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logging tools (such as PLTs) on such long drains. Fig. 6. A dummy PLT tool string was included on the bottom
Coiled tubing techniques were considered, but were not of the wireline tractor. A wireline unit and a load cell were
retained as they do not allow conveying tools past 1,000m of used to apply back tension to the cable and to retrieve after
horizontal length in Al Khalij wells. runs.
Three wireline tractor models (all of the wheeled type, two
With wireline tractors (Fig.3), the tools are conveyed in the 9 electric-hydraulic and one electric) were trialled during the
5/8", 43.5lbs/ft production casing and inside the long 6 5/8" course of the tests with mixed success. Testing was carried out
liner, 24lbs/ft. The procedure is either to tractor past the with minimum dogleg, successful tests then were repeated, in
deeper perforation and log while pulling out of hole, or generally successfully, with extreme doglegs beyond anything
directly log while tractoring. that would be expected in a real well.
Such acquisition is well documented in Ref 2. Several dozen runs were made in the course of the testing
sessions to determine the best equipment and techniques for
Corrosion logs negotiating the y-tool. It was clear early in the testing that a
On the Al Khalij , the combination of high water cut, single wireline tractor could not reliably negotiate the y-tool. .
significant reservoir water salinity (220 g/l) and CO2 content In order to run tractors past the side opening of the Y-tool
(1.5%) has resulted in corrosion-related completion failures : (where wheels were getting trapped), it was found necessary to
ESP housings, ESP Y tools, production tubing resulting in the use two tractors in tandem configuration. Such set up allows
loss of seals, production casing, and, finally, liners. Most of the top operate both tractors independently from each other
them have resulted in production losses. and also provides the pull force required in the long horizontal
In order to assess the condition of the production casing and sections. This was the most significant finding of the series;
liners, corrosion logging tools were conveyed on several and subsequent testing focussed on refining operational
opportunities by wireline tractors during workovers. techniques using tandem wireline tractors of the selected
contractor.
Segmented Bond Tool (SBT) logs
The challenge of properly cementing a very long horizontal The second yard test allowed to take the technique of
liner (>2000m) is real. Once the cementation was performed, tractoring PLTs through Al Khalij ESP completions one step
another challenge was yet to overcome: determine the quality further. The first attempts were made with a conventional plug
of the cement placement in the liner annnulus. Again, thanks that had to be pushed with a grapple placed on the line and the
to wireline tractors, cement evaluation tools could be tools tractored to the bottom of the interval. The tools then had
effectively run over the full drain lengths of ambitious Al to be pulled back to retrieve the grapple before logging could
Khalij wells. continue. This was a time consuming and hazardous process.
A new type of ‘self-seating’ logging plug was trialled during
Production logging the second surface test. This device is fixed to the cablehead,
With the increasingly high water cut on the field, there was a releasing it only when a set of dogs are depressed by the
strong incentive to run a Production Logging Tool (PLT) proper internal profile of the y-tool seating nipple. This means
acquisition to better understand the mechanism of water that no grapple is required, the tractor force can be applied to
production in Al Khalij wells. seat the plug, and it is very clear when the plug becomes
Such acquisition was by far the most challenging one on the seated – the tools cannot proceed past the y-tool unless the
Al Khalij field, since it was to be performed through the ESP plug seats and releases. Surface testing of this method was
completion (Fig. 4). very successful. In addition, during this second yard test, a
PLT's must be tractored in the 4 1/2 completion, through the wireline swivel was successfully tested (refer to "cable
ESP Y tool, in the 2 7/8 by-pass tubing, then inside the liner selection" chapter).
on the full drain length. Finally, a logging plug must be
installed across the Y tool flapper area (Fig. 5) before the Tractor size selection
production is started and the PLT acquired. The chosen contractor displays two sizes of wireline tractors:
2 1/8” and 3 1/8”. The presence of the Y-tool and the ID of
the 2 7/8" by-pass tubing dictated the use of the smaller and
Job preparation, execution and main findings less powerful 2 1/8” version.
