File transfer protocol

FTP

Trivial file transfer protocol

TFTP

Hyper text transfer protocol

HTTP

Simple mail transfer protocol

SMTP

Post office protocol

POP

Post office protocol version 3

POP3

Internet Mail Access Protocol

IMAP

Mail User Agent

MUA

Mail Transfer Agent

MTA

Mail Delivery Agent

MDA

Real time protocol

RTP

Asynchronous transfer mode

ATM

Personal Area Network

PAN

Local area network

LAN

Metropolitan area network

MAN

Wide area network

WAN

Open system interconnection

OSI

International standard organization

ISO

User datagram protocol

UDP

Transmission control protocol

TCP

Domain Name System

DNS

Top Level Domain

TLD

Dynamic host configuration protocol

DHCP

Unshielded twisted pair cable

UTP(cable)

Shielded twisted pair cable

STP(cable)
Logical link control

LLC

media access control

MAC

Protocol data unit

PDU

Time to live

TTL

Internet control messaging protocol

ICMP

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

IANA

Regional Internet Registries

(RIRs)

Address resolution protocol

ARP

Interior gateway protocol

IGP

Interior gateway Routing protocol

IGRP

Exterior gateway protocol

EGP

Autonomous system

AS

Routing information protocol

RIP

Border gateway protocol

BGP

Interior Border gateway protocol

iBGP

exterior Border gateway protocol

eBGP

Open Shortest path first

OSPF

Carrier sense multiple access

CSMA

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection

CSMA/CD

Carrier sense multiple access with collision Avoidance

CSMA/CA

Network address translation

NAT

Network interface card

NIC

Non-Returned to Zero

NRZ

Point to point protocol

PPP

High level data link control protocol

HDLC
Digital subscriber line

DSL

Digital subscriber line access multiplexer

DSLAM

Head-of-the-Line blocking

(HOL)

Round-Trip Time

RTT

Default gateway

DG

Variable Length Subnet Masking

(VLSM)

time division multiple access

TDMA

frequency division multiple access

FDMA

time division multiplexing

TDM

frequency division multiplexing

FDM

Peer-To-Peer

P2P

Reliable Data Transfer Protocols

RDTs

Selective Repeat
SR

Go-Back-N

GBN

Explain the concept of “store and forward” in packet switching networks.

When a router starts receiving bits from another router, it waits until the complete IP
packet is received. If the IP packet is received without errors, it is stored in a local
buffer. Next, the router determines the next-hop for the packet and forwards the packet

to the corresponding 1-hop router

==========================

Explain the concept of multiplexing and its advantage(s

TDM & FDM Explanation

======================

Give two reasons for routers dropping IP packets

Routers drop packets if: (i) a received packet has bit errors; or (ii) if there is no space in

its input/output buffers

======================

Why are network protocols organized in a layered fashion on hosts and routers?

Layering supports independent design of different protocols. Therefore, if one protocol

layer is modified, a faraway layer is not affected by the modifications.

======================

Identify four services provided by the link layer protocols on the Internet

The services provided by Link Layer protocols are:

medium (link) access, error detection and correction, addressing, and flow control

========================

What are the three broad classes of MAC protocols

The three broad classes of MAC protocols are: channel partitioning, random access,

and taking-turns.

======================

What is an ARP table? Why does a host computer need an ARP table?

ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. An ARP table has entries of the form:
<IP address, MAC address, TTL>. Given an IP address of a 1-hop neighbor (host or
router), the ARP protocol finds out the MAC address of the neighbor so that the

neighbor can be reached with a 1-hop transmission of a frame.

What kinds of communication errors can a completely reliable data transfer protocol withstand?

========================

Bit errors
- Packet loss
- Duplication of packets
- Reordering of packets

========================

g) What is a MAC table? What networking entities create and manage MAC tables?

A MAC table comprises of entries of the form: <MAC address, port#, TTL>. The TTL
value specifies the time duration for which the mapping between a MAC address and
a port# is valid. Link layer switches create and manage MAC tables so MAC tables
exist on link layer switches.

d) Why is there no concept of acknowledgment (ACK) in the CSMA/CD protocol?

No software to implement the Ack >> it deals with optic fiber (Hardware)

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