6.1, Three isotropic sources, with spacing d between them, are placed along the z-axis. The excitation coefficient of each outside element is unity white that of the center element is 2. Fora spacing of d = 4/4 between the elements, find the (a) array factor (b) angles (in degrees) where the nulls of the pattern occur (0? = @ = 180°) (©) angles (in degrees) where the maxima of the patter occur (0° = @ = 180°) ajkr jk ik 61.0. BSE +E +B, =26 9 re +e where the center element is placed at the origin. For far-field observations Gmpater Poyrame t ane y for phase variations tenasteg ose) KehEr — for amplitude variations | 474 and Ep=Es ay, + oktese , cjkdeose t Bacay we, fa firg (ees, eitlose)} eget =e ail (oti cos (kdcosol} Thus the army factor is equal to AF C6) = 201+ ces ckdcese)] = 408*(Hcos0 ) hich in normalized ‘form can also be uritten as AF(6)n = 14 Gs (hacoss) = 268° tL 6) b, The nulis of the pattern Can be found uSing @ither of the above forms for the array factor. For example Fa)=4es'(z ase) One form the ather Form AF(@) = 1+ @SCkd Cos6n) =0 2c08*( 4d @sdq) =0 CosCkd cos 6n) = -1 Hosen = OS'C0)s SH, neti, 23> kd CoS6n = COSI) = nT, N= 31,43, -- $n = Cost (nA (ad )) , n=#t, £3, On = GS'CnA/ad ), NSH,£3,45,-- which are of identical form. Thevefore beth farms yield the same yesutts, “Thus for d= 7/4 sy wR) = @é! a1 £3) > No mulls exist, On = @S Ching oS" (an) ,N=H,t3, > C. Similarly the maxima, of the pattern can be found using either of the two forms for the array factor, For example.6 (Cont) One Form Other Form, AFG)= lt GS(Rdcoseq)=2 AFO)=268*( Meson) =2 Cos (Rd CoS6m) = | cost OS Om) = +1 Kdcos6m = @S'C1)=amm, ms “0.4 £4 cos =@S'(e]) = mm, 8, 1,- m= CSA) moo, e1£2,-- , Om= Cos'(MA), tha OL, 82.00" which are of identical form . Therefore both yield the same results . Thus for d= 4. n=O: 867 GS'(0) = 40" Om= @Sl(4m), m=ot1, +2, 9 [ress @1=008"(4)9 Dows not exis.6.7. 67. Design a two-element uniform astay of isotropic sources, positioned along the z-axis a distance 1/4 apart, so that its only maximum ocours along @ = 0°, Assuming ordinary end-fire conditions, find the (a) relative phase excitation of each element (b) array factor of the array (©) directivity using the computer program DIRECTIVITY at the end of Chapter 2, Compare it with Kraus’ approximate formula Placing dne element at the origin and the other at d distance above if, the array factor is equal *0 - / AF@)= 1+ ebChdose+8) 2 qitchdeosoxeyf ej tthdos+8) y efi Beare] = = ap eer AFU)= 2e}8CesOSr6) Gos ( Lckdcesot 9) ] ubich im normalized form con be written as (AF n = CoS (2C kd@se +6) ] a, ga -kd=-(R)=-2, b. For a= ™%, th = es TE cose -4)] C, (ARM = 42 @s PR CCSBm- 4] = On= O° . In @S8n-4) = @§ (0707) ={ 4 ry = 0.707 = @S [HCO 119 al . (te Does not exist z - = = 0S (2) 9 for #1 3 CoS0h-L= 1.9 CSBh 27 bn ost 3 For 3 @Sh —L= “L9@S bh =0= Oh= GS") = Jo°= EB radians Therefore. Our = Oar 20E~8) = SR 2 Ae AL 1.273 =1.047dB and Oo hye Ban Be 278 Computer Program (U=s* LE Cees8~4)]) Do = i. 42451 = 1.5367 dB6.13. An array of 10 isotropic elements are placed along the z-axis a distance @ apart. Assuming uniform distribution, find the progressive phase (in degrees), half-power beamwidth (in degrees), first null beamwidth (in degrees), first side lobe level maxirnum beamwidth (in degrees), relative side lobe level maximum (in dB), and directivity (in 4B) (using equations and the computer program DIRECTIVITY at the end of Chapter 2, and compare) for (@) broadside () Hansen-Woodyard end-fire () ordinary end-fre arrays when the spacing between the elements is d = /4. 