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No. 1
2
2
2
Double root m a 1m b m a 1m a 1 m a 1
2
2
2 2
2
The differential equation becomes x 2 y" axy' a 1 y 0 2 (1)
y x 1 a 2 ln x
1 a 2
y ' 1 a x 1 a 2 ln x x
2 x
2
x 3 a 2 1 a 1 a 1 a ln x 1 a x 3 a 2
2 2 2
2
1 a 1 a 1 a ln x 1 a x 3 a 2
2 2 2
2
a 1 a ln x x 3 a 2
4
Put y, y’ and y” into (1)
2
x 2 a 1 a ln x x 3 a 2 axx1 a 2 1 1 a ln x a 1 x 1 a 2 ln x
4 2 2
2
4
2
2 2
2
a 1 a ln x x 1 a 2 ax 1 a 2 1 1 a ln x a 1 x 1 a 2 ln x
4 2 2
2
a a 1 ln x a a 1 a ln x a 1 ln x x 1 a 2
2
2
a 1 a a a 2a 1 x 1 a 2 ln x
2 2
4 2 4
2
a 1 2a 2a a 2a 1 x 1 a 2 ln x
2 2
4
0
No. 2
x 2 y"2 y 0
m 2 m 2 m 1m 2 0
m1 1, m2 2
y1 x 1, y2 x 2
No. 3
5x 2 y"23xy'16.2 y 0
Auxiliary
2
m 9 9 516 .2 9 1.8
5 5
m1 m2 1.8 double root
y1 x \ 1.8 , y2 x 1.8 ln x
No. 4
xy"4 y ' 0
Multiply the original equation by x
x 2 y"4 xy ' 0
m2 3m mm 3 0
m1 0, m2 3
y1 x 0 1, y2 x 3
3
General sol.: yx C1 C2 x
No. 5
4 x 2 y"5 y 0
2
m 2 2 45 2 4i 0.5 i (double root)
4 4
General sol.: yx Ax0.5 cosln x Bx 0.5 sin ln x A cosln x B sin ln x x 0.5
No. 6
x 2 y"0.7 xy'0.1y 0
m1 0.2, m2 0.5
y1 x 0.2 , y2 x 0.5
No. 7
2 x 2 y"4 xy'5 y 0
No. 7
x2 D2 4xD 6I y 0
Auxiliary equation: m 2 a 1m b m 2 4 1m 6
m 2 5m 6 0
m 1m 6 0
m1 1, m2 6
y1 x 1, y2 x 6
No. 8
x2 D2 3xD 4I y 0
Auxiliary equation: m 2 a 1m b m 2 3 1m 4
m 2 4m 4 0
m 22 0
m1 m1 2 (double root)
y1 x 2 , y2 x 2 ln x
No. 9
m 0.62 0
m1 m2 0.6 double root
y1 x 0.6 , y2 x 0.6 ln x
No. 10
x2 D2 xD 5I y 0
Auxiliary equation: m 2 a 1m b m 2 2m 5 0
m 1 12 5 1 2i
m1 1 2i, m2 1 2i
y A x cos2 ln x, yB x sin 2 ln x
General sol.: yx xA cos2 ln x sin 2 ln x
No. 11
m 2 4m 10 0
m 2 22 10 2 4 10 2 i 6
m1 2 i 6 , m2 2 i 6
y A x 2 cos 6 ln x , y B x 2 sin 6 ln x
General sol.:
yx Ax 2 cos 6 ln x Bx 2 sin
6 ln x x 2 A cos 6 ln x B sin 6 ln x
No. 12
m 2 5m 6 m 2m 3 0
m1 2, m2 3
y1 x 2 , y2 x 3
No. 13
y1 x 0.5 , y2 x 1.5
And C1 1, C2 2
No. 14
m 3i
y A cos3 ln x, yB sin 3 ln x
General sol.: yx A cos3 ln x B sin 3 ln x
A 0, B 2.5 5
3 6
No. 15
m 2 2m 1 0
m 12 0
m1 m2 1 (double root)
y1 x, y2 x ln x
General sol.: yx C1x C2 x ln x C1 C2 ln xx
y' x 2 x C1 C2 ln x C1 C2 C2 ln x C1 C2 1 ln x
C
x
Since the initial values y1 1.5, y' 1 0.25
C1 C2 ln 11 C1 1.5
C1 C 2 1 ln 1 C1 C2 0.25
