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BASIC COURSE
PREFACE
Lingala is a trade language spoken along about a nine hundred mile stretch of the
Congo River from Leopoldville upstream. Most of the people who speak Lingala are
native speakers of other languages and use Lingala for communicating with persons
outside their own language group.
The Lingala Basic Course is one of a series prepared by the Foreign Service In-
stitute in its Special African Languages Program, coordinated by Earl W. Stevick.
This series is being produced under an agreement with the Office of Education, De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare, under the National Defense Education Act.
The course in its present form is based on classroom experience with a group of
Foreign Service Officers. It is designed to provide basic structures and vocabulary
for the situations in which the foreigner is most likely to need Lingala.
The linguist in charge of the project has been James E. Redden. He was assisted
by Frederic Bongo, Ernest Masakala, and Emil Zola, Language Instructors.
The tapes which accompany the text were prepared in the Foreign Service Insti-
tute Language Laboratory under the supervision of Gabriel Cordova.
III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents •••••.•.....•...•...•..•....••••..•..•..•••.•. lV
Introductlon
Identlflcatlon and locatlon ....•.. ' .....•.......•... x
Tone ..•••....•...........•........•..•.•••.......... Xl
Unlt 1
Dlaloguel 'Gr e e t lng s' •.••.........•••.•.....•.....• 1
Note: 1. Verb preflxe s .•.•......•••.......•....... 2
2. Partlcle /n~/, 'and', 'together wlth' .. ... 3
3• Partlcle /na/ after /-zala/ •...•......... 3
4· Partlcle /na/ and /ya/I Possesslon . 3
5. Partlcles /na/ and /ya/a Descrlptlon .•... 4
6. Response to yes-no questlons •...•.•...... 4
7. Intonatlon. statement vs. Questlon ...•.. 5
8. Nouns. Slngular and Plural . 6
9. /0/ before another vowel . 7
10. Drllls. Instructlons on How to Use •..... 7
Unlt 2
Dlalogue. 'Do you speak Llngala7 I •••••••••••••••••• 10
,
Note. 1. Negatlonl /te/
I
...•....•................. 11
2. Verb: Base and afflxes .......•.......... 12
3. Aspect. Perfectlve/Imperfectlve 12
4. Tense. Tlme Segments ....•••......... 12
5. Immedlate Pastl Permanent Statesl Present
Loca tlons •....•.•..............•....... 14
6. Habltual Actlon, Contlnued State 15
7. Temporary Habltual Present. Proxlmate Fu-
ture 16
8. Spelllng of long or double ldentlcal vowels 16
lV
Unlt 3
Dlaloguel 'Do you want to come to my house today~' •• 21
Notea 1. Inflnltlve preflxa /ko-/ •••••••••••••••• 23
2. Purpose a Immedlate Future ••••••••.••••.• 24
3• Immedlate Present •••••••••••••••••.••.••• 24
4. Potentlal Future •••••••••.•••..•.•••••.•• 25
5. Impera t 1 ve ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 25
6. Spe11lng of long ldentlcal vowels ••••••.. 25
7. PosseSSlve Constructlon wlth Inflnltlve •.• 30
8. Imme d la te Pa s t 0f / -1 ia / ••••••••••••••.•. 30
9. Order of Possesslve and Descrlptlve Phrases 30
Unlt 4
Dla10guel 'The Raplds' .................... ........ . 31
Note a 1. Noun Classes . ...... .................. .... 33
2. Verb SubJect PreflXes •••••••••••••••••••• 35
3. Nasal Homorganlc wlth fo1lowlng Consonant 36
4· AdJectlves ••••••••••••••••• e • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43
5. Promlnence of Inltla1 Sentence Posltl0n •• 44
Unlt 5
Dla1ogue: 'On the Way to Work •••••••••••••••••••••• 45
Note I 1. Nouns of deed or actlon, type 1 ....•....• 48
2. Independent or Emphatlc SubJect Pronouns • 48
3. Very Pollte Questlons and Requests ••••••• 49
4· Vowel Harmony In Noun PreflXes ••••••••••• 49
5. Recent Past: Recent Past Progresslve •.•• 49
6. Cardlnal and Ordlnal Numerals ••••.••••••• 50
7. Telephone Numbers ••••••••••••••••••••.••• 50
8. Plural of /mokama/ 'hundred' ••••••••••••• 50
9. 'Passlve' Plural •.•••••••••••••••••.•••.• 55
Unlt 7
D1.aloguel 'A t the Ma r ke t' ••••••••••••••••••••••.•.•• 66
Note I 1. De s l derat l V e •.•.••.••••••••••••.•••.•••••• 69
2. Nomlnallzatlon of AdJectlves •••.••.•.••... 69
"'" •
.5 Interrogatlve Relatlve Pronouns •..•.•••..• 74
4. Pdtentlal Juncture Before Relatlve Clauses 74
5. I-tikala/ Plus ObJect •••••••••.•••...•••.. 75
6. Please •.•.•••••••..••••.••....•••..•.•••.• 75
Un1.t 8
Dlalogue. 'A t the Fllllng Sta tlon' ••••••••••.•.••..• 76
Note: 1. Vowel and Seml-vowel Ellslon •.••••.••••••• 80
2. Rever S l ve . 80
3. Reverslve Statlve •. d •••••••••••••••••••••• 80
4· Derlved Stems Wlthout Slmple Stems .•.•..•• 81
5. Causatlve ••.•.•...•.•••..••••••...••••••.• 81
6. Degree of Immedlate Past ••••.••••••..••.•. 81
7. Proverb Concordance •••.•..••••••..••..•... 82
8. Non-appllcatlve Verbs W1.th Two ObJects •••• 87
9. Functlonally-spec1.al1.zed Use of Imperat1.ve 87
Unlt 9
Dlalogue: 'The Houseboy' .•.•••.•.•.••••..•••.•..•..• 88
Notes 1. Comparlson of Intenslty •••••••.•••••••..•• 91
2. Deflnlte Condltlon •••••••••••••••••••••.•. 91
Vl
Unlt 10
Dla10gue: 'The Telephoner ••.•.•.••..•.••.••..••••.•... 98
Note: 1. Hypothetlca1 SUpposltlon .•.•••••••.•...•.•.• 106
2. 'Passlve' Plural .•.••...••..••••••.••••.•.•• 106
3• Future In Non-lnltla1 and Subordlnate Clauses 106
Unlt 11
Dla10guel 'At the Doctor 's I ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 107
,
Note. 1. Empha tlC /wapl/ •.•.•••••••••••••••.•••••..•. 111
2. Spe11lng of /60/ ••.....•..•.....••..•.•..•.• 111
Unlt 12
Dla10gue: 'Mosqultoes ' .•.•••••••••••••.•••••••.•.•.•.. 117
Note: 1. Nouns From Derl\led Stems .•••...•••.•......•. 121
2. Agent Nouns 0." •• " • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 122
3. /wa/ • /ya/ . 122
4. Llterary Use of /nd~/ of Mark Future ...•.•.. 122
5. Hyperbole wlth / .•• may~lA
I 1
t~/
I
..•..••••...••. 122
6. Norms of Deed or Actlon, Type 2 •••....•..•.. 122
Unlt 13
Dla10gue. I The Wor kshop I •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 130
Note: 1. PaSSlve .•••••.•.••..•..•••.•••.•.••..•..•••. 134
2. Ingresslve Statlve. Reclproca1 .•. ~ .•.•.•... 135
3. /mlko10
, I
mlkoml mos lka/ ••••••••.••••.••..•..•• 135
4· Instrument NounS', Type> 1 •••••••••.•..•.•.••• 136
5. Locatlve Nouns, Type 1 •••••••••.••.•••••..•. 136
6. Avoldance of Base Repetltlon •••••.•••••••..• 136
7. Instrument Nouns, Type 2 . . 136
8. Instrlwent Nouns, Type 3 .................... 138
9. Exp1etlve .. .... . . .. . . . . . . . . ...... . ... . ... ... 138
Vll
Unlt 14
Dlalogue I 'Electlons'. · . • . • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • • 143
Note: 1. Mlscellaneous Nouns .•...••.•.•.•••.•...•••.•• 146
2. / s e/ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 147
3. Amblgulty of Agent and Indlrect ObJect ....•.. 152
4. Lovanlum Unlverslty •.•....••.......•...•.•••. 153
5. Leopoldvllle II ••..•.••..••••••.•.•.•.•...••. 153
Unlt 15
Dlaloguel 'Mllltary SerVlce' .....•..••••.••...••.•....• 154
Note: 1. Intermedlate Past •.••••••...•...•••.•.••...•• 157
2. Dlstant Past .•.••.•••.•••.••..•.•••..••••.••. 157
3. Comparlson of Intenslty ••••••.••••.•..•...... 158
4. Comparlson of Degree .•..••••.•.••....••••.•.. 158
5. InverSlon of SubJect and Verb ••••••..•••.•••• 158
Unlt 16
Dlalogue: 'Bulldlng a Road' " . "."" 164
Note. 1. SubJect Wlth Two Verbs ••. 0 " 169
2. Immedlate Past of /-longwa/ •..••...••..•....• 169
3. Indeflnlte Condltlon ••••• " 169
Unlt 17
Dlalogue: 'Trafflc Control' •.•••.••••••••..•••..•.•...• 175
Unlt 18
Dlalogue: 'A New House' •.••••••.•..••.•••...•.•...•.••. 184
No te : 1. / - zala ya / ..•.••••••••..•••••.••••.••••••..•. 188
2. Equatlonal Sentence wlth Emphatlc SubJect •••. 189
Unlt 19
Dlalogue: 'Leavlng For The store' •••.••••••.•..••••.••• 195
Note: 1. Reflexlve •..••••.•••••.•••••••••....••.•.•.•. 199
2. Compound Agent Nouns •••••••••••.••.•••.•..••. 203
3. Klnshlp Termlnology ••..•.•••••.•....•....•..• 204
Vlll
Unlt 20
Dlalogue: ,A stu den t V1 sa' ........."..,...................... 205
Note: 1. /ifo/ plus SubJunctlve ...••.•.•••.•..•.•.•.. 208
2. Redupllcatlon for Intenslty ••.•••..••..•.•.. 208
3. Wlshes, Intentlons, Plans ..••.•.•.••••.•.•.. 208
Unlt 21
Dlaloguel 'A Lost Pencll' •..•..•••••..•••••...••.•.... 214
Note~ 1. Double Spatlal Relatlonshlps .•.•.....•..•.•. 217
2. Partltlve .........•••.•..•..•.••••.•••.•••.• 218
Unlt 22
Dlaloguel 'The Bus to Klmwenza' . 223
Note: 1. /longw~ awa tii na Klmw~nza/ •.••..•.....•... 226
2. /nslma ya mlkol0
I I
misatu/ ....••.•.......••... 226
Unlt 23
Dlaloguel 'A Weddlng' ..•••...•••..•...•••...••..••••.• 232
Note, 1. Suggestlve Cohortatlve •...••.•.•.........••. 236
2. Dlstant Indeflnlte Future .•••••...•.•...•... 241
Unlt 24
Dla10guel 'The Seasons' .
lX
Introductlon
Xl
language do use tone, lncludlng the speaker used as the model for
thls manual,
Sentence lntonatlon, e.g., use of pltch to dlstlngulsh state-
ments and questlons, 1S also used 1n L1ngala. Thls lS descrlbed
In Note 1.7. In reference to the notes In thls manual, the flrst
numeral refers to the un1t and the second numeral refers to the
note.
In the four column chart glven below, column I glves the
orthography except for /e/
I
and /0/
I
(See footnote 3 below), column
II glves the phonemes, column III glves the phonetlc symbols, and
column IV 1S an approxlmat1on of the sound uSlng Amerlcan Engllsh
and French sounds for comparlson.
p /p/ [pJ
.E ln
t /t/ rg) tIn
k /k/ (k] come
k p 4. /kp/ [kp, 'kp] sImultaneous k and .E
b /b/ (b) be
d /d/ [d]
,.., do
g /g/ [g] EO
gb4. /gb/ [gb, 'gb] S lmul ta ne QUS .B. and b
f /f/ [f] fee-
s /s/ [~] see
h /h/ [h) he
z /z/ [z,'J,
n
dz,dJ] zero
m Im/ (rn ] "" me
n In/ [ n~
n
lJ] EO, Sl!26
ny /r / [p v]
tI
::i.e
pJ' onounce d through
the nose
ngb4. / IrJ / [~] slmultaneous .!!! and .!J.
1 11/ (1 ]
'F'l
let
w /w/ (wJ 1rJe
Xll.
Xlll
NOTES
3. /e/
I
lS usually /e//, but sometlmes /I c //, /0/I
lS usually
10 /, but sometlmes /I a /I .
4· /kp/, /gb/, and /ngb/ are very rare. ThlS manual con-
talns only one word wlth /gb/ and no words wlth /kp/ of /ngb/.
They are usually exploslve, but some speakers are reported to use
lmploslves.
XlV
Unlt 1
BaSlC Sentences
-A-
, ,
mbote
I I
greetlngs, good mornl.ng/
afternoon/evenl.ng
, ,
1. Mbote.
t I
Hello.
-B-
,
y~ yes
, , ,
2. Ee
I I , mbCft~. Hello.
-A-
-zala to be, eXl.st, ll.ve, Sl.t,
dwell
,
ozall. you (sg.) are
,
malamu good, well, fl.ne
, ,
3. Ozall. malamu? How are you?
-B-
,
nazall. I am
,
na and, wl.th, as well as, even
, ,
yc;, YCfC; you (sg.)
, nazall." "
4. Ee,
I I
malamu. Na yO?
I
I'm fl.ne. And you?
-A.-
, , ,
5. Ee, nazalJ. malamu.
•• I'm fJ.ne.
-B-
-A-
, , ,
7. Ee
I I ,
azalJ. malamu. She's fJ.ne.
-B-
,
mpe and, also, lJ.kewJ.se
, , ,
8. Na bana mpe'l And the chJ.ldren'l
-A-
,
bango they, them, those
,
bansoI all
, , , ,
9. Ee, bango bansoI bazalJ. They are all fJ.ne.
•• ,
malamu.
NOTES
Slngular Plural
, ,
1st person nazall I am tozall we are
, ,
2nd person ozall you (sg.) are bozall you (pl. ) are
, ,
3rd person azall he, she, lt lS bazall they are
INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS
Slngular Plural
,, ,. ,
1st person nga1 blSU
, , , ,
2nd person y~, ,,
yoo b1nu
, , ,
3rd person ye, yee bango
, , /
sentence, e.g., /Ozal1 malamu~ , 'Are you well?', 1S answered by
, " 1
lee,
I I
nazal1 malamu. I,. 'Yes, I am well. '
INTONATION
Statement Quest10n
INTONATION
Statement Questl0n
student g~ve back the new sentence composed of the underl~ned por-
t~on plus the requ~red parts of the preced~ng sentence. See model
below.
MODEL DRILL
, ,
Teacher: Nazal~ malamu.
, ,
Student. Nazal~ malamu.
,
Teacher: Ozal~
, ,
Student: Ozal~ malamu.
LEXICAL DRILL 1
, ,
1. Nazal~ malamu. I am f~ne.
, ,
2. Ozal~ malarnu. You (sg. ) are f~ne.
, ,
3. Azall malamu. He/she lS flne.
, ,
4. Tozall malamu. We are flne.
, ,
5. Bozall malamu. You (pl. ) are flne.
, ,
6. Bazall malarnu. They c.R"lJe f J..ne.
LEXICAL DRILL 2
, ,
1. Azall malamu'l rHow "l S 'he~
, -, , ,
2. Mwana ;na 'yo
-I
azall malamu? How lS your Chl1d?
, ., , , ,
3. MWRS1 na ye azall malamu? How lS hlS wlfe?
, , , ,
4. Moball na ye azall malamu? How lS her husband?
, , , , ,
5. Tata na blnu azall malamu'l How lS your father?
, " ,
6. Mama na ban50 azall malamu~ How lS thelr mother?
, , , ,
7. Bana na Y9 bazall malamu? How are your chl1dren'l
, " , ,
B. Bamama na blSU bazall malamu? How are our mothers?
, , "
9. Bango
-
banso1 bazall malamu? Are they all all rlght?
, , "
10. Mama na bsna aza11 malamu. How 18 your wlfe?
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
Answer afflrmatlvely:
, , , , ,
1. Ozall malamu? Ee,
I 1
nazall malamu.
, , , , ,
2. Azall malamu? Ee,
1 ,
azall malamu.
, , , , ,
3. Bozall. malamu'l !ty, tozaJ.l malamu.
, , , , ,
4. Bazall malamutz Ee,
I ,
bazall malamu.
, , , , , , ,, , ,
5. Bana na yo, bazall malamu? If€(, bana na ngal bazalJ. malamu.
, , , , , , ,, , ,
6. Tata na Y'1 azall malamu? EI y , tata na ngal azall malamu.
, , , , , , , , ,
7. Mama na bango azall malamu't Ee,
I I
mama na bango azall malamu.
, , , , , , , , ,
8. Mwana na ye azall malamu't Ee mwana na ye azall malamu.
I I '
, ,, , , , , , , ,
9. Bana na ngal bazall malamu't bana na yo bazall malamu.
~Y' I
~ ~
, , , , , , ,, , ,
10. MwaSl na yoI azall malamu't ~E(, mwaSl na ngal azall malamu.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, ,
1. AzalJ. mwana. He lS young.
, ,
2. Nazall na mwana. I have a Chl1d.
, ,
3· Nazall na bana. I have chlldren.
, , ,
4. Bazall na bana. They are wlth the chl1dren.
, , , ,,
5. Bazall na mama na ngal. They are wlth my mother.
, , ,,
6. Tozall na mama na ngal. We are wlth my mother.
, , ,
7. Tozall na mwana na Y9. We are taklng care or your Chl1d.
, , , ,
8. Mama azall na mwana na Y9· Mother has your Chl1d.
, , ,
9. Mama azalJ. na bango banso. , Mother has all of them.
, , ,
10. Bozall na bango banso. I
You have all of them.
UNIT 2
Bas1.c Sentences
-A-
-B-
,
-yeba to know, be acqua1nted w1.th;
may, be allowed to
,
na1.nu st111, yet
,
teI not, no
", , ,
2. Nayebl na1.nu malamu t y • I donrt know 1.t very well yet.
-A-
Fran9a1.s French
,
3. Olobaka Fran9a1.s mpe~ Do you speak French too~
-B-
,
kaS1 but
Angla1s Engl1sh
, , , , ,
4· Ee,
I I
kaS1 nayeb1 Angla1s tee
I
Yes, but I donrt speak Engl1sh.
-A-
,
nd1nga, n- language
wha t, wh1ch
,
ndako, n- house
, ,
5. Olobaka nd1.nga n1.n1. na
,
What language do you speak at
ndako~ home~
10
-B-
,
leta (1 r~ta t) government, state
, ,.
KJ. tuba, KJ.kongo ya the KJ.tuba language
, ,.
Leta, Kutuba
, , ,.
6. Tolobaka LJ.ngala na KJ.tuba. We speak LJ.ngala and KJ.tuba.
-A-
,.
-yekola to study, learn
7. Naakoyekola
"
LJ.ngala.
#
I'm studyJ.ng LJ.ngala.
-B-
,
8. Malamu. That's fJ.ne.
NOTES
Stem
~
SubJect r Verbal ~ Aspect
PrefJ.x Base ExtensJ.on SuffJ.x
-
0- lob -ak -a
,. ,.
na- yeb -J.
11
The base and aspect sufflX occur ln every verb form. Preflxes
and verbal extenslons mayor may not be present. The tone of the
flrst stem syllable lS flXed, l.e., always hlgh or always low; but
the tone of succeedlng syllables of the stem 1S the same as the tone
of the aspect sufflX.
12
INTERMEDIATE PAST
(Some Tlme Ago)
t-t
H
~
()
PRESENT (Now)
IMMEDIA TE FUTURE (Abou t To)
t1
H
<:
H
(fJ
H
i
o
PROXIMATE FUTURE !2:
( Soon)
POTENTIAL FUTURE
(Plan To)
~
H
t-3
I\)
The perfect1ve suff1x /-{/ marks (1) the 1mmed1ate past, (2)
permanent or sem1-permanent states and 1nnate character1st1cs, and
(3) permanent or present locat10ns. (1) The 1mmed1ate past most
often refers to some t1me ear11er the same day as the moment of
speak1ng or some t1me the preced1ng day, but 1t may refer to any
t1me 1n the last three or four or more days 1f the speaker cons1ders
the event to have Just taken place. (2) Permanent or sem1-permanent
states and 1nnate character1st1cs are such th1ngs as sex, nat1ona11-
ty, name, profess1on, and mar1tal state. (3) A permanent locat10n,
1S a geograph1c or natural locat1on; a present locat1on 1S the pre-
sent temporary locat10n of anyth1ng movable. Compare the examples
below.
,
1. naza11 I have been, have become, have
reached the state of, have been
created as, 1.e., I am, am 1n
the act or state of, am by
nature.
, ,
Naza11 moba11. I am a man.
, ,
Nazal1 awa. I am here.
,
Naza11 koloba. I am speak1ng.
, ,
2. nayeb1 I have become acqua1nted w1th,
1.e., I know.
, , ,
Nayeb1 L1ngala. I speak L1ngala.
, , ,
Nayeb1 ye. I know h1m.
, ,
3. nasal~ I have done, I d~d, have Just
done, recently d~d.
, , ,
Nasal~ yango. I made ~t.
, , , ,
Nasal~ mosala. I d~d the work.
,
3. nasalaka I regularly do.
, ,
Nasalaka b~lamba. I (hab~tually) make clothes,
l. e. , I am a tallor.
15
In turn has the lmperfectlve sufflX, marks (l) the temporary hablt-
ual present and/or (2) the proXlmate future. The /ko-/ preflx lS
optl0nal, but lt nearly always occurs. (l) A temporary habltual
present lndlcates an actlvlty WhlCh lS a regular part of the sub-
Ject's behavlor for a rather short temporary perl0d lncludlng the
present; (2) a prOX1mate fUture 18 80methlng that wll1 take place
soon, e.g., /Naakoy~kola L1ngala/, 'I'm studylng Llngala', 'At
the present tlme, one o~ my regular actlvltles lS studylng Llngala',
or 'I'm gOlng to be stud71ng Llngala In the near future'.
prlmary vowels 1 e a 0 u
secondary vowels e 0 (a)
• •
/a/ lS often a secondary vowel ln verbal extensl0ns and ln the
lmperfectlve sufflX, but /a/ lS almost always prlmary ln a base.
The relatl0nshlp of these two serles lS perhaps eaSler to see ln a
vowel trlangle.
16
Front Back
Hlgh u
(Hlgh MJ.d
l
e o
} Prlmary
GRAMMATICAL DRILL I
,
-yoka to hear, Ilsten, feel
understand
,
moky , ml- small, thln; a Ilttle;
a blt, few
,
1. Olobaka Llngala'l Do you speak Llngala'l
,
2. Olobaka Fran9 als mpe'l Do you speak French too'l
, , ,
3. Nayebl Fran9als mpe. I speak French t00.
, , , ,
4. Nayebl Llngala make.
•,
I speak a Ilttle Llngala.
, , ,
5. Bayebl Llngala make.t
They speak a Ilttle Llngala.
18
, , , ,
6. Bayebl. malamu tee
I
They don't speak l.t very well.
, , , , ,
7. Toyokl. Y9 malamu tee
I
We dl.dn't understand you very
well.
, , , ,
8. Toyokl. yoI mokEt· We understood you partly.
, , ,
9. Boyebl. Anglals moke.
I
You (pl. ) speak a ll.ttle Engll.sh.
, , ,
10. Boyebl. malamu. You (pl. ) know l.t very well.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , ,,
1. Nazall. na ndako ya ngal. . I'm at home.
, , ,
2. Nazall. na ndako ya bango. I'm at thel.r house.
, .' ,
3. Azall. mwana ya bango. He l.S thel.r chl.ld.
, , ,
4· Azall. mwana malamu. He's a good chl.ld.
, , , ,
5. Toyebl. Ll.ngala malamu. We speak Ll.ngala well.
, , , ,
6. Toyebl. Ll.ngala ---+moke. We speak a ll.ttle Ll.ngala.
, , ,
7. Ozall. mwana mOky. You are a small chl.ld.
, , , ,,
8. Ozall. mwana ya mama ya ngal. • You are a chl.ld of my mother.
, , , ,,
9. Azall. tata ya mama ya ngal. • He l.S my mother's father.
, , ,,
10. Azall. tata ya ngal.. He l.S my father.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , ,
1. Naakoyekola Llngala. I'm studyl.ng Ll.ngala.
, , , , ,
2. Naakoyekola ndl.nga na bl.nu. I'm learnl.ng your language.
, , , , ,
3. Nayebl ndlnga na blnu. I know your language.
, , ,
4· Nayebl Anglals tee I
I don't speak Engllsh.
, , ,
5. Ayebl. Anglal.s tee
t
He do~sn't know Engll.sh.
19
, , ,
6. Aye b1. ;[!j.. He knows you.
, , ,
7. Bayok1. yo. I
They hear you.
, , ,
8. Bayokl malamu. They feel f1.ne. (1..e. , They
have recovered.)
, , , ,
9. Oyeb1. L1.ngala malarnu. You speak Llngala well.
, , , ,
10. Oyebl Llngala na Franc;als. You speak Llngala and French.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
", , ,
1. Nayebl ye malamu t y • I don't know hlm very well.
", , ,
2. Nayebl mwana na ye ya moball. I know hlS son.
" , ,
3. Azall mwana na ye ya moball. He lS her son.
, , ,,
4· Azall na ndako na ngal. He lS at my house.
, ,
5. Tolobaka Kltuba na ndako na
,,
We speak K1.tuba at my house.
ngal.
, ,
6. Tolabaka K1.tuba na Fran9a1.S We speak K1.tuba and French
,
mpe. also.
7. "
Bayebl "
Kltuba ,
na Fran9als mpe. They know Kltuba and French
also.
, , , , ,
8. Bayeb1. nalnu malamu tee
I
They don't know (how) very well.
, , ,
9. Bayeb1 Angla1.s moke.
I
I speak a Ilttle Engl1.sh.
, , ,
10. Azal1 mwana moke.
t
He 1S a small Ch1ld.
20
Unlt 3
BaslC Sentences
-A-
-llnga to want, llke; be almost
on the pOlnt of
,
-yaa to come, become
,
lelo
I I
today
, , ,
1. Ollngl koyaa lelo na Do you want to come to my house
, ,, I
I
-B-
"
soko, "
SOkl
I I I
,
-zwa to get, recelve, flnd, meet
, ,
ntangu, ntango tlme, hour, clock, sun
, , " ,
2. Sako
I I
naZWl ntangu nakoyaa. If I get tlme, I wl11 come. If
nothlng prevents me, I'll come.
-A-
to eat
, , ,
3. Ollngl kolla nlnl~ What do you 11ke to eat~
-B-
, ,
nsoso chlcken
,
loseI I
" , ,
4· Nsoso na loso.
I I
Chlcken and rlce.
-A-
, ,
5. Na nlnl~ And wha t else~
21
-B-
,
mblSl flSh
,
mpondu
I
manloc leaves (used as a
vegetable)
nyama meat
, , ,
6. MblSl, mpondu
I
na nyama. F1Sh, manlOC leaves wlth meat.
-A-
,
-lamba to cook, prepare food
, ,
7. Malamu, nakolamba. Good, I'll flX It.
-B-
,
Vlnu Wlne
masanga Wlne, beer
,
mblla palm tree, palm nuts
, ,
9. Vlnu na masanga ya mblla. Some Wlne and palm Wlne.
-A-
-koka to be able, can, be suffl-
clent, be more than a
glven number
, ,
-yaa na to brlng, come wlth
, , , "
10. Okokl koyaa na mwaSl na Can't you brlng your wlfe~
, ,
yoI te7
I
-B-
, ,
ml bale two
, " , ,
11. Tokoyaa blSU mlbale. Werll both come.
22
-A-
, ,
12. Kende
I I
malamu. Goodbye.
-B-
, , ,
13. Na Y9 mpe. Goodbye.
" , , , ,
Pesa mama na bana mbote.
I I
Say hello to your wlfe for me.
-A-
, , " , ,
Pess mpe bana monte.
I I
And remember me to your chlldren.
