CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I

ATTY. CAMILLE B. REMOROZA

Based on the syllabus of Atty. Rhoda Irene R. Alvar

INTRODUCTION:
Discuss about the Overview of the study of the constitution:

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

A. Political law defined.

B. Scope/Division of Political Law

II. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Constitutional History
1. The Malolos Constitution
2. The American Regime and the Organic Acts
3. The 1935 Constitution
4. The Japanese (Belligerent) Occupation
5. The 1973 Constitution

B. The 1987 Constitution

1. Freedom Constitution
2. Adoption of the Constitution
3. Effectivity of the 1987 Constitution
Effectivity of Statutes
Tañada v. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27, 1985
Presumption of Constitutionality (overview c.f. E.6-8)
Chavez v. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, April 16, 2013

C. Nature of the Constitution

1. Constitution defined
2. Purpose
3. Classification
4. Qualities of a good written Constitution
5. Essential parts of a good written Constitution
6. Interpretation/Construction of the Constitution
Datu Michael Abas Kida v. Senate, G.R. No. 196271, October 18, 2011
Chavez v. JBC, G.R. No. 202242, April 16, 2013
Domino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 134015. July 19, 1999
Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003
Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317
Republic of the Philippines Vs. Maria Lourdes P. A. Sereno, G.R. No. 237428. May 11, 2018 (Also include the
Dissenting opinion of Justice Leonen)

Self-executing/non-self-executing provisions
Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. No. 122156, February 03, 1997
Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872, April 13, 2004
Tondo Medical v. Court of Appeals 527 SCRA 746 2007

D. Amendment
 1. Amendment vs Revision
Lambino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006

2. Constituent vs Legislative Power

Imbong v. Comelec, 35 SCRA 28

3. Steps in the amendatory process:

a. Proposal (Secs. 1-3, Art. XVII)
Occena v. Comelec, 104 SCRA 1
i. Congress
ii. Constitutional Convention
iii. People
Republic Act No. 6735 - An Act Providing for a System of Initiative and Referendum

b. Ratification (Sec. 4, Art. XVII)

Gonzales v. Comelec, 21 SCRA 774
Tolentino v. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702
Sanidad v. Comelec, 78 SCRA 333
Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 50

E. The Power of Judicial Review

1. Judicial Review
Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139
Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183
Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792

2. Who may exercise the power?

Sec. 4(2), Art. VIII
Ynot v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 148 SCRA 659
Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Court of Tax Appeals, 195 SCRA 444
Ongsuco v. Malones, 604 SCRA 499 (2009)

3. Functions of Judicial Review

a. Checking
b. Legitimating
c. Symbolic
Salonga v. Pano, 134 SCRA 438

4. Requisites of Judicial Review

Guingona v. Court of Appeals, G. R. No. 125532, July 10, 1998
John Hay People’s Alternative Coalition v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, October 24, 2003
Perez v. Provincial Board, 113 SCRA 187
Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001
David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006
Saniakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085, February 3, 2004
Salonga v. Pano, 134 SCRA 438
Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18
People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56
Senate v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006
Automotive Industry Workers Alliance v. Romulo, G.R. No. 157509, January 18,2005
Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110
Chavez v. Public Estates Authority and Amari, G.R. No. 133250, July 09, 2002
Matibag v. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, April 2, 2002
Estarija v. Ranada, G.R. No. 159314, June 26, 2006
Planters Products v. Fertiphll Corporation, G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008
Tarrosa v. Singson, 232 SCRA 553

5. Political Questions / Justiciable Questions

Velarde v. SJS, 428 SCRA 283 (2004)
 Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792 (1993)
Vinuya v. Romulo, 619 SCRA 533 (2010)
Defensor-Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998

6. Presumption of Constitutionality
Perez v. People, 544 SCRA 532 (2008)

7. Effects of Declaration of Unconstitutionality

a. Orthodox view
Art. 7, Civil Code of the Philippines

b. Modern view
Serrano de Agbayani v. PNB, 35 SCRA 429
Belgica v. Ochoa, 710 SCRA 1 (2013)
Araullo v. Aquino III, G.R. No. 209287, July 1, 2014
Cocofed v. Republic, 663 SCRA 514 (2012)
Sameer Overseas v. Cabilles, G.R. No.170139, August 5, 2014

8. Partial unconstitutionality
In Re: Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534
Salazar v. Achacoso, 183 SCRA 145

III. THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE

A. Definition of a State
Collector v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 (1971)

B. Elements of a State
1. People

2. Territory - Art. I; R.A. 3046; R.A. 5446

a. The National Territory
b. Components
c. The Philippine Archipelago
d. Other territories over which the Philippines exercises jurisdiction
e. Archipelagic Doctrine – Sec. 1, Article II
i. Straight baseline method
ii. UN Convention on the Law of the Sea

3. Government
a. Definition
b. Functions
Romualdez-Yap v. Civil Service Commission, 225 SCRA 285
Shipside, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 143377, February 20,2001
c. Doctrine of Parens Patriae
d. Classification
i. De jure vs de facto
ii. Presidential vs parliamentary
iii. Unitary vs federal government

4. Sovereignty
a. Definition
b. Kinds
c. Characteristics
d. Effects of change in sovereignty
e. Effects of belligerent occupation
f. Dominium vs imperium
g. Jurisdiction
 C. State Immunity from Suit
1. Basis
2. Par in parem non habet imperium
a. State’s diplomatic agents
Minucher v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 142396, February 11, 2003
b. The United Nations
c. Other international organizations/agencies
SEAFDEC-Aquaculture v. NLRC, 206 SCRA 283
Callado v. IRRI, 244 SCRA 210

3. Test to determine if the suit is against the State

Tan v. Director of Forestry, 125 SCRA 302
Veterans Manpower and Protective Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 214 SCRA 286

4. Suits against Government Agencies

a. Incorporated
SSS v. Court of Appeals, 120 SCRA 707
Municipality of San Fernando, La Union v. Judge Firme, 195 SCRA 692
National Irrigation Administration v. Court of Appeals, 214 SCRA 35
Philippine National Railways v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 217 SCRA 401
b. Unincorporated
Department of Agriculture v. NLRC, 227 SCRA 693
Civil Aeronautics Administration v. Court of Appeals, 167 SCRA 28

5. Suit against Public Officers

Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88
Shauf v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 713
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 142476, March 20, 2001
Republic v. Hon. Edilberto Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124
Lansang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 102667, February 23, 2000

6. Need for consent

a. Express consent
Department of Agriculture v. NLRC, 227 SCRA 693
Amigable v. Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360
EPG Construction v. Secretary Vigilar, G.R. No. 131544, March 16, 2001

b. Implied consent
Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping, G.R. No. L-6060, Sept. 30, 1950
U.S. v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487
Republic (PCGG) v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 129406, March 6, 2006

7. Scope of Consent
National Housing Authority v. Heirs of Quivelondo, G.R. No. 154411, June 19, 2003
Municipality of San Miguel, Bulacan v. Fernandez, 130 SCRA 56
Municipality of Makati v. Court of Appeals, 190 SCRA 206

8. Suability not equated with outright liability

Merritt v. Government of the Philippine Islands, 34 Phil 311 (1916)
Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486

IV. PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

A. Preamble
B. Republicanism
Sec. 1. Art. II
 1. Essential features
2. Manifestations
a. Ours is a government of laws and not of men
b. Rule of the majority (elections)
c. Accountability of public officials
d. Bill of Rights
e. Legislature cannot pass irrepealable laws
f. Separation of powers
Tuason v. Register of Deeds of Caloocan City, 157 SCRA 613
La Bugal-B’Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, December 1, 2004

g. Delegation of powers
Jaworski v. PAGCOR, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004
Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219
Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil 368
David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396, May 3, 2006
People v. Vera, 65 Phil 56
Conference of Maritime Manning Agencies, Inc., v. POEA, 243 SCRA 666
Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569

Tests for valid delegation

U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil 1
Lozano v. Martinez, 146 SCRA 323
Chiongbian v. Orbos, 245 SCRA 253
Gerochi v. Department of Energy, G.R. No. 159796, July 17, 2007,

C. The Incorporation Clause

Sec. 2. Art. II
1. Read with Preamble, Sections 7 & 8 Art. II, and Sec 25 Art. XVIII
2. Renunciation of war
3. Doctrine of incorporation

D. Civilian Supremacy
Sec. 3. Art. II
Sec. 18, Art. VII

E. Duty of Government
Sec. 4 – 5 Art. II
Secs. 4 & 5, Art. XVI
Chavez v. Romulo, G.R. No. 157036, June 9, 2004

F. Separation of Church and State

G. Independent foreign policy and nuclear-free Philippines
Secs. 7-8, Art. II
H. Just and dynamic social order – Sec. 9, Art II
I. Promotion of social justice – Sec. 10, Art. II
J. Respect for human dignity and human rights – Sec. 11, Art. II
K. Family and youth – Sec. 12-13, Art. II
People v. Larin, G.R. No. 128777, October 7, 1998