C1 1.5, C2 1.25
Particular sol.: yx 1.5 1.25 ln xx
No. 16
m 22 0
m1 m2 2 double root
y1 x 2 , y2 x 2 ln x
y1 C1 C2 ln 1 12 C1
No. 17
m i
y A cosln x, yB sin ln x
General sol.: yx A cosln x B sin ln x
m1 m2 1 (double root)
3
1 1
y1 x , y2 x 3 ln x
3
1 1 1
General sol.: yx C1 y1 C2 y2 C1x C2 x ln x C1 C2 ln x x 3
3 3
1 2 2 2
2
y' x 2 x 3 1 C1 C2 ln x x 3 C2 x 3 1 C1x 3 1 C2 x 3 ln x
C
x 3 3 3
2 2
1 C1x 3 1 1 ln x x 3 C2
3 3
2 2
y' 1 1 C1 1 3 1 1 ln 0 1 3 C 2 1 C1 C2 0
3
3
3
And C1 1, C2 1
3
1 1
Particular sol.: yx x 3 1 x 3 ln x
3
No. 19
m2 m 6 m 3m 2 0
m1 3, m2 2
y1 x 3 , y2 x 2
Then the initial values y1 0.5, y' 1 1.5 are inserted
y1 C1 C2 0.5
y' 1 3C1 2C 2 1.5
And C1 0.1, C2 0.6
No. 20
solution
m s x m
lim x 0
s 0 s 0
m s ln x
Then apply de’Hospital’ Rule lim x x m ln x
s 0 1
ln x s
m s m m s d e
d x x x x 1
m dx s m
Remark: x x
ds ds ds ds
d e s ln x
x
m m s ln x
x e ln x x m x s ln x x m s ln x
ds
a 1 a 12
In case of double root m and b
2 4
a 12
The equation becoms x 2 y" axy' y0 (1)
4
1 a
y x m ln x x 2 ln x
1 a 1 a 1 a
y' 1
2
a x 2 ln x
x 2
x 2 1 1 a ln x x 2
1 a 1 a 3 a
y" 2 2
x
x 1 ln x
1 a
2
1 a
2
x 2
3 a
1 a
2
ln x
1 a
2
1 a 1 a
2 2
x 2
3 a
2 2
a a 1 ln x x
4
Put y, y’ and y” into (1)
3 a 1 a 1 a
2 a 2 1
x a
4
2
ln x x
ax 1 1
2
a ln x x 2
a 12 2
4
x ln x
1 a 1 a 1 a
a 2 1
a
4
2
ln x x a1
1
2
a ln x x 2
a 12 2
4
x ln x
1 a
2
a a 1 ln x a a 1 a ln x
4 2
a 12
4
ln x x 2
1 a
2 2 2
a a a 1 2a 2a a 2a 1 ln x x 2 0
4 4 4
Set x e t
It means t ln x, dt 1 , dx et x
dx x dt
dy dy dt dy
y' 1
dx dt dx x dt
dy d2y
1 1 x 1
x 2 dt x dt 2
x
dy d2y
1 1
x 2 dt x 2 dt 2
dy d2y
x 2 1 1 ax 1 dy by 0
2 dt
x 2 dt 2 x dt
x
dy d 2 y dy
a by 0
dt dt 2 dt
d2y
a 1 by 0 This
dy
2 dt
is a homogeneous linear ODEs with constant
dt
coefficients.
1 a a 12 4b
Its auxiliary equation 2 a 1 b 0 2
1 a a 12 4b
Then y1 et e ln x e ln x
x 2 xm
1 a a 12 4b
m are the roots m 2 a 1m b 0 which is of the auxiliary
2
equation of x 2 y"axy'by 0
d2y
a 1 by 0 2 a 1 b 0 (1)
dy
(e)
dt 2 dt
d2y dy a 12
a 1 y0
dt 2 dt 4
1 a t 1 a t 1 a t
y t e , y' t
1 a 2 , y" t
1 a 2
2 e e 2
2 4
Put y, y’ and y” into (1)
1 a t 1 a t 1 a t
1 a 2 1 a a 12
e 2 a 1 e 2 e 2
4 2 4
1 a
1 a 2 1 a a 12 2 t
a 1
4
e
4 2
1 a
a 12 a 12 2 t
2
e
2
0