-B-
,
16. Melesl. Thanks.
NOTES
23
Immedlate Present
/-zal{/ plus an lnflnltlve marks the 1mmedlate present, 1.e.,
someth~ng ~aklng place at the moment of speaklng, e.g., /nazal{
kol{a/, 'I am eat1ng', 'I am ln the act/process/state of eatlng at
thlS moment'.
Though the temporary habltual present (See Nute 2.8) and the
lmmedlate present both usually translate 'I am ••• lng' and though
both may _often be used to descrlbe the same event, they often con-
trast, e.g., /naakol{a/, 'I'm eatlng J , l.e., 'I'm studylng (or
whatever) but from tlme to tlme I eat somethlng even though at thlS
moment I may not have food ln my mouth', /nazal{ kOlla/, 'I am eat-
lng somethlng rlght at thls moment'.
The lmmedlate future (See Note 3.2) and the lmmedlate present
are both used to descrlbe somethlng WhlCh lS gOlng to happen very
soon. If the lmmCG1ate present 1S used, the event 1S so near that
1t 1S consldered to have already begun, e.g., /azal{ kokende/,
I I
'He
lS gOlng', 'He lS already start1ng to leave', /al1ng{ kOkynd y/,
'He's about to go', 'He's gOlng to leave 1n Just a llttle blt'.
3.5 Imperatlve.
The lmperatlve (commands) slngular conslsts of the verb stem
plus a hlgh tone lmperfectlve sufflX, e.g., /Kend~/,
I I
'Go', 'Go
away.
The lmperatlve plural conslsts of the preflx /bo-/ plus the
lmperatlve slngular, e.g., /bosal~/, 'work' (speaklng to more than
one person). However, the lmperatlve slngular lS often used when
addresslng more than one person.
/-y~a/ lS lrregular In the lmperatlve, e.g., /yak~/, 'Come',
/yak~k~/, 'Come regularly'.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, ,
1. Nallngl kolla. I want to eat.
, ,
2. Nallngl mblsl. I 11ke flSh.
, , ,
3. Nallngl kolla mblsl. I want to eat flSh.
, ,
4. Nallngaka kolla mblsl. I llke to eat flSh.
, ,
5. Nallngaka mP9ndu na nyama. I often ea t manl0C leaves wlth
meat.
, , ,
6. Nakolamba mpondu
I
na nyama. I'll cook manlOC leaves wlth meat.
7. ,
Nakolamba ""
nsoso na loso. I'll flX chlcken and rlce.
I I
25
" , , ,
8. Bal~ng~ nsoso na loso.
I I
They l~ke ch~cken and r~ce.
, ,
9. Bal~ng~ koloba L~ngala. They are go~ng to speak L~ngala.
, ,
10. Azal~ koloba L~ngala. Hers speak~ng (~n) L~ngala.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
1. Tozal~
,
" koyekola L~ngala. We are study~ng L~ngala.
2. " ,
Tozal~ bana na ye. We are h~s ch~ldren~
" ,
3. Bozal~ bana na ye. You are h~s ch~ldren.
,
4. Bozal~ kokyndy. You are leav~ng.
,
5. Al~ng~ kOkE(ndE(. He wants to leave.
, , , " ,
6. Al~ng~ koyaa na mwas~ na ye. He wants to come wlth hlS w~fe.
, , , " ,
7. Akok~ koyaa na mwas~' na ye. He can come w~th hlS wlfe.
" ,,
8. Akokl kol~a na ngal. He can eat wlth me.
" ,,
9. Bal~ng~ kol~a na ngal. They want to eat wlth me.
10. They want to leave today.
2. "
Okozwa ntangu ya koyaa, na
W~ll you have t~me to come to my
, ,,
nda ko na nga 1 'l house'l
, " ,
~, nakozwa ntangu ya koyaa Yes, Irll have t~me to come to
, ,
na ndako na yo. I
your house.
26
, , ,
3. Bollngl kolla nlnl~ What do you (pl.) want to eat~
, , ",
Tollngl kolla nsoso na We want chlcken and rlce.
,
loso.
I I
,. ,.
4. Balambaka nlnl~ What do they usually prepare~
, , ,
Balambaka mblsl, mP9ndu They usually prepare flSh and
,
na nyama. manlOC leaves wlth meat.
5. "
Baakolamba ,
nlnl~ What are they gOlng to prepare~
" , ,
They are gOlng to prepare flSh
Baakolamba mblsl, mP9ndu
,
na nyama. and manlOC leaves wlth meat.
, , , ,
6. Akokl koyaa na bana na Can't he brlng hlS chlldren~
, ,
ye te~
I
, , , , ,
~, akokl koyaa na bana na No, he canrt brlng hlS chlldren.
, ,
ye t y •
, " , "
7. Bokokl kokende
I I
blnu mlbale te.
I
Can't you both go~
, , , ,
Te,
-+ ,
tokokl kokende blSU No, we both canrt go.
, , I I
mlbale t y •
27
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , ,
1. Okayaa lyl~ na ndako You wlll come to my house
,,
na ngal. tomorrow.
, , "
2. Okoyaa kolla nsoso na You wlll come to eat chlcken
nyama. and meat.
, , ,
3. Nakolamba nsoso na nyama. I wlll prepare chlcken and meat.
, , , , ,
4. Nakolamba soke I I
naZWl ntangu. I wll1 flX (some) If I get tlme.
, , , ,
5. NakokEtndE(
, lEt Ie; soke
I I
naZWl I'll go today If I have tlme.
ntangu.
, , ,
6. Nakokynd y lelaI na ndako na ye • I'll go to hlS house today.
• , ,
7. Bakozala na ndako na ye. They wlll be at hlS house.
, , , ,,
8. Bakozala na mwaSl na ngal. They wlll be wlth my wlf'e.
, , ,
9. Nakokynd y kom¥l~ na mwaSl I'm gOlng out drlnklng wlth
,,
na ngal. my wlf'e.
,
10. NakokE(nd y komyl y Vlnu na I'm gOlng out to drlnk Wlne
,
masanga ya mblla. and beer.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, , ,
1. Allaka mpondu
1
na nyama. He always eats manlOC leaves
and meat.
,, , ,
2. AIel mpondu
I
na nyama. He ate manlOC leaves and meat.
,, , ,
3. AIel nsoso. He ate (the) chlcken.
, , , ,
4. Bokokl kozwa nsoso. You (pl.) can have (the) chlcken.
, , , ,
S. Bokokl kozwa mblSl na nyama. You (pl.) can have (the) flSh
and also (the) meat.
, , ,
6. Ballngl mblSl na nyama. They want (the) flSh and (the)
meat too.
28
, ,
7. Bal~ng~ na ndsko.
kokffnd~ They are about to go home.
, ,
8. Tozal~ kokynd y na ndako. We are on the way home.
, ,
9. Tozal~ kolamba nyama. We are cook~ng the meat.
, , ,
10. Ayeb~ kolamba nyama. She knows how to f~x the meat.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, , , , , ,
1. Mams aakolamba nsoso na Mother ~s go~ng to f~x ch~cken
,
10so.
1 1
and r~ce.
, , , , , ,
2. Mama akolamba nsoso na loso.
1 1
Mother w~11 f1.x ch~cken and rlce.
, , , , , , ,
3. Mama 81ambJ. nsoso na 10so.
1 I
Mother f~xed ch~cken and r~ce.
, , , , , ,
- -4. Mama alambaka nsoso na loso.
1 t
Mother flxes chlcken and rlce.
qUlte often.
, , , , ,
5. Mama azall kolamba nsoso
, ,
Mother l.S i'l.xl.ng the chl.cken
na loso. and rJ.ce now •
I
•
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, ,, ,
1. Mwana na nga~ ya mobal~ My son wl.ll leave today.
,
akokende1 lit
lela.
, ,, ,
2. Mwana na ngal ya moball. My son left today.
, ,
akel. lela. I I
, ,, ,
3· Mwana na ngal. ya moball. My son l.S leavl.ng (later) today.
, ,
aakokende
----+.-0+1
lela.
1 I
, ,, ,
4· Mwana na ngal. ya moball.
, ,
My son l.S leavl.ng (rl.ght away)
_a_z_a_l_l._k_o_k_e+.n_d+¥ 1 y1« • today.
, ,, ,
5. Mwana na nga~ ya mobal~
, ,
My son regularly leaves at
akyndaka ntango nY9ns9. th~s tlme.
29
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 7
, ,
1. Kynd y malamu. Goodby.
, ,
2. Kende
I I
ndako. Go home. Go to the house.
, ,
3. Kende
I , kolamba nyama. Go fJ.x the meat.
, ,
4· KendeI koyekola.
I
Go study.
, , ,
5. , I kozwa loso.
Kende I I
Go get some rJ.ce.
30
UnJ.t 4
BasJ.c Sentences
-A-
,
dJ.J. f'rJ.end, comrade
to see, f'eel
'chutes', (ba-) rapJ.ds
, ,
boongo thus, so
-teleme
• 1 I
to stop, stand up; J.nsJ.st
,
wapJ. where
1. ,
DJ.J., nalJ.ngJ." komona Say, I'd lJ.ke to see the rapJ.ds.
" • ,
bachutes, boongo nakokJ. Where can I go to get a good
, ,
koteleme
• I 1
wapJ.? vJ.ew of' them"1
-B-
" ,
2. OyebJ. ndako ya 'PresJ.dent' Do you know the PresJ.dent's
,
na BJ.nza"1 house at BJ.nza"1
-A-
, ,
3. nayebJ. • Yes, I do.
-B-
31
-A-
nS1ma, n- back, rear, later,
afterwards
na nS1ma then, next
,
5. Na nS1ma? And then wha tcz
-B-
, ,
loboko,
I I I
11boko,
I I
ma- arm, sleeve, slde
, ,
mwas1, ba- left, female
, ,
11banga, ma- rock, stone
, , , ,
lolenge, ndenge, n- sort, k1nd; manner, way;
qual1ty; character, makeup
, ,
6. Na nS1ma okomona
I
na loboko Then you w111 see all sorts of
" " , I ,I
ya mwas1 mabanga ndenge rocks on the left.
, ,
na ndenge.
-A-
,
mele Sl (merc1) thanks
tikala to stay, remaJ.n
, ", ,
7. Meles1, t1kala malamu. Thanks, goodbye.
-B-
, ,
8. Kende
• I
malamu. Goodbye.
32
CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS
, ,
Kanga ndako. Close the door.
, ,
Kanga monoko
I I I
ya ndako. Close the door.
, , ,
Fungola llnlnlsa. Open the wlndow.
" ,
Fungola buuku. Open your book (s).
, ,
Loba llSUSU. Say 1 t agaln.
, ,,
Loba nSlma na ngal. Repeat after me.
" ,
Yoka malamu. Llsten carefully.
, "
Zonglsa "
na motuna oyo. Answer the questlon.
33
tlme lt occurs. All the nouns beglnnlng wlth /mo-/ ln the prevlous
lessons belong to the MO-BA class except /mob~ll/ and /mok~/, WhlCh
are MO-MI class. All the nouns ln prevlous lessons beglnnlng w1th
a nasal consonant (m or B) plus another consonant are N-N class.
There lS now a rather strong tendency among younger people to put
nouns of the N-N class lnto the ¢-BA class, l.e., lnstead of
/nd~ko/, 'house' and/or 'houses', some young people say /nd~ko/,
'house' and /bandako/, 'houses', but the N-N pattern 1S stlll the
domlnant one for th1S class of noun.
The varlOUS noun classes are 11sted below. Note WhlCh Sln-
gulars go w1th WhlCh plurals.
NOUN CLASSES
34
1 st na- to-
2 nd 0- bo-
35
SINGULAR PLURAL
, ,
1. Mwana azall ••• The Chlld 1 S•••
, ,
2. Bana bazall ••. The chlldren are •••
, ,
3. Moball azall ••• The man lS •••
, ,
4· Mlball bazall ••• The men are •••
" ,
5. Llbanga ezall ••• The rock lS •.•
" ,
6. Mabanga mazall ••• The rocks are •.•
, ,
7. Motuka ezall ••. The automoblle lS •••
36
, ,
8. Mltuka £zall ••• The automoblles are •••
, ,
9. El<j>kC( ~zall .... The thlng lS •••
, ,
10. Blloko blzall ••• The thlngs are •••
- ,
I I
,
11. Ndako ezall ••. The house lS •••
, ,
12. Ndako mlzall. ••• The houses are •••
lablal m p, b, f
dental n t, d, s, z
velar lJ k, g
37
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
,
moball, ml- rlght, male
,
11boso, ma- front; before
, ,
1. Tol1ngl kokende
I I
komona
I
We want to go see the raplds.
bachutes.
, ,
2. Bazal1 kokynd~ kom9na They are about to see the raplds.
bachutes.
, , ,
3. Bazal1 komata ngomba. They are cllmglng the mountaln.
, , , ,
4. Boyebl komata ngomba. You are acqualnted wlth mountaln
cllmblng.
" ,
5. Boyebl ndako ya rpresldent'.You know where the Presldentrs
house 1St
, , ,
6. ' Namon1 ndako ya rPresldent '. I saw the Presldentrs house.
I
, , , ,
7. Namon1
I
tata ya bango. I saw thelr father.
, , , , ,
8. Na t1kal1 na tata ya bango. I'm rema1nlng wlth thelr father.
, , , ,
9. Na t1kal1 na ndako. I'm staYlng home.
, , ,
10. Azal1 11boso na ndako. He's ln front of the house.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, ,, , ,
1. Tata na ngal allngl komona My father lS comlng to see the
, I
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, ,
1. Nazall na ndako. I'm at home.
, ,
2. Nazall na ndako. I have a house.
, , , ,
3. Nazall na bana mlbale. I have two chlldren.
, , , , ,
4· Azall mama ya bana mlbale. She lS the mother of two
chl1dren.
" , ,.
5. Azall mama ya tata na Y9. She lS your father's mother.
, " , ,
6. Lela
I I
tomonl
I
tata na yo.
I
Today we saw your father.
, " " , ,
7. Ly19 tom9nl mabanga ndenge
, ,
Today we sawall klnds of
na ndenge. rocks.
, ,
8. Na nSlma okomonaI
na loboko
I
Then you wlll see all sorts
" " , I ,I
ya mwaSl mabanga ndenge. of rocks on the left.
, ,
na ndenge.
39
, ,
9. Na nS1.ma okornona na loboko Then you w1.11 see the1.r house
, , •, I I , I
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
PluralJ.ze all nouns poss1.ble and concord1.ze the verbs.
, , ,
1. Mwana make, akot1.kala na The small ch1.1d w1.11 stay 1.n
,
ndako. the house.
, , ,
Bana trllke bakot1.kala na The small ch1.1dren w1.11 stay
, 1
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
41
, , , ,
BaSl bazall 11boso ya The women are In front of blg
, , "
mabanga mlnene.
, I
rocks.
, , , ,
4· Mwana azall na loboko
, , , , , I
ya The Chlld lS on the left slde
mwasl ya ndako. of the house.
, , , ,
Bana bazall na loboko ya The chlldren are on the left
, , , I I I
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , ,, " ,
1. MwaSl na ngal ayebl ndako. My wlfe knows where the house
lS.
, , ,, , ,
2. MwaSl na ngal azall na ndako My wlfe owns two houses.
, ,
mlbale.
, , , , ,
3. Tata na blSU azall na ndako Our father has two houses.
, ,
mlbale.
, , , , , ,
4· Tata na blSU azall na loboko Our father lS on the rlght
, , I I
4.4 AdJectlves
Llngala has only a few adJectlves, but lS ln the process of
developlng several new ones. An adJectlve follows the noun lt mod-
lfles, e.g., /mw~na mOk~/, 'a small Chlld'. New adJectlval con-
structl0ns are formed by /ya/, /mw~na ya mob~ll/, 'male Chlld',
'son'. Many such constructlons now regularly occur wlthout /ya/,
so that /mw~na moball/, 'male Chlld', 'son', lS now the preferred
form for many younger persons.
43
UnJ. t 5
BaS1C Sentences
-A-
, ,
1. OzalJ. kokende
I I
wapJ.~ Where are you gOJ.ng~
-B-
, ,
mosala, mJ.- work, Job, trade, occupatJ.on
, , ,
2. NazalJ. kokynd y na mosala. I'm on my way to work.
-A-
,
-sala to work, do, make, tJ.II,
farm
, ,
3. Osalaka wapJ.~ Where do you work~
-B-
,
'mecanJ.cJ.en' mechanJ.c
,
CEGEAC C.E.G.E.A.C., a new-car
dealer that J.mports
AmerJ.can-made cars
, "
4. NgaJ., nazalJ.
, mecanJ.cJ.en Me, I'm a mechanJ.c at CEGEAC.
na CEGEAC.
-A-
-banda to start, commence; Slnce
" , ,
5. Mosala ya bJ.nu ebandaka
, , What tJ.me do you beJ.ng work~
ntangu nJ.nJ.~
-B-
45
, ,
ntongo, n- mornJ.ng, forenoon
, , • •, ,
6. Mosala ya b1SU ebandaka na Our work starts at seven J.n the
ngonga ya nsambo na mornJ.ng.
, ,
ntongo
•
-A-
, , "
7. Nakok1 koyeba eS1ka M1ght I know where you work~
, ,
osalaka te'l
I
-B-
,
'secreta1re ' secretary
'ambassade' embassy
, , ,
8. Nga1, nazal1 secreta1re Me, I'm a secretary at. the
,
na ambassade ya Amer1que. Amer1can Embassy.
-A-
,
awa here
moko 10, mJ.- day
, , ,• • • ,
9. OyakJ. awa mokolo
I I I
n1nJ.~ When dJ.d you arr1ve~
-B-
,
mP9s9 week, Saturday; salary, pay
, , , ,
mJ.sa to, mJ.sa tu three
, , , ,
10. Oyo mP9s9 ya m1satu. Th1S lS my thJ.rd week.
-A-
-solola to talk, converse, speak,
tell
, ,
mpo, mpoo, m- th1ng, affa1r, matter;
because, on account of
, ,
mbango, mbangu, m- speed, sW1ftness
46
-B-
,
-pesa to glve, provlde wlth
numer6 (numero) number
,
-yeblsa advlse, lnform, make
known
, ,, ,
12. Pesa ngal numero ya Glve me your telephone number
, ,
telephone na yo, mpo so Irll have It.
, , , I
-A-
,
13 ...· Numero qua tre-vlngts 8352.
trols, clnquante deux.
N1JMERALS
, ,
moko
I I
one
, ,
mlba1e two
, , , ,
mlsa to, mlsa tu three
,
mlnel four
, , , ,
ml tano, ml tanu flve
, ,
motoba SlX
nsambo seven
mwambe, mwambl elght
,
Ilbwa nlne
47
,
zom~ ten
, , ,
zom1 na moko
I I
eleven
, "
zom1 na m1bale twelve
" , ,
ntuku m1bale twenty
" " , ,
ntuku m1bale na moko
I •
twenty-one
, , , ,
ntuku m1sato thlrty
, , , , , ,
ntuku m1sato na mlbale thrl.ty-two
, , ,
ntuku m1ne1 forty
, , , ,
nkama, monkama, mokama, (m1-) hundred
, , ,
nkama m1tano flve hundred
,
nkoto thousand
,
nkoto nsambo seven thousand
NOTES
48
•
5.3 Very Pollte Quest10ns and Requests
, , ", ,
Nakok1 koyeba eS1ka osalaka t~?
ninl~/, 'When dld you arrlve~ " 'You have arrlved only recently,
haven' t you~ , •
49
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, ,
1. Azal1 kokende
I I
wap1~ Where lS he gOlng~
, , , ,
2. Ot1k1 secreta1re wap1~ Where d1d you drop off the
secretary~
" ,
3· Bakendek1
I I
wap1 ~ Where d1d they go~
, ,
4· Ake1 wap1~ Where lS he gOlng~ Where has
he Just gone~
,
5. Bozalaka wap1 ~ Where do you Ilve~
, ,
6. Bal1aka wap1 ~ Where do you usually eat?
, , , "
7. Ndako ya b1nu ezal1 wap1~ Where lS your house~
, ,
8. Osalaka wap1 ~ Where do you work~
, , ,
9. Balobaka L1ngala wap1~ Where lS L1ngala spoken?
, ,
10. 011ng1 kok¥nd~ wap1~ Where do you want to go~
Where are you about to go?
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, "
1. Nake1 mosala I'm on the way to work.
, " ,
2. Nake1 na eS1ka nasalaka. I'm gOlng to the place where
I work.
, , , ,
3. Azal1 mecan1C1en na eS1ka
, He lS a mechan1c at the place
nasalaka. where I work.
, , ,
4· Azal1 na ntangu malamu. He's on t1me.
, , ,
5. Azal1 Ilboso na ntangu. He's early.
, ,
6. Azal1 nS1ma na ntangu. He's la te.
, , , ,
7. Azal1 kok~nd~ mbangu na mosala~ He's hurry1ng to work.
, ,
8. Secreta1re azal1 kokende The secretary lS hurry1ng to
, , , I I
, , ,
9. Secretalre azalakl kosolola The secretary was talklng
,,
na ngal. to me.
, , ,
10. MecanlClen azalakl kosolola The mechanlc was talklng to
,,
na ngal. me.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
"
Ozalakl ",
kokende wapl~ Where were you gOlng~
1. , 1
" , ,
2. Ozalakl komono
1 1
nlnl~ What were you looklng at~
" , ,
3. Ollngakl
-
komono
1 1
nlnl~ What dld you want to see~
, , ,
4· Ollngakl kokynd y kom~n~ Dld you want to go see the
monument ya Stanley~ monument to Stanley~
, , ,
Baza1akl kokende komono Were they go~ng to see the
- - - - - - + 1 -....' I'
monument ya Stanley~ monument to Stan1ey~
, , ,
6. Baza1akl kokende ko1amba Were they 1eavlng to flX
, 1 •
mpondu
I
na nyamaCZ lea ve s and mea t~
, , ,
10. Mama na yo1 akotlkala na Is your mother gOlng to
,
ndakoCZ stay In the house~
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
Read the numbers horlzonta11y.
a) 18 80 28 b) 40 .50 4 .5
17 70 27 14 15 45 54
16 60 26 60 70 6 7
1.5 .50 2.5 16 17 67 76
14 40 24 20 30 2 3
52
c) 19 90 29 d) 36 63 33 66
16 15 13 25 52 22 55
20 50 40 67 76 77 66
25 22 27 19 99 9 11
38 68 18 8 88 38 78
e)
200 102 202 f) 200 300 400
600 604 640 1500 1600 1700
317 307 371 1808 1919 2000
869 879 829 1962 2116 2473
403 402 430 8217 5353 4962
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
6:20 10:55
5:10 11,55
2:00 7:35
4:05 2,10
12.30 6.25
7115 12:50
53
8:40 9:00
9:50 4:30
1.05 5:45
3135 3:50
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
- bak1sa to add
1. "
Moko ""
bak1sa moko, "
ekok1 One and one lS two.
I ,I , • I
m1bale.
, ", ,
2. M1tano bak1sa m1sato, F1ve and three lS e1ght.
,
ekok1 mwambe.
"
Nsambo bak1sa Ilbwa, "
, ekok1
Seven and n1ne lS slxteen.
3· , ,
zom1 na motoba.
4. ,
M1ne1 "m1bale,
bak1sa " " ekok1 Four and two lS SlX.
,
motoba.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 7
1.
"
M1bale longola m9k9,
, , "
Two m1nus one lS one.
, "
etlkal1 "
moko. I I
2. ,
M1ne1 ""
longola m1bale, Four m1nus two lS two.
, " , ,
et1kal1 m1bale.
" " , ,
3. Ntuku mlbale longola Twenty m1nus ten lS ten.
, " ,
~, et1kall zom1.
54
,.,. ,.,. ,. ,.
4· Ntuku mlsatu longola
,.,. ,.,. ,.,.
Thlrty mlnus twenty-one lS
ntuku mlbale na m9k9, nlne.
,. , ,. ,.
etlkall llbwa.
,. ,. ,. ,.
5. Ntuku mwambe longola
,. , ,. ,. ,.
Elghty mlnus seventy lS ten.
ntuku nsambo, etlkall
,.
zoml.
55
Unlt 6
Basle Sentences
-A-
# # # # #
-B-
Good afternoon.
-A-
'bureau r offlce
,
3. Oyo bureau ya Monsleur Is thlS Mr. Antolne's offlce?
Antolne'l
-B-
much, many
,
yango lt, they, them
" ,
4. Yango, kaSl azall na
", ,
It lS, but he's very busy today.
mosala mlngl lelo.
I I
-A-
llkambo, ma- dlfference, dlspute, case,
affalr
, , ,
5. Nallngl naloba na ye I would llke to tell hlm somethlng
llkambo.
-B-
-lobela to speak to
te tha t ••.
" , /
6. Nalobell yoI te allngl I Just told you that he doesn't
, "
komono motu teI lelo want to see anyone at hls
I I
, I I
na bureau na ye. I
offlce today.
56
-A-
,
-tuna to ask, quest10n
, ,
-kota,
I
-koto
I I
to go/come 1n
, , , , ,
7. Okok1 kotuna ye te soko
I I
Would you ask h1m 1f I can come
, "
a11ng1 nakota'l
I
1n'l
-B-
" ,, ,
8. Lobela nga1 11kambo o11ng1. Tell me what you want.
-A-
,
-tala to look, look at,
stare at; guard
keep; concern; V1S1t
9.
" " , , , ,
Eta11 b1SU m1bale, yoI tee
I
It concerns only us, not you.
-B-
,
-boya to refuse, reJect, not
want, desp1se
"
10. Soko "
oboy1, ,
okokota na If you refuse (to tell me), you
I •
, I
,
bureau na ye tee
I
can't go 1n.
-A-
, ,
11bota, ma- fam1ly, household; descent
, , ,
11. Eza11 11kambo ya Ilbota It concerns h1s fam11y.
,
na ye.
-B-
57
-A-
, ,
noko, ba-
I I
maternal uncle (see Note
19.3.)
,
mpasJ., m- slckness, sufferlng, paln,
mlsery, dlfflculty
,
makasJ. strong, hard, dlfflcult,
troublesome
, , , , ,
13. Noko na ye aza1J. na mpasJ. H1S uncle J.S gravely J.11.
I I
,
makasJ. •
-B-
,
too or
, e '
lopJ.talo, balopJ.talo hospJ. tal
(l'hopltal)
, , "
14. Azal1 wap1, na ndako too
,
Where lS he, at home or at the
na lopJ. talocz ho SpJ. talCZ
-A-
slka now, Just now) new, recent
" ,
15. Bakel na ye na lopltalo They have taken hlm to the
,
slka oyo. hospltal Just now.
-B-
-A-
,
17. Melesl. Thanks.
-B-
,
18. Llkambo tee
I
You are welcome. Don't mentlon
It. It's nothlng.
58
USEFUL PHRASES
, ,
Mokolo
• I I
ezall. malamu. The l'1ea ther l.S nl.ce.
, , ,
Ll.kolo ezall. malamu. The sky l.S clear.
, ,
Mokolo
I I I
ezall. mabe. The weather l.S bad.
, , ,
Ll.kolo ezall. mabe .. The sky l.S cloudy.
, , ,
LylC( mpl.9 ml.ngl.. It's cold today.
, , ,
LylC( mpl.oI maka Sl.. It's cold today.
, , ,
Lelo
I I
mol. ml.ngl. • It's hot today.
, , ,
Lelo
I I
mol. makasl. • It's hot today.
, , ,
Lelo
I I
molunge ml.ngl.. It's hot today. It's stl.flJ.ng
today.
, ,, ,
Ll.kolo eyel. kl.toko.
I I
It's clearl.ng up.
, ,, ,
Ll.kolo eyel. mabe. It's cloudl.ng up.
, , ,
Mbula ezall. konoka.
I I
It's ral.nl.ng.
, , ,
Mbula eekonoko.I I
It's ral.nl.ng.
,
ll.kolo, ma- sky, heaven; upstream;
outsl.de, exterl.or; on top,
over, on, above; surface;
because of
,
mabe bad, eVl.I, ugly
cold
,
mol. sun, sunll.ght, dayll.ght,
the heat of the sun
,
molunge, ml.- warmth, heat; fever,
swea t; s tl.flJ.ng
,
kl.toko
I I
beautl.ful, pretty, fl.ne;
dell.cl.ous, clean, neat
59
,
mbula, m- raln, year, ralny season
, ,
-net ' , ,
-noko to ral.n
.