L. Fundamental equality of men and women – Sec. 14, Art. II

Philippine Telegraph and Telephone Co. v. NLRC, G.R. No. 118978, May 23, 1997

M. Promotion of health and ecology – Sec. 15-16, Art. II

Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792

N. Priority to education, science, technology, etc. – Sec. 17, Art. II

Philippine Merchant Marine School, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 244 SCRA 770
Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221
 Professional Regulation Commission v. De Guzman, G.R. No. 144681, June 21, 2004

O. Protection to labor – Sec. 18, Art. II

JMM Promotion and Management v. Court of Appeals, 260 SCRA 319
Bernardo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 122917, July 12, 1999

P. Self-reliant and independent economic order – Sec. 19, Art. II

Tanada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18
Association of Philippine Coconut Desiccators v. Philippine Coconut Authority, G.R. No. 110526, February 10, 1998

Q. Land Reform – Sec. 21, Art. II

R. Indigenous cultural communities – Sec. 22, Art. II
S. Independent people’s organizations – Sec. 23, Art. II
T. Communication and information in nation-building – Sec. 24, Art. II
U. Autonomy of local governments – Sec. 25, Art. II
Lina v. Pano, G.R. No. 129093, August 30, 2001
Judge Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, December 3, 2002

V. Equal access of opportunities for public service – Sec. 26, Art. II

Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872, April 13, 2004

W. Honest public service and full public disclosure – Sec. 27, Art. II

V. CITIZENSHIP

A. General Principles
1. Defined
2. Usual modes of acquiring citizenship
3. Modes applied in the Philippines
a. Before the adoption of the 1935 Constitution
Roa v. Collector of Customs, 25 Phil 315
Teotimo Rodriguez Tio Tiam v. Republic, 101 Phil. 195

b. After the adoption of the 1935 Constitution

4. Natural-born citizens – Sec. 2, Art. IV

5. Marriage by Filipino to an alien – Sec. 4, Art. IV
6. Policy against dual allegiance – Sec. 5, Art. IV
Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630
Valles v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000
Jacot v. Dal and Comeiec, G.R. No. 179848, November 27, 2008
Calilung v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 160869, May 11, 2007

7. Attack on one’s citizenship may be made only through a direct, not a collateral proceeding
Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692

8. Res judicata in cases involving citizenship

Board of Commissioners, CID v. de la Rosa, 197 SCRA 853

B. Citizens of the Philippines

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this (1987) Constitution
Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004
Valles v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137000, August 9, 2000

2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines

3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the
age of majority
a. Procedure for election
 b. When to elect
Cuenco v. Secretary of Justice, 5 SCRA 110
In Re: Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999
Republic v. Chule Lim, G.R. No. 153883, January 13, 2004

4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law

C. Naturalization
1. Modes of naturalization
2. Doctrine of indelible allegiance
3. Direct naturalization under Philippine laws
4. Naturalization under C.A. 473
a. Qualifications
b. Disqualifications
c. Procedure
d. Effects of naturalization
e. Denaturalization

5. Naturalization by direct legislative action

6. Administrative Naturalization – R.A. 9139
So v. Republic, G.R. No. 170603, January 29, 2007
a. Special Committee on Naturalization
b. Qualifications
c. Disqualifications
d. Procedure
e. Status of Alien Wife and Minor Children
f. Cancellation of the Certificate of Naturalization

D. Loss and Reacquisition of Philippine Citizenship – C.A. 63

1. Loss of citizenship
a. By naturalization in a foreign country
Frivaldo v. Comelec, 174 SCRA 245
modified by R.A. 9225
Eusebio Eugenio Lopez v. Comelec, G.R. No. 182701, July 23, 2008

b. By express renunciation of citizenship

Labo v. Comelec, 176 SCRA 1

c. By subscribing to an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution or laws of a foreign country

d. By rendering service to or accepting commission in the armed forces of a foreign country
e. By cancellation of the certificate of naturalization
f. By having been declared by competent authority a deserted of the Philippine armed forces in time of war