6-13. Neto, d= %4, a. Broadside (Table 61 and 6.2) 9 @=0 HPBW = 20 fo°~ cos! ( LSPAXA) = 2 cH 77.G0t) = 20.4" FNBW = 20 7 - ws'(€)] =2690°~66.42") = 47.16° FSLBW = 270° cos"(4&)] = 200° ~ 53.13") = 73.74" From (6-170) = Relutive Sidelabe moximum = ~ 8. 46d Frm Table 6.7 > D, = 2N(4) =2- 10-4 =5 = 6.99d8 Using the Computer program at the end of Chapter 2 Do= b2b > 7I7As b. Ordinary End-Fite CTables 63.and 6.4) 98 = thd =£¥A=2%0" HPBW = 2asT[I~ BUCH) ] = 2 (34.62°)= 63.28° FNBW =2008"T1 4] = 2050.65 2 (53.13) =106-26° PSLBW = 205°C I- 32] = 2 (66-42) = 132.84" From (6-174) 3 Relative Side tobe maximum = -13.46d13 From Table. 6.7 Do =4.N (2) =4 C10) ¢ S10 = 10dB Using the Computer program at the end of Chapter 2 > Do= 0.05 = 10.02dB C. Hansen -Woodyard End- Fire. CTables 6.5 amd 66) Gs Chd +7) = EC Qo 18S) = £108" HPBW = 2 cos"[}~ 13984) ] = cif. 25)= 38.5 FNBW =2 @S"[ | —$-] =2 (36.87) = 73-74" FSLBW = 2@s77)~ $e] = 2 (5813) S106. 26° From Figure 64 > Relative side tobe maximum 2-948 From Table. 6.7 > Dos 789 (ANCA) ] =1-788 (4x0 4) SI7.BY 12 5AB Using the Computter program ak the end of Chapter 2 > De= (6-02 =). 86dB6.17, Design a 19-element uniform linear scanning array with a spacing of 4/4 between the elements, (a) What is the progressive phase excitation between the elements so that the maximum of the array factor is 30° from the line where the elements are placed? (b) What is the half-power beamwidth (in degrees) of the array factor of part a? Verity using the computer program at the end of this chapter. (©) What is the value (in dB) of the maximum of the first minor lobe? 617. NeIa, dev a gs hd cos | = - © (Aas@o)=-2 8 =~ 38 = -1.3603 e=30" @ = -WB = ~1.3603 Cred) = - 97.942" = os! . A]. b. Oh= @8'Lase -0.443 | ae [ost to443 Zo], _ = cos' [ates ~ 2443] —s'[ance + 2443] = @S"(0, 777K) — CoS "(OROAG ) = 38.9T6F°~ 17.3309 = 21-64 57° Qn = 26457 CABS 48 | Computer Result. HPBW > 23 degree . Do CDirectivity )=10.l03dB,6.22. Design a linear array of isotropic elements placed along the z-axis such that the zeros of the array factor occur at @ = 10°, 70°, and 110°, Assume that the elements are spaced a distance of A/4 apast and that B = 45°. (a) Sketch and label the visible region on the wnit circle (b) Find the required number of elements (©) Determine their excitation coefficients 622, b= %, dM 0, Y= kdcose +6 = at 2 ase +Ee Fose+g visible region :Os0°9 Ye Ra e= Z G=ig0'9 Y= -E+P=-F b. AF = (2-2)(@-2:)(2-23) = Gi +0.2 +032*+ Oqz 7 delement required C. Poe = RASH 4G = 2O-C05 Cio") FAG* = 183.633° = ~A670+] 24 = Z Wage = Yo° OS (70°) + 45° = 75, 782° = 0.2456 +} 0. 969A = Za Prior = 90" OS (UO) +A5%S [4.218 = 0.9674 4} 02456 = 2S So AF = (B+ 6690-0-724)CB~ 0. 486] 0.96742 —0.96P4-] 0-24.56.) = [2% Conga -j l.b9ayr2 + -08719-J0.4%)] (z~ 09694 ~jo. 2456) AF = 23 t22(-052507} RO) + C1-718 4) /.04/ ) + C024) 0.670) So Oss 46.24 40.670 = 1.000138 L 42,62" Qa = EIB +f /-04| = 2.00673 4 148,186" Q3 = ~ 05250 ~j 1,90 = 2.0099 Z ~/05. 