the inlet,
or exaggerate the reading by deliberately standing in a discharge
plume, or sprinkling dust into the sampling head. Often
discussions with the operators prior to sampling can help gain
their full co-operation, and monitoring over an extended period
with several different samples can help to eliminate any rogue
results. The operator may also inadvertently block the sampler,
turn the sampler head to the wrong direction (to face his or her
body for example), cause any flexible pipes on the sampler to kink
or become detached.
31
32
33
11
3/11/2016
34
35
36
12
3/11/2016
37
• Comparison of Measurements to
Exposure Limits established by
Competent National Authorities
or Internationally Recognised
Standards
38
Exposure Limits
International and national authorities have published
lists of legal or recommended ELs values for:
• Airborne chemicals
• Biological monitoring limits
• Ionizing, non-ionizing and optical radiation
• Thermal stress
• Noise
• Vibration
39
13
3/11/2016
40
41
42
14
3/11/2016
43
44
45
15
3/11/2016
Ventilation
(Local Exhaust and Dilution)
46
Ventilation Methods:
47
48
16
3/11/2016
49
50
17
3/11/2016
Sawdust Extraction
52
53
Portable Extraction
54
18
3/11/2016
Dilution Ventilation
Not as effective as LEV but used for:
• Non-toxic contaminant
• Uniformly produced in small quantities
• No discrete point of release
• Not reasonably practical to introduce other more
effective control measures such as LEV.
• Where heat loss or gain is unlikely to cause a
problem
55
56
57
19
3/11/2016
58
59
Symptoms of Asbestos
60
20
3/11/2016
61
62
63
21
3/11/2016
65
66
22
3/11/2016
69
23
3/11/2016
70
Dust
71
Airborne Dusts
Respirable dust is defined as:
Airborne dust small enough to enter the lungs during normal
breathing.
Particle size is between 0.5 and 10 microns.
72
24
3/11/2016
73
74
75
25
3/11/2016
Basic Survey
Dust lamp
77
Global Concerns
Environmental Aspect An element of an
organisation’s activities, products and services that
can interact with the environment.
78
26
3/11/2016
Pollution
Pollution is considered under the headings of:
Managing Waste
Managing Waste
80
27
3/11/2016
1) Prevent
2) Reduce
3) Re-use
4) Recover
5) Dispose
82
83
84
28
3/11/2016
85
Waste Management
There are instances where one company’s waste materials can
be of use to another company. For example oil is widely
recovered from oily wastes and reused. Rubber is increasingly
being reclaimed from scrap tyres by means of shredding and
crumbing and being re-used in manufacturing a range of
products, including carpet underlay as well as being used as a
fuel in purpose built facilities.
86
Waste Management
production as their manufacture uses more energy than can be
recovered by burning and their selling price allows a profit to be
made.
87
29
3/11/2016
Waste Treatment
Waste treatment is defined as:
88
Waste Treatment
Incineration: for most organic wastes.
89
Segregation of Waste
Waste should be segregated because:
90
30
3/11/2016
Waste Storage
There are ten simple rules for waste storage which are
outlined below:
1. Ensure the storage area is of sufficient size and is suitably
located, i.e. Away from drains, water courses, etc.
2. Clearly label the storage area, and individual containers
to advise of contents and hazardous properties
3. Ensure the storage area is secure and protected from
accidental or malicious damage
4. If necessary protect the storage area with bunds and
rainwater collection sumps to minimise the risk of water
pollution
91
Waste Storage
5. Store different waste types separately to avoid confusion
6. Never store incompatible wastes together
7. Select the appropriate container for the waste and ensure
it is in good condition
8. Keep quantities of waste and storage times; to a minimum
9. Protect the waste from the elements (sunlight, rain and
wind) if necessary
10. Do not dispose of unusual wastes in a general waste skip.
92
Chemicals
93
31
3/11/2016
Environmental Protection
Story of Stuff
94
Classification of Waste
Hazardous Waste
95
QUESTIONS ?
96
32
3/11/2016
97
98
99
33
3/11/2016
Damaged Ducting
Alterations
Process Changes
Poor Hood Location
Fan Strength
Bends In Ducting
Blocked Filters
Lack of maintenance
LEV made with incorrect material
100
101
102
34
3/11/2016
103
104
105
35
3/11/2016
106
108
36
3/11/2016
109
110
111
37
3/11/2016
112
38