2. Reacquisition of citizenship
a. Under R.A. 9225
b. By naturalization
c. By repatriation of deserters of the Army, Navy or Air Corps
Lee v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727
Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, September 14, 1999
Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727
Bengzon lll v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001
Tabasa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, August 29, 2006

d. By direct act of Congress

VI. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

A. The Legislative Power
1. Definition
2. Where vested
Sec. 32, Art. VI

B. Congress
Sec. 1, Art. VI

C. The Senate
1. Composition – Sec. 2, Art. VI
2. Qualifications – Sec. 3 Art. VI
3. Term of Office – Sec. 4, Art. VI

D. House of Representatives
1. Composition - Sec. 5(1) and (2), Art. VI
a. District representatives
b. Party-list representatives
c. Sectoral representatives
Quintos-Deles v. Committee on Constitutional Commissions, 177 SCRA 259

2. Apportionment of legislative districts - Sec. 5(3) and (4), Art. VI

Macias v. Comelec, 3 SCRA 1
Tobias v. Abalos, 239 SCRA 106
Sema v. Comelec, G.R. No. 177597, July 16, 2008

3. Qualifications – Sec. 6, Art. VI

Imelda Romualdez-Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300
Aquino v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 400
Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R.No. 151914, July 31, 2002

4. Term of Office – Sec. 7, Art. VI

5. The Party-List System - R.A. 7941 (The Party-List System Act)

a. Definition of terms
b. Registration: Manifestation to Participate in the Party-List System
c. Refusal and/or Cancellation of Registration
d. Nomination of party-list representatives
e. Qualifications of Party-list nominees
f. Manner of voting
Bantay Republic Act or BA-RA 7941 v. Comelec, G.R. No. 171271, May 4, 2007

g. Number
h. Choosing Party-List Representatives
i. Effect of change of affiliation
j. Vacancy
k. Term of office: rights
Cases under Party List:
Banat v. Comelec, 586 SCRA 210 (2009)
Ang Ladlad v. Comelec, 618 SCRA 32 (2010)
Lokin Jr. v. Comelec, 674 SCRA 538, 2012
Atong Paglaum Inc. v. Comelec, 694 SCRA 477 (2013)

E. Election
1. Regular – Sec. 8, Art. VI
2. Special – Sec. 9, Art. VI
Lozada v Comelec, 120 SCRA 337
Tolentino v. Comelec, 420 SCRA 438 (2004)
F. Salaries
Sec. 10, Art. VI
Philconsa v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300
Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974)

G. Privileges - Sec. 11, Art. VI

1. Freedom from arrest
People v. Jalosjos, G.R. No. 132875, February 3, 2000
Trillanes IV v. Judge Pimentel, G.R. No. 179817, June 27, 2008

2. Privilege of speech and of debate

Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863
Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876

H. Disqualifications – Sec. 13, Art. VI

1. Incompatible office
Adaza v. Pacana, 135 SCRA 431
Liban v. Gordon, 639 SCRA 703 (2011)
2. Forbidden office

I. Other inhibitions – Sec. 14, Art. VI

Puyat v. de Guzman, 113 SCRA 31 (1982)

J. Sessions
1. Regular – Sec. 15, Art. VI
2. Special
3. Joint sessions
a. Voting separately:
i. Choosing the President - Sec. 4, Art. VII
ii. Determine President’s disability - Sec. 11, Art. VII
iii. Confirming nomination of the Vice President - Sec. 9, Art. VII
iv. Declaring the existence of a state of war - Sec. 23, Art. VI
v. Proposing constitutional amendments - Sec. 1, Art. XVII

b. Voting jointly: Sec. 18, Art. VII

4. Adjournment - Sec. 16 (5), Art. VI

K. Officers - Sec. 16(1), Art. VI

L. Quorum - Sec. 16(2), Art. VI

Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil 17
Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, June 26, 1998

M. Rules of proceedings - Sec. 16(3), Art. VI

Garcillano v. HR Committees, 575 SCRA 170 (2008)

N. Discipline of members - Sec. 16(3), Art. VI

Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil 863
Miriam Defensor-Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055, April 18, 2001

O. Records and books of accounts - Sec. 20, Art. VI

P. Legislative Journal and the Congressional Record – Sec. 16(4), Art. VI

1. Matters which, under the Constitution are to be entered in the Journal
a. Yeas and nays on third and final reading of a bill;
b. Veto message of the President;
c. Yeas and nays on the repassing of a bill vetoed by the President;
d. Yeas and nays on any question at the request of 1/5 of members present
 2. Enrolled Bill Theory
Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1
Arroyo v. De Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, August 14, 1997
Casco (Phil) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347