1500" Ga <46.24, Design a three-element binomial array of isotropic elements positioned along the z-axis, a distance d apart. Find the (a) normalized excitation coefficients __(c) nulls of the array factor for d = A (b) arcay factor (@) maxima of the array factor for d = 6-24. a. The excitation Coefficients for a 3-element array are 4, 2,4. Placing one element: at the origin, one above it, and the other belas it, ‘the problem is identical to that of Prblem 6.1. Thus the array. factors are identical and egual to b. (AFIn = It@sChdeose) = 20s ase) C. The nulls of the pattern can be ‘found Using either of the above. pr s GS it Was demonstrated in Problem 6.4. Using either one d=A > On= Gs! (na/2d) = GS *(n/a) ) n="#t, #3, 4B, 1 = GS \(4 4/2) = GS "(£0.5) = 60%, Ro? + 3 = GS '(C4A2) = (0S'(41-5)= Does not exist. Wed5: Gy = CoS'C+ 5/2) = GS'(2.5) = Doesnet exist, The Same holds for In]%7. d. The moxima of the putter Gm also be found either of the forms. Using the results of Problem 6.4, der 3 Om = QS\(m¥d) =@S"(m), m=0, 4, £2,F3,°-~ 0: y= @S'(0) = 9o* mtd: 64> @S'Gt)= 0°, 180° mzt2; Gas @S\(ta)= Does not exist. The same helds for ny3,6.27. Five isotropic sources are placed symmetrically along the z-axis, each separated from its neighbor by an electrical distance kd = S7/4, For a binomial array, find (a) the excitation coefficients (b) the array factor (©) the normalized power pattern (@) the angles (in degrees) where the nulls (if any) occur Verify parts of the problem using the computer program at the end of this chapter. 627. bas 5 G. Use Pascal's triangle to find excitation coefficients 20.56 > O3=3 a, =4 O24 b. AF= 2E.0n cosCnkd cose) oo =2{3 +4 cosCkdcose) + Co8 (2kdaose) f = € Gs (akdeose)= 2008 (hdeoe) “1 44 14 2eschdcase) + cos*thdcose)} = 411+ Gs chdcosay FP = 16 cos (Ad asg) C. Ul8,9) = |ARI*= 286 Cos® (hd eocay Umar = U(0= 2, 2) = 256 F,o,9) = UC#) — s®( tdase) Umox d. mulls occurs when Cas(#4 Gs6,)=0 Rd Q50n (amet) NE0,44, #2, --- Ons os" (anna) gy } =Os"{ caneay Sf =o: 0, = GSE) = 36.9" wed: Be = OS'-$)= [431°6.33. Repeat the design of Problem 6.24 for a Dolph-Tschebyscheff array with a side lobe level of 20 dB. 633. R= 20dB > Rovoltage Ratio) = to" =10 Zo= ddr sry + (overs 1 = 22452 Q. The array factor Gan be written as (AF a= Qn CoS Catny ut] = G, + Onc05(2u) = Ort Oa L2Gstu-1] (AP)3 = (Oda) + 20.00°u= COr-Ba) +2.04.C05° Mase) Letting Cosu= ¥/z., Gnd Cpucting the army factor to the Tchebyscheff Polynomial of order 2, we obtain Carman) + 203 (35) -14 2279 Wb=29 O.=A*=(2.345a)*= 55 Serre IEE Yor mmited (Gere ra @Qi-as)=-19 Q=a4=4.5) b. Thus the army factor &S equal to (AF)3 = 0.818 + Cos(2R4 cose) = -0.182+ 2057( 54 0056) C. (AF) = 0.818 + CoS (27 CoS6n) =O > CoS(2TQSOn) = -0-818 2 OSB y = Cas" (-0.818)= fricesss= £25287 rad . Also (+ 2.5287 22M) rad, A216.15° = 23.754 rad, Algo Ct 3.754 t20N) rad. Therefore. gy = CoS"(42:5287 ) = 66.27%, 113.73° Ons Cos*( +2.5287-2T ) =126. 69° 27 Dn = Gst( -2:5287 tai) = 53.3)° =6-33. Contd) n= Cos'(+ S454) = 53.31", 126.69" On = G@S"(43.284-20) = 113,73" an On = CoS "(-3. Ses H)=66.27° Therefore #he nulls occur at r= 533°, 66.277, 113.73, and 126. 