In Wh1Ch the two parts of the equatl0n are llnked by /-zal{/, e.g.,
~ // ~, /
(Mosala na ngal. ezall meCanlCl.en, 'I am a mechanl.c'.
' ,
The subJunctlve lS also used as an lmperatlve, e.g., / Bolla/,
'Eat' (speaklng to more than one person), or as a cohortatlve, e.g.,
/T61ia/, 'Letts eat'.
The subJunctlve lS also used to ascertaln what another person
wants done, e.g., /Nalia~/, 'Do you want me to eat~' or 'Do you
thlnk I should eat~'
To lndlcate obllgatl0n, l.e., 'should', 'ought to', /ekoki/
plus the sUbJunctlve 1S used, e.g., IEkoki ak~ndy/, 'He should go',
'He ought to go', 'It lS flttlng that he go'.
61
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
,. ,. "
1. Mosala na yoI n1n1~ Whatrs your occupatlon~
,. ,. ,. ,. ,
2. Mosala na ngal mecan1C1en. I am a mechanlC.
, ,.
3. Ndako ya mecan1C1en. The house belongs to the
mechanlc.
,. ,. ,.
4· Ndako ya tata na bango. The house belongs to the1r
father.
,,. ,.
5. Azal1 tata na bango. He lS the1r father.
, , ,.
6. Azal1 kokende
, , na mosala. He lS on h1S way to work. He
has (already) left for work.
,. , ,.
7. Nal1ng1 kokynd~ na mosala. I'm about to leave for work.
8. Nal1ng{ kok~nde
'I
kozwa nyama.
-
I want to get some meat.
,., ,
9. Bana bazal1 kokende
• I
kozwa The chlldren are g02ng to get
nyama. some meat.
,. , , ,
10. Bana bazal1 komata mabanga. The chlldren are c11mblng the
rocks.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
,., ,,.
1. Oyo bureau ya Monsleur Zola. ThlS lS Mr. Zolars off1ce.
" ,.,.
2. Oyo ndako ya Mons1eur Zola. Th1S 1S Mr. Zola's house.
,. ,. ,.
3. Oyo ndako monene.
I I
Th1s 1S a blg house.
,.,., ,
4. Pesa ye ya monyny. G1ve h1m the b1g one.
,,., ,,.
5. Pesa ye mosala. G1ve hlm a Job.
,.
6. Tozal1 kokende
I •
na mosala We are gOlng to work.
,. ,.,.
7. Tozall kokende
I I
kotuna ye.
-
We are gOlng to ask h1m.
,. ,. ,. , ,.
8. Mwas1 akokl kotuna ye. The woman can ask h1m.
62
,
# , ,
9. Mwas1. akok1. koboya koloba The woman can refuse to talk
,
na mobal1.. to the man.
, , #
10. Mwana azal1. koboya koloba The ch1.1d 1.S g01.ng to refuse
,
na mobal1.. to speak to the man.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
# # , ,
1. Nalobel1. yoI te nazal1. na I Just told you that I'm busy.
, #
mosala.
2. "
Nalobel1. ye" aZ1.1a. I told h1.m to wa1.t.
, # "
3. ~ ye aZ1.1a. Ask h1.m to. wa1. t.
4.
# , " ,
Tuna bango bak9ta. Ask them to come 1.n.
, #, ,
7. Al1.ng1. akende
I I
na ndako. He's leav1.ng for home r1.ght
away.
, , , ,
8. Al1.ng1. ayeba 11.kambo n1.n1. He wants to know what 1.t 1.s.
,
ezal1..
# , # " ,
9. Allng1. ayeba s9k9 okok1. He wants to know 1.f you can
, ,
kosala yango. do 1. t.
, " " ,
10. Al1.ng1. ayeba soko osalaka He wants to know 1.f you work
, I I
na CEGEAC. at C.E.G.E.A.C.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, ,
1. Tokynd y kol1.a. Let's go eat.
, ,
2. Tokende
I I
kozwela ye nyama. Let's go get h1.m some meat.
, ,
3. Tokende
I I
na ndako. Let's go home.
63
, , ,
Tol1.a na ndako. Let's eat at home.
, , ,
Tol1.a 11.boso ya kok~nd~. Let's eat before g01.ng.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, , ,
1. Bal1.ng1. baloba na yo. I
They would ll.ke to talk to you.
, ,
2. Bal1.ng1. koloba na yo.
t
They want to talk to you.
, ,
3. Bal1.ng1. kok~nd~ na yo.
t
They want to go W1.th you.
, , ,
4. Bal1.ng1. bakende na yo. They would l1.ke to go wl.th you .
, •
t '
, ,
5. Bal1.ng1. kol1.a na yo.
I
They want to eat W1.th you.
, , , ,
6. BaI1.ng1. bal1.a na yo.
I
They would 11.ke to eat W1.th you.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , , ,
1. Mosala na yo n1.n1. ~
I
What's your occupat1.on~
, , , ,
2. Mosala na yot mecan1.C1.en. You are a mechanl.c.
, , , , ,
3. Mosala na yoI ezall. maka s 1.. Your work 1.S d1.ff1.cult.
, , , ,
4. Ndako oyo ezal1. makasl. • Th1.s house 1.S well-bu1.lt.
, , , ,
5. Ndako oyo , ezal1. ya tata Th1.s house belongs to the1.r
ya bango. father.
, "
6. Oyo ndako ya tata ya bango. Th1.s 1.S the1.r father's house.
, ,
7. Kyndy kolobela
,
tata ya Go talk to the1.r father.
bango. Go talk on behalf of the1.r father.
, ,
8. K~ndy kolobela ye te Go tell h1.m a member of h1.s
motu moko " "
akuf1.. fam1.1y has d1.ed.
t •
, ",
9. K9nd~ kotuna 1e 8Q k9 Go ask h1.m l.f a member of h1.8
mo tu moko" "
akuf1.. fam1.1y has d1.ed.
t
,t ", ,
10. K~ndy ~ot~na ye s~k~ azal1. Go ask h1.m l.f she 1.S at home or
na ndako" too ns lop1.talo.,
at the hosp1.tal.
64
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 7
, , ,
1. Na1J.ngJ. na10ba na ye IJ.kambo. I would IJ.ke to tell hJ.m
somethJ.ng.
, " , ,,
2. NalJ.ngJ. ayaa kotala ngaJ.. I want hJ.m to come see me.
, , , ,
3. NalJ.ngJ. oyebJ.sa ye. I want you to J.nform hJ.m.
, , , ,
4. ZJ.1a oyebJ.sa ye. WaJ.t to advJ.se hJ.m.
, " ,
5. ZJ.la otuna ye. WaJ.t to ask hJ.m.
, " ,
6. A1J.ngJ. otuna ye. He wants you to ask her.
, , , ,
7. A1J.ngJ. a1J.a sJ.ka oyo. He would IJ.ke to eat rJ.ght
away.
, , , , ,
8. AtunJ. a 1 J.a s J.1m oyo. He asked to eat rlght away.
9. "
AtunJ. DBaJ. "
" nayaa. He asked me to come.
10. "
Ba tunJ. nga" J. nayaa.
" I was asked to come.
65
Un~t 7
Bas~c Sentences
,
Na zando At the market.
-A-
to sell
,
1 J. tungulu., ma- on~on, leek
, ,
bon1 how much, how many
1.
" ot~ka ma tungulu
Ta ta, , How much are you askJ.ng for
, ,
nsambo bonl? seven onlons? What do you
want for seven onlons?
-B-
falanga, fa lanka (franc) franc(s)
, , , ,
2. Oyo ya m~n~n~ falanga zom~ The blg ones are s~xteen francs.
, ,
na motoba.
-A-
, ,
boongo thus, so, llkewlse,
therefore
" , And the Ilttle ones?
3• Boongo, ya m~ky?
-B-
,
4· Falanga mwamb~. Elght francs.
-A-
, " ,
5. Nal~ng~ m~bale ya mlnyny
, ,
I'd l~ke two b~g ones and four
na mlnel ya mlke.
I
l~ttle ones.
-B-
, , ,
6. Nakanga motoba'l Should I wrap up the SlX?
66
-A-
~
7. Ee.
• I
Yes.
-B-
~ ~ ~
-somba to buy
red pepper; (black pepper)
~ ~ ~
10. Lukela ngal ya malamu, Plck me out some good ones for
, , , ,
ya mpata mlbale, na ten francs. Also add the
,
ma tablsl. matablche.
-B-
,
-zonga to go/come back
, ~ "
11. Lelo
I
matablsl ezal1 te, There's no matablche today,
,I " •
~
zonga 10bl. come back tomorrow.
USEFUL PHRASES
~ ,, ~ , ,
1. Mwasl na ngal akoyaa lel0 My wlfe lS comlng thlS mornlng.
, , I I
na ntongo.
I I
, , ,, , ,
2. MwaSl na ngal akoyaa lelo My wlfe lS comlng thlS afternoon.
, I I
na mpokwa.
67
, , " , ,
3. Mwasl na ngal akoyaa lelo
, I •
My wlfe J.S comlng tonlght.
na butu.
, , ,, , ,
4. Mwasl na ngaJ. akoyaa lelo
, I
•
My wJ.fe J.S comJ.ng at noon.
na mldJ..
, , , , ,
5. MwasJ. na ngaJ. akoyaa lyle;
, ,
My wJ.fe J.S comJ.ng at mJ.dnJ.ght.
na mJ.dJ. ya butu.
, , ,, ,
6. Mwa s J. na nga J. akoyaa na My wJ.fe wJ.ll arrJ.ve thlS week.
, ,
mp«s9 oyo.
, , ,, ,
7. Mwa s J. na nga J. akoyaa na
, , ,
My wJ.fe wJ.l1 arrJ.ve thlS month.
sanza oyo.
, , ,, , , ,
8. MwasJ. na ngaJ. akoyaa 10bJ. My wJ.fe wJ.ll arrJ.ve the day
, •
ekoyaa. after tomorrow.
, , ,, , , , ,
9. MwasJ. na ngaJ. ayakJ. 10bJ. My wJ.fe arrJ.ved the day before
, •
elekJ.. yesterday.
, , ,, , ,
10. MwaSl na nga J. ayakJ. na My wJ.fe arrJ.ved last week.
, ,
mposoI I
elekJ..
, ,
ntongo,
I I
n- mornJ.ng, forenoon (5-11)
,
mldl noon (11-2)
,
mpokwa, n- afternoon (2- 6)
,
butu nlght (6-5)
, ,
mJ.dJ. ya butu mJ.dnJ.ght (11-1)
, ,.
sanza moon, month
-leka to go past, past by; dle;
surpass, excel, be more
than
68
7.1 Deslderatlve
, , , ,
oteka
I
ma tungulu nsambo bonl 'l
PATTERN DRILL 1
who
, , ,, ,
1. Lobela ngal 11kambo ollngl. Tell me what you want.
, , ,, , , ,
2. Labela ngal akEtnd y kl wapl. Tell me where he went.
, , ,, , ,
3. Lobela ngal azall wapl. Tell me where he lS.
, , ,, , ,
4· Lobela ngal azall nanl. Tell me who he lS.
, , ,, , , ,
5. Labela ngal soko
, I I
azall na Tell me lf he lS home.
ndako.
" ,, ,
6. Lobela ngal 11kambo oyo Tell me wha t he dl(cl.
, ,
asa11.
7. "
Lobela
,
kolla.
ngal "
.
" SOkl Ollngl
-
, Tell me 1f you want to eat.
69
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
,. , ,,
1. Nakoteke
I I
ndako na ngaJ.. I wJ.ll sell my house.
, " ,,
2. Nakot~k~lx Y9 ndako na ngaJ.. I wJ.ll sell my house to you.
, , ,
3. Nakot~k~l~ Y9 matungulu. I wJ.ll sell you some onJ.ons.
, ,
4. Akosomba ma tungulu. He wJ.ll buy some onJ.ons.
, , ,
5. Akosomba 17s~ na Y9. He wJ.ll buy rJ.ce from you.
, , ,
6. BakotJ.kala na loso
I I
na yo
•• They wJ.II keep your rJ.ce.
, , ,
7. BakotJ.kala na mbJ.sJ. na yo. I
They wJ.ll look after the fJ.sh
for you.
B. ,
Tokosombela yet" mbJ.sJ.. We wJ.II buy the fJ.sh for you.
, " ,
9. Tokosombela yoI nsoso. We wJ.Il buy the chJ.cken for you.
10. , "
Akokangela Y9 nsoso. He'll wrap up the chJ.cken for
you.
70
, "" ,
3. Nanl asombell yoI matungulu? Who pald you for the onlons?
, " oyo asombell
Mwasl " " ngal, Thls woman pald me for the
,
matungulu. onlons.
, , ""
4· Ntango nlnl asombell Y9 When dld she pay you for the
,
matungulu? onlons?
, " ,, " ,
Asombell ngal yango lobl. She pald me for them yesterday.
, " ,
5. Osombakl nlnl? What dld you buy?
, " ,
Nasombakl plllplll. I bought some peppers.
" ,
6. Matablsl nlnl ollngl What matablche wlll (would)
, , ,,
opesa ngal? you glve me?
, " , ,
Nallngl napesa Y9 plllplll I'll (I'd) glve you three
, ,
mlsa tu. peppers.
, " ",
7. Ollngl napesa yoI bonl? How many would you llke?
, , , ,, ,
Nallngl opesa ngal zoml. I'd llke ten.
, ,
8. Nakanga yango? Should I wrap them?
, , , , ,
SokoI ollngl,
I -
kanga yango. Please wrap them.
9. , "
Osombakl nyama yango" ntangu When dld you buy that meat?
, " , ,
Nasombakl yango 1~19. I bought It today.
LO. "
Nakokl" kosomba plllplll zoml How much wlll ten peppers cost?
, , ,
falanga bonl?
" , ,
Okokl kosomba falanga zoml
,
na mlbale.
, -- You can buy (them) for twelve
francs.
71
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , ,, ,
1. Osombela ngal matungulu Buy me ten franc's worth of
, , ,
ya mpa ta mJ.ba Ie • onlons.
, , ,, ,
2. Osombela ngal mbls1 na Buy me some flSh at the store.
,.
magaz1ru.
72
, , ,
3. Naakozlla y~ na magazlnl. I'll be waltlng for you at
the store.
, , ,
4· Naakozlla y~ na ndako ya I'll be waltlng for you at
,
Polo. Paul's house.
, , , , ,
5. Allngl asomba ndako ya Polo. He would llke to buy Paul's
house.
, , , , ,
6. Allngl asomba madysu na Y9 He'd llke to buy all of your
,
nY9 ns c;. beans.
" , ,
7. Akokl kosomba madesu
I
na yoI He can sell all of your beans.
, " ,
8. Akokl kosomba loso na tata He can sell the rlce to my
,, I I
ngal. father.
", , ,
9. Akokakl kotyke ya mlky t y • He couldn't sell the Ilttle
ones.
, , ,
10. Akokakl kokanga ya mlny~ He couldn't wrap up the blg
,
te.
--+
ones.
PATTERN DRILL 2
" ,, " ,
1. Lukela ngal mlsatu ya malamu. Plck me out three good ones.
" ,, , ,
2. Lukela ngal mlnel ya mlnyny • Plck me out four blg ones.
" ,, " ,
3. Lukela ngal mltanu ya mlk y • Plck me out flve Ilttle ones.
4. "
Kangela ngal" mltanu
" ya mlky, • Wrap me up fJ.ve llttle ones.
, , " ., , ,
5. Osombela ngal mltanu ya mlk~. Sell me flve Ilttle ones.
, , ,, ,
6. Osombela ngal matungulu ya Sell me the onlon for ten
, , ,
mpata InJ.bale. francs.
, , ,, " ,
7. Osombela ngal yango lobl. Buy them for me tomorrow.
, " ,, " ,
8. Osombell ngaJ. yango lobl. You bought them for me yester-
day.
73
, , , , ,
9. NalJ.ngJ. napesa Y9 yango I'd IJ.ke to gJ.ve them to you
, ,
lobJ.. tomorrow.
, , , ,, ,
10. NalJ.ngJ. opesa ngal. falanga I want you to gJ.ve me ten francs.
,
zornJ..
PATTERN DRILL 3
,
1. OlJ.a etabe'l· Would you care for a banana'l
,
h, nalJ.a etabe. Yes, I'd IJ.ke a banana.
, , ,
2. Otyka madysu ty'l Don't you want to sell the beans'l
" , ,
T~, kasJ.' natyka malala. No, but I'd IJ.ke to sell the
oranges.
, ,,
3. Oyaa na ngaJ. na KJ.sanganJ.'l Do you want to go to stanleyvJ.lle
WJ. th me'l
, , ,
:!ty' nalJ.IlgJ. , koyaa na Y9 Yes, I'd IJ.ke to go to StanleyvJ.lle
na KJ. sanganJ. • wJ.th you.
, , ,
4· Asomba mbala'l Would he lJ.ke to buy some potatoes~
, , ,
~' asomba mbala. Yes, he'd IJ.ke to buy some pota-
toes.
74
75
UnJ.t 8
BasJ.c Sentences
-A-
to put, put 1n, set,
pour ln
, ,
-tJ.ela, -tJ.yela, to put· for (someone)
,
- tJ.la
r 1J.tre r 11ter
'essence' gasollne
, "",
1. Mwana, tJ.ela ngaJ. 1J.tres Boy, put In flve 11ters of
, , , ,
mJ.tanu ya essence, S9k? gaso11ne for me, please.
,
olJ.ngl.
-B-
, , "
meya, 10meya 50-centlme p1ece
ItJ, , " "
2. Pesa mpata mJ.bale na meya. That wll1 be 12.5 francs (12,5F.).
-A-
,
mafuta 011, grease, fat
,
maJ. water
" ,
3. Na nSJ.ma tala mafuta After that, look at the 011
, ,
na maJ.., and water.
-B-
,
aJ. oh, hey
,
- sJ.la to flnlsh, be done, flnlshed
, , , ,
4. Al, mafuta eSl11. Hey, there's no 011.
76
-A-
IJ.nzanza, ma- metal box, tJ.n can,
J.ron sheet
, , , , , ,
5. TJ.ya IJ.nzanza moko
, , I I
ya ntuku Put J.n a 50-centJ.IJ.ter can.
mJ.tanu centJ.IJ.tres.
-B-
,
IJ.susu agaJ.n, besJ.des, else, other
" , ,
6. Boongo na nSJ.ma nasala What else can I do for you~
, ,
1 J. SU su nJ.nJ. ~
-A-
-bongo,
t t
-bonga
t
to be sUJ.table, be J.n
order, come along well
-bongJ.sa
I
to put J.n order, arrange,
prepare, repaJ.r,
straJ.ghten, organJ.ze
lokolo, ma- leg, foot; tJ.re, wheel
" , ,
wana, waana tha t J there
,
-zanga to be lackJ.ng, mJ.ss, be
wJ.thout; be absent, skJ.p,
mJ.ss, omJ.t
mopypy, mJ.- aJ.r, wJ.nd
, , ,
7. ObongJ.sa
t
lokolo wana ya FJ.x that back tJ.re that J.S flat.
" ,
nSJ.ma ezangJ. mopypy. Have that back tJ.re fJ.xed that
J.S fla t.
-B-
, , "
8. Boongo, okozJ.la mwaa moke.
t
All rJ.ght, (but) you wJ.ll (have
to) waJ.t a IJ.ttle whJ.le.
, , , -A-
9. TeI nakeJ., nakozonga na nSJ.ma. No, I'm leavJ.ng, I'll come back
later.
77
USEFUL PHRASES
", ,
Ayeb1 kotambw1sa motuka. He knows how to dr1ve.
" ,, , ,
Ayeb1 epa1 bakok1 kozwa He knows where you can get
, ,
ebende ya motuka. automoblle parts.
" , ,
Ayeb1 ndenge ya kobong1sa He knows how to repa1r auto-
, I
motuka. mob1les.
, , ,
Ayeb1 llkambo ntlna. He understands the matter.
, , ,
Nas1l1 kosukola motuka. I've already washed the car.
, , ",
Nas1l1 nasukol1 motuka. I've Just now f1n1shed wash1ng
the car.
, , ,
Naut1 kosukola motuka. I've Just th1s 1nstant f1n1shed
wash1ng the car.
" , ,,
Mesa oyo eb~ng1 na nga1. Th1S table lS sU1table for me.
, , , ,,
B1lamba oyo b1b9ng1 na nga1. These clothes look good on me.
" " , ,
Kltl oyo ebong1
I
na mesa wana. Th1S cha1r goes well w1th that
table.
, ,
Kanga motuka. Lock the car.
" ,
Kangola motuka. Unlock the car.
, ", ,
Sembola L1ngala, L1ngala Look after L1ngala, and L1ngala
, ,
llkosembola yo.
t
w1Il look after you.
Use good L1ngala, and L1ngala
w1II serve you well.
,
-tambola to take a walk, travel
move, make progress,
hurry up
,
-tambw1sa to cause to progress,
dr1ve a car, spread
put In motl0n, start
78
,
motuka, ml- automoblle, truck
,,
epal, bl- slde; part; dlrectlon;
dlstrlct; where
,
ebende, bl- plece of metal, lron,
cOln, metal part
,
ntlna, n- root; basls; meanlng
reason, slgnlflcance,
prlnclple
,
ntlna na because of, on account of,
therefore
-sukola to wash, clean} tell
someone off
,
-uta to come from, be on the
way from
from, Slnce
,
mesa table
chalr
-kangola to release, let go of,
loose, open, unroll,
unlock, unfasten
,
-semba to extend, be rlght,
be uprlght
,
-sembola to put rlght, stralghten
up, make vertlcal
79
NOTES
8.2 Revers1.ve
The reverSlve extens1.on /-01-/ has two functl0ns: (1) neg-
atlve, and (2) dlrectlve. (1) The negatlve reverSlve lndlcates
the OPPoslte or negatlve or the verb base, e.g., /-kanga/, 'to
rasten', 'lock', 'hold', /-kangola/, 'to unrasten', 'unlock',
'release'. (2) The dlrectlve reverSlve lndlcates dlrectlon away
rrom or orr or, e.g., /-kaba/, 'to glve', 'state', 'dlvlde',
'shave', /-kabola/, 'to hand out', 'dlstrlbute', 'd~vlde up',
'separa te' j-palola/, 'to skln', 'peel', 'scrape (orr)', /-pasola/
'to tear (off) t, t cleave t , t SpIlt (off)', t saw', r clear (away)',
/-papola/, 'to make thlnner', 'shave ofr', 'remove an excess'.
80
8.$ Causatlve
, , ,
Obonglsa
t
10kolo wana.
81
washlng the car', Ilterally 'I have come from washlng the car',
l.e., rthe last thlng I dld before the moment of speaklng was wash
the car'.
GRAMMA.TICAL DRILL 1
, , ,
1. Na nSlma tala mafuta. After that, look at the 011.
, , , ,
2. Na Ilboso tala mafuta. Before that, look at the 011.
, , ,
3. Na Ilboso mwana atl Ilnzanza
, ,
Before that, the boy put In a
, , , ,
moko ya ntuku mltanu ya 50-centlllter can of 011.
• , I
mafuta.
" , "
4. Nalobell
, ,
mwana
,
atlya
"
Ilnzanza I told the boy to put ln a
moko ya ntuku mltanu cen- 50-centlllter can of 011.
I I ,
tllltre ya mafuta.
5. "
Nalobell ,
mwana "
atlya Iltres I told the boy to put In twenty
" , ,
ntuku mlbale ya essence. Ilters of gasollne.
, , ,
6. Motu wana allngl Iltres That man wants twenty Ilters of
" , ,
ntuku mlbale ya essence. gasollne.
, , "
7. Motu wana allngl bob9nglsela
, ,
That man wants to have hlS tlre
ye lokolo ya motuka. flxed.
, , "
8. Tata na Ie allngl bob9nglsela H1S father wants to have hlS
, ,
ye lokolo ya motuka. tlre repalred.
82
, , , , ,
9. Tata na ye allngl nazlla ye. H1S father wants me to walt
for hlm.
, , ,, , ,
10. MwaSl na ngal allngl nazlla My wlfe wants me to walt for
,
ye. her.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
", ,
1. Ok~nd~kl ntango nlnl~ What tlme dld you leave~
, , ,
Nakynd~kl na ngonga ya mlnel. I left at four o'clock.
, , "
2. Osalaka nlnl na ntongo~ What do you do In the mornlng~
, , ,
Nayekolaka na ntongo. I study mornlngs.
, , , ,
3. Oyakl mokolo
I I I
nlnl na Leo~ When dld you arrlve In Leopold-
vllle~
, , , ,
Nayakl na mp7s9 elekl. I arrlved last week.
", , , ,
4· Nasala nlnl na nsoso oyo
, , ,
What should I do wlth the rest
etlkall ~ of the chlcken'1
'" , ", , , ,
Pesa ye nsoso oyo etlkall. Glve hlm the rest of the
chlcken.
, , ,
Bozalakl koloba nlnl'1 What were you talklng about"
, ,
Tozalakl koloba llkambo We are talklng about women.
, ,
ya basl.
, , ,
6. Ballngl lltres bonl ya How many llters of gasollne
essence" do they want"
"
Ballngl, Iltres ntuku "
mlsatu They want thlrty Ilters of
ya essence. gasollne.
, ", , , ,
7 Falanga bonl apesl na mwasl'1 How many francs dld he glve
the woman"
83
"
Apesl ye, nkama
" "
mako.
I I
He gave her one hundred.
, , ,
8. Otlkl lokolo na motuka Where dld you leave the tlre'l
,
wapl'l
, , , , ,
Natlkl yango na eSlka ya I left lt at the fll1lng statl0n.
,
kotyka essence.
9.
, "
Obandl mosala'l Have you started worklng'l
Nabandl, mosala
"" uta ngonga I started worklng at one o'clock.
, ,
ya moko.
- I I
I have been worklng Slnce one
o'clock.
, ", ,
10. Obandl mosala ntangu nlnl'l How long have you been worklng'l
Nabandl, mosala
"" uta ngonga I have been worklng for one
, ,
moko.
--...-. hour.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
1. Natllsl ,
" " ye mafuta na I had hlm put some 011 In the
,
motuka • car.
", , , ,
2. Natllsl ye 11tres ntuku I had hlm put In thlrty 11tres
, ,
mlsatu ya essence. of gasollne.
", ,
3. Natllsl ye lokolo ya slka
,
I had hlm put a new tlre on
na motuka. my car.
, "
4· Tosombakl lokolo ya slka
,
We bought a new tlre for the car.
na motuka.
, " ,
5. Tosombakl makolo na motuka. We bought some tlres for the car.
, , " "
6. Ab9nglselakl blSU makolo ya He repalred the tlres for us.
,
motuka.
, , " " ,
7. Abonglselakl blSU motuka
I
, , ,
He repalred the car for us whlle
ntangu tozalakl kom~la we were drlnklng a Coke.
Coca-Cola.
84
, , " " ,
8. Abonglselakl blSU rootuka He repalred the car for us
I
, , ,
ntangu tozalakl kozlla. whlle we were waltlng.
, , " " ,
9. Abonglselakl
I
blSU rootuka He repalred the car for us
,
ntangu " kolla
tozalakl " roldl. whl1e we had lunch.
, , " " ,
10. Abonglselakl b~su rootuka He repalred the car for us
I , , , ,
ntangu robula ezalakl whlle lt was ralnlng.
,
konoko.
I •
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, , , ,
1. Alobakl na rowana aloba She told the Chl1d to say It
,
11SUSU. agaln.
, , , ,
2. Alobakl na rowana akanga She told the ch1ld to close
,
ndako. the door.
, , , , ,
3. Akanglsakl ndako na rowana. She had the Chl1d close the
door. She had the door
closed by the Chl1d.
, , , , ,
4. Akanglsakl buuku na bana. She had the chlldren close
thelr books.
, , , , ,
5. Bapesakl buuku na bana. They gave the chlldren soroe
books.
, , , , , , ,
6. Bapesakl b~nu rolnlt~ zorol They gave you ten rolnutes to
, , , ,
ropo na kOSlllsa roosala. flnlsh the Job.