3. Journal Entry vs. Enrolled Bill

Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714

4. The Congressional Record

Q. Electoral Tribunals – Sec. 17, Art. VI

1. Composition
Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792
Abbas v. Senate Electoral Tribunal, 166 SCRA 651
Pimentel v. House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 141489, November 29, 2002

2. Power
Sampayan v. Daza, 213 SCRA 807
Vinzons-Chato v. Comelec, G.R. No. 172131, April 2, 2007

3. Judicial Review
Martinez v. HRET, 610 SCRA 733 (2010)
Vilando v. HRET, 656 SCRA 17 (2011)

R. Commission on Appointments – Sec. 18, Art. VI

1. Composition
Daza v. Singzon, 180 SCRA 496
Coseteng v. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377
Guingona v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789

2. Powers
Sarmiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549
Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 169

S. Powers of Congress
1. General (plenary) legislative power – Sec. 1, Art. VI
a. Limitations
i. Substantive
ii. Procedural
a. Only one subject
Tio v. Videogram Regulatory Commission, 151 SCRA 208
Lacson v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 128096, January 20, 1999
Farinas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147387, December 10, 2003

b. Three readings on separate days

Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance xxx

b. Legislative Process
i. Requirements as to bills
Alvarez v. Guingona, 252 SCRA 695
Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance xxx

ii. Procedure - Sec 26 (2) Art. VI

Arroyo, et al., v. De Venecia, et at., G.R. No. 127255, August 14, 1997
Philippine Judges Association v. Prado, 227 SCRA 703

iii. Approval of bills

 Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452
Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133
Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506

iv. Effectivity of laws – Art. 2, Civil Code

2. Power of Appropriation
a. Need for appropriation – Sec. 29 (1) Art. VI
Comelec v. Judge Quijano-Padilla, G.R. No. 151992, September 18, 2002

b. Appropriation law

c. Classification

d. Implied limitations on appropriation measures

Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221

e. Constitutional limitations on special appropriation measures – Sec. 25 (4), Art. VI

f. Constitutional rules on general appropriations law – Sec. 25, Art. VI

Philippine Constitution Association v. Enriquez xxx
Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 SCRA 201

g. Impoundment – refusal by the President for whatever reason to spend funds made available by Congress

3. Power of Taxation
a. Limitations - Sec. 28(3), Art. VI, Sec. 29(4), Art. V

4. Power of Legislative Investigation – Sec. 21, Art. VI

a. Sec. 4(b) of E.O. No. 1
Miguel v. Gordon, G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006

b. Limitations
i. In aid of legislation
Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767
Standard Chartered Bank v. Senate Committee on Banks, G.R. No. 167173, December 27, 2007
ii. In accordance with duly published rules of procedure
Neri v. Senate Committees, G.R. No. 180843, March 25, 2008
iii. Rights of persons appearing in, or affected by such inquiry shall be respected

c. Power to punish contempt

Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil 29

5. Question hour – Sec. 22, Art. VI

Senate v. Ermita, supra.xxx

6. War powers – Sec. 23 (1), Art. VI

7. Power to act as Board of Canvassers in election of President – Sec. 4, Art. VII

Ruy Elias Lopez v. Senate of the Philippines, G.R. No. 163556, June 8, 2004

8. Power to call a special election for President and Vice President - Sec. 10, Art. VII

9. Power to judge President’s physical fitness to discharge the functions of the Presidency - Sec. 11, Art. VII

10. Power to revoke or extend suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus or declaration of martial
law - Sec. 18, Art. VII
 11. Power to concur in Presidential amnesties. Concurrence of majority of all the members of Congress - Sec. 19,
Art. VII

12. Power to concur in treaties or international agreements. Concurrence of at least 2/3 of all the members of the
Senate - Sec. 21, Art. VII

13. Power to confirm certain appointments/nominations made by the President

Sec. 9, Art. VII
Sec. 16, Art. VII

14. Power of impeachment - Sec. 2, Art. XI

Gonzales v. Office of the President, 678 SCRA 614 (2012)
Gutierrez v. HR Committee on Justice, 643 SCRA 198 (2011)