69° d. The maxima of the pottern are obtained using (APIs) = 1.818 = 0.818 + CoS(2n OS0m) > OS QTOSOm)=4 2m CS 8m = CS'CA) = 0° + 360%m or OF 2M radians Thus Om = Cos" () = 90° Om = cs" (2)= Gs'(4) 50° 6m = coS'(- 24) = @S'(-1) =i60° There exist two more moxima and one occurs between 53,3)° and 66.27° and the other between 13.73° and 126. 69° Alternate methods Gan be used to-find them , One method Wil] be fo Koke derivative of (AF)s and quate it to ero. This allows you e find the extrema Cminima and maxima). TE the value of the second derivative ot these points is positive, they are minina Hf it is negative they are moxima, Thus CAPS _. gin oxGs6m)(-2nSittbm) =O > Stn Gn =O, Sin C2TGSEm) =O Sindy = 0-7 Om = Gor"(0)= 0° 180", They are maxima (fYem aboue ) . Sin (2 Ggbm) 20 7 2NGSOm = SiC) = *MT, m=0,1,2, --* m=0; Cosdm = 00m = GS"(0) = 90° C Maxi mum) M=1; M@SOm = £79 Om = CoS! (+E) = 605 20° CMoxim, ) m Zn CoSbm = E2E> Bw = CoS (41) 20° 180° ( Maxi ma) Therefore the maxima occur at @= 0%, 60°, 90°, |205 and (é0° Note: This precedure didnot yield any mulls because the nulls occur at points (See graph next page) where the Smosth Curve was ‘truncated and where, there are Jero Crossing S. C Gntined)633 CContd) An alternate method will beto Use the procedure which wos usecl to tabulate the data of Table 6.8. Since this is a 3-element array, its array factor iS equal to a Tschebyscheff polynomial of onder 2, and itis shown Sketched here. ” The hulls occur at " Tenens nena g= 4 UZ = 40.707, thus “I race) Using the Yelotion of (6-72) d ¥ = estuy=Gs(FAcse) ’ Pord=a, Z=+ Wz, ' Gnd Zo= 23452 4 1 1 e408 zaabavg 70818 Tose = @S"(+0.3015) = ‘ee Yod 9 6 cog! (#2648 y 26627" Also. 6= 113.72" (07. 55° = $1877 rod > O= Cog'(2 1877 ) = 53,31° Aso 8 = 126,697 The moxima of the pattern oaur at#=0,224&5 423452 For 20: CSCI C058) = 0 DH Meosg= @S(0)= + (ARAN) T, m=o1,2, °° - M=0 : WOS6 = +FDO = CoS) = 60%, 120° Wed + WOse= £30 3B Cos'(42) 5 Does not exist. The same holds for m%2. For @=42.3452=22,: Cos(TCose)= ZS =+4 9 weess = GS'(44)= dmw, M=0, 1,20 M50} TSR =0 > b= GS") = 90° Meds TF Coed = 419 b= OS(44) =0°, 180" M=2: Tose = 279 6=@S(42) 9 Does not exist. The same holds for M23. Thus the Same answers are obtained as with the previous method . CoS (Tose) = st.6.34. Design a thsee-element, ~ 40 dB side lobe level Dolph-Tschebyscheff array of isotropic elements placed syinmetrically along the z-axis. Find the (a) amplitude excitation coefficients (b) array factor (©) angles where the nulls occur for d = 34/4 (0° = 6 = 180°) (d) directivity for d = 344 e) balf-power beamwidth ford = 34 6-34. The procedure for this problem iS identically the same as that of Problem 6.33 except that the Side tobe level for this one is —4odB instead of -26 48. a. (AF), = Eom Cos [2¢n-194k] = Or + Aa QSQu) = (4)-A2) +20, Ro= 4ods > Ro voltage ratio) = 100 Be ( Coot fiat )@ + (oo-Viegeer DI] = 71063 Thus, (0)~ds) +2da Sd = Gr~G.) + 20a (EZ) = 22-15 Tz) 20.(E)S 222 y Gi = B= (71063) = 50.5 Q)~O2>-1 9 = Br = (7.1063)* DOF t+O. = 49, cree ae an = Avon = A¥.5/ 50:5 = 0-Fe02 Ole Sars} hermalized gL Qa/g, = 50.9/50.5 = 10000 b. (AP)a = din + Qan CoS (au) = 0.9802 + Gos¢ 84 cos6) & (AF)a = (On~Gan) +2Qan CoS*M = ~ 0.0178 ta0s*( cos6) C. for d= 3% (0°<8< 180°) (APs = 0,%802 + 8 [82.asbn} = 0.9802 + @S (4 Cesbn) = 0 + 168.58°C + 2.7423 rod ) BE costa = OS OR2)= [os Cae.seot al) There On = Coste 2028425)) = 51,365 128.64" On = cost “aaast)) = 44.85%, 135.15 © dye 2h oe eos [Reoshl Gare peal t 1+ CR™IDFGRS) > f= 140636 {2 ash[ (Garon) ] Jon323 De=_2cwoy* 23.4 = 5. 