, " ,, ,
7. Bapesakl ngal motuka
, ,
They gave me another car to
mosusu ya kotarobwlsa. drlve.
" ,
8. Nallngl rootuka roosusu ya I need another car to drlve.
,
kotarobwlsa.
,
9. Nal~ng~ essence na I1nzanza I want some gasollne ln thlS
,
2Jl2. • can.
,, ,, ,
10. Tlela ngal 11tres zoml ya Put ten 11ters of gasollne In
,
essence na l1zanza oyo. thlS can for roe.
85
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, , ,
1. Naslll kobonglsela moball I've already repalred the tlre
, I
,
oyo lokolo ya motuka. for the man.
, , , " ,
2. Naslll nabonglsell moball I've Just now flnlshed repalrlng
, I
,
oyo lokolo ya motuka. the tlre for the man.
, , ,
3. Nautl kobonglsela
I
moball I've Just thls lnstant flnlshed
6y o lokolo ya m6tuka. repalrlng the tlre for the
man.
, ~, , ,
4. Nautl kotlya lltres mltanu
,
I've Just thls lnstant fln-
ya essence na motuka. lshed puttlng flve llters
of gasollne In the car.
", , ,
5. Naslll kotlya lltres mltanu
,
I've already put flve Ilters
ya essence na motuka. of·gasollne In the car.
" ,, , ,
6. Naslll natll lltres mltanu I've Just now put flve llters
,
ya essence na motuka. of gasollne In the car.
7.
" ",
Naslll natall mafuta na mal.
, I've Just now looked at the oll
and water.
" , , ~
PATTERN DRILL 1
, , ,
1. Ayebl kobonglsa
I
motuka. He knows how to repalr cars.
, , , ,
2. Ayebl eloko
I I
akosala. He knows what to do.
, , , ,
3. Ayebl kotambwlsa motuka. He knows how to drlve.
86
, , , ,
4. Ayeb~ l~kambo n~n~ ezal~. He knows what's the matter.
" ,, ,
,
5. Ayeb~ epa~
, ,
kozwa
bakok~ He knows where to get parts
ebende ya motuka. f'or automoblles.
, , , ,
6. Ayeb~ m9k919 n~n~ akozonga He knows what day she returns
,
na Leo. to Leopoldv~lle.
", ,
7. Ayeb~ mpo na n~n~ batu He knows why the men stopped
"
bat~k~ "
mosala. work~ng.
", , ,
B. Ayeb~ ntangu n~n~ bake~. He knows when they lef't.
" , " ,
9. Ayebl ndenge nln~ bakokl He know how to unlock the door.
,
kofungola m9n9k9 ya ndako.
, , , , ,
10. Ayeb~ na ngonga bon~ bakok~ He knows how fast lt can be
, , ,
kosll~sa mosala. done.
, , ,
11. Ayeb~ l~kambo ntlna. He comprehends the problem.
' ,
Certaln verbs, such as / -pesa/, 'to glve', take two obJects
even though the verb doesn't have the appllcatlve extens~on, e.g.,
/p~s~ y~ ns~s~ 6yo etlkall/, 'Glve hlm the rest of the chlcken'.
87
Unlt 9
BaslC Sentences
-A-
, "
1. Ollngl mosala7 Are you looklng for work~
-B-
,
2. Nallngl. I am.
-A-
" ",.
3. Qyebl mosala nlnl~ What do you know how to do~
-B-
BB
-B-
" ,
10. Ty, kasl nallngl kobanda No, but I want to start the
"
mosala "
lobl ,
ekoyaa. day after tomorrow.
-A-
,, ,, ,
tll, tee-, tl untll; a long tlme; far
, , , ,
11. Malamu, mosala na y~ Good, your worklng hours wlll be
, ,
ekozala uta ngonga ya from 7,00 A.M. to 5.00 P.M.
, , ,
nsambo ya ntongo, tee
, ,
na ngonga ya mltanu ya
,
mpokwa.
, ,
12. Kokomaka nSlma ya ntangu Don't get In the hablt of belng
,
te.
I
la tee
-B-
, , ,
13. Ty , nakoyaa na ntangu No, I won't. I '11 be on tlme.
,
malamu.
USEFUL PHRASES
, " ,,
Llmbl sa nga 1. Excuse me. Pardon me.
" ,,
Leklsa ngal. Let me pass. Let me by.
, , ",
Lata bllamba mpymb y. Put on clean clothes.
, , " ,
Longola bllamba mblndu na nzotu. Take off your dlrty clothes.
,
LongwaJ ScramJ Get lostJ
, ,
Tanda mbetu. Make the bed.
, ,
Tanda mesa. Set the table.
" ,
Sukola basanl. Wash the dlshes.
", , ,
Sukola tasl na sanl ya taSl. Wash the cup and saucer.
", ,
Sukola kopo
I I
na lutu. Wash the glass and spoon.
89
""
Sukola mbell, ,
kanya, na nkele. Wash the knlves, forks, and
I
spoons.
, , , ,, , ,
Kltlsela ngal sanduku na nse. Send my sUltcase down.
, , ,, , ,
Memel
I I
y ngal sanduku na nse. Brlng my sUltcase down.
, , ,, , ,
Memel
I I
y ngal sanduku na llkolo. Brlng my sUltcase up.
, , , ,, , ,
Butlsela ngal sanduku na llkolo. Send my sUltcase up.
, , , ,, , ,
Butlsela ngal sume na sabonl. Send me up some towels and soap.
, , ,
Komela
I
llkaya tee
I
No smoklng.
, ,
Kokota te.
I I
Do not enter.
,
-llmblsa to forglve, pardon, excuse
,
-lata to dress, put on clothes
, ,
nzotu, nzoto, n- body
-tanda to spread, stretch out
,
mesa table
, ,
mbetu, mbeto, m- bed, pallet
,
sanl, ba- dlSh, bowl, plate, basln
,
ta s 1 (ta sse) cup
,
kopo
I I
glass, tumbler, cup
,
lutu spoon
,
mbell
I
,
kanya, nkanya, (n-) fork
,
lokele, n- spoon
-klta to go/come down, descend;
decrease, dlmlnlsh
,
sanduku, (ba-) box, chest, trunk, sUltcase,
,
nse, n- earth, world; bottom; down,
under, beneath
90
NOTES
91
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, ", ,
1. Osukolak1 11SUSU bllamba~ Have you washed the clothes yet~
, , , , , ,
2. Naslll nasukolak1 bllamba. I have Just f1nlshed washlng the
clothes.
, , ,
3. Naslll kob9nglsa ndako. I've already stralghtened up the
house.
" ,
ye" ab9nglsa ndako.
4· Lobela Tell hlm to stralghten up the
the house.
5. "
Lobela ye" angoma bllamba, Tell hlm to press the clothes
,
slka oyo. rlght away.
, ", ,
6. Loba na ye s9k9 allng1 Ask h1m lf he can press the
, ,
kongoma bllamba slka oyo. clothes rlght away.
, " , ,
7. Loba na ye soko
, , I I
allngl
,
Ask h1m lf he can come thlS
koyaa lela na mpokwa. afternoon.
- 'I -
92
8. " "
Oyebl soko
,
akoyaa lelo,
,
Do you know lf he can come
I, I 1
na mpokwa'l thlS afternoon'l
"
Oyebl "
soko azal1, 11SUSU
, na
9. Do you know lf he lS home yet'l
, • I ,
ndako na ye'l
" , " , ,
10. Ayebl t¥, s~k9 azal1 11SUSU He doesn't know lf he lS stl1l
, ,
na ndako na ye. home.
PATTERN DRILL 1
" ", ,
1. S9ko oyel lyl~, nakopesa If you corne today, I'll gJ.ve
yo,I nkama
" "
moko. you one hundred francs.
I I
" , , " ,
2. SOkl
•
osombl moko,
I •
nakopesa If you buy one, I'll gJ.ve you
yo,I nkama
" "
moko. one hundred francs.
I a
" , , "
3. SOkl
a
osombl moko,
,a I
bako- If you buy one, I'll have the
bongJ.sa
, - mosusu. other repaJ.red.
, , ""
4. S9k1 ob~nglsJ. ndako oyo,
,
If you have thJ.s house repalred,
bakobongJ.sa
I
mosusu. they wJ.ll repaJ.r the other one.
, , ""
5. SOkl
I
obongJ.sJ.
I
ndako oyo, If you have thJ.s house repaJ.red,
" ,
okokJ. kot yklsa yango. you can resell J.t at a proflt.
, , "" ,
6. SRk~ OZJ.ll sanza m~k9' If you walt a month, you can
" ,
okokJ. kotykJ.sa yango. sell them at a profJ.t.
"
7. SokJ. oZllJ." ",
sanza moko, If you waJ.t a month, you can
I , I I
okokynd~ na Leo. go to Leopoldvll1e.
, , , , "
8. SokJ. ozalJ. na nkoto moko, If you have a thousand francs,
• , I I
93
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , ",
1. Mosala na blSU eSllaka na We get off from work at 5:00
, , ,
ngonga ya mltanu ya mpokwa. P.M.
2. "
Mosala ""
na blSU eSlll na We flnlshed our work early.
, ,
ntangu malamu.
, , , ,
3. Tokoml na ndako na ntangu We arrlved home early.
,
malamu.
, , , ,
4. Tokoml na ndako Ilboso We arrlved home before It
" ,
mbula ebanda konoko.
, , started to raln.
, , ", , ,
5. Toslllsakl kosomba blloko
• •,
We flnlshed shopplng before It
, "
llboso mbula ebanda konoko.
• I
started to raln
, , ", , ,
6. Toslllsakl kosomba blloko We flnlshed shopplng and went
, , , I I
94
1 GRAMMATICAL DRILLS 3
, , " ,, ,
1. BOl
I
akangolell ngal ndako. The houseboy opened the door
for me.
, , " ,, ,
2. BOl asukolell ngal bllamba. The houseboy washed my clothes.
f
, , ", ,
3. Nasukolellsl bOl I
bllamba. I had the boy wash my clothes.
, , ", ,
4· Nasukolellsl bOl bllamba I had the boy wash the sheets.
, I
ya mbetu.
, ", ,
Angomlsell b9l bllamba ya She had the boy lron the sheets.
,
mbetu.
, ", , ,
6. Angomlsell Ie elamba ya mesa. She had hlm lron the tablecloth.
, , , ,
7. Alongolakl elamba ya mesa. She put away the table cloth.
, " ,
8. Alongolakl basanl ya slka. She put away the new dlshes.
, ", ,
9. Azonglsakl basanl ya slka. She put back the new dlshes.
, " ,
10. Akama takl basanl ya slka. She got out the new dlshes.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
", ,
1. Longollsa bana bllamba Have the chlldren take off
, ,
mblndu na nzotu. thelr dlrty clothes.
, " , ,
2. Longollsa bana bllamba Have the chlldren take off
" ,
thelr clean clothes.
mpymbe na nzotu.
, " , " ,
3. Latlsa bana bllamba mp~mby. Have the chlldren put on thelr
clean clothes.
, , , , ,
4. La tlsa mama mp~t9 na ye. Have mother wear her rlng.
, , , ,
5. ME(myl)i mama mp~ty na ye. Brlng mother her rlng.
, , ,, ,
6. Mym~l<t nga1. sanduku na Brlng my sUltcase up.
,
llkolo.
95
, "" ,
7. Butl.sela ngal. sanduku. na
,
Have my sUl.tcase brought up.
ll.kolo.
, " ", ,
8. Butl.sela ngsl surne na sabonl.. Send me some towels and soap.
, ," ,
9. Mvmele
I I
ngal. sume na sabonl. Brl.ng me some towels and soap.
, " " ,
Kl.tl.sela ngal. sume na sabonl
10. Send me down some towels and
,
na nse. soap.
PATTERN DRILL 2
, , , ,
1. Nautl. (na) masala. I'm Just returnl.ng from work.
I'm on my home from work.
I've Just returned from work.
2. "
Nautl. "
kosala. I've Just returned from work.
PATTERN DRILL 3
, , ,
1. Nall.ngl. bolongola mafuta I want the 011 changed.
ya ll.boso, botl.ya
"
ya sl.ka.
96
, ,
3. Nallng1 kokynd y kotambola I want to go for a dr1ve.
,
na motuka.
97
UnJ.t 10
BasJ.c Sentences
-A-
1. Ala! (allo) Hello.
-B-
, , ."
-A-
., ,
3. Ngal, BonJ.fasJ.. ThJ.S 18 BonJ.face.
-B-
, , ,
4. DJ.J., BonJ.fasJ., olJ.ngJ.
,
HJ., BonJ.face, what do you want?
nJ.nJ. 'l
-A-
,
- tJ.nda to send, order, command
, , , ,,
5. NalJ.ngJ. otJ.ndela ngaJ.
, , ,
I'd l1ke you to send me your
buuku na YCf ya LJ.ngala. LJ.ngala book.
-B-
6. " , ",
Boongo ya YCf, otJ.kJ. wapJ.? Where dJ.d you leave yours?
-A-
,
- bosana to forget; be m1staken,
make a mJ.stake
,
kela SJ. (cIa sse) class, classroom, school
, , , , ,
7. NabosanJ. yango na kalasJ.. I forgot and left J.t J.n the
classroom.
98
-B-
, , ,
8. Bon~, nakot~nde1a yoI Bon~, I'll send ~t to you by
, ,
yango na mwana. my 1~tt1e brother.
-A-
,
9. Me1es~. Thanks.
-B-
,
10. L~kElmbo t~. Don't ment~on ~t.
-A-
11. ,
~~, kokanga na~nu
" tyJ Hey, don't hang up yetJ
, ,
12. Ok~nd~ wap~ 1~19 na Where are you p1ann~ng on go~ng
,
mpokwa'i th~s even~ng'i
-B-
prom~se, threaten
-kan~sa to th~nk, reflect,
-A-
" , ,
Ol~ng~ tok~nd~ b~su Would you l~ke for me to go
, ,
m~ba1e'i w~th you'l
-B-
99
, ,
-A-
16. Na ntangu mosusu. See you then.
,
17. Malamu. F~ne.
USEFUL PHRASES
hands.
, , , , , ,
Mondele azal~ kobytE( mal. The European lS sWlmmlng.
I I
, , , , , ,
MondeleI I
azall kobete
I I
bondlkl. The European lS shoot~ng a gun.
, , , ,
Nkombo na yo, nanl~ What's your name~
, , ,, ,
Nkombo na ngal Ngol. My name lS NgOl.
" , ,
Bapesl ye Monokomolal.
I I I
They nlcknamed hlm Blg Mouth.
telefon
I 1 I
(telephone) telephone
,
-benga to call, summon; call,
name; order (merchan-
dlse)
, ,
- bete
I I
, -beta
I
to hlt, strlke, knock,
beat
, ,
mondE( lE(, ml.- whl.te man, European
masinl. (machl.ne) machl.ne, mechanlcal
l.nstrument, tral.n
,
bondokl., ma- gun, rl.fle
, ,
nkombo, n- name, honor, reputatl.on
long, large, deep, hlgh
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, " ,
1. Natlndl mwana mpo na I sent the boy for the book.
,
buuku.
, , , ,
2. Natlndl buuku na mwana. I sent the book to the boy.
, "
3. Nakotlndela y~ buuku na I'll send the book to you by
,
mwana. the boy.
, " , ,
4. Nakotlndela y~ buuku lobl
, ,
I'll send the book to you In
na ntongo. the mornlng.
, ", , ,
5. Natl.ndelakl. y~ buuku I sent the book to you yesterday
, , "
lobl. na ntongo. mornlng.
6. , "" ,
Natlndelakl y~ matungulu I sent you the onl.ons yesterday.
, ,
lobl.
, " ", ,,
7. Natl.ndakl. y~ osombela nsal I sent you to buy me some
, "
ma tungulu lob].. onlons yesterday.
, " ", ,,
8. Natlndakl. Y9 osombela ngal I sent you to buy a can of meat
ll.nzanza ya nyama. for me yesterday.
, ,
9. Akosombela ye llnzanza He wl.ll buy a can of meat for
ya nyama. her.
10.
,
Akosombela ye" ndako. He wl.ll buy the house for her.
101
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, ", ,
1. Nabosanl ndako na ye. I've forgotten where hlS house
lS located.
, " , ,
2. Nabosanl, ye nanl. I've forgotten who he lS.
, ", , ,
3. Nabosanl ntangu nlnl tokoml~ I forgot what tlme lt lS.
, " " ,
4. Nabosanl nkombo na ye. I've forgotten hlS name.
, ", ,
5. Nabosanl bana na ye. I forgot about hlS chl1dren.
, " ,
6. Nabosanl ndlnga alobaka. I've forgotten what language
he speaks.
, " " ,
7. Nabosanl mosala na ye. I've forgotten what he does
(for a 11v lng) •
8. , " " ,
Nabosanl n9k9 na ye. I've forgotten who hlS uncle lS.
, " " ", ,
9. Nabosanl epal natlkl buuku. I've forgotten where I left my
book.
10. , "
Nabosanl " ekel.
epal ,
I've forgotten where he went.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
102
, ,, , ,
6. Bana na ngal bazalakl na My chlldren were at Brazzavllle
Brazzavllle na ngonga at 1:00 A.M.
, , "
ya moko
I I
na ntongo.
, ,, , ,
7. Bana na ngal bazalakl
, , , ,
My chlldren were leavlng when
kokende
I I
ntango-
nakomakl. I arrlved.
", ,
8. Bakangakl ndako ntango The house was locked up when
, , ,
nakomakl. I arrlved.
", ,
9. Bakangakl ndako mpe motu The house was locked and no
" ,
azalakl t€(. one was there.
" , " ,
10. Natunl kasl motu azalakl t y • I called out, but no one was
there.
PATTERN DRILL 1
" " ,
1. S9 k 9 oyakl 1~19, mb~l~ If you had come today, I would
, "
napesakl yo,I nkama
" "
moko.
I I
have glven you a thousand
francs.
2. "
SOkl , "
osombakl "
moko, mbele If you had bought one, I would
I I I I I
, "
napesakl "
yo,I nkama "
mako. have glven you a thousand
I I
francs.
3. "
SOkl , " "
osombak~ moko, mbele If you had bought one, they
I
, " I
,I I I
babonglsakl
I -
mosusu. would have had the other
repalred.
, , , " , ,
4. S7kl ob7nglsakl ndako oyo, If you had had thls house
, " ,
mbele
I I
babonglsakl
I
mosusu. repalred, they would have
repalred the other one.
, , , " , ,
SOkl
I
obonglsakl
I
ndako oyo, If you had had thlS house
" ,
mbele
I I,
okokakl koteklsa
I
repalred, you could have
yango. sold lt at a proflt.
" "", ,
6. Soko
I I
oZllakl sanza moka, I ,
If you had walted a month,
" ,
mbele
I I,
okokakl koteklsa
I
you would have been able
yango. to sell lt at a proflt.
103
, , , , , , , ,
7. Soko oZllakl sanza moko,
, ,
If you had walted a month, you
I
•
mbele
, ,
okendekl na
I I
vllie.
, , , , , , , ,
B. SOkl ozalakl na nkoto moko, If you had had a thousand
I ., ., I
,• ,
mbyl y okendekl
I I
na Klnsasa. francs, you could ha.ve
gone to Leopoldvllie.
9. "
SOkl "
ozalakl ""
na nkoto moko, If you had had a thousand
I I •
" ,
mbele okokakl kosomba francs, you could have
I I
,
bllamba. bought some clothes.
, , , , , ,
10. S~k~ ok¥ndykl na Klnsasa If you had gone to Leopoldvllle,
" ,
mbyl y okokakl kosomba you could have bought some
,
bllamba. clothes.
PATTERN DRILL 2
, , , , ,
1. Moto mako ayakl koluka Someone came looklng for you
, I I ,
yoI na mldl. at lunchtlme.
, , , , , ,
2. Moto moko asolo1akl na ye Someone talked to hlm on the
, ,I I ,
lobl na tel~fon. phone yesterday.
, , ,• •
3· Moto moko aakoblma na Someone lS gOlng out at SlX
I t ,
ngonga ya motoba. " o'clock.
, , , , , , ,
4· Moto moko
, t
I
a tlndelakl YC( Someone sent you a rlfle.
bondokJ..
, , , , , ,
5. Moto moko
I, •
abosanl buu~
,
Someone has forgotten hlS
na ye ya LlpSala" Llngala book.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, , ,
1. Luka numero na bango ya Look up thelr phone number.
" ,, ,
2. Lukela nsal numero na Look up thelr phone number
, ,
bango ya tyl~f9n. for me.
104
, ", ,
3. Lukel1sa ye numero ya
, ,
Have her look up the1r phone
bango ya tylyf7n. number.
, ", , ,
4. Lukel1sa ye numero ya bango
, , ,,
Have her look up the1r phone
ya tylyf9n mpo na nga1. number for me.
, " , ,
5. Lukel1sa ye buuku ya
, , ,,
Have her look for the phonebook
t~l~f9n mpo na nga1. for me.
PATTERN DRILL 3
, , , ,
1. Ndenge na ye ya kol1a He has good table manners.
, ,
ezal1 malamu.
, , , ,
2. Ndenge na ye ya kolata He always looks n1cely dressed.
, , ,
b11amba ezal1 malamu.
, , ,
3. Ndenge na ye ya koloba H1S manner of speak1ng 1S pol1te
, ,
ezal1 malamu. and easy to understand.
, , , ,
4. Ndenge na ye ya
, ,
kosala He always does a good Job.
ezal1 malamu.
, , , ,
5. Ndenge na ye ya
, ,
kotambola He walks well.
ezal1 malamu.
PATTERN DRILL 4
, , ,
1. Nakan1s1 akoyaa. I th1nk he's comlng.
, , , ,
2. Nakanlsl akoyaa t y • I th1nk he's not comlng.
, , , ,
3. Nakan1S1. t~ akoyaa. I don't thlnk he's comlng.
, , ,
4. Nakan1.Sl te akoyaa. I thlnk that he's comlng.
, , , ,
5. Nakan1.Sl te te akoyaa.
•
I don't thlnk that he's comlng •
105
106
Un~t 11
Bas~c Sentences
-A-
-B-
,
-lala to sleep, l~e down;
stay, rema~n
# ,
doctor.
, , ,
mutu, motu, moto, m~- head; bunch
l~bumu, ma- stomach, belly, womb
-A-
,
moto
I I
f~re, hot
" , ,
4. Ookoyoka nzotu moto~
I I
Do you have a fever~
-B-
,
wap~ by no means, no, noth~ng
" , ,
5. Nayeba monganga.
wap~, How could I know, doctor~
, ",
6. Nazal~ na thermometre t y I don't have a thermometer at
,
na ndako. home.
107
-A-
,
sJ.mJ.sJ. (chemJ.se) shJ.rt
", , ,
7. Longola naJ.no sJ.mJ.sJ. na Y9. Take off your shJ.rt fJ.rst.
, , "
8. TJ.ya thermometre oyo na Put thJ.s thermometer J.n your
monoko.
I I I
mouth.
-B-
, ,
9. MelesJ., monganga. O.K., doctor.
-A-
, " ",
fJ.~f~l~, fJ.~v~l~, fever
(fJ.~vre)
, , , , ,
10. 00, ozalJ. na fJ.yfyl y , Paul. Oh, you have a fever, Paul.
-B-
,
- salJ.sa to help, take care of,
employ, J.nstruct
,
ko J.ndeed, come onJ go
aheadJ
,. " " , ,
11 •. SalJ.sa ngaJ. ko monganga. Help me, doctor.
-A-
, , , ,, , ,
12. , r nJ.nJ.
Eloko
, , , ,
olJ.akJ. too What dJ.d you eat or dFJ.nk
omylakJ. 10bJ.CZ yesterdayCZ
-B-
,
kaka only, alone
,
tJ.J. tea
,
lJ.mpa, ma- bread, pJ.ece of bread
, , ,
13. Kaka tJ.J. na mampa. Only some tea and bFead.
108
, , , , , ,
F1~f~1~ yango ezal1 makas1~ Is my fever very h1gh~
(The fever, (1 t lS very h1gh~)
-A-
,
mpenza really, truly, only,
completely, alone
, "
Ty , mpenza t~. No, not really.
k1nin{ (qu1n1ne) qU1n1ne
" ", ,
16. Kamata k1n1n1 oyo, m~la Take two of these qU1n1ne
"
m1bale ,
slka oyo, "
mlbale pl1ls rlght away and two
, , ,
mosusu 11boso ya kolala. before gOlng to bed.
-B-
, ,
17. Meles1, monganga. Thanks, doctor.
-A-
,
-blka to recover, 11ve,
be recued
18. "
SOkl "
lobl "
Oblkl ,
te, If you have not recovered by
, I
, "
zonga awa. tomorrow, come back.
USEFUL PHRASES
, ,
Ly 1« mokolo
I , ,
n1nl~ What day 1S 1t~
, ,
Ly lC( mokolo
II ,
ya lomlngo. Today 1S SUnday.
,
, , moko10
Lelo I , ,
ya eyenga. Today JoS Sunday.
I
,
Lelo
•
, · . ..
mokolo
,
Lyl« mokolo
,
ya
, , , ,
mosa1a mcko.
, ., ,
ya mosala m1ba1e.
•, •
Today lS Monday.
Today lS Tuesday.
, , , , ,
, • mokolo
Lelo ya mosala m1satu. Today lS Wednesday.
·.
, • I I , , ,
LE(l~ mokolo la mosala mlne1.
,
Today lS Thursday.
109
~ ~ ~
, ,
Lelo mokolo ya mosala mltanu. Today lS Frlday.
• • I • I
~
, ,
Lelo mokolo ya mP9s9· Today lS Saturday.
• , • I • ,I , ,
Mposo
• I
elekl nazalakl na I spent last weekend at
Brazzavllle. Brazzavl11e.
, "
Na nsuka ya mposo oyo nakokende ThlS weekend I am gOlng on a
, • , •, • •
mobembo na Mpoto. trlp to Europe.
, ,
Naakolengele mobembo na I'm gettlng ready for a trlp
, • I I
ntango ya elanga. durlng the dry season.
, ,
Abell • He's slck. He's gotten slck.
• , ,
Azall na malall. He's slck.
,
Nazokl na mokongo. I've lnJured my back.
,
I
,
' •
Nazokl na llnu. I've lnJured a tooth.
,
Nazokl na mosal. I've lnJured my flnger.
, ,
Azal1 kosonoI bllamba. She's maklng clothes.
, • ,
,Azal1 kosono
I I
moplla. She's maklng an undershlrt.
, ,
Azall kosono
I I
patalo. She's maklng some trousers.
, ,
Azall kosono kaleso. She's maklng some shorts.
,
I • ,
Azall komeka kazaka. He's trylng on a coat.
,
Azall komeka ekotl.
I
He's trylng on a hat.
, ,
Azall komeka sosetl. He's trylng on some socks.
, ,
Azall komeka sapato. He's trylng on shoes.
,
lomlngo Sunday
eyenga festlval, feast day;
Sunday, weekend
,
nsuka, n- end, termlnatl0n
,
-bemba to travel
,
mobembo trlp, Journey
110
"
Mpoto, "
Mputu (Portugal) Europe
-lyngyl y to prepare, get ready
elanga fleld, garden; dry season,
year
, ,
malall, ma1adl (maladle) 11lness, slckness
-zoka to be lnJured, be touched
mosal, ml- flnger, toe
-sono
, I
to sew, make clothes
,
momplla, ml- undershlrt, teeshlrt,
vest, swea ter
,
patalo (pantalon) shorts, underwear
-meka to measure, welgh, try
(out), test
,
kazaka coat, Jacket, vest
ekotl,
I
bl- (man's) ha t
,
sosetl (chaussette) sock, stocklng
, ,
sapa to , sapa ta shoe(s)
NOTES
" ,
Nayeba wapl'l
LexJ.cal DrJ.ll i
, , , ,
1. Naakoyoka mutu mpasJ.. I have a headache.
, , ,
2. Naakoyoka IJ.bumu mpasJ.. I have a stomach ache.
, , ,
3. Naakoyoka mokongo
I I •
mpasJ. I have a backache.
, , ,
4. Naakoyoka loboko
I I •
mpasJ.. I have a pa l.n 1.n my hand.
, , , ,
5. Naakoyoka IJ.nu mpa s 1. • I have a toothache.
Lex1.cal Dr1.11 2
, ,
1. NaakobEtl y na mutu. I have a headache.
,
2. Naakobele
I I
na l1.burnu. I have a stomach ache.