15. Power relative to natural resources - Sec. 2, Art. XII

16. Power to propose amendments to the Constitution - Secs. 1 and 2, Art XVII

VII. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

A. The President

1. Qualifications, election, term and oath (Art. VII, Sec. 2, 4 and 5)

Santiago v. Ramos, 253 SCRA 559 (1996)
Tecson v. COMELEC, 424 SCRA 277 (2004)
Poe Jr. v. Macapagal-Arroyo, 454 SCRA 142 (2005)

2. Privilege and salary - Art. VII, sec. 6

Akbayan v. Aquino, 558 SCRA 468
Neri v. Senate Committee, G.R. No. 180643 March 25, 2008

3. Prohibitions - Art. VII, sec. 13

Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)
National Amnesty Comm. V. COA, G. R. No. 156982, September 8, 2004
Bitonio v. COA, G.R. No. 147392 March 12, 2004
Funa v. Agra, 691 SCRA 196 (2013)

Exceptions to rule prohibiting executive officials from holding additional positions:

(1) Vice President as member of the Cabinet
(2) Secretary of Justice as members of Judicial and Bar Council
(3) Ex officio positions

4. Succession
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15 March 2, 2001

a. At the beginning of the term (Art. VII, Section 7)

b. During the term (Section 8)
c. Temporary Disability (Sections 11-12)

5. Removal – Art. XI, Sections 2-3

6. Powers and Functions of the President

a. Executive Power – Section 1 and Section 17
Marcos v. Manglapus, G.R. No. 88211, September 15, 1989
Ople v. Torres, G.R. No. 127685 July 23, 1998
Review Center v. Ermita, G.R. No. 180046 April 2, 2009
b. Control of Executive Departments – Article VII, Section 17
Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency
Buklod ng Jawaning EIIB v. Zamora, G.R. Nos. 142801-802 July 10, 2001
Banda v. Ermita, G.R. No. 166620 April 20, 2010

c. General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions – Art. X, Section 4

Ganzon v. CA, G.R. No. 93252 August 5, 1991
National Liga ng mga Barangay v. Paredes, G.R. No. 130775 September 27, 2004

d. Power of appointment
1) With the consent of Commission on Appointments
Calderon v. Carale, G.R. No. 91636 April 23, 1992
Flores v. Drilon, G.R. No. 104732, June 22, 1993
Tarrosa v. Singson, G.R. No. 111243 May 25, 1994
Quintos-Deles v. Commission, G.R. No. 83216 September 4, 1989

2) Upon the Recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council

(a) Members of the Supreme Court and all the other Courts
(b) The Ombudsman and his Deputies

3) Appointment of the Vice President as member of the cabinet

4) Appointment solely by the President

Bermudez v. Executive, G.R. No. 131429 August 4, 1999
Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554 July 21, 2006

5) Limitations on the Appointing Power of the President – Art. VII, Secs. 13 and 15
In Re: Appointments of Valenzuela, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC November 9, 1998
Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, 2009
De Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002 March 17, 2010

6) Interim or Recess Appointment – Article VI, Sec. 19, Art. VII, Sec. 16 par 2
Bautista v. Salonga, G.R. No. 86439, April 13, 1989

7) Temporary Designations
Administrative Code of 1987, Bk. III, sec. 17

8) Limitations on appointing power of Acting President - Art. VII, secs. 14-16

e. Executive Clemencies - Art. VII, sec. 19, Art. IX, C, sec.5

1. Pardon vs Probation
People v. Vera, G.R. No. L-45685, November 16, 1937

2. Pardon vs Parole
Tesoro v. Director of Prisons, G.R. No. L-46437 May 23, 1939
Torres v. Gonzales, G.R. No. 76872 July 23, 1987

3. Pardon vs Amnesty
Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, 82 Phil 642

4. Effects of Pardon
Cristobal v. Labrador, G.R. No. L-47941 December 7, 1940
Pelobello v. Palatino, G.R. No. L-48100 June 20, 1941
Lacuna v. Abes, G.R. No. L-28613 August 27, 1968
Monsanto v. Factoran, G.R. No. 78239 February 9, 1989
Llamas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 99031 October 15, 1991
 f. Powers of the Commander-in-Chief - Art. VII, sec. 18, Art. III, sec. 13, Art. VIII, Sec. 1, par. 2
Gudani v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165 August 15, 2006
David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396 May 3, 2006
Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085 February 3, 2004
Fortun v. Macapagal-Arroyo, 668 SCRA 504, 2012

g. Emergency Powers - Art. VI. Sec. 23 (2)