32dB 1 Coo*=1)+ 1.323(4) sing the computer preqram at Ahe end of Chapter 2, Do=3.76 = 5.1543 & HPBW = { cS [Costs ~0.443 (25 )] — cos! [co88,-0.443(45) ]}F le ate = Fe = | @5*[o~0.443($)]- cos" [0-0.443()] } 1.323. = 30.08"634 C@nt'd) The excitation Gefficients can also be found using CO- 77b) or Om = Be EM ce)5EV_(B*M=2LOM) yn Thus ) & CE wd! (genar!( Mogi)! with Mea - ! ag = Feb toes t? FP! 2 = 24 Cz 1063y"= 49.5 B 2eg- DI CE-! Ca-g)! §- é Or = & CWE (7g3fF9_G-v!2 = (P1063)*= 50.5 (gral gp!6.46. In high-performance radar arrays low-sidelobes are very desirable. In a particular ap- plication itis desired to design a broadside linear array which maintains all the sidelobes at the same level of —30 dB. The number of elements must be 3 and the spacing between them must be 4/4. (a) State the design that will ineet the specifications. (b) What are the amplitude excitations of the elements? (c) What is the half-power beamwidth (in degrees) of the main lobe? (d) What is the directivity (in dB) of the array? G46 Q. Tschebyscheff b. 30= 2olegw (Rove) > Rove = (oM= 31.623 2o= 20 (Rot (RE) + (Ro- VRe al)? ] =4[31.623+ (Gen )"* + (31623- farayeet M4] = 3[(81623 + 31.607)" + (31,623 ~31.607)*] % = 407952 + 0.1265] = 4.039 am+4=3 9 M=4, M+i=2 on) acs) Cl42-2ap! 2 ay sen (4.0397 SS yo 2-1)! (I-14! +6 Cosy)? @ttarl 2 2QVi ar araw! seiayta_ + cycaoag* 2 2000) ZHAI) L + (6.314 = 15.314. = Cy caoagy er _@n Qe D! Ci-2tiy! 02 =01)(4.039)_UG) = 16 314 /2 = 8.159 RCN) C fs 1+0.636 {sa5 cosh[ (ostta1.623)* 2] y = 140636 teres ash {ca iage= > 1 + {= 140.636 tats Gosh (2.707) y = ly 0636 {5 rsx) feta HPBW = On= o5'[eosg,- 0.443 >> = 005'[cos6, +0443 ] n = 90" Btd “gage? = cs! 5 = CoS! [0.443 al ~ @8'[ 0.443 a |] =126.20°~ $3.8° @n =72.4° @h (Tse) = 92-4 (1.144) = 62, 0256 D= 21,000) = bale = 117 +999) akg 312 = 1'773dB6.49. Determine the azimuthal and elevation angles of the grating lobes for a 10 x 10 element uniform planar array when the spacing between the elements is A. The maxi- mum of the main beam is directed toward 6 = 60°, ¢) = 90° and the array is located on the x-y plane. GUY. 60= 60°, Bo= 9", deady=A, O 8=90° and B= lao® ‘sing sing = E: Sin fo? singe? 4€ m=o: (Sine O88 = Oo@> & ° or G2180" or =fo° or foe y Yo. sngsing= B® @4O O49 Sues O=@ m=+ds (° sing cosg= 1: O>(0=%" end = 0" ) or (029° and =360') ‘Sing Sing = SE: @ O20 @#® In cose of net Simoess=-1 ;@ (8=T0° and B=I80") m1 (Snesing= £1: O49 Jo° or B=270° Sing asp = 2 G0" oF 6 (Go" oF Bs m= 0 oem (che singe & E4.2,01@, OF9 agra oun sino cos = +1 @ (O=Fe' and g=c%) ox CO=F0" ond "p= 360") met (casing = 3 4.@ ate Ot® Again, we found the angle of grating fobe 6=60" > Major tobe N=0, m=O At, B=Fo° { gst20° Grating abe B=270 7 63040" i Noexist in physic fo. 8 = 300? Continued)643 Cont'd) a {82 TAT" ¥ Nocxist in physical, n=-4,m=0 { => 172.30 men At B= 270° Q= 2699% G= 172, 301° Grating tobe "Grating Lobe Therefore, three grating lobesexitt m0, M=0, (G=120°, B= 90") ® ne-4,M=0, (O= 76799 B=270) (G=172301", B= 270°) ® © The maximum Value IS not 4 Gate, gosh) © wnsa, 9270) Figure P&- ag.