,
3. Naakob y l y na mokongo.
I' I
I have a backache.
,
4. NaakobEt 1 y na loboko.
I I
•
I have a pa1.n J.n my hand.
, ,
5. Naakobele
I I
na IJ.nu. I have a toothache.
LexJ.cal DrJ.ll 3
, ,
1. Nasalaka na butu. I work at nJ.ght.
, ,
2. Nasalaka na mOl. I work durJ.ng the day.
, , ,
3. Nasalaka na ntongo.
I I
I work In the mornJ.ng.
, ,
4. Nasalaka na mpokwa. I work J.n the afternoon.
, , ,
5. Nasalaka na ntangu ya mbula. I work durJ.ng the raJ.ny season.
, ,
6. Nasalaka na ntangu ya elanga. I work durlng the dry season.
112
Lexlcal Drl11 4
, , ,
1. Longola SlmlSl. Take off your shlrt.
., , ,
2. Longola sapa to. Take off your shoes.
, , ,
3. Longola pa talo. Take off your trousers.
., , ,
4. Longola kazaka. Take off your coat.
, , , ,
5. Longola kazaka ya mbula. Take off your ralncoat.
Lexlcal Drl11 5
, , ,
1. Zonglsa sosetl. Put on your socks.
, , ,
2. Zonglsa kaleso. Put on your shorts.
, ,
3. Zonglsa ekotl.
I
Put on your hat.
, ,
4. Zonglsa pull-over. Put on your swea ter.
, ,
5. Zonglsa cravate. Put on your tle.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
1. "
Pesa " nsoso
ngal " moblmba. Glve me a whole chlcken.
" , ,
2. Okolamba lelo na mldl Today for lunch flX a whole
, , I I
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
", ",
1. Ayakl. ntango nazalakl. kolala. He arrl.ved whl.le I was asleep.
,,~ ",
2. Ayakl ntango nazalakl. kolla. He came whl.le I was eatlng.
113
, , , , ,
3. Alongolakl bl1amba na ye He undressed whl1e I was
, ",
ntango naza1akl kolla. eatlng.
, , , , ,
4. A1ongolakl bl1amba na ye
, , , ,
He undressed when he was In
ntango azalakl 1lboso wlth the doctor.
,
ya monganga.
, , , ,
Aza1akl na mpasl ntango He was sufrerlng when he was
, , , ,
aza1akl 1lboso ya monganga. In wlth the doctor.
, , , ,
6. Aza1akl na mpasl ntango He was slck when he went to
~ ~', ,
ak~nd~kl epal 1a monganga. the doctor's.
, , , " ,
7. Aza1akl na rl~ryl~ ntango He had a rever when he went
" ,, ,
ak ynd ykl epal ya monganga. to the doctor's.
, , , " ,
8. Aza1akl na rl~ryl~ ntango He had a rever when I saw hlm.
, " ,
namonakl
I
ye.
-
, " " , ,
9. Nam?nakl ye ntango azalakl I saw hlm whl1e he was taklng
, "
kosallsa tata na ye. care of hlS rather.
, ", " ,
10. Natlndelakl 1e mampa ntango I sent hlm some bread durlng
azalakl"kosallsa
, tata" na ye. the tlme he was carlng for
hlS father.
Pattern Drl11 1
", ,, "
1. Soko
I •
SlmlS1 na ngal eyakl If my shlrt hadn't got dlrty,
" ,
mblndu t~, kana tokel then the two of us would
" , ,
Klsanganl blSU mlba1e. go to Stanleyvll1e.
", ,, "
2. Soko
• t
SlmlS1 na ngal eyakl If my shlrt hadn.t got dlrty,
"
mblndu t y, kana nakel, I would go see the doctor.
, ,
kotala monganga.
, , , , ,
3. Soko
I I
nazalakl
, ,
na
,
malall kana If I were slck, I would go
nakel kotala monganga. see the doctor.
, , , , ,
4. Soko
I •
nazalakl
"
na
,
malall
,
kana
--
If I had been slck, I would
nakendekl
I I
kotala monganga.
- -
have gone to see the doctor.
114
5. "
Soko " " te, kana
nablkakl If I hadn't got better, I would
I
I
" ,, ,
nak y nd y kl kotala monganga. have gone to the doctor.
6. "
Soko " " te, mbe nakel,
nablkakl If I hadn't got better, I would
I I , , 1 --II~---
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
" , , , ,
1. Tlnda motu moko abengela Send someone to get me a doctor.
,, , I I
ngal monganga.
2. "
Lobela ye" akynd y kotala , Tell hlm to go see the doctor.
,
monganga.
" ", ,,
3. Lobela ye abengela ngal Tell her to get them on the
, ,
bango
-
na telefon.
I I I
phone for me.
, " ", ,,
4. Natunakl ye abengela ngal
, ,
I asked her to get them on the
bango na t~lyf~n. phone for me.
, " " ,
5. Natunakl ye alongola SlmlSl
,
I asked hlm to take off hlS
na ye. shlrt.
, , ,
6. Ballngl alongola SlmlSl They wanted hlm to take off
,
na ye. hlS shlrt.
, , , ,
7. Ballngl koyeba eloko nlnl They wanted to know what I
," ,I I ,
nalel too nam21l ly19. had eaten and drunk today.
, " ,
8. Monganga allngl koyeba e17k7 The doctor wanted to know what
, ,, , " ,
nlnl nalel too namell ly17. I had eaten or drunk today.
115
, , , ,
9. Monganga allngl atlya The doctor wanted me to put the
, ,
thermometre oyo na thermometer In my mouth.
monoko.
I I •
" , , ,
10. Ntlna nlnl bol1ngl atlya Why do you want me to put the
, ,
thermometre oyo na thermometer In my mouth~
monoko~
• I I
116
Unlt 12
BaS1C Sentences
-A-
-konza to rule, manage
mokonzl, ba- chlef, klng, boss,
supervlsor
wa of, belonglng to, at,
from
" ,
1. Alobe, oyo azall mokonzl Albert, thlS lS our chlef.
, ,
wa blSU.
-B-
, ,
2. Mbote,
I I
Mokonzl. Good mornlng, Chlef.
-C-
, ,
3. Mbote.
I I
Good mornlng.
-B-
, ,
-fwanda, -fanda to Slt, be seated;
llve, reslde
, , " ,
4· Fwanda soko
I I
ollngl. Slt down, please.
-C-
,
Melesl. Thanks.
-B-
117
" ,
kolongonu
I I t
health
, ,
6. MokonZl, nsango bOnl na Chlef, what's new at home"
mboka"
, , "
7. Bango bansoI bazall nzotu Is everybody well"
" ,
kolongonu"
I I I
-c-
,
mP9ngl, m- sleep
mongungl, monkungl, n- mosqulto
,
mayele
I I
understandlng, lntelll-
gence, lntellect, mlnd,
slyness, craftlness,
manner, means
,
nde only, however, although
, , ,
8. Nsango te, kaka nde na Nothlng new, however, we haven't
, I , , ,
butu tOZWl mpongl
I
tee
I
gotten any sleep lately.
, , ,
9. Ngungl awa mayele
I I
te.
I
There are more mowqultoes than
you can lmaglne.
-B-
118
-B-
-C-
kerosene
-sopa to pour (out), splll;
talk nonsense
~e , ma'l ezall' , ka'sl tozall'
~ Yes there lS, but we have enough
I I
, ,
na pltolo mpo na kosopa kerosene to pour on (the
,I ,
llkolo. dltches).
-B-
'volture' automoblle
, ,
kuna over there, yonder
, ",
15. VOlture na yoI ezall kuna~ Is your car out there~
, , ,
16. Nakokl kotllsa pompl na Can I put the sprays In your
vOlture~ car?
-C-
, ,
17. Ee
I , '
melesl. Ye s, thanks.
-B-
nlnl ~
119
-c-
,
mbl.la, m- palm nuts, palm tree
,
19. Namelaka masanga ya mbl1a. I usually drlnk palm Wlne.
•
-B-
, , ,
20. AndeleJ Kenda kozwa Andre! Go get some drlnks.
•
masanga.
USEFUL PHRASES
,
Nazall na nzala. I'm hungry.
, , , ,
Nazall na mposa ya mal. I'm thlrsty.
,
Nalembl. I'm tlred •
• , , ,
Nalembl
I
na kokengele
I" I
bana. I'm tlred of looklng after
chlldren.
, ,
Naakoyoka mP9ngl. I'm sleepy.
" ,
Naakoyoka molunge. I 'm hot.
" ,
Naakoyoka mallIl. I 'm cold.
, ,
Abekl mosolo na yo. He borrowed the money from you.
t " I
", ,
Adefl mbongo na yo. He borrowed the money from you.
I' ,
" , ,
Abeklsl yoImbongo.
tt
He loaned the money to you.
, " ,
Adeflsl yo, mosolo.
I I •
He loaned the money to you.
", ,
AYlbl mbongo
t I
na yo.
I
He stole the money from you.
, ,
Kanga mOylbl! stop the thlef J
, ,
Landa mOYlblJ Follow the thlef!
, ,
Ozall na falanga ya mbuma ya Do you have change for a
, "
nkoto moko'l
• I
thousand francs"
,
Kende
I t
kosanglsa masanga. Go ID1X some drlnks.
120
NOTES
121
thlS lesson, many such new words are 1ntroduced ln the exerC1ses
wlthout bU11d-up or exp1anat10n. Slnce the structure of such words
and the roots and aff1xes have been prevlously explalned, 1t 1S up
to the student to recognlze and analyze these new words wlth only
the help of the Engl1Sh translat1on. The student must be able to
do th1S 1f he 1S to control Llngala.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, , , , , ,
1. Nal1ngl opesa nga1 falanga I need change for a thousand
, , ,
ya mbuma ya nkoto moko.
I I
francs.
, , , ,, ,
2. Nal1ngl opesa nga1 mb9ng~ I need the money I loaned you.
, , , , ,
nadef1sak1 Y7·
, ,
3• Nazall na besoln ya mbongo I need the money I loaned you.
, , , , I I
nadeflsakl yo.
f
, ,
4· Nazal1 na beSOln ya p1t<;1'l
, ,
I need some kerosene for water.
mpo na mal.
' , , , ,
5. Ayel kotuna pltolo
, I I
mpo He has come to ask for kerosene
na mal.. for spreadlng on water.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , , ,
1. NklS1 ya ngungl ya bJ.nu ekokl.. You have enough DDT.
, , ,
2. Essence ya bJ.su ekokJ.. We have enough gasol1ne.
, ,
3. Mosolo
I I I
ya bango ekokl. They have enough money.
, , ,
4. Bllarnba ya ye blkokJ.. She has enough clothes.
, ,
5. Masanga ya yc; rnakokJ. . You have enough beer.
123
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
" ,,
1. Mokonzl alobell ngal te The chlef told me to go buy a
, , , ,
nakende
I I
kosomba nsoso. chlcken.
"
BakonZl baIobell "
blSU te The chlefs told us to go buy
, , , ,
tokende
I •
kosomba nsoso. some chlckens.
, " ,,
2. Mosall afwandl epal ya The worker lS slttlng by the
,
ndako. house.
, " ,,
Basall bafwandl epal ya The workers are slttlng by
,
ndako. the house(s).
, , ,
3. Mosalell akolambela yo The servant wlll prepare the
•
nyama. meat for you.
, , , ,
Basalell bakolambela blnu The servants wlll prepare the
nyama. meat for you.
4·
"
Mwana "
oyo ya moball ayebl, Thls boy doesn't know the name
nk~mb~ ya mos~mbl t~.
I
of the purchaser.
" , , ,
Bana oyo.ya mlball bayebl These boys don't know the
" , ,
nkombo ya basombl t~. names of the purchasers.
, , ,
5. Motekl
I
aakofwandaka
, , ,
nSlma The trader lS Slttlng behlnd
ya blloko
t I
na ye. hls thlngs.
, , ,
Batekl baakofwandaka nSlma The traders are slttlng behlnd
t , , ,
ya blloko
I I
na bango. thelr thlngs.
, " ,
6. Motall allngl kotlkala tet The spectator dldn't want to
mp~ na mb~la. stay because of the raln.
, "
Ba tall ballngl kotJ.kala The spectators dldn1t want to
" ,
te mpo na mbula. stay because of the raln .
•
124
, , , , ,
7. Moyekol~ azalak~ na buuku rook,_ The student had a small book.
, " , ,
Bayekol~ bazalak~ na buuku m~k~. The students had small books.
, , , ,
8. Molobel~ atun~ motu oyo motuna. The speaker asked the man a
quest~on.
, , ,
Balobel~ batunl batu oyo The speakers asked the men
,
m~ tuna. quest~ons.
9. ,
Mosal~s~ apesak~
"" "
mwasr nk~s~. The ass~stant gave the woman
the medlclne.
,
Basal~sl bapesak~
" "basl
" nk~sl. The asslstants gave the women
the med~c~ne.
, ,, , ,
10. Tata na nga~ azall na mosala My father doesn't have a Job.
,
tee
I
, , , ,
Batata na b~su bazal~ na Our fathers don't have Jobs.
" ,
m~sala te.
r
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, " ,
1. Natlndell mokonZl mafuta I sent the chlef some 011 by
,
na rowana. the boy.
, " ,
2. Natlndell basall nyama. I sent the workers some mea t.
3. "
Natlndl basall nyama.
, I sent the workers for some
meat.
, , ,
4· Nat~ndl vOlture ekende
• I
I sent the car for the chlef.
kokamata mokonzl.
" ,, ,
5. Atunl ngal vOlture mpo
,
He asked me for a car to go
akende
I I
kokamata mokonzl. get the chlef.
" ,, ,
6. Atunl ngal vo~ture mpo He asked me for a car to go
, , ,
akende
• r
na Klnsasa. to Leopoldvllle.
125
" ,, " ,
7. Atunl ngal natlnda pompl He asked me to send the spray
, ,
na Klnsasa. guns to Leopoldvllle.
" ,, " ,
B. Atunl ngal natlnda pompl
, , , ,
He asked me to send the sprays
na ndako na ye na Klnsasa. to hlS house In Leopoldvllle.
, , , , ,
9. Natlkall na ndako na ye na I'm staYlng at hlS house In
, ,
Klnsasa. Leopoldvllle.
, , , , ,
10. Natlkal1 na mosala. I'm staYlng at work. I have
stayed at work.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
Plurallze all nouns posslble and concordlze verbs.
, , , ,
Moyembl ayeblsl mokonZl The slnger submltted h1S reslg-
, ,
botlkl ya koyemba. nat10n to the choral d1rector.
, , , ,
Bayembl bayeblsl bakonZl The slngers submltted thelr
, ,
botlkl ya koyemba. reslgantlon(s) to the choral
dlrector.
, ,, " ,
6. Mobot1 na nga1 atun1 ntango My parent asked the departure
, ,
ya boke1
,
ya noko.
, I
tlme of my uncle.
, ", ,
Babot1 na blSU batunl Our parents asked the departure
, , ,
ntango ya bok~l ya ban9k9. tlme of our uncles.
7. ,
Moyekoll "
aakoyekola "
ndenge The student lS studylng
,
ya bobot1S1. obstetrlcs.
,
Bayekoll "
baakoyekola "
ndenge The students are studylng
,
ya bobot1S1. obstetr1cs.
, ,,
8. Bomek1 ya motuka na nga1 I trled out my new car
, , ", ,
ya slka ezalak1 lobl. yesterday.
, , ,
Bomekl ya mltuka na blSU We trled out our new cars
"
ya slka ezalak1 "
lobl. yesterday.
,
9. Na nS1ma ya bolel, molobell After the meal, the speaker
, , ,
azalak1 kolobela batu mpo talked to the people about
,
na boband1 ya kelaSl. the beglnnlng of school.
,
Na nS1ma ya bolel, balobell After the meal, the speakers
, , ,
bazalak1 kolobela batu mpo talked to the people about
,
na bobandl ya kelaSl. the beg1nnlng of school.
, ,
10. Mobongls1 ya motuka akangl
,,
The mechanlc stopped the car
,
motuka mpo na motu ya because of a pedestrlan.
makolo.
, ,
,,
Babongls1 ya
,
mltuka bakang1 The mechanlCS stopped the cars
m1tuka mpo na batu ya because of the pedestrlans.
makolo.
127
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , ,
1. Llboso na bolel, ,
namell Before the meal, I smoked a
"
11kaya "
moko. clgarette.
t •
, , , ,
2. Llboso na bolel, nasukoll Before the meal, I took a bath.
,
nzotu.
, , , ,
3. Llboso ya bokel,
,
nasukoll Before leavlng, I took a bath.
nzotu.
, , ,,
4· Llboso ya bOk y l, atll Before leavlng, he alred up the
mop~py na motuka. tlres.
,
NSlma ya bokangl motuka, After stoPPlng the car, he
,
atll mopepe.I •
alred up the tlre(s).
,
6. NSlma ya bokangl motuka, After stopplng the car, he
,
ablml. got out.
, ,,
7. NSlma ya kotala blpal
,, ,
After looklng all around, he
na blpal, ablml. got out.
, ,,
8. NSlma ya kotala blpal na After looklng all around, he
,, " ,
blpal, azongl na motuka. got back In the car.
, ,
9. NSlma ya kosolola, azongl After talklng a whlle, he got
,
na motuka. back In the car.
, ,
10. NSlma ya kosolola~ akotl After talklng a whlle, he went
, , •
na ndako 11SUSU. back In the house agaln.
, , , ,
1. Ndlnga na Y9 ya mboka nlnl~ What lS your natlve language~
, ,, ,
Ndlnga na ngal ya mboka My natlve language lS Llngala.
, ,
ezall Llngala.
,, , ,
2. Oyel kosala nlnl~ What dld you come for~
,, , , ,
Nayel kotuna y~ bollmblsl. I've come to ask your forglveness.
128
" ,
3. Ndenge na ye ya bozall Wha t k1.nd of personall ty does
, "
ezall bonl'Z he have'Z
" ,
Ndenge na ye ya bozall He has a nlce personallty.
, ,
ezall malamu.
, ,
4. Bolongoll mokonZl na mosala
, , ,
Is the removal of a chlef
na ye ezall makaSl'Z dlfflcult'Z
,
Ee, bolongoll mokonZl na Yes, the removal of a chlef
-t-+
" , , ,
mosala na ye ezall makasl. lS dlfflcult.
, , ,
Botall llboso ya llnlnlsa Is the Vlew from the wlndow
, ,
ezall kltoko'Z
, I
beautlful?
1i, botall llboso ya llnln{sa
, , ,
No, the Vlew from the wlndow
ezall kltoko
I •
tee
I
lsn't beau tlful.
, , ,
6. Bakyng yll'baza1l Wapl~ Where are the guards'Z
,
Bakengell
"
bateleml llboso
f ,
The guards are standlng In
f ,
---t+~f""'-----
8. Ollngl, napesa
"
yo" nlnl'Z What do you need'Z
, , , •, , ,
Nallngl opesa ngal nklSl I need some DDT.
ya ngungl.
, ,
9. OZWl nsango ya mboka'Z Have you had any news from
home lately?
, ,
Ee, lyl), naZWl nsango ya Yes, today I recelved news
•• ,
mboka. from home.
, , , , ,
10. Oyo kuna ndako na yo'Z Is that your house over there'Z
, , , • ,,
Ee
f I '
yango ndako na ngal. Yes, that's my house.
129
Unlt 13
BaSlc Sentences
-A-
, , ,
1. Ookosala nlnl~ What are you dOlng~
-B-
-A-
Wha t's thlS~
-B-
chec check
,
magazlnl (magasln) department store
, , " ,
5. 00, nabosanl
, kotlnda chec Oh, I forgot, to send a check
na magazlnl. to the department store.
130
nyongo, n- debt
6. "
Batunl ,, "
ngal soko nakozlla They asked me why I'm waltlng
, , • I ,
-A-
, " ,
7. Osombakl nlnl~ What dld you buy~
-B-
,
esalell, bl- tool, lnstrument
, ,
tallye, talye (ateller) shop, workshop, workroom
, , ",
B. Mwaa blsalell moko mpo na Just some tools for my workshop.
, , ,I I
tallye na ngal.
-A-
,
esalelo, bl- shop, workshop, workroom,
place to/for work
, , ,
9. Osalaka nlnl na esalelo What do you make In your shop~
,
na yo~
I
-B-
ekeko, bl- plcture, sculpture, statue
, ,
mpymb y , m- whlte; chalk; lvory
nzoku, n- elephant
, ,
Ilbaya, ma- wood, board
, ,
10. Blkeko ya mpembe ya nzoku Sculpture In lvory and wood.
, ,I , ,
na ya mabaya.
-A-
, ,
11. Nakokl kotala yango na Can I V1Slt your shop durlng
, , ,
ntangu ya mosala~ worklng hours~
131
-B-
-A-
, , , ,
14. Ntangu bonl okokl kozlla How long do you have to walt
, , , ,
mpo ozwa yango" for them?
-B-
, , , ,
15. Kaka mlkolo mlbale too Only two or three days.
, , r I
mlsatu.
-B-
, ,
16. Bofungolaka ntangu nlnl'Z What hours are you open?
-A-
,, ,
17. Na hUlt heures tll na mldl,
, ,,
From elght untll noon, and from
mpe na trolS heures tll three untll seven In the after-
,
na sept heures ya mpokwa. noon.
-B-
, , ,
18. Malamu. Lobl. Flne. See you tomorrow.
-A-
, ,
19. Lobl. See you tomorrow.
132
USEFUL PHRASES
, ",
Kl.1l.YoI ebukanl.. The pencll l.S broken.
, ,
Ekomell. ya mal. ya mokanda The pen l.S broken.
'1/'
ebukanl..
, ",
Ll.fungo1a ebukanl.. The key l.S broken.
, ,
Posl.ta efungwamaka ntangu What hours l.S the post offl.ce
I .,
nl.nl. 'Z open'Z
, , , ,
Tembe1e
11.
na katl. ya Kl.nsasa How much does l.t cost to send a
, "
n ta 10 bonl. 'Z letter wl.thl.n Leopoldvl.lle'Z
, " ,,
Tembele na KlnsaEa tll. na How much does l.t cost to send a
'1
I
, "
letter from Leopoldvl.lle to
Kl.sanganl. ntalo bonl.'Z
Stanleyvl.lleCZ
, " ,
PalatoI atl.kl. ml.kanda. The postman left some mal.l.
, ,, ,
PalatoI ayel. na ml.kanda. The postman brought the mal.l.
, , , "
ESl.ka ya kobwaka ml.kanda ezall. There's a mall box/post offl.ce on
, , ,
na nsuka ya balabala. the corner of the street.
, , ,
Nazwl. maSl.nl. ya koseba kl.ll.oI I got a pencll sharpener at the
1/ , ~,
,
pOsl.ta (poste) post offl.ce, postal servl.ce,
mal.l box
133
,
tembe1e (tlmbre) postage-stamp
, "
,
ka tl In, lnslde (of), In the
mldd1e of, among, center,
mldd1e, lnslde
, ,
ntalo, ntalu, n- prlce, number
,
pala toI errand boy, messenger, postman
,
- bwaka to throw; reJect, renounce,
throw-out, dlsown
, ,
balabala street, (broad) road
-seba to sharpen, flle, whet; draw
palm Wlne
, ,
-sE(ng~, -s~nga to ask for, beg, order
(merchandlse)
,
efandell, bl- sea t, cha lr
, ,
Ilboke, ma- bunch, group, pack, package,
swarm
,
aVlO (avlon) alrplane, alrmall
NOTES
13.1 PaSSlve
" , " ,
Llboke etlndaml na aVlO.
I
134
13.3
/mlkolo
I I
mlk6m{ mos{ka/, 'It has been a long tlme Slnce
that' ••• , lS a flxed expresslon, l.e., no changes or Substltut~ons
can be made In thlS constructlon, e.g., /mb~la/, 'years', cannot
be Substltuted for /mlkolo/,
I I
'days'.
135
13. 9 Expletlve
Bakosala Iltallsl na llsala.
The thlrd person plural lS used as an expletlve, l.e.,
translates 'there ls/are', e.g., /Bakosala Iltallsl na llsala./,
'There wlll be a demonstratlon'. Compare Note 10.2.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
Plurallze all nouns posslble and concordlze all verbs.
, , ,
1. Nazall kokomela monlnga I'm wrltlng a letter to my
,, ,
na ngal mokanda. frlend.
, , ,
Tozall kokomela banlnga We are wrltlng letters to
, , ,
na blSU mlkanda. our frlends.
, " , , , ,
2. Asombakl mwaa esalell moko
I I
He bought a tool for hlS shop.
, "
mpo na tallye na ye.
, ", ,
Basombakl mwaa blsalell They bought some tools for
", ,
, , mpo, na batallye
moko the lr shop s .
na bango.
, "
3. Motu oyo azall kosala The man lS maklng a wooden
, ,
ezalell ya mabaya. chalr.
, "
Batu oyo bazall kosa1a The men are maklng chalrs
, ,
blza1e11 ya mabaya. out of wood.
, ,
4· Bakosala Iltallsl na There wlll be a demonstratlon
, ,
llsala ya Plerre. In Plerre's fleld.
, ,
Bakosala matallsl na There wl11 be demonstratlons
, ,
masala ya Plerre. In Plerre's fle1ds.
137
, ,
5. Mokonzl atlndl monoko
, I I I
The chlef sent a message by
na mwana. the boy.
, ,
BakonZl batlndl mlnoko The chlefs sent messages by
, I I
, , "" ,
7. Tata atlndell ngal mokanda
, ,
My father sent me a letter
na mbongo
r r
na ka t1. w1th money In 1t.
, "",
Batata bat1ndell blSU Our fathers sent us letters
m1kand~ na mb~ngo
I I
na k~tl. wlth money In them.
, , " ,
8. Atun1 na motu oyo epal He asked the man where he
,
alalaka. Ilves.
, , " ,
Batun1 na batu oyo epa1 They asked the men where they
,
balalaka. Ilved.
, , ,
9. Naakokomela monlnga na I'm wrlt1ng a letter to my
,, ,
nga1 mokanda. fr1end.
, , ,
Tookokomela banlnga na We are wr1t1ng letters to our
, , ,
b1SU m1kanda. fr1ends.
" , ,
10. Apes1 yor esalel1. He gave you the tool.
"
Bapesl "
b1nu ,
blsalel1. They gave you the tools.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , ,
1. Naakokomela mon1nga na I'm wr1t1ng my fr1end a letter.
,, ,
ngal mokanda.
, , ,
2. Naakokoma nkombo ya I'm wr1tlng the names of the
bay~kol1. students.
" ,
3· Magaz1nl nY9ns9 b1zal1 All the stores have the names
" ,
~ nkombo ya bayekol1. of the students.
138
" ,
4. Magazlnl nY9ns9 blZall na
, , ,
All the stores have small
blkeko ya mlk y ya mabaya. wood sta tues.
, ,
5. Awa basalaka blkeko ya
, , ,
Here they make Ilttle wooden
mlk y ya mabaya. statues.
" ,
6. Awa basalaka mlk9 1 9 nY9ns9. Here they work every day.
, , "
7. Awa batykaka mpymb¥ ya Here they sell lvory every
8.
,
nzoku mlkolo nyonso.
,
"
Awa batekaka mpembe
"
,
, . ya nzoku
day.
Here they sell lvory only
, 1 ,
,
kaka mokolo
• 1 I
ya mposo.
- -I I
on Saturday.
, ,
9. Nazalaka na ndako kaka Ifm at home only on Saturday.
,
mokolo
1 • ,
ya mpo, SO, •
10. Nazalaka na ndako nSlma I am home after seven P.M.
ya ngonga ya nsambo ya
,
mpokwa.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, ,
1. Nayekwlsl bayekoll kokoma. I taught the students how
to wrlte.
, , ,
2. Alobl na bayekoll bakoma. She told the students to
wrlte.
, , , ,
3· Alobl na bana basallsana. She told the chlldren to
help each other.
, , , ,
4· Tollngl bana ba sallsana. We want the chlldrren to
help each other.
, , ,
5. Tollngl kolallsa bana. We want to put the chlldren
to sleep.
, , ,
6. Bazall kolallsa bana. They are puttlng the chlldren
to bed.