Ampatuan v. Puno, G.R. No. 190259 June 7, 2011

h. Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans - Art. VII, sec. 20, Art. XII, sec. 21
Constantino Jr. v. Cuisia, G.R. No. 106064, October 13, 2005

i. Powers over foreign affairs

(a) Treaty-making power – Art. VII, Sec. 21
Pimentel v. Office of the Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158088 July 6, 2005
Treaty distinguished from executive agreements

(b) Deportation of undesirable aliens

Qua Chee Gan v. Deportation Board, 9 SCRA 27 (1963)
Go Tek v. Deportation Board, G.R. No. L-23846 September 9, 1977

j. Power over legislation (page 89 part v b )

(a) Message to Congress – Art. VII, sec. 23
(b) Preparation and submission of the budget – Art VII, sec. 22
(c) Veto power – Art. VI, sec. 27
Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524 April 15, 1992
(d) Emergency powers – Art. VI, sec. 23, par. 2
(e) Fixing of tariff rates – Art. VI, sec. 23 par 2

k. Immunity from suits

Rubrico v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 183871 February 18, 2010
David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396 May 3, 2006
Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15 March 2, 2001

B. The Vice-President
1. Qualifications, election, term of office and removal
2. Vacancy in the office of the Vice President – Sec. 9, Article VII

VIII. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

A. The Supreme Court

1. Composition – Art VIII, sec. 4, Circular No. 2-89 (February 7, 1989)

City of Tagaytay v. Guerrero, G.R. Nos. 140743 & 140745 September 17, 2009
Public Interest v. Elma, G.R. No. 138965 March 5, 2007
Firestone Ceramics v. CA, G.R. No. 127022 June 28, 2000

2. Appointment and qualifications - Art. VIII, sec. 7 (1), sec. 8 (5), sec. 9
Re: Seniority Among the Four Most Recent Appointments, A.M. No. 10-4-22-SC September 28, 2010

3. Salary - Art. VIII, sec. 17, Art. XVIII, sec. 17

Perfecto v. Meer, G.R. No. L-2348 February 27, 1950
Endencia v. David, G.R. No. L-6355-56 August 31, 1953
Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 78780 July 23, 1987
 4. Security of Tenure - Art. VIII, sec. 11, sec 2, par. 2

5. Removal - Art. VIII, sec. 11, Art. XI, sec. 2

In Re: Gonzales, A.M. No. 88-4-5433 April 15, 1988

6. Fiscal Autonomy - Art. VIII, sec. 3

Re: Clarifying and Strengthening the Organizational Structure, A.M. No. 01-1-04-SC-PHILJA January 31, 2006

7. Jurisdiction - Art. VIII, sec. 1, Sec. 5,

Art. VII, sec. 18, par.3
Art. VII, sec. 4, par. 7
Art. IX, A, sec. 7
CMU v. Executive, G.R. No. 184869 September 21, 2010
Echegaray v. Secretary, G.R. No. 132601 January 19, 1999
Perez v. Catindig, A.C. NO. 5816 [MARCH 10, 2015]
Tecson v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 161434 March 3, 2004

8. Congressional Power over jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

Art. VIII, sec. 2, par. 1
Art. VI, sec. 30
Villavert v. Desierto, G.R. No. 133715 February 23, 2000

9. Administrative powers

10. Rule-making powers

Art. VIII, sec. 5 par 5
Art. XII, sec. 14, par. 2
Art. VII, sec. 18, par. 3

11. No Quasi-Judicial work for judges – Art. VII, Section 12

In Re: Designation of Judge Manzano, A.M. No. 88-7-1861-RTC October 5, 1988

12. Report on the Judiciary – Art. VIII, sec. 16

13. Manner of sitting and votes required

Art. VIII, sec. 4,
Rule 56, Sec. 7, 1997 Rules on Civil Procedure
Rule 125, Sec. 3, 2000 Rules on Criminal Procedure

14. Requirements as to decisions – Art. VIII, sections 13-14

Mangelen v. CA, G.R. No. 88954 October 29, 1992
German Machineries Corp. v. Endaya, G.R. No. 156810 November 25, 2004
Lumanog v. People, G.R. No. 182555 September 7, 2010