The first time a production log through an ESP completion Wheels size
was attempted in 2004, it was not appreciated what effect the The 2 1/8” tractors were required to be able to tractor in the 9
y-tool profile would have on the ability to tractor through it. 5/8” casing as well as the 6 5/8” liner and 2 7/8” tubing. To
During this operation, many attempts were made to pass tractor in 9 5/8” casing 70 mm wheels are required. In order
through the y-tool with no success and led to subsequent for the tractor to enter the 2 7/8" by pass tubing, though, a
wireline problems, resulting in a workover. Decision was then wheel size of 54mm was required. Hence a selection of wheels
made to undertake a yard test before attempting any other job. was kept onboard the rig throughout the operation in order to
adapt possible changes of application.
Yard tests of Y tool tractoring
Two sets of surface testing were carried out 1 year apart. A
mock-up completion was assembled on surface as sketched in
IPTC 11567 3
Alternating Current / Direct Current (AD/DC) mode understanding of the other factors involved in the deployment
selection led to problems. Other difficulties were encountered that
The wireline tractors can be powered with both direct current caused repeated tension changes and torque reversals in the
(DC) and alternating current (AC). This requires an cable that eventually led to a cablehead failure. A subsequent
electronics and motor section change though and the decision operation used a larger 5/16” single conductor wireline which
to operate with AC or DC equipment had to be made before was successfully deployed into the well, but subsequently
the tools were mobilised. suffered birdcaging at the logging plug in the y-tool (Fig. 7)
Typically, AC tractors must be used for ballistic operations
because of safety considerations. The safe perforating system Eventually it was determined that only the largest available
used was immune to low level AC leakage, and disabled by cable; a 0.472” seven conductor cable would be used for these
high level AC leakage, hence an AC tractor must be used. The PLT operations. This cable is the strongest, the most resistant
use of AC tractors is also recommended when mono conductor to torque, and offers a full seven conductors for power and
wireline is used, for reliability considerations, but in such communications. There is however a price to be paid for these
configuration neither Logging While Tractoring (LWT) nor benefits, firstly grease injection pressure control equipment
tandem tractors applications are possible. generally works less effectively the larger the wireline, and
secondly the unit weight is over four times that of a single
The remaining applications require DC tractors for two conductor 7/32” line. In the Al Khalij wells the flowing
reasons, firstly to allow tandem operation and secondly to wellhead pressures are only four to five hundred PSI, with
allow logging while tractoring. Tandem tractors can be little to no gas, so grease injection tubes could be used to
operated only with a specific type of electronics, which safely control pressure on the large line. In higher pressures, or
operates with DC power. Tandem operations therefore had to gas wells this would become increasingly difficult.
be planned ahead of time, and several electronics modules had
to be mobilised when single and tandem tractors applications Logging While Tractoring
were foreseen. A key benefit of using a multi-conductor cable is being able to
Running DC, the downhole electronics become more complex. tractor and log simultaneously. The tractors use six of the
Where the AC motor runs at constant speed dictated by the seven conductors to distribute the current and hence reduce
frequency, the speed of the DC motor needs to be carefully stress on the electrical conductor path, leaving the seventh
controlled. Since motor speed is affected by the load on the conductor free of interference to maintain high data rate
pump, current and voltage at surface need to be regulated to communications. Since data can be acquired in both directions
keep the tool performing optimally when the load changes. significant rig time savings can be recognised, as well as
During the work in the Al Khalij field, several lessons were increased flexibility in the logging program. Tractoring the
learned. The downhole regulation of the tractor hydraulics and large distances in the Al Khalij wells meant that up to six
the surface regulation of DC power interacted in ways which hours at a time could be spent tractoring to TD, since this
caused current fluctuations. These issues were solved along could productively be used to acquire data, the efficiency of
the way. such operations was considerably increased.