,
7. Bazall koblmlsa vOlture. They are gettlng the car out.
139
,
8. Azall koblmlsa vOlture. He lS gettlng the car out.
, ,,
9. Azall koblmlsela ngal He lS gettlng the car out for"
vOlture. me.
, , , ,
10. Nalobel1 ye ablmlsela I asked hlm to get the car out
,,
ngal vOlture. for me.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, , , ,
1. Slka oyo ekoml ntangu It's tlme to start to work.
, ,
ya mosala.
, , , ,
2. Slka awa ekoml ntangu It's tlme to start to work.
, ,
ya mosala.
" ,
3. Slka awa tOkynd y ntangu
,
It's tlme to go.
ekokl.
" ,
4. Slka oyo
,
tokende
, I
ntangu It's tlme to go.
ekokl.
, ,
5. Ntangu ya kOkynd y ekokl. It's tlme to go.
6. ,
Ntangu "
ya kolla ekokl. It's tlme to eat.
, "
7. Ntangu ya kosal1sa bana
,
It's tlme to help the chl1dren.
ekokl.
, ,
8. Ntangu ya kobanda kelasl It's tlme to start class.
,
ekokl. It's tlme to leave for school.
,
9. Ntangu ya kofungola It's tlme to open the store.
, ,
magazlnl ekokl.
, ,
10. Ntangu ya kokanga magazlnl It's tlme to close the store.
,
ekokl.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, , ,
1. Monoko
1 1 ,
ya ndako ekangeml. The door lS closed.
The door has been closed.
, , ,
2. Monoko
I , ,
ya ndako ekangwanl.
-
The door lS open.
The door has come open.
, , ,
3. Monoko
, , 1
ya ndako ekangwaml.
-
The door lS opened.
The door has been opened.
, , ,
4· , , , ya ndako ezalakl
Monoko
,
The door was open(ed) when
ya kokangwama ntangu I arrlved.
, , ,
nakomakl.
, ,
5. Monoko
, 1 ,
ya ndako ezall The door comes open.
kokangwana. The door won't stay shut.
, ,
6. Monoko
I I ,
ya ndako ezall The door opens/swlngs/pushes
kokangwana. open. (though It lS closed).
, ,
7. Monoko
I I 1
ya ndako
,
ezall ya
-
The door lS closed (but not
kokangwama tEte locked) .
, ,
8. Monoko
I , ,
ya ndako ezall -ya The door lS opened back/stand-
kokangwama. lng open.
, , , ,
9. , , , ,
Monoko ya ndako efungwamakl
- The door was opened by the
na moyekW'lsl. teacher.
,
10. , , " , ya ndako efungwamaka
Monoko -
,
The door lS always opened by
ntangu-
nyonso
-I I
na moyekwlsl.
-
the teacher.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , , ,
1. Mlkanda mlkomamakl na The letters were wrltten by
,
bayekoll. the students.
, ",
2. Blkeko blsombamakl na The statues were purchased by
,
bayekoll. the students.
, ",
3. Blkeko blsombamakl na
,
The statues were bought by
pala tC(. the postman.
, , , ,
4· Mafungola mazwamakl na
,
The keys were taken by the
pala to. postman •
,• , , ,
5. Mafungola mazwamakl na
,
The keys were taken by the
basall. workmen.
, , , , ,
6. T~mbyly blm9namakl na The stamps were found by the
,
basall. workmen.
, , , , ,
7. Tymbyl y blm9namakl na The stamps were found by my
" ,,
monlnga na ngal. frlend.
8. " ", "
Llboke etlndaml na monlnga The package was sent by my
,,
na ngal. frlend.
" , " ,
9. Llboke etlndaml na aVlO. The package was sent by alrmall .
•
10. "
Llboke , "
etlndaml na The package was sent from
, ,
Bruxelles mpo na Kongo. Brussels to the Congo.
UnJ.t 14
BasJ.e Sentences
-A-
mbala, m- tlme, tlmes, often,
mostly
1.
"
Mbala bonJ. ,
basalaka electJ.on How often do you have electJ.ons
, , ,
na mboka na bJ.nu'Z In your country'Z
-B-
, ,
2. Electlon ya presJ.dent too Electlon for presldent or for
ya bourgrnestres'Z mayors'Z
-A-
, "
3. Nyonso mlbale. Both.
• •
-B-
, , ,
4· Dyo ya presldent ezall na
, ,
The one for pres1dent 1S every
nSlma ya mbula mlnel four years, the one for
, ,
ny?ns?, eyo ya babourg- mayors every two years.
,
mestres nSlma ya mbula
, ,
mlbale.
-A-
,
Bozall na baParlementalres How many members of Parllament
, ,
bonl 'Z are there'l
-B-
6. "
Nakanlsl "
ntuku nsambo too, I belleve seventy or elghty.
mwambe.
-A-
'voter' to vote
143
, ,
7. Banan1 bakok1 kovoter Who can vote 1n the elect1on'l
na elect1on'l
-B-
, , , ,
8. Batu bazal1 na mbula ntuku Those who have reached the age
, , , ,.,
"
m1bale na moko t11 na of twenty-one and over.
, • •
11kolo.
-A-
,
ekolo, b1- trlbe, race, raglon of
orlg1n, people of same
place or language
9. Mp 6 na kovoter, batalaka W1th regard to vot1ng, 1S trlbe
,
ekolo? cons1dered'l
-B-
se tha t .••
, " " ,
10. T~, wana t y, kaka se mbula No, not that, only the age and
, ,
na ndenge ya motu okovoter. competence of the person you
w1ll vote for.
-A-
, ,
11. Elect10n ya nS1ma ezalak1 When was the last electlon'l
, ,
ntango n1n1'l
-B-
, , , ,
12. Ezalak1 na mbula elek1. It was last year.
-A-
, "
13. Elect10n yango ezalak1 Was that elect10n for pres1dent
" ,
mpo ya pres1dent too ya or for mayors'l
babourgmestres'l
144
-B-
" ,
14· Ezalak~ mpo ya bourgmestres. It was for mayors.
15. Mpa ya pres~dent, ayo mbula The one for presldent was
, ,
m~satu. three years ago.
USEFUL PHRASES
, " ,
Aakolak~sa bana ndenge ya He's teach~ng the ch~ldren
, ,
kobete
1 I
ndembo. how to play soccer.
, " ,
Aakolak~sa bana ndenge ya He's showlng the chlldren how
, ,
koz~nga bolang~t~. to fold the blankets.
, " ,
Aakolak~sa bana ndenge ya He's showlng the ch~ldren how
kosakana. to amuse themselves.
, " ,
Ek~pe ya Lovan~um elong~ na The team from Lovan~um won
l~sanu. the game.
, ,
Ayamb~ ndembo. He caught the ball.
,, "
At~~ monyama. He made a goal.
,, ,,
At~~ ntembe na nga~. He dlscussed ~t wlth me.
, , ,
Ndambo ya batu bamatak~ na Part of the men got on the
,
masuwa. boat.
, , ,
Ndambo ya batu bab~mak~ na Part of the men got off the
,
masuwa. boat.
, , , ,
Ndambo ya batu bakotak~ na Part of the men got ~n the
, I
OtOblS~. bus.
, , ,
Ndambo ya batu bak~tak~ na Part of the men got out of
,
otob~s~. the bus.
145
,
ndembo, n- rubber, ball
,
-zlnga to fold (up), roll (up);
surround, enclrcle
, ,
bolangltl, bolanglsl blanket
- sakana, sana to play, amuse oneself, have
a good tlme
team, squad, crew, gang
,
-longa to be successful, wln, be
proved rlght
llsano, llsanu, ma- game
-yamba to accept, belleve, recelve,
entertaln, welcome, gUlde,
steer, catch
, ,
monyama, ml- net
ntembe, n- dlscusslon, argument, doubt,
SUsplclon, hesltatlon
,
ndambo, n- part, plece, share, half
,
masuwa boa t, shlp
,
otoblsl (autobus) bus
14.2 /se/
/se/ 1ntroduces subord1nate clauses and freely Subst1tutes
w1th /te/. Compare Note 6.5
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
" ,
1. Mbala bon1 basalaka elect10n~ How often are elect10ns held~
2. "
Mbala bon1 "
oS111 oke1, na How many t1mes have you been 1n
,
Kongott 1n the Congo~
3. "
Mbala bon1 "
oS111 oke1, na How many t1mes have you been
K1sangan1~ to Stanleyv11le~
, " "
4. Mbula bon1 osal1 na How long have you been 1n
K1sangan1~ Stanleyv1lle?
, " " ,
5. Mbula bon1 osal1 na Matad1tt How long have you been 1n
Ma tad1 tt
, , , ,
6. Ntango n1n1 ozalak1 na How long were you at Matad1~
,
Ma tad1 tt
, , , , ,
7. Ntango n1n1 ozalak1 na Leo~ How long were you at Leopold-
v11le~
, " , ,
8. Mbula bon1 okosala na Leo~ How long w1ll you be 1n
Leopoldv1lle?
, " , ,
9. Mbula bon1 okosala na Boma? How long w11l you be 1n Boma~
, , , ,
10. M1koloI ,
bon1 okosala mpo How long w1ll 1t be unt1l you
I , -
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
" ,
1. Batu nY9ns9 m1ne1 balek1 All four of the men are over
, ",
mbula ntuku m1ne1. forty years old.
" , ,
2. Batu nyonso m1ne1 bazalak1 All four of the men were here
, I , I ,
awa mb1ila elek1. last year.
147
, , ,
3. Ndambo ya batu bazalakl
, , ,
Some of the men were here last
awa mbula e1ekl. year.
,
4· Ndambo ya batu bakoza1a
, , ,
Some of the men wlll be here
awa mbu1a ekoyaa. next year.
, ,
5. Blkolo nY9ns9 blkozala
, , ,
All of the trlbe wlll be here
awa mbula ekoyaa. next year.
" , ,
6. Blkolo nyonso blzalakl The whole trlbe was present at
, I I
na ndako ya mokonZl. the chlef's house.
,
7. Bourgmestre ya Leo deux
, , ,
The mayor of Leopoldvllle II
azalakl na ndako ya was at the ehlef's house.
mokonzl.
,
8. Bourgmestre ya Leo deux The mayor of Leopoldvllle II
, ,
aakokonza malamu. does a good Job of managlng.
, , ,
9. Mokonzl ya mboka ya blSU The chlef of our vlllage rules
, ,
aakokonza malamu. well.
, , ,
10. Mokonzl ya mboka ya blSU The chlef of our vlllage would
, ,
allngl ndako ya slka. llke to have a new house.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
148
, , , ,
10. Mosalel~ aakopalola mbala. The servant ~s go~ng to peel
the potato.
, , , ,
Basalel~ baakopalola mbala. The servants are go~ng to peel
the potatoes.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, ,
1. Nan~ azal~ mokonz~ ya Who lS the ch~er of your
, , ,
mboka ya b~nu'l vlllage'Z
, ,
2. Banan~ bazal~ na mokonzl Who ~s w~th the chlef of your
, , ,
ya mboka ya blnu'Z vlllage?
, ,
3. Banan~ bakokl kovoter na Who can vote ~n the electlons?
electlon?
, , ,
4. Bananl bakok~ kosal~sa
, ,
Who can help the employees?
batu ya mosala'Z
, , , ,
5. Banan~ bakok~ kosala na leta? Who can work for the government?
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
", " ,
1. ,
Ebongak~ naz~la mbula mlsatu I had to walt three years
l~boso ya kok~ndy na MpUtu. before go~ng to Europe.
2. " "
Eb~ngl nazlla mbula mlsatu
, I have to walt three years
, , ,
Ilboso ya kokynd y na Mputu. berore go~ng to Europe.
" ,,
3. Ebong~ nazlla tll mokolo ya
I • • , -
I'll have to wa~t untll Monday
" ",
mosala moko ropo
,
na kosomba to buy those clothes.
, I ,-'
I -
bl1amba wana.
" ,,
4. Ebongl
,
nazlla t~l mokolo I I'll have to wa~t unt~l
", ,I ,
ya mosala mlnel ropo na Thursday to buy those
, , "
kosomba bllamba wana. clothes.
1$0
S9" kl oyakl
" tE(, "
, mbE( nazllakl If you hadn't corne, I would
,, " ,
tll mokolo ya mosala mlnel have had walt untll Thursday
" I I I
, ,
mpo na kosomba bllamba wana. to buy the clothes.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, ", , ,
1. Banda akE(ndykl nalnu akomell Slnce he left, he hasn't
, , "
blSU mokanda t y • wrltten us a letter.
2. Banda" mbula elekl" nalnu He hasn't wrltten us a letter
"
akomell "
blSU mokanda" t y • Slnce last year.
", " , ,
3. uta mbula elekl nalnu akomell He hasn't wrltten us a letter
, , "
blSU mokanda t y • Slnce last year.
,., " "
4· uta mbula elekl nalnu nabetl
I
I haven't played soccer agaln
,
11SUSU ndembo" teeI
Slnce last year.
,, , , ,
Tll na mbula ekoyaa nakobyta I won't play soccer agaln
,
11SUSU ndembo" teeI
untl1 next year.
,, , ,
6. Tll na mbula ekoyaa electl0n There won't be another electlon
, ,
mosusu ekozala t¥. untll next year.
,~ " ,
7. Tll nSlma ya mbula mlsatu,
, ,
There won't be another electlQn
electlon mosusu ekozala t y • for three years.
,, " ,
8. Tll nSlma ya mbula mlsatu You wl1l llve here for three
, , , ,
bokolala na eSlka oyo. years.
,, ,
Tll na ebandell ya mbu1a You wl11 I1ve here untl1 the
, ,
ekoyaa, bokolala na beglnnlng of next year.
, , ,
eSlka oyo.
,, , , ,
10. Tll na nsuka ya mbula ekoyaa, You wl11 11ve here untl1 the
, , , ,
bokolala na eSlka oYO. end of next year.
151
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 7
" ,
1. Bana baakosakana na katl The chlldren wlll play lnSlde
, , ,
ya ndako mpo na mbula. because o~ the raln.
" ,
2. Bana baakosakana na I1banda The chl1dren wl11 play outslde
, , , ,
ropo l1kolo eza11 malamu. because the weather lS nlce.
, " ,
3. Bana batlndaml na molaklsl The chl1dren were sent out to
, , , ,
basakana na 11banda ropo play by the teacher because
, , ,
na 11kolo ezall malamu. the weather lS nlce.
, " ,
4· Bana batlndaml na molaklsl The chlldren were sent to see
, , ,
bamono 11tallsl. the eXposltlon by the teacher.
• •
, "" ,
5. Bana batlndaml bamono
, • •
The chl1dren were sent wlth the
bltal1s1 na molaklsl. teacher to see the eXposltlon.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 8
, " , ,
1. Madesu
I
malambaml na bOl. I
These beans were prepared by
the houseboy.
" ,
2. Tookoyokama na b~l. We wlll be (over) heard by the
houseboy.
" ,
3. Tookoyokana na b91. We are on frlendly terms wlth
the houseboy.
, , ,
4· Tookoyokana na batu mlngl. We have a lot of frlends.
, , , ,
5. Presldent ayebaml na batu
,
The Presldent lS known by many
mlngl. people.
14.5 Leopoldv111e II
Leopoldv111e lS d1v1ded 1nto 'communes' each w1th a 'bourg-
mestre'. Though the communes are part of a larger mun1c1pa1 or-
gan1zat10n, they do have a great deal of autonomy.
153
Unlt 15
Baslc Sentences
-A-
, ,
mokolo, ba- grown person, adult
, , ", ,
1. Okosala nlnl, soko okoml What are you gOlng to do when
, , I •
-A-
,
soda, ba- soldler
, "
3. KaSl 11boso okosala But flrst, aren't you gOlng to
, , ,
mosala ya soda? do ml11tary serVlceCZ
-B-
, , , , , ,
4. TE( tata, mosala wana
, , ,
No, Slr, I don't want that Job.
nallngl yango t y •
-pusa to surpass, exceed, be
very, be too much
,
-nyokolo
• • I
to mlstreat, torture,
annoy, oppress
5.
,
,
,
EPUSl monyokoll ..
,
mlngl. That's much too wearlsome.
-A-
, " ",
6. Z11a, nayeblsa y~ ndenge Just a mlnute, I'd 11ke to tell
, , , ,
,
ya mpasl tomonaka. you how we used to suffer.
154
-B-
, " ,
7. Ozalaka soda~ You used to be a soldl.er~
-A-
" ,,
8. Aa, mwana na nga l., ko 10 ba Oh, my chl.ld, don't mentl.on
, , , " ,
t~, mosala ya soda ekoml. that, ml.ll.tary serVl.ce has
, , ,
mosala ya mb~ng9. become a well-paYl.ng occu-
patl.on.
9. "
Ezalaka "
bl.su, makambo In our tl.me, everythl.ng was
, ,
nY9ns9 mpasl.. dl.ffl.cult.
-B-
" , ,
10. Obandaka soda na mbula At what age dl.d you start
, ,
bonl. ~ ml.ll.tary serVl.ce~
-A-
", , "
11. Nayeba wapl.. Ntangu wana I have no l.dea. In that tl.me
, ,
makambo ya kokoml.sa nkombo the names (bl.rths) of chl.ldren
, , ",
ya bana na buuku ezalaka tE(. were not recorded.
-B-
12. "
Boongo "
bozalaka ,
kosala Well then, how dl.d l.t use to
, , ,
ndenge nl.nl. ~ be done?
-A-
,
-umela to remal.n, stay on,
stay away
13. "
Tl.ka "
nasl.ll.sa elamba, ya Go away and let me fl.nl.sh thl.s
, " ,
batu eumell. ml.ngl.. garment.
-B-
, ", ,
Tl.kala malamu, nakel. na Goodby, I'm gOl.ng home.
,,
ngal..
155
, , " -A-
15. Kynd y malamu, oyaka
, ,, ,
Goodby, come to see me agaln
kotala ngal ntangu some tlme.
,
mosusu.
USEFUL PHRASES
, ,
Azall kobolose sokoto. He's brushlng the unlform.
, , , ,
Azall kotlya s11asl na sapato. He's pollshlng hlS shoes.
, , ,
Azall kongeng1sa
I
Ilfungu. He's sh1n1ng the buttons.
, ,
Azal1 kotonga buto. He's sew1ng on a button.
, , , ,
Mat1t1 ya boloS1 mas1l1. The brush lS worn out.
, ,
Abunaka na etumba. He fought 1n the war.
" ,
Babomaka ye na etumba. He was k1lled In the war.
, ,
Azall mobange. He's an old man.
, "
Azall mokuse. He's short.
, ,
Azal1 mabe, He's ugly.
, , ,
Eza~l motuya malamu. It's cheap.
" ,
Ezal1 ntalu makasl. It's expens1ve.
-bolos~ (brosser) to brush
,
boloS1 (brosse) brush
sokoto unlform, m1l1tary Jacket/
clothlng
POl1Sh, shoepollsh
-ngyng y to sh1ne, blaze
-tonga to blnd, tle, JOln, tWlst,
brald, plalt, weave, sew,
expand, enlarge
but6I (bouton) button
156
,
Iltltl, ma- blade of grass, sheet of paper,
halr, fUr, down, brlstle
- buna, - bunda to flght, wage war, wrestle,
struggle
etumba, bl- war, flght, battle, confllct
-boma to klll, murder, hunt, catch,
damage badly, destroy, ex-
tlnqulsh, erase, w1pe (off),
do away wlth
,
mobange, ba- old person
, ,
mokuse, ml- short, small
,
motuya, ml- prlce, value, number
NOTES
Intermed1ate Past
" ", , ",
Nayeblsa y~ ndenge ya ropasl tom~naka.
D1stant Past
The dlstant past 1S marked by a h1gh tone lmperfectlve
suff1X I-al and refers to someth1ng that took place (usually)
more than a gene~atlon ago, l.e., a long tlIDe ago, e.g., lakllfal,
'he dled (a long tlIDe ago) '.
157
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, " , ,
1. Bambula elekl mlng1 mokolo Th1S man was a soldler many
, ",
oyo azalaka soda. years ago.
, " , ,
2. Bambula elekl ro1ngl nazalaka Many years ago I lived In
, ,
na ndako oyo. that house.
, ",
3. Ntangu nazalaka rowana When I was a Chlld, I llved
, , "
nazalaka na ndako oyo. 1n that house.
158
, ",
4. Ntangu nazalaka mwana,
, , , ,
When I was a Chlld, there
banyama mlngl bazalaka awa. were many anlmals here.
, , , ,
Ntangu tok¥ndaka na mboka, When we moved from the vlllage,
, , , ,
banyama mlngl bazalaka awa. there were many anlmals here.
, , , ,
6. Ntangu tokendaka
I
na mboka, When we left the vlllage, my
, " " , ,
tata atlka1aka na mosa1a father was a soldler.
,
ya soda.
, " , , ,
7. Ntangu mama akufaka, tata
, , , , , , ,
When mother d~ed, father was
atlkalaka na mosala ya soda. stll1 a soldler.
, " , , ,
8. Ntangu mama akufaka, naza1aka
, , ,
When mother d~ed, I was stlll
nalno mwana mok¥. a small ch~ld.
, , ", , ,
9. Tata asombaka ndako na blSU Father bought our house when
,
ntangu ""
nazalaka nalno mwana I was st~11 a small ch~ld.
,
mOky.
10. Tata as6mbaka ndako na b{s~ Father bought thlS house when
, , , ,
ntangu ayaka na Leo. he came to Leopoldv~lle.
Pattern Dr~ll I
, , , ,
1. Alekl mwas~ na monyn~. He lS b~gger than hlS w~fe.
, , , ,
2. Alek~ mwaSl na' mola~. He lS taller than h~s w~fe.
, , , ,
3. Alek~ mwaSl na bambula. He lS (a llttle) older than
h~s wlfe.
, , , , ,
4. Alek~ mwas~ na mokuse. He ~s shorter than h~s wlfe.
, , , ,
5. Alek~ mwas~ na mobange. He lS (much) older than hlS
w~fe.
Patte:rm Drll1 2
, , " ,
1. Mo tuka oyo e lek~ wana Th~s car ~s prettler than
,
k~toko. that one.
I I
159
, , , ,
2. Motuka oyo elekl. wana na Thl.s car l.S better-bul.1t than
,
makasJ. • that one.
, , , , ,
3. Motuka oyo elekl. wana na Thl.S car 1.S more expenS1.ve
,
nta1o. than that one.
, , , , ,
4· Motuka oyo elekl. wana na
,
Thl.s car runs faster than
kotambola. that one.
, , , , ,
5. Motuka oyo elek1. wana na
,
Thl.s car 1.S longer than that
molal. • one.
Pattern Dr1l1 3
, , , ,
1. Motuka oyo epUSl k1toko.
I I
Th1S car lS very beaut1ful.
, , , ,
2. Motuka oyo epUS1 makaSl. Th1S car lS very well-bu1lt.
, , , ,
3. Motuka oyo epUS1 ntalo. Th1S car lS too expenS1ve.
, , , ,
4· Motuka oyo epUS1 kotambola. Th1S car lS very fast.
, , , ,
5. Motuka oyo epus1 molal. Th1S car lS too long.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , , , ,
Ntangu nazalaka na Klnsasa, When I Ilved 1.n Leopoldvllle.
" , " ,
nazalaka kofanda epa1 na ye. I stayed at h1S house.
, ",
2. Ntangu nazalaka moyekol1, When I was a student, I used
" , " ,
nazalaka kofanda epal na ye. to Ilve at h1S house.
, ",
3. Ntangu nazalaka moyekol1,
, , ,
When I was a student, I used
nazalaka koblma mlng1. to go out a lot.
, ", , ,
4. L1boso tata akufa, nazalaka
,
Before my father d1ed, I
kob1ma m1ngl. used to go out a lot.
, ", ",
5. L1boso tata akufa, apesaka
,, ,
Before my father d1ed, he
nga1 motuka. gave me a car.
160
,. ,. ,. ,.,. ,.
6. Ntangu naslllSaka kelaSl, After I flnlshed school, he
,.,. ,. ,. ,.
apesaka ngal motuka. gave me a car.
,. ,. ,. ,.,. ,.
7. Ntangu naslllsaka kelasl,
,.,. ,.,
After I flnlshed school, I
nalukaka mosala. looked for a Job.
,. ,.,. ,. ,.
8. Ntangu nazongaka na Amerlque, After I returned from Amer1ca,
,.,. ,.,
nalukaka mosala. I looked for a Job.
,. ,.,. ,. ,.
9. Ntangu nazongaka na Amerlque, After I returned from Amerlca,
,. ,. ,. ,.
nazalaka kokomela banlnga I used to wr1te to my fr1ends
,. ,.
ntangu mosusu. occaslonally.
,. ,. ,. ,
10. Ntangu nazalaka na ntangu, When I had t1me, I used to
, ,. ,. ,.
nazalaka kokomela banlnga wr1te to my fr1ends occa-
,. ,.
ntangu mosusu. slonally.
Pattern Dr111 4
,. ,. ,. ,. ,.
1. Mwana na nga1 alekl oyo ya My son 1S older than yours.
,. ,.
yoI na mbula.
,. ,. , ,. ,.
2.' Mwana na nga1 alek1 oyo ya My daughter 1S smarter than
,. ,.
Y9 na may~le. yours.
, ,. ,. , ,.
3. Mwana na nga1 alek1 oyo ya My daughter lS prettler than
, ,.
yoI na kltoko.
I
yours.
,. ,. ,. ,. ,.
4. Mwana na ngal alekl
,. ,.
oyo ya My son lS taller than yours.
yoI na molal.
,. ,. ,. , ,.
5. , Mwana na ngal alekl
,. ,.
oyo ya My son lS stronger than yours.
yo, na makasl.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
,. ,. , . , . ,.
1. Nazalaka kokende kolla epal I went to eat at thelr house
, . I, I ,.
na bango ntangu mama when mother went to the
,. ,. ,. ,
akotaka
I
loplta10. hospltal.
,.,.,. ,. ,.
2. Naza1aka nalnu mwana ntangu I was stl11 a Ch11d when the war
etumba ekw~y~k~ na mb6ka. took place 1n our country.
161
", "
3. Azalaka kaka na mbula ZOml He was only ten years old when
, , , ,
ntangu etumba ekweyaka the war took place In our
,
na mboka. country.
", "
4· Azalaka kaka na mbula zoml
, , ""
He was only ten years old when
ntangu tata na ye akufaka. hlS father dled.
" "
kozwa, mosala ,
5. Amekaka
, " , ,
ntangu He trled to get a Job when hlS
tata na ye akufaka. father dled.
6. "
Amekaka kozwa, mosala
" nSlma He trled to get a Job after
, , , ,
1a mb<;tama na mwana. the blrth of hlS son.
, , , ,
7. Ayaka na Klnsasa nSlma ya
, , , ,
He came to Leopoldv1lle after
mbotama na mwana. the blrth of hlS son.
, , ",
8. Ayaka na Klnsasa ntangu He came to Leopoldv1l1e whlle
", ,
azalaka kosal~ na masuwa. he was worklng on a rlverboat.
" , ye" ntangu azalaka
Nayebaka "
9. , , I knew h1m wh1le he was work1ng
kosala na masuwa. on a r1verboa t.
, '" , ,
10. Nayebaka ye Ilboso alongwa I knew hlm before he left
na Klnsanganl. stanleyv1lle.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, " ,
1. Basoda bazlngl mboka. The soldlers surrounded the
v1llage.
, " ,
2. Basoda baakot1ya sllas1 The sold1ers are pol1shlng
,
ya sapato. thelr shoes.
, ,
3. Momem1 akendekl koluka
. , I' , The porter has gone to get
sllas1 ya sapato. some shoepollsh.
, ,
4. Momem1
I ,
akendekl
I I
koluka The porter has gone to get some
buto ya sokoto. buttons for hlS unlform.
, , , " ,
5. Soda oyo ang7nglsakl buto Th1S soldler sh1ned hlS un1form
ya sokota. buttons.
162
, , , , ,
6. Soda oyo alekJ. wana na ThJ.s soldJ.er J.S taller than
,
mala J.. that one.
, , , , ,
7. Motuka oyo elekJ. wana na
,
ThJ.s car J.S longer than that
molaJ. • one.