15. Mandatory period for deciding cases – Art. VIII, sec. 15

Art. VII, sec. 18, par. 3
Art. XVIII, secs. 12-14
Acuzar v. Ocampo, A.M. No. MTJ-02-1396 March 15, 2004
Duque v. Judge Garrido, A.M. NO. RTJ-06-2027 February 27, 2009

B. Lower courts
1. Qualifications and appointment - Art. VIII, sec. 7(1) (2), sec. 8(5), sec. 9
2. Salary - Art. VIII, sec. 10
3. Congressional power to reorganize and security of tenure - Art. VIII, sec. 11, Id., sec. 2 , par. 2
4. Removal - Art. VIII, sec. 11
5. Jurisdiction - Art. VIII, sec 1
6. Requirements as to preparation of decisions - Art. VIII, sec. 15
 7. Mandatory period for deciding - Art. VIII, sec. 15, Art. XVIII, secs. 12- 14

C. The Judicial and Bar Council - Art. VIII, sec. 8

Jardeleza v. Chief Justice Sereno, G.R. No. 213181, August 19, 2014

D. Automatic Release of Appropriations for the Judiciary - Art. VIII, sec. 3

In the Matter of: Save the Supreme Court Judicial Independence v. Abolition of JDF, UDK-15143, January 21, 2015

E. Court Martial
Republic v. Asuncion, G.R. No. L-108208 March 11, 1994

IX. THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

A. Common Provisions
1. As to restrictions or qualifications – Art. VII, Section 13, par 2
2. Appointment of personnel – Art. IX A
3. Salaries – Art. XVIII, Sec. 17, Art. IX A
MIA vs. COA G.R. No. 185812, January 13, 2015 (prohibition against additional, double or indirect compensation)
4. Disqualification – Art. IX A
5. Impeachment

B. Civil Service Commission

1. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners
Art. IX, B, sec. 1 (1),
Art. VII, sec. 13, par. 2
Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210, 1991

2. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners

3. Rule against reappointment - Art. IX, B, sec. 1(2)

Gaminde v. COA, G.R. No. 140335, December 13, 2000
Brillantes v. Yorac, G.R. NO. 93867, December 18, 1990
Nacionalista Party v. Bautista, G.R. No. L-3452 December 7, 1949

4. Appointment of personnel of CSC - Art. IX, A, sec. 4

5. Salary - Art. XVIII, sec. 17 , Art. IX, A, sec.3
6. Disqualifications - Art. IX, A, sec. 2
7. Impeachment - Art. XI, sec. 2
8. Appeal
Capablanca v. Civil Service Commission, G.R. No. 179370 November 19, 2009

9. Scope of Civil Service - Art. IX, B, sec. 2(1), Art. XII, sec. 16
PNB v. Tejano, G.R. No. 173615 October 16, 2009
Juco v. NLRC, G.R. No. 98107 August 18, 1997

C. Commission on Elections
Loong v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 133676 April 14, 1999

1. Composition and Qualifications - Art. IX, C, sec. 1(1), Art. VII, sec. 13, par. 2
2. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners; Rule against reappointment - Art. IX, C, sec. 1(2)
3. Appeal
Garces v. CA, G.R. No. 114795 July 17, 1996

D. Commission on Audit
 COCOFED v. Republic, 663 SCRA 514 (2012)
Aguinaldo v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 124471 November 28, 1996

1. Composition and Qualifications - Art. IX, D, sec. 1 (1), Art. VII, sec. 12, par. 2
Funa v. Villar, 670 SCRA 579, 2012
2. Appointment and term of commissioners - Art. IX, D, sec, 1 (2)
3. Appointment of COA personnel - Art. IX, A, sec. 4
4. Salary - Art. IX, A, sec. 3, Art. XVIII, sec. 17
5. Disqualifications - Art. IX, A, sec. 2
6. Impeachment - Art. XI, sec. 2
7. Appeal
Reyes v. COA, G.R. No. 125129 March 29, 1999

X. THE AMENDING PROCESS

A. Proposal - Art, XVII, secs. 1-2

1. By Congress - Art. XVII, sec. 1,1935 Const., Art. XV
2. By Constitutional Convention - Art. XVII, sec. 3
3. By the people through initiatives - Art. XVII, sec. 2
Rep. Act No. 6735, SECS. 5 &9(b)
Santiago v. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106 (1997)
B. Ratification
C. Judicial Review
Tolentino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. L-34150 October 16, 1971
Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30, 1972