was included as backup to the electrical release, selected on Corrosion Evaluation Logging in the 6 5/8” Liner
the more likely scenario of having tools stuck at the wireline In two wells, multifinger caliper logs were carried out to
entry guide, or in the y-tool where more less drag meant more establish if internal corrosion had significantly affected the
pull available to break it. internal condition of the 6 5/8" liner. The data acquired
demonstrated that, despite fairly high water cut, liners had not
Real-time refinement: suffered significant corrosion and that isolation packers could
During the operations themselves real-time data was used to be set in these wells without fearing a lack of integrity. This
refine and update the models to ensure that original assumptions was instrumental in giving the go-ahead to install multi zone
were correct, and that the risk profile was remaining within selective completions on Al Khalij wells. The first one will be
acceptable limits. Run in and pick up weights were recorded, installed Q1, 2008.
and input directly into the model in the wireline unit. This
allowed real-time validation of the model, and also assurance Corrosion Evaluation Logging in the 9 5/8” Casing
that limits were not going to be exceeded, for example wireline In nine wells, Microvertilog (MVRT) tools were conveyed to
tensions for retrieval, or contingency weak point limits. An the base of the 9 5/8” production casing using wireline
example of good match between simulations and actual tension tractors. While such operation was troublesome on several
measurements is shown on Fig.9. occasions due to the lack of clearance between the MVRT and
the casing ID, the data acquired demonstrated that in most
Post-job review: cases the production casing was corroded between the top-of-
As various operations were performed, input data to the liner and the ESP intake, but not above. As a result, 13%Cr
models was refined, and interesting discoveries were made. casing will be installed on the bottom part of the production
The key input to any cable forces model is the friction casing in these wells.
coefficient. Over long horizontal well sections, particularly
with larger cables, a few percent error in the friction Cement Evaluation
coefficient can mean the difference between a successful job Cement quality behind the liner was successfully evaluated in
and a failure. Most difficulties to tractor to bottom were two wells, Alk15 and Alk31. The overall cement quality was
experienced during injection logs. found questionable however the presence of cement bridges
It was found in the Al Khalij wells that friction coefficients in provided sufficient isolation between zones. An attempt to
the 6 5/8” liner were generally higher than the normally complete this type of operation in the Alk202 well failed since
accepted 0.2 to 0.25 used for cased hole. Coefficients as high the single tractor configuration used could not get into the
as 0.4 were sometimes required to reproduce real tension liner; this case warranted the use two tractors in a tandem
results in the models. It was felt that two factors were causing configuration.
this. Firstly it was noticed that high injection rates actually
impeded the progress of the tractor rather than assisting. It was Production Logging in Flowing Mode
concluded that the effect of the injection over the very long The first two attempts to get pass the y-tool and set the logging
perforated intervals was to increase the contact force between packer were unsuccessful and ended up with wireline related
cable and pipe, and thus the apparent friction. Also, tractor failures with no production data acquired. The subsequent
wheels are powered by hydraulic oil, the viscosity of which extensive surface testing and optimization work provided the
greatly affects the power of the tractor. insight needed to overcome the inherent hazards this difficult
operation carry. A list of the most relevant changes
Results implemented follows:
Table 1 recaps all the operations performed since early 2005 o Operations were carried out with 0.472” 7-conductor
involving wireline tractors. A total of 39 operations have been wirelines
carried out on 17 wells. As shown on Fig.10, these operations o Two 2 1/8 tractors in a tandem configuration were
range from simple tubing-punch runs at shallow depths to used
production logging jobs performed over horizontal drains in o The inclusion of a swivel to avoid torque damage
excess of 2,000m. Nearly half of the operations were PLT became a requirement
related (mostly in injection mode). o A self-setting logging plug was adopted
o Wireline-tractor configurations suitable for logging-
Tubing punch interventions while-tractoring were defined
On five different occasions, wireline tractors were successfully
used to convey tubing-punch guns through the completion
below the production packers in order to kill the well. This One of the significant achievements of this monitoring
type of operation did not present serious challenges because of campaign was that the efficiency of the massive stimulation of
the shallow depths targeted. these very long drains was finally established. The results of
this campaign are detailed in Ref.5. In addition, corrosion logs
Production Logging in Injection Mode performed on the entire drain length demonstrated that
This type of acquisition was successfully performed in 8 wells. corrosion was not as severe in the drains as it was in the
The injection profiles acquired in the vast majority of these production casing, thus paving the way to selective
wells proved the effectiveness of the stimulation and diversion completions in the Al Khalij wells.
techniques applied to the field (Ref.5).
