PRECAUTIONS AGAINST PERCOLATION :

1- Provide concrete APRON either at the US or at the DS

2- Provide cut-off walls

3- Provide end cut-off

4- Provide concrete blocks
5- Provide reversed filter
6- Provide drainage pipes

7- Provide end sill

8- Provide dry pitching at D. S.

9- Provide pitching in mortar at U. S.

1
UPSTREAM PRECAUTION

2
DOWN STREAM PRECAUTION

3
MT REVIEW

1
 STABILITY OF HEADING-UP STRUCTURES:
The structure foundation must satisfy three conditions:
1-SCOUR LENGTH : to accommodate Hydraulic Jump, to avoid DS bed scour
2-PERULATION LENGTH : to satisfy safe exit gradient, to avoid piping underneath the apron
3-FLOOR THICKNESS : to satisfy gravity stability of the DS Apron, to avoid buoyancy of the
structure

t1 = (0.5 − 0.75)m

t 2 = (0.8 − 1.0) H max

Scour
length
L1 = (3.0 − 5.0)m
L s = 0.6 C b H max
L w = 0.5 + (CL − BL ds ) / 2 2
 METHODS OF DETERMINATION
OF SCOUR LENGTH

A-Practical methods B-Analytical methods

1-Empirical method 2-Energy method 3-Accurate method 4-Standard types

of stilling basins

Take into account the bed soil type Depend on the analysis of hydraulic jump analysis

3
STEPPED WEIR:
A stepped weir composed of one Fayoum weir and a standing wave weir is
constructed across main canal of 9.0m bed width. Figure below shows a cross section
elevation of the weir complex. Bligh’s coefficient CB is 12.0 and Discharge
coefficient Cd is 0.62 . The first weir must be clear overfall with aeration executed
outside the wall. Calculate;
1. The maximum discharge capacity of the weir complex and crest levels of both
weirs.
2. The missing levels and dimensions and check the floor thickness, t2 & t3.
3. Draw the uplift diagram.
4. Draw complete section elevation showing earth, walls, foundation and percolation
precautions.

4
Answer:
1) Lact = Lh + Lv = 46 + 2*1.5 + (5-3) = 51.0m
Lact = LP = CB * Hmax ----- 51 = 12 * Hmax ---- get, Hmax= 4.25m
then, CL1 = bed level DS + Hmax= 3.0 + 4.25 = 7.25 m
The first weir must be clear over fall.
So, WL2 must be less than or equal CL1, WL2 = CL1= 7.25
5
 


 


 






pittching in morter


pittching in morter 

 pittching in morter

 2.75 Concrete blocks Dry pittching
t3=1.50
RF

      2d=7.0 3d=10.5



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SEEPAGE FLOWNET:
For the given seepage flow net in the figure below, if the soil permeability is 10-6 m/sec
and the critical soil gradient is 0.90, calculate;
1. The rate of seepage losses.
2. Pressure head at points A & B.
3. The exit gradient at point C and the factor of safty against piping.

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 For the given tail-escape weir floor, calculate
1-Sheetpile depths, D1 & D2
2-Check the floor thickness
if CB= 12



 







 


 
 


  


 


  



13
 

    




 




 
  

  



   

 
 

 
 



  



 



 

 

 




 

14
A Standing wave weir of 5.0 m crest length is built at down stream of a Fayoum weir
as shown in the figure below. The standing wave weir is designed for a condition of
min drop in water surface where as the Fayoum weir satisfied the hydraulic
conditions of clear over-fall. The canal dischage is 10.73 m3/sec and Bligh’s
coefficient is 12. Submit the following requirements:
- Crest levels of the 1st & 2nd weir.
- Missed floor lengths, L1& L2.
- Safe Apron thickness, t.

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