, , , ,
8. Motuka oyo epusJ. ntalo. ThJ.s car J.S too expensJ.ve.
, , , , ,
9. BolosJ. wana epusJ. ntalo. That brush J.S too expensJ.ve.
, , , , , ,
10. BolosJ. wana ekomJ. ya kala. That brush J.S old.
163
Un1t 16
Bas1c Sentence
-A-
, , , , ,
1. L1boke ya batu wana ezal1 What lS that group of men
" ,
kosala n1n17 d01ng7
-B-
-A-
" ,,
3. Nzela yango ekende tl1 How far lS the road supposed
, • •
wap17 to g07
-B-
", , ,,
4. Nakan1s1 eekokoma t11 na
,
I belleve 1t'S gOlng as far
Ma tad1. as Ma tad1.
-A-
, , ,
5. Bakosala m1kolo bon1 na
• •
How long w111 lt take to bU1ld
may~le
I •
na yo,'. in your est1mat10n7
-B-
, ,
nguya, n- strength, power, abl11ty,
qual1ty
164
, , , , , ,
6. Soko
I I
na nguya, bakokl
bazal~ If they keep at It, they can
, "" ,
kosa1a sanza m~satu too do It In three or four
,
mlnel. months.
-A-
, ,, ,
7. Awa tll na Matadl bak11o- How many kllometers ~s It
, "
me tre s bonl CZ ~rQm here to Matadl~
-B-
-A-
,
9. Na motuka. By car.
-B-
10. Nakan~s~
""
nkama ,
m~ne~ I bel~eve It'S four hundred
kllometres. kl1ometers.
-A-
" ,
11. Boongo na aVlo'l And by plane~
-B-
" " , ,
12. Nkama mlsatu na ntuku Three hundred slxty-flve
, , , ,
motoba na mltanu. kl1ometers.
-A-
, ",
13. Nzela ya ndenge n~nl What k~nd of road are they
,
bakosala'1 bUlldlng'1
-B-
,
s~metl (c~ment) cement
, " ,
14· L~boso,
, ,
mabanga
bakot~ya
,
F~rst, they w~ll pour stone(s)
basangls1 na slmetl. mlxed wlth cement.
165
,
-tuta to strl.ke, beat, mash,
crush, bump (agalnst)
,
-slmba to hold, sel.ze
,
ll.bende, ma- rod, post, pole, tampe~
tamplng stlck
, , ,
15. Bakotuta na ll.bende mpo
, ,
They wlll beat l.t out (smooth)
te eSl.mba makasl.. wlth a tamper to make It hold
(together) tlghtly.
-A-
, ,
16. Boongo na nSlma'1 And then?
-B-
-B-
,
falanse French
'goudron' tar
166
" ,
19. Nkombo na yango na Itrs called rgoudron r In
,
fa1anse goudron. French.
-A-
,
putulu clnders, ashes, dust,
powder
" ,
20. Slmetl nlnl bakotlya, ya What klnd of cement are they
putulu" too ya mal-mal~
" to use, 11qUld or dry~
-B-
, "
21. Oyo ya mal-mal. LJ..quJ..d.
USEFUL PHRASES
, " ,
Dzeke eekotoka mabele. The steamshovel lS dlggJ..ng up
the ground.
, " , ,
Dzeke eekotlmola 11bulu. The steamshovel lS dlggJ..ng a
hole.
, " ,
Dzeke eekotondlsa mabele na The steamshovel lS fJ..lllng
,
kamlo. the trunck wJ..th earth.
, " , ,
Mlball baakotlmola 11bela ya The men are dJ..ggJ..ng a well
, , ,
mal na Pl0Sl na mpau. wlth plcks and shovels.
, " ,
Mlball baakotlmola I1bela ya The men are dlggJ..ng a tOl1et
, , ,
kablne na Pl0Sl n~ mpau. wlth plcks and shovels.
"
Mlball baakokunda tlyo" ya mal. The men are burylng a water
plpe.
" ,
Ml ball baakokunda tlyo ya gaz. The men are burylng a gas plpe.
" ,
Mlball baakoplka nzete ya The men are settJ..ng up a
,
telefon.
I I I
telephone pole.
, ,
Bllel blzall el yngl. The food tastes good.
, "
Bllel blzall sVka11. The food tastes sweet.
167
, ,
Bllel blZall ngal. The food tastes sour.
, ,
Bllel blZall bololo. The food tastes bltter.
, ,
BlleJ. blZall ya kopolo., I
The food lS rotten.
, , ,.
Bllel blZall na mongwa. The food lS salted.
, , , ,
BJ.lel blzalJ. na rnongwa mJ..ngJ... The food J.S too salty.
,
dzeke steamshovel; earth mover,
dump truck
,.
-taka to draw water, dJ.g out/up
,.
mabele earth, ground, floor
-tlmola to dJ..g (up), turn over
the sOJ..l
,. ,.
IJ.bulu, ma- well, Plt, hole, trench,
tOllet
-tonda to be(come) full, fllled,
flll
,.~
168
,
sukall sugar, candy; sweet
ngal sour(ness)
NOTES
169
mbele
••
babong{s~k~
I
mos~su/, 'If you were to buy one (but you prob~
ably won't), then they would have the other one repalred'.
Some dlalects of Llngala also express lndeflnlte condltlon
wlth the lmmedlate past In the If-clause and an lndeflnlte partlcle
and the future In the result clause. Thoush the student may read
or perhaps hear thls, he should not use It because It does not usu-
ally occur In speech and lS Ilkely to be mlsunderstood.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, , , ,
1. Nzela oyo eekoleka na Boma. Thls road goes to (through)
Boma.
, , , , ,,
2. Nzela oyo eekokoma tll na Thls road goes to (as far as)
,
Boma. Boma.
, , , ,,
3. AVlO eekokoma tll na Boma.
--+-
The alrplane lS gOlng as far
as Boma.
, "
4. AVlOI ekoml. The alrplane has (Just)
arrlved.
, , ,
5. Bayekoll ya slka bakoml. The new students have (Just)
arrlved.
, ,
6. Bayekoll ya slka bazall The new students are all
, ,
bans9 balndu. Afrlcans/Negroes.
" ,
7. Batu balalaka awa bazall
, ,
The people who llve here are
bans9 balndu. all Negroes/Afrlcans.
" , ,
8. Batu balalaka awa bakendekl The people who Ilve here left
, , I I
10bl. yesterday.
, , " ,
9. Basall bapasolakl nZlla The workers who bUllt the road
"
bakyndE(kl "
lobl. left yesterday.
, , , , ,
10. Basall bapasolakl nZlla The workers who bUllt the road
, , ,
bakozonga lobl. wlll return tomorrow.
170
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , , , ,
1. Mpo na n~n~ l~boke ya bana Why ~s that group of ch~ldren
" ,
oyo eekoz~la l~susu~ st~11 wa~ t~ng'l
, , " ,
2. L~boke ya bana oyo eekoz~la The group of ch~ldren ~s
" , ,
6. Bab?~ baakosopa mabanga The boys are spreadlng rock
,
na nzela. on the walkway.
" ,
7. Bango bans9 baakosopa They are all spread~ng stone
" ,
mabanga na nzela. on the roadway.
8. " ,
Bango bansoI baakokende na They are all go~ng to Coqu~l
I + ,
Coq
-
na av~o.
I
hatv~lle by plane.
, ,, ,
9. Mwana na nga~ aakok~ndy My son ~s go~ng to Coqu~lhat
,
na Coq na av~o.
I
v~lle by plane.
, ,, ,
10. Mwana na nga~ azal~ na My son ~s very strong.
" ,
nguya m~ng~.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, ,, , ,
1. Alongwe~ epal azalak~ He (has) moved. He (has)
, ,
kofwanda l~boso. changed hlS address.
171
/1 /1
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
/1 , /1 ,
1. Atl.kl kom~la ll.kaya. He qUl. t smokl.ng.
/1 , /1 ,
2. Atl.kl motuka na ye. He parked hl.s car.
, /1 , /1
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, /1' ,
4. "
Basall. baakosope mabanga
/1 ,
/1 ,
The workmen are spreadl.ng rock
ne balabala. on the road.
172
, , , ,
KamlO eekosopa mabanga The truck lS dumplng rock on
, ,
na balabala. the road.
6. " ,
Kamlo ezall komema nzete The truck 18 carrYlng telephone
, I
ya telefon.
I I I
poles.
" ,
7. Basall baakoplka mabende
,
The workmen are settlng up
ya telefon.
I T I
telephone poles.
, , , , ,
8. . ,
Mlball batelemlsl mabende The men set up the telephone
ya telefon.
I 1 I
poles.
, , " ,
9. Mlball batelemlsl
,I r
madesu
, The men set up stlcks for the
na nzete.
• I
beans.
10. ,
Mlball ""
batond18akl "
11bulu The men fl11ed the hole wlth
,
na mabele. dlrt.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, ,
1. AkeJ. nSlma ya ndako. He went to the tOl1et.
, , ,
2. Akel na Boma na motuka. He went to Boma by car.
, , ,
3. Akel na Boma na motuka He went to Barna by car by the
,
na nZl1a ya sJ.ka. new route.
, , ,
4. Akel na Boma na nZl1a ya
,
He went to Boma by traln.
maSlnl.
, ,
5. AkaJ. na Brazza na masuwa
,
He went to Brazzavl11e on the
ya nsuka. last boat.
Pattern DrJ.ll 1
, ,, ,
1. OtoblS1 ekEtnd y tll wapl'l How far J.S the bus supposed
to go~
, , ,, ,
2. OtobJ.8J. ekoma tJ.J. wap1~ How far 18 the bus supposed
to go~
173
, , ,,
3. OtOblSl ekoma tll na
,
The bus lS supposed to go far
Lovanlum. as Lovanlum.
, " ,
4. OtOblSl eutl na Lovanlum The bus came from Lovanlum.
" ,
5. OtoblSl eutaka na Lovanlum. The bus comes from Lovanlum.
Pa ttern Drlll 2
1. "
Soke "
oyaka , mbele
lelo, If you were to come today, I'd
I , I I I I
, " , "
napesaka yoI nkama moko.
"
glve you a thousand francs.
I I
2. "
SOkl , "
osombaka "
moko, mbele If you were to buy one, I'd glve
I I I I I
, " , "
napesaka yo nkama moko. "
you a thousand francs.
I I I
SOkl" , "
osombaka "
moko, mbele If you were to buy one, they
I
, " I
,I I I
yango. a proflt.
" "", ,
6. Soko
, ,
oZllaka sanza moko,
I I
If you were to walt a month, you
"
mbele okokaka ,
koteklsa would be able to sell lt at
I ,I I
yango. a proflt.
, , "", ,
7. Soke
I I
oZllaka sanza moko,
, , I ,I
If you walted a month, you would
mbele
I'
okendeke
I I I
na Leo. be able to go to Leopoldvllle.
, , , , ", ,
8. SOkl ozalaka na nkoto moke, If you had a thousand francs,
I
, , ,I I
mbele
I I
okendeke
I I I
na Leo. you could go to Leopoldvllle.
, , , , ", ,
9. SOkl
I
ozalaka na nkoto moko, I I
If you had a thousand francs,
" ,
mb y 1 y okokaka kosomba you could buy some clothes.
,
bllamba.
, , , , ,
10. Soko okende na Klnsasa, If you went to Leopoldvllle,
•• , , • • " ,
mbe1e okokaka kosomba you could buy some clothes.
,
bl1amba.
174
Unlt 17
BaSlc Sentences
-A-
,
sofele,
I I I
ba- drlver, chauffeur
(chauffeur)
, , , ,
1. EeJ Sofyle,
I,
kanga motuka HeyJ Drlver, stop your car
I ,I ,
na yoI kuna. over there.
-B-
, , , , ,
2. Eloko nlnl nasall ko Well, offlcer, what dld I do"
I I
,
gendarme'l Naboml moto'l Dld I klll somebody'l
-A-
,
mWlnda llght, lamp
, ,
motane brlght red/yellow/orange
-pela to be on flre, burn, be Ilt
, , , ,
3. Ozall kom9na mWlnda ty'l Dldn't you see the red llght'l
, , , "
4· Oyo ya motane epell ropo What (do you thlnk) red llghts
are for'l
, , ,
5. Oyebl kot yl ymy ropo nakozlla
, ,
Don't you know to walt'l
moky ty'l
-B-
, " ,
6. Pardon, nam9nakl mWlnda I'm sorry. I dldn't see the
, ,
malamu tee
I
llght very well.
-A-
" , ,
7. Omonl
I
malamu te'l
I
You dldn't see It very well"
'permlS de condlure' drlver's llcense
" ,,
8. Laklsa ngal permls de Show me your drlver's llcense.
,
condulre na yo.
I
175
-B-
" , ,
9. Ezall te, ropo nabandl I don't have any because I've
, I ,
koyekola kotambwlsa only Just started to learn
, ,
motuka kaka slka. to drlve.
-A-
, , ,
mpaku, mpako, m- tax, corvee labor
, " , ,
10. Boongo buuku na yc; ya mpaku" And your ldentlflcatlon boo~
-B-
,
ma Here J Take 1 t!
,
-futa to pay; atone, make
up for
, , , , ,
12. Ma, yango oyo. KaSl nalnu Here, take It. But I haven't
", ,
nafutl mpaku ya mbula pald my tax thlS year yet.
, ,
oyo tee
I
-A-
, ,,
13. Landa ngal na Commune ya Follow me to the Kalamu Commune.
,
Kalamu.
-B-
,
kOmlSyl y (commlssalre) commlssloner, poIlceman
, " ,
Te, Komlsele, motuka ezall No, Offlcer, the car doesn't
I ,, ,
I I
-B-
-A-
,
boloko,
I I
ma- Jall, prlson
quarrel, argument, sound
of v01.ces, n01.se
18. ,
Mwana, ""
soko ,
ol1.ng~ boloko Boy, If you don't want to go to
, " I I
, ,I I
t y , t1.ka makyl~ly mpe Ja1.l, shut up and follow me.
, ,, , ,
landa nga1.. ES1.l1.J And that's flnalJ
-B-
", ,
19. Nayok1. Y7' Kom1.s l l y • I understand you, Offlcer.
USEFUL PHRASES
, , ,
ObUngl mlbeko ya nZ1.1a. You've broken the trafflc laws.
, , ,
Obungl mateya. You donrt know your lesson.
, , , ,
Obungl nZlla ya mboka. Yourve lost your way home.
, , , ,
Obungl nZ1.1a ya kozonga na Leo. You've lost the road to Leopold-
vllle.
Polisl aboI tali palakl ya motuka The pollce conflscated hls auto
, I
na ye. plates.
, , " , ,
Polls1. abotoll motuka na ye The pollce conflscated h1.s car
, ,
I I
" ,
mpo azw1. 11.kama na motuka. because he had an accldent.
, , , ,
Mopaya akangl motuka mpembenl The stranger parked hls car on
, ,
na balabala. the s1.de of the street.
177
, , ,
Mopaya akang1. motuka na nsuka The stranger parked h1.s car at
, ,
na balabala. the corner or the street.
"
Mopaya akot1.s1.
, ,
motuka na kat1. The stranger parked h1.s car 1.n
,I
ya lopango. the yard/dr1.veway.
, ", "
Kom1.s yl y apes1. ye kovokas1.o mpo The pol1.ce orr1.cer gave hlm a
, ", , ,
atambw1.s1. motuka mbangu makas1.. t1.cket because he was speed1.ng
, ", " The pol1.ce orr1.cer gave h1.m a
Kom~syly apes1. ye kovokas1.o mpo
", , , ,
akang1.s1. motuka eS1.ka ya mabe. t1.cket because he was parked
1.llegally.
, ", "
Kom1.sele apes1. ye kovokas1.o mpo The pol1.ce off1.cer gave h1.m a
,I ,I ,
atut1. motu ya nk1.nga. t1.cket because he ran lnto
a man on a b1.cycle.
,
-bunga to forget; make a m1.stake,
be wrong; lose, get
lost, lose one's way;
d1.e
,
mobeko, m1.- law, regulat1.on, obl1.ga-
t1.on, duty
,
11.teya, ma- lesson
polis1. (pol1.ce) pol1.ceman, pol1.ce
,
-botolo
, .. to take/snatch away,
conf1.scate, 1.mpound,
p1.1lage
,
palak1. (plaque) plate, plaque, auto
l1.cense pIa te
, ,
l1.kama, ma- acc1.dent, danger;
pun1.shment
mopaya, ba- stranger, guest, v1.s1.tor,
hO'st
178
, ,
mpemben1, m- slde, edge; bes1de, along,
next to, around, near
,
lopango, m- enclosure; fence; plot
of land, place of
res1dence
,
kovokas1o (convocat1on) not1ce, summons, traff1c
t1cket
,
nk1nga, n- b1cycle
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, , " , , ,
1. Atylym1S1 motuka mpemben1 He parked the car bes1de the
,
na ndako. house.
" , , ,
2. Akang1s1 motuka mpemben1 He stopped the car bes1de the
,
na ndako. house.
" , ,
3· Akang1s1 motuka llboso ya He stopped the car at the red
, , ,
mW1nda motane. 11ght.
" , ,
4. M1tuka m1nsoI m1kangaml
, , , ,
All the cars are stopped at
Ilboso ya mW1nda motane. the red llght.
" ",
M1tuka m1nS? m1kangam1 ropo All the cars are stopped
, , , ,
mW1nda motane epel1. because the 11ght 1S red.
, " " ,
6. Motuka mon~n~ etylym1 mpo The b1g truck stopped because
, , , ,
mW1nda motane epel1. the 11ght 1S red.
, " , ,
7. Motuka monyn y etylym1
,
The blg truck stopped beh1nd
nS1ma ya magaz1n1. the store.
, ,
8. Nzela ezal1 nS1ma ya There 1S a street beh1nd the
,
magaz1n1. store.
" ,
9. Nzela ezal1 na batu m1ng1. There are many people on the
street.
179
~ , ~ ~
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
" ,, , , ,
1. Banlnga na ngal baakotambola My frlends are In a hurry.
~
mbangu.
" ,, ",
2. Ban1nga na ngal bafutel1 My frlends pald the flne for
, , ~
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , ,
1. Bolangl.t1 ekuf1. The blanket lS worn out.
, , ,
2. Bolang1t1 epasuk1. The blanket lS torn up/worn out.
~
, ,
3. Sapato epasuk1. The shoes are torn up/worn out.
, , , ~
, , , ,
5. Patalo ekom1 ya kala. The pants are old.
, , , ,
6. Patalo ezal1 m0tuya malamu. The pants are 1nexpenS1ve.
, , , ,
7. Kazaka ezal1 motuya malamu. The Jacket 1S cheap.
, , ,
8. Kazaka eut1 na Bruxelles. The coa t 1S from Brussels.
, , , ,
9. L1boke eut1 na Bruxelles. The package came from Brussels.
, , , , , , ,
10. L1boke et1ndamak1 na aV1O.
I
The package was sent by a1r.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, , , ,
1. K1110I n1n1 ozal1 na yango. What penc11 do you have"
, , , ,
2. K1110I ya nan1 ozal1 na yango" Whose penc11 do you have"
, , , , ,
3· K1110, ya ndenge n1n1 ozal1 What k1nd of penc11 do you
,
na yango" have"
, , , , ,
4. Motuka ya ndenge n1n1 ozal1
,
What k1nd of car do you have"
na yango"
, , , ,
5. Motuka n1n1 ozal1 na yango" What make of car do you have"
Pattern Dr111 1
, , ,
1. Naband1 koyekola kotambw1sa I've only Just started to learn
, , ,
motuka kaka slka oyo. to dr1ve.
, , ,
2. Naband1 kosukola ndako kaka I've only Just started to clean
,
slka oyo. up the house.
, ,
3· Naband1 kopakola mokobo na I've only Just started to pa1nt
,
mesa. the table.
, ,
4. Na band1 kobong1sa
, ,I
maSln1
,
ya I've only Just started repa1r1ng
m1kanda kaka slka oyo. the typewr1ter.
, ,
5. Naband1 kok1t1sa b11oko
, , , I I
na I've only Just started unload1ng
kam10 kaka slka oyo. the truck.
181
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, " ,
1. KOmlsE(ly aboyl kozwa The pollceman refused to
,
mbongo.
I I
accept the money.
, , " , ,
2. Komlsele
' 1,
abotoll
I I
ye
-
buuku The pollceman took away hlS
ya mpaku. ID card.
3. Bourgmestre ya Commune ya The mayor of Kalamu Commune
, "",
Kalamu abotoll ye buuku conflscated hlS ID card.
, I I
ya mpaku.
4. Bourgmestre ya Commune ya
, " ,
The mayor of Kalamu Commune
Kalamu aboYl makylE(ly. doesn't llke nOlse.
, , , , ,
5. Mobange oyo aboyl makylyl y • The old man doesn't Ilke nOlse.
, , ", ,,
6. Mobange oyo afwandl awa tll The old man has been slttlng
, ,
na ntongo.
I - I
here Slnce thlS mornlng.
" ", ,,
7. Mopaya wana afwandl awa tll
, ,
That stranger has been slttlng
na ntongo.
I I
here Slnce thls mornlng.
8. "
Mopaya wana abungl " nzela, That stranger can't remember
, ,
ya mboka na ye. the way back to hlS vlllage.
9. Motu ya mabaya " "
abungl nzela, The carpenter can't remember
, ,
ya mboka na ye. the way back to hlS vl11age.
Motu ya mabaya " ",
abotoll The carpenter took the hammer
10.
, , I •
ebetell
I I
na mwana. away from the Chlld.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , , ,
1. Atutanl na nzete. He walked lnto a tree.
, , , ,
2. Motuka etutl nzete. The car crashed lnto a tree.
, , , ,
3. Motuka etutl motu ya nklnga. The car hlt a man on a blcycle.
, , ,
4· POllSl akangl motu ya nklnga. The pollce arrested a man on
a blcycle.
182
, , ,
Pollsl akangl sof~l~ a1ekl The po1lce arrested the dr1ver
, , ,
mWlnda motane. who ran the red llght.
, , , ,
6. Tozall koluka sofele alekl We are look1ng for the dr1ver
, , , •
mW1nda motane. who ran the red 11ght.
, , ,
7. Tozal1 ko1uka moball akangl
,
We are look1ng for the man who
lopango. fenced the plot of ground.
8. " " , ,
Mopaya ayebl moball akang1 The v1s1tor knows the man who
,
lopango. lS gett1ng engaged.
, ,
9. Mopaya ayeo1 kopel1sa The stranger knows how to 11ght
,
mWlnda. the lamp.
" ",
10. Natunl mwaSl apellsela I asked the woman to 11ght the
,, ,
ngal mWlnda. lamp for me.
183
Un~t 18
Bas~c Sentences
-A-
,
-tonga to bu~ld, construct
, , ""
1. Nayok~ te otong~s~ ndako I've heard that you've had a
ya slka. new house bUllt.
-B-
, ,
soolo true, real, rlght; truth
" I
, "
2. Ee, ezal~ ya soolo. Ye s , tha t 's true.
I • •• •
-A-
brlck
-B-
, ,
4· Ezal~ ya br~k~ ya It's made of f~red brlcks.
kotumbama.
-A-
,
eten~, lJ..L- plece, part, share; room
-B-
, "
6. Bltenl mltanu. Flve rooms.
184
-A-
-B-
, " ,
8. Mama moto aponakl.
. I
yango. It was mother who chose l.t •
, , <:'>'
ll.so, ll.su, ml.so, eye, (l.n pl.) wl.th eyes
<:'>' open, wl.th good vl.sl.on/
ml.SU
taste, unafral.d
", , , ,
9. Oyebl. t y te basl. bazall. na Don't you know that women have
, ,
ml.SU malamu~ excellent taste?
-A-
,
lokola, (n-) kl.nd, sort~ also, ~oo;
as, ll.ke, such as,
sl.ml.lar, same sort
10.
"
Olongl., ezall., ya soolo.
"
I I I
You're rl.ght, l.t's true.
, , , ,
11. Na katl. mpe eza11 lokola Is the l.nterl.or also the same
, ,
na ll. banda? color as the outsl.de~
-B-
12. For what reason/why should l.t be~
, , ,
i3. Na ndako ya koll.a, ezall.
, ,
In the dl.nl.ng room, l.t's green.
mal. ya mpondu.
I
malala.
185
-A-
, " , ,
16. Bozall bonl na 11bota~ How many are there ln your
famlly~
" ,
17. Nanl mwana ya 11boso, Who lS the oldest Chlld, a glrl
" , ,
mwaSl too moball~ or a boy~
-B-
, " ,
17. Tozall motoba, mwana There are SlX of us (chlldren).
mwas{ moto azal{ Ilboso. The oldest lS a glrl.
-A-
" ,
18. Blnu nyonso bokendeke Do you all go to school or do
, I I
"
I I I
,
ke1asl, too bana mlSUSU some of the chlldren stay
, , ,
batlkala mpo na kopesa home to glve your mother a
, ,
mama maboko~
I I
hand~
-B-
, , "
19. Mlsatu ya mlkf( nalnu The three smallest haven't
, , , ,
bakomlsl bango na started to school yet.
, ,
kelaSl tee
I
-B-
,
-kuta to meet, flnd, come upon
, " ,
20. Malamu, nakel nalnu kolla, Good, I'm gOlng to eat now,
tokoklltana nSlma. we'll see each other later.
, ,
21. K1nd¥ malamu. Goodby.
USEFUL PHRASES
, , "
Etenl ya kobomba bllamba eza11 The closet lS (palnted) yellow.
, ,
motaneso.
Et~nl ya kobomba b1l~ko
, ezal{ The storage room 18 tan.
, ,
motaneso.
186
, , , ,
Etenl ya kobomba bllel ezall The pantry J.S blue.
,
bule.
, , ,
Komba
I
ndako. Sweep the floor.
, ,
Sukola ndako. Mop the 1'loor.
, , , , , ,
Pupola putulu llkolo ya mesa Dust 01'1' the f'urn1ture.
,
na k1t1.
, ,, , ,
Kulutu na nga1 aakotanga My older brother lS readlng
,
zulunalo. the paper.
, ,, " ,
Lekl na nga1 aakotanga zulunalo. My younger brother lS readlng
the paper.
, ,, , ,
Bok1lo na ngal aakotanga My father-ln-law lS readlng
,
zulunalo. the paper.
, ,, " ,
Koko na nga1 aakotanga zulunalo. My grandfather lS read1ng the
paper.
,, , ,
Mbanda na ngal aakotanga My co-wlfe 1S read1ng the paper.
,
zulunalo.
, , , "
B1SU na ye tokom1 mbanda. We no longer 11ke each other.
(llt.) We have become 1n-Iaws.
, J
Ake J. ndoI bo.
I
He has gone f1shlng.
,
Ake1 bok1la. He has gone hunt1ng.
"
Aakokallnga make1" na kuku. She's 1'rylng eggs 1n the kltchen.
, "
Aakotok1sa
I
make1 na kuku. She's b01l1ng eggs 1n the k1tchen.
,
Aakotumba nyama. She's roastlng meat over the f1re.
,
-bomba to hlde, keep, store, pre-
serve, shelter; observe,
obey (law, custom)
, ,
motaneso 11ght yellow/tan/belge
blue
- k6mbo,
I I
- komba
I
to sweep, clean house, empty
187
NOTES
/-zala ya/ meanA 'to consJ.st of', 'be made out of', as J.n
IBB
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, , , ,
1. L1bota ezall na etenl The fam1ly 1S 1n the d1nlng
,
ya kolla. room.
, , , ,
2. Llbota ezal1 na eten1 ya The fam11y lS 1n the k1tchen.
, ,
kolamba b1loko.
, I
, , ,
3. Bakulutu na Y9 ya mlball
,
Your older brothers are In
.,
bazal1 na etenl ya the kltchen.
, ,
kolamba b1loko.
I ,
, , ,
4· Bakulutu na yoI ya mlbal1 Your brothers are In thelr
, ,
bazal1 na bltenl ya bedroom.
,
kolala.
, ,, ,
5. Balekl na nga1 bazal1 na
, ,
My younger brothers and
b1ten1 ya kolala. slsters are In thelr
bedrooms.
, ,, ,
6. Balek1 na nga1 bazal1 My younger brothers are
,
kotumba br1k1. f1rlng brlcks.
, ,
7. Batu bazal1 kotumba br1k1. The men are flr1ng br1cks.
189
, , , ,
8. Batu batongakl ndako na The men bUllt the house of
,
brlkl ya kotumba. flred brlck.