IPTC 11567 5
2000
Acknowledgements: 1000
We would like to thank Qatar Petroleum and Total for the
0
permission to publish this paper.
ALK-210
ALK-19
ALK-102
ALK-40
ALK-41
ALK-23
ALK-48
ALK-21
ALK-29
ALK-43
ALK-42
ALK-201
ALK-36
ALK-32
ALK-27
ALK-22
ALK-38
ALK-37
ALK-24
ALK-47
ALK-26
ALK-39
ALK-101
ALK-31
ALK-46
ALK-44
ALK-34
ALK-33
ALK-202
ALK-45
ALK-20
ALK-28
ALK-410
References
35
tracted length with two tractors
31
Tension,lbs tracted length with only one tractor
3000
81
-1000 -500 0 500 1000
60
26
26
11
0
81
81
24
2500
22
22
67
74
66
20
500
92
19
19
66
60
60
18
Length,m
2000
10
17
17
17
17
1000
1500
80
11
1500
7
91
1000
Depth,m
0
0
67
2000
61
0
0
54
48
0
39
500
0
0
29
28
0
6
0
21
18
16
14
2500
89
0
1-Mvert
2-PLT
3-PLT
3-MVRT
4-SBT
1-SBT
1-PLT
1-PLT
2-PLT
3-PLT
4-PLT
1-PLT
2-PLT
3-SBT
1-PLT
2-PLT
3-PLT
3-Caliper/PLT
4-MVRT
1-PLT
1-MVRT 9 5/8"
2-MVRT 9 5/8"
1-Puncher
1-Puncher
1-Caliper
1-PUNCHER
2-plt
1-MVert
3000
4500
Fig. 11- tractored length per operation per well
Tension,lbs
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0 21%
500
0%
36%
1000 0%
2000
36%
46%
2500
Modelled data
Actual data X<1000 1000<X<1500
3000 39%
successful Efficiency
Job type No. of Runs % of runs runs rate
Tubing Punch 5 13% 5 100%
Multi Finger Caliper 3 8% 2 67%
Corrosion Log 9 23% 5 56%
Cement Bond Log 3 8% 2 67%
PLT 18 46% 8 44%
Stroker / Mechanical 1 3% 0 0%
Total runs 39 100% 22 56%
3 Tubing Punch
Multi Finger Caliper
Corrosion Log
18 Cement Bond Log
PLT
9 Stroker / Mechanical
ALK13
23/04/2005 PLT
25/04/2005 PLT
26/04/2005 PLT
27/04/2005 PLT
13/05/2005 ALK 15 PUNCHER
06/05/2005 ALK 10 PUNCHER
ALK 15
20/05/2005 PLT
21/05/2005 MVRT
22/05/2005 SBT
27/06/2005 ALK 17 PUNCHER
03/07/2005 ALK 17 MVRT
07/07/2005 ALK 14 PUNCHER
ALK 202
31/08/2005 SBT
03/10/2005 PLT
03/10/2005 PLT
04/10/2005 PLT
ALK 31
17/10/2005 PLT
PLT
SBT
29/10/2005 ALK 36 M-Vert
08/11/2005 ALK 34 M-Vert
PLT / Y Tool
ALK 33
14/11/2005
16/11/5 PLT / Y Tool
17/11/5 PLT / Y Tool
22/01/2006 MVRT
24/01/2006 MVRT
ALK23
25/01/2006 MVRT
26/01/2006 Caliper
28/01/2006 PLT
29/01/2006 MVRT
Caliper
ALK24
02/05/2006
02/06/2006 Caliper
02/06/2006 MVRT
11/01/2007 PLT
11/01/2007 Dummy CCL
ALK20
12/01/2007 PLT
01/06/2007 ALK43 PLT/ LWT/Swivel