, , , , , ,
9. Ndako etongamaka na brlkl The house was bUllt out of
ya kotumba. flred brlck.
, , , , , , ,
10. Ndako etongamaka na mabanga The house was bUllt out of
, , ,
na mabaya. stone and wood.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, " , , ,
1. Mwana amonanaka Ilboso The boy was seen In front of
, I
190
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, , , ,
1. Bokynd y kopesa mama mab9k9. Go glve mother a hand.
, , "
2. Bokende kopesa tata nk1nga Go glve your father the b1cyc1e
,I I , , -
akende
1 1
mosa1a. so he can go to work.
, " , ,
3· B7ng1se1a tata nk1nga F1X the blcycle for your father
, , ,
akende
I I
mosa1a. so he can go to work.
, " , ,
4. B~ng1sela ye lokolo ya sapatu. Repa1r the shoes for hlm.
191
, ", ,
5. Babunglsell ye lokolo ya H1S shoes were lost.
sapatu.
, "" ,
6. Babunglse11 mwana ndembo. Somebody lost the Ch1ld's ball.
, , ,
7. Tata y8 Polo aakok¥nd,
, , , Paul's father lS gOlng to buy
kosorobe1a rowana ndembo. the Ch1ld a ball.
, , ,
8. Tata ya Polo aakokende Paul's father 18 gOlng to the
, , ,. • ,•
kosombela ngal makel market to buy me SOme eggs.
, , ,
ya nsoso na zandu.
, ,
9. Mbanda aakokende kosombela ~y co-wlfe has gone to the
,, , • I
, ,
nga1 makel "'18: nsosO na market to buy me some eggs.
,
zandu.
,
10. Mbanda atumb1 nyama na My co-w1fe roasted the meat
,
kuku. 1n the kltchen.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, , " , ,
1. Nakot1s1 m~)tuka na ndako I put the ear 1n the garage/
,
na" yango. carport.
, ", , ,
2. ,
Nakot1s1
,
motuka na kat1 I parked the car 1n the yard/
1a lopango. dr1veway.
" 1';'
3. Bana baakosakana na katl
,
The chlldren are play~ng 1n
ya lopango .. the yard.
" , ~
4. Bana baakosakana na 11banda The boys are gOlng to play at
la Stade Baudouln. Stade Baudouln.
s. , ,
The game lS gOlng to be played
I1banda ya Stade at Stade Baudou1n.
Baudou1n.
192
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, ,
1. Nazalaka na ndako ya nsuka. I lJ.ve J.n the last house.
, ,
2. Nazalaka na ndako ya IJ.boso. I IJ.ve J.n the fJ.rst house.
, , ,
3· Nazalaka na ndako wana ya I IJ.ve J.n the fJ.rst whJ.te
, ,
mpymb y ya IJ.boso. house.
, , ,
4· Nazalaka na ndako wana na
, ,
I IJ.ve J.n the house on the
loboko
I I I
ya mwasJ. • left.
, , ,
5. Nazalaka na ndako wana na
,
I lJ.ve J.n the house on the
loboko
I I I
ya mobalJ.. rJ.ght.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 7
, , ,
1. Eteyelo ezalJ. ya brJ.kJ. The school J.S made of fJ.red
ya kotumba. brJ.cks.
, " " ,
2. Eteyelo etongamakJ. ntangu The school was bUJ.lt durrng
ya elanga. the dry season.
, " ",
3· Ndako ya kolala etongamakJ. The bedroom was bunlt durJ.ng
,
ntangu ya elanga. the dry season.
, , "
4· Ndako ya kolala ezalJ. maJ.
,
The bedroom J.S green.
ya mp<;ndu.
, "
5. EfandelJ. ya kalasJ. ezalJ.
, ,
The desks are green.
ma J. ya rnpondu •
•
, "
·6. EfandelJ. ya kelasJ. ezalJ. The desks are brown.
,
sokola.
, , ,
7. EtenJ. ya kobomba bJ.leJ.
, ,
The pantry J.8 palnted brown.
ezalJ. sokola.
193
, , ,
8. Etenl ya kobomba bl1el The pantry has been swept.
, ",
ekombamakl.
I
" ,
9. Ndako nY2ns9 ya kolala All the bedrooms had been
, ",
blkombamakl.
I
swept.
10. "
Ndako nyonso ,
ya kolala All the bedrooms were mopped
I, ,I , ,
blsukwamakl na bakulutu by my older slsters.
,, , ,
na ngal ya basl.
194
Unlt 19
Baslc Sentences
-A-
,
1. Monlka J MonlqueJ
-B-
,
2. Mamal Yes, Mother.
-A-
, ,
3. Wapl yo'l Where are you'l
•
-B-
, , ,
4. Nazall komlsukola nzotu. I'm taklng a bath.
-A-
,
nokl
t
fast, qUlck, prompt
, , , , , ,,
5. Sala nokl
,I
osombela
,
ngal Hurry up and go get me some
bllokoI na zandu. thlngs at the market.
•
-B-
-zoka to be lnJured, to be
touched
mosapl, ml-
" , " , ,
6. Tlnda Marla, namlzoklsakl Send Marle, I hurt my flngers
, ,
lobl na mlnsal. yesterday.
195
-A-
, ", ,
7. Omlzoklsakl na nlnl? What dld you hurt yourself wlth~
-B-
, ,
8. Na mbe1l
I
ya mesa. Wlth a table knlfe.
-A-
Where were you?
-B-
-A-
11. , " Ookozl1a nlnl
Boongo, " mpo Well, why are you waltlng to
, ,
okende
I I
na munganga~ go to the doctor's?
-B-
, ,
12. Nakokende nSlma soko I'll go later when I've flnlshed
,I " I ,
I ,
-A-
, ,
kltunga, lltunga, ma- a basket wlth a lld
, " ,
13. Marla, kamata kltunga Marle, take the market basket
, , ,, ,
osombela ngal blloko and go buy me some thlngs
, , I
-B-
,
llputa, ma- pagne, long wrap-around
sklrt
lltamba1a, kltambala, handkerchlef, towel, cloth,
ma- napkln
196
,. ,. ,. ,.
14· Mama,
,.,.
nakom~sombela
,.
mpe I'll also buy myself the pagne
l~puta na l~tambala and headscarr that I saw.
,. ,. ,.
namonak~.
I
USEFUL PHRASES
,. ",.
Motu ya kab~nda aakokata The carpenter ~s draw~ng a
, ,.
monkoloto
t • I
na kl11yO.
I
l~ne wlth a penc~l.
,. ,.,.,
Motu ya kab~nda. azengl ndambo The cablnetmaker cut off a
,. ,.
ya l~baya. p~ece of the wood.
,. ,,.,. ,
Motu ya kablnda aka boll l~baya The carpenter cut the plece of
,
na bl tenl. wood In half..
,. ,. ,.
MopeI akangl gbagba foto. The prlest took a plcture of
the brldge.
,. ,., ,.
MopeI akangl bwatu foto. The prlest took a plcture of
the dugout canoe.
, ,. ,.
Mope akangl mokl11 foto na The prlest took a plcture of
• ,.
masuwa. the ma~nland from the boat.
, ,,, ,
MopeI azall koluka hwatu. The prlest lS row~ng the boat.
, ,,, ,,
Mope.. azall koluka nkal. The prlest ~s rowlng.
, , . ""#' ,.
Mama mobokol1 t ,.
aakolaklsa The babys1tter 1S teaCh1Dg the
,. t i ,.
mwana kokata mal. Ch11d to SWlm.
, ,,1* .", ,
197
, ,
" ,
Abongol~ kawa na sukal~. He stlrred sugar lnto h1.S coffee.
, " ,
Abongol~ kltl. He turned the chalr around.
,, ,
Akwel na kl tl. He turned over In the chalr.
He fell out of the chalr.
" , ,
Akwe~sl k~t~ na mabele. He turned the chalr over.
,
kablnda, ba- carpenter, cablnet-maker
,
-kata to cut, chop
,
monkoloto,
I I ,
ml- llne
,
-zenga to cut off, chop off
" ,
mOPr' momp~, ba- (mon pere) prlest (Cathollc)
gbagba brldge
foto (photo) photograph, plcture
, 0'
bwatu, matu dugout canoe, natlve boat
moklll, ml- malnland, land, lnterlor,
lnland, world
-luka to row/paddle a boat
,,
nkal, n- paddle, oar
,
-pusa (pousser'l) to push, shove
pusup~su (pousse-pousse) pushcart, baby carrlage,
stroller
mllk
,
-bokolo
• I I
to brlng up, ralse, rear,
feed, breed (anlmal)
,
Angele (anglals) Engllsh
,
kawa coffee
,
-kweya to fall; be lnvolved In/lose
a lawsult
198
NOTES
Reflex1.ve
Nazali komisukola nz~tu.
The reflex1.ve pref1.x /-mil means 'to do someth1.ng to/for
oneself'. I-mil 1.S pref1.xed to the base and occurs w1.th all per-
sons, e.g., /Nazali komisukola nzotu/, 'I'm tak1.ng a bath', 11.ter-
ally, 'I'm wash1.ng myself the body'.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, ,
1. Nam1.sukolaka nzotu na I take a bath every morn1.ng.
, , ,
ntongo
I I
nyonso.
I I
, ,
2. Nam1.sukolaka nzotu na I take a bath every even1.ng.
, ,
mpokwa nyonso. I I
, ,
3· Am1.sombelaka nyama na He buys some meat for h1.mself
, ,
mpokwa nyonso. I I
every even1.ng.
, , ,,
4· Am1.sombelaka nyama epa1.
,
He buys meat for h1.mself at
ya bat~k1.nyama. the butcher's (meatsellers').
, " ,, ,
Am1.zok1.s1. epa1. ya batek1.- I
He 1.nJured h1.mself at the
nyama. butcher's.
, " ,
6. Am1.zok1.s1. na mb~l1. ya He 1.nJured h1.mself w1.th a
,
mesa. table kn1.fe.
, , ", , ,
7. Am1.salel1. ekeko na mbel1.
,
He made h1.mself a statue w1.th
ya mesa. the kn1.fe.
, , ", , ,
8. Am1.salel1. ndako ya mabaya. He bU1.1t h1.mself a frame house.
, , ,
9. Tokom1.sombela ndako ya We are g01.ng to buy ourselves
, ,
mabaya. a frame house.
, , ,
10. Tokom1.sombela b1.1amba ya We are g01.ng to buy ourselves
s1.ka. some new clothes.
199
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , , ,
1. Ndako ya b~su ezal~ Our house lS near the road.
, , ,
mpemben~ na nzela.
", ,
2. Tomon~ bana bakelas~ We saw some school chlldren
• , , ,
mpemben~ na nzela. near the road.
", ,
3. Tomon~ bana bakelasl na We saw some school chl1dren
I , ,
motel na bango. wlth thelr teacher.
, , ,
4· Bayekoll bak¥nd~kl na vllle The students have gone lnto
, ,
na motel na bango. town wlth the~r teacher.
, , ,
5. Bayeko11 bakendekl
, , I •
,
na vllle The students have gone lnto
komlsombela sapatu. town to buy themselves some
shoes.
, ,, ,
6. Kulutu na ngal azall kozlla My brother lS waltlng to buy
, , , , ,
mpo amlsombela sapatu. some shoes.
, ,, ,
7. Kulutu na ngal azall kozlla
,, ,
My brother lS waltlng ror me
ngal na nzela. out on the street.
, , ,, ,
8. Atlkl ngal na nzela. He let me out at the road.
, , , ,
9. Atlkl bllamba na ndako. He lert the clothes at the
house.
, "" ,
10. Atlndell ngal bllamba na She sent me the clothes at
,
ndako. the house.
Pattern Drlll 1
, , , , , ,
1. Nazall komltuna sokoI mbula I wonder If lt'S ralnlng.
, , •
ezall konoko.
I ..
, , , , , ,
2. Nazall koml tuna soko akoyaa. I wonder If she's comlng.
, , ,
I
,
• ,
3. Naza11 komltuna mpo na nlnl I wonder why he came yesterday.
, , , ,
ayakl lobl.
200
, , , ,, ,
4. Nazall koml tuna epal azall. I wonder where he lS.
, , , , , ,
5. Nazall komltuna
,
soko
I I
azall I wonder who he lS.
nanl.
, , , ,, , ,
6. Nazall koml tuna epal natlkl I wonder where I put my keys.
,
mafungola.
, , , , , ,
7. Nazall komltuna
, , ,
ndenge nlnl I wonder how he got here.
akoml awa.
, , , , ,
8. Nazall komltuna ntangu nlnl I wonder when he'll get back.
,
akozonga.
, , , , , , ,
9. Nazall koml tuna soko ayebl I wonder If he knows where we
,, , I I
makanda. Ie tter.
GRAMMATJCAL DRILL 3
, "" ,
1. Mope amlsombell maSlnl The prlest bought hlmself a
I I
,
ya foto. camera.
, " , ,
2. MOpy abongoll makanda ya The prlest translated the
, ,
Angele na Falanse. letter from Engllsh to French.
, " , ,
3. Moyekwlsl abongoll mokanda The lnstructor translated the
, ,
ya Angele na Falanse. letter from Engllsh lnto
French.
, ,, ,
4· Moyekwlsl akwel na kltl. The lnstructor turned over In
hlS chalr.
, ,, ,
5. Mofutell akwel na kltl. The tenant turned over In hlS
chalr.
, , , ,, ,
6. Mofutell apeSl ngal mbCfng<; The tenant pald me the rent.
,
ya ndako.
201
, , , ,, ,
7. Kablnda apeSl ngal mbongo
, I •
The carpenter pald me the rent.
ya ndako.
, , , , , ,
8. Kablnda abongolakl ebombell The carpenter turned the book-
,
ya buuku. case around.
, , , , , ,
9. BOl apupoll katl ya ebombell The houseboy dusted the lnslde
I ,.
ya buuku. of the bookcase.
, , , , ,
10. BOl apupoll llkolo ya The houseboy dusted the outslde
I , ,
ebombell ya basanl. of the chlna cablnet.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
, " , ,
1. Abongoll kawa na sukall. He stlrred sugar lnto hlS coffee.
2. ,
Monlka " " kawa na
abongoll Monlque stlrred sugar lnto her
,
sukall. coffee.
, , ,
3. Monlka allngl Iltambala na
,
Monlque wants a pagne and
Ilputa. kerchlef.
, ", ,
4· Lekl na ye aakosomba mpe
, ,
Her younger slster lS also
lltambala na Ilputa. gOlng to buy a pagne and
kerchlef.
Lekl na ye aakosomba mpe Her younger slster lS also gOlng
,
mbell
, ya kUku. to buy a butcher knlfe.
, , ,
6. Namlkatl monsal na mbell I cut my flnger wlth a butcher
, I
ya kuku. knlfe.
, ,
7. Namlkatl monsal na monoko
, I I I
I cut my flnger on the door.
ya ndako.
, , ,
B. Tokotlya mokobo ya mal ya We wlll palnt the door ag~ln.
, ,
mpondu
- I
na monoko
III
ya ndako.
, , ,
9. Tokotlya mokobo ya mal ya We are gOlng to dye the new
mP9nd~ na bllamba ya slka. dress green.
, , ,
10. Tokotlya mokobo ya mal ~ We are gOlng to dye the new
malala na bllamba ya slka. dresses orange.
202
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
204
Unlt 20
Baslc Sentences
-A-
'ambassade I embassy
, ,
1. Awa Ambassade ya Amerlque~ Is thlS the Amerlcan Embassy~
-B-
, , ,
2. Yango mpenza. Ookoluka Indeed lt lB. What do you
,
nlnl ~ want~
-A-
vlsa
,
mobembo, . ml- Journey, trlp
,, , ,
3. Nayel mpo na Vlsa. Nallngl l've come for a Vlsa. I want
, , ,
nak~ndy mobembo na Amerlque. to make a trlp to Amerlca.
-B-
, , "
4. Okende
I I
kosala nlnl kuna~ What do you lntend to do there?
-A-
, ,
5. Nakel koyekola. 1 m leavlng to go to school.
'
-B-
" , " , ,
6. OSlll omlkomlsl nkombo na Have you already been admltted
, ,
unlverslte oyo okokynd y ? to the unlverslty to WhlCh
you are gOlng'Z
-A-
7. ~Y' na Unlverslte ya Yes, at the Unlverslty of
Callfornla. Callfornla.
205
-B-
,
8. ," , nlnl
Eloko okoyekola~ What are you gOlng to study?
-A-
,
9. SClences economlques. Economlcs.
-B-
, " , , ,
10. Mbula bonl okoumela kuna~ How many years are you gOlng
to stay~
-A-
, " ,
11. Mlnel too mltanu. Four or flve.
-B-
, , , ,
12. Nanl akofutela yoI kelasl, Who wlll pay for'youp school-
,
ba botl ~ lng, your parents?
-A-
,
'bourse d'etudes' scholarshlp
, , ,
13. Nazwakl bourse d'etudes na I have recelved a scholarshlp
,
gouvernement amerlcaln. from the Amerlcan Government.
-B-
,
, ,
-tondo to wlsh, hope, thank
,
mobembo, ml,'" trlp, Journey, voyage
,
o toward, to; at, In, on, by
, " ,
Malamu, naakotondo
I
yoI I
Flne, I hope you have a good
, " ,
rnobembo rnalamu 0 Arnerlque, trlp to Arnerlca, and study
, , , ,
rope oyekolaka rnakasl. hard.
-B-
, " ,
15. Melesl, otlkala rnalarnu,
, , , ,
Thanks, and goodby, In case
soko tokomonana 11SUSU we don't see each other
,I , I
teeI
agaln.
206
USEFUL PHRASES
,
Moyangell "
ya bankl "
atondlsl The bank manager had me flll
,, ,
ngal flSl. out some forms.
, " ",
Moyangell ya bankl atondlsell The bank manager fllled out
,, ,
ngal flSl. some forms for me.
, " " ,
Moyangell ya bankl apesl ngal The bank manager gave me some
, " ,
flSl mpo natondlsa. forms to flll out.
, , , ,
Ifo nazwa mbongo
I I
na bankl. I have to wlthdraw some money
from the bank.
" , ,,
Ifo nazwela mwana na ngal ya I have to get my son a dog.
, ,
moball mbwa.
" , ,,
Ifo nazwela mwana na ngal ya I have to get my daughter a
, , .' ,
mwaSl nkondoko.
I I I
ca t.
, , , " ,
Tolobakllobakl butu moblmba. We chatted all nlght.
, ", " ,
Totambolltamboll butu moblmba. We walked all nlght.
, , , , ,
Tobetlbetl
I I
makolo butu moblmba. We walked all nlght.
, " ,
Tokatl nzete ndambondambo. We cut the log up lnto pleces.
, , , ,
Tokatl nzete bltenlbltenl. We cut the log up lnto pleces.
" ,
Nakanakl nakende. I
I wlsh I could go.
, " , ,
Nakanlsakl mbula eekokatana I wlsh lt would stop ralnlng.
,
konoko.
I ,
" , ,
Nakanakl kosomba motuka na I wlsh I could have bought a
" ,
sanza elekl. car last month.
, "
Naakokana kosomba motuka na I wlsh I could buy a car next
" ,
sanza ekoyaa. month.
, , ,. ,
Naakokana nasomba motuka na I wlsh I could buy a car thlS
, ,
sanza oyo. month.
207
,
-yange1a to manage, admlnlstrate,
arrange
bank1 (banque) bank
f{Sl (flche) form, blank
ifo (11 faut) 1t 1S necessary to, one has to
has to
,
mbwa, m- dog
, ,
nkondoko, n- cat
r "
NOTES
and /ifo/ may be freely Substltuted for one another ln thlS type of
construct10n.
208
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, , , , ,
1. Oyeb1 motu moko
I I
na AmerlqueCZ Do you know anyone In AmerlcaCZ
, , ,
2. Oyeb1 Ambassade ya AmerlqueCZ Do you know where the Amerlcan
Embassy lSCZ
, ,
3. Awa Ambassade ya Amer1queCZ Is th1S the Amerlcan EmbassyCZ
, , , , ,
4· Awa eSlka ya kobwaka m1kandaCZ Is thlS the post off1ceCZ
, " , ,
5. Azall eS1ka ya kobwaka mlkandaCZ Has he gone to the post offlceCZ
6. .-
Azall" kobong1sa b1loko
,
na mobembo.
..
" mpo
-
He lS packlng hlS thlngs for
a tr1p.
, , ,
7. Bamosusu bazal1 kobonglsa The others are packlng thelr
, , ,I
blloko
I I
rnpo na mobembo. bags.
, , ,
8. Bamosusu bazall mpemben1 The others are (Sltt1~) at
,
ya mesa. the table.
, " ,
9. MOnganga azal1 mpembenl The doctor lS (stand1ng) by
,
ya mesa. the table.
, "
10. Monganga azal1 kosallsa The doctor lS taklng care of
, ",
motu am1zok1sa~1. the man who hurt h1mself.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
209
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , , ,
1. Naakoleka mpemben1 na ndako. I'm gOlng by (near) the house.
, ,
2. Naakoleka na kat1kat1 na I'm gOlng through the house.
,
ndako.
, ,
3. Naakob1ma na ndako. I'm com1ng out or the house.
,,, ,
4· Naakot1ka ndako. I'm gOlng away from the house.
", ,
5. Naakot1ka na ndako. I'm leav1ng 1t 1n the house.
, ,
6. Nake1 na ndako. I'm enter1ng the house. I'm
gOlng home.
7. ,
Nake1""0 ndako. I'm gOlng to(ward} the house.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
1. Azal1" " ,
0 eS1ka ya kobwaka He 18 at the post Orf1Ce.
,
m1kanda.
2. , """
Ak~nd~k1 0 eS1ka ya kobwaka
, He went to the post off1ce.
,
m1kanda.
, ", ,
3. Ak ynd y k1 0 zando. He went to the market.
, , ,
4· Nazal1 kOkynd y 0 zando. I'm on my way to the market.
, ,,,
5. Nazal1 kOkynd y 0 Amer1que. I'm gOlng to Amer1ca.
, ,
6. Nake1 na Amer1que. I'm leav1ng for Amer1ca.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, , ,, ,
4· Babengl ngal na t yl yf»n
, ,
They phoned me from Europe.
na Mputu.
, , , , ,, , ,
5. Atylyfc;nakl ngal na Mputu. He phoned me from Europe.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , , " ,
1. Tolobakllobakl mlngl. We chatted a long tlme.
, ", " ,
2. Batambolltamboll mlngl. They walked a very long way.
, ", "
3. Batambolltamboll mokolo
I I I
They walked the whole day.
mobJ.mba.
, , ,
4· Motu asalakl mokolo
• I I
moblmba. The man workea all day.
, ,
5. Motu asalaka mlkc; 1 9 nYCfns7. The man worked every day.
, ,
6. Motu asalaka blfandell ya The man makes wooden chalrs.
, ,
mabaya.
7. "
Mwasl " "
amlsombell ,
blfandell The woman bought herself some
, ,
ya mabaya. wooden chalrs.
8,. "
Mwasl " "
amlsombell ,
sapato ya The woman bought herself some
slka. new shoes.
, , , ,
9. Apesl bango sapato ya slka. She gave them new shoes.
, , , ,
10. Apesl bango matambala ya She gave them some old head-
kala. scarfs.
Fa ttern Drlll 1
, , ,
1. Ebc;ngl nakynd y na aVl7. I have to go by plane.
, , ,
2. Ifo nakynd y na aVlO.
r
I have to go by plane.
, , , ,
3. Ifo nakende kokamata mwaSl I have to go get my wlfe who'll
,I I ,
akoyaa na aVlO.I
be arrlvlng by plane.
, ,
4· Eb9ngl nakyndE( kokamata
, " ,
I have to go get my wlfe who'll
mwaSl akoyaa na aVlO.r
be arrlvlng by plane.
211
, " ,
5. Eb9ngl lobl na nt9ng9
, ,
He has to get up early tomorrow
alongwa na mP9ngl na mornlng.
, ,
ntangu malamu.
, " " ,
6. Ifo lobl na ntongo alongwa He has to get up early tomorrow
, ,
I I
,
na mP9ngl ntangu malamu. mornlng.
, " , ,
7. Ifo batondlsa flSl Ilboso They had to flll out some forms
if!::- kokEtndEt· before leavlng.
, " ,
8. Eb9ngl batondlsa flSl They had to flll out some forms
,
Ilboso ya kokende. , I
before leavlng.
, " ,
9. Eb9ng1 tobongola ly19 We have to plow the fleld today.
mabele" 0 llsala. "
, " , ,
10. Ifo
--
tobongola lelo
I I
mabele We have to plow the fleld today.
, "
o llsala.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 7
, " , ,
1. Nakanlsakl mbula eekokatana I wlsh lt would stop ralnlng.
,
konoko.
I I
, , , " ,
2. Nakanlsakl nakokakl kosomba I wlsh I could buy a new car.
,
mo tuka ya s lka .
3. "
Nakanakl "
nasomba ,
motuka I wlsh I could buy a new car.
ya slka.
" ,
Nakanakl nakende.
4· I I
I yvlsh I could go.
" , ,
5. Nakanakl kosomba motuka I wlsh I could have bought a
" ,
na sanza elekl. car last month.
, "
6. Naakokana kosomba motuka I wlsh I could buy a car next
" ,
na sanza ekoyaa. month.
, , , ,
7. NakanlSl akosomba motuka I thlnk he wlll buy a car next
" ,
na sanza ekoyaa. month.
212
, , , , ,
8. Nakanl.s 1. akoyaa na sanza I be1leve he's comlng next
,.
ekoyaa. month.
, , , ,. , ,
9. NakanJ.sakl skoyaa ns sanza I thought he was cOmlng last
,.
e1ekl. month.
,. , , , ,
10. Nakanlsakl akoyaa ntangu I W'lsh he had come when we
,. ,. ,.
tozalaka na Boma. Ilved at Boma.
213
Unlt 21
Baslc Sentences
-A-
,, , ,
1. Ekomell na ngal ebungl. My pencll lS lost. Have you
"
Omonl
,
yango" te'Z
I
seen 1 t'Z
-B-
, " ",
2. Te, otlYl yango epal No, where dld you put It'Z
I ,
wapl'Z
-A-
, , , , ,
3. Na tlkakl yango llk010 I put lt on the table, but lt
, ,
ya mesa, kaSl slka lsn't there now.
, "
awa ezall tee
I
-B-
, , , ,
4· Omonl
I
na nse ya mesa'Z Dld you look under the table?
, ","
Ntangu mosusu ekwel Maybe lt fell off.
,
na nse.
-A-
, " , , ,
5. 00, yango wana. ElalI
, , ,
Oh, there lt lS. It's lylng
na nse ya mesa kaSl under the table next to the
, , ,
mpembenl ya ndako. wall.
-B-
214
, , , ,
6. Gumbama na nse olokoto
I I I
stoop down and plck It up. Who
" , are you waltlng for~
yango. Ookozlla nanl~
-A-
,, "" ,
7. Ekwel moslka nakoma tee
I
It's fallen way back.
" ", , ,
8. Yaka topusa mesa mpembenl. Come, let's move the table
sldeways.
-B-
,
-benda to draw/pull/move In/
out/up/off/over
, ,
9. Kende kolokoto nzete na Go get a stlck outslde to rake
I I
, " I I
, I
-A-
, , , " ,
10. Soko
I I
nanyakoll ndako na If I scratch the wall wlth the
, etall
nzete, ""
y~ yy. stlck, It's your responSl-
blllty.
-B-
, ,
nkoo, nko, n- lntent, mallce, purpose,
wlll
, , " ,
11. Boongo ookosala na nko~ Well, are you gOlng to do It
on purpose~
boye thus, so
, , , , ,
12. Soko boye, tlka yango If that's the case, let It
I I
, ,
epolo
I I
wana. rot there.
-A-
13. , " nlnl
Ndenge "
natlka~ Why should I get lt~
215
-B-
, ,.
Kamatal Take oneJ
USEFUL PHRASES
,.
Ezall na efelo. Itrs on the wall.
,.
Ezall pynypyny ya efelo. Itrs near the wall.
,. ,.
Ezall katlkatl ya efelo. It's lnslde the wall.
,.,. ,.
Akatlsl zamba. He went through the forest.
,. ,.,. ,.
Atamboll na zamba. He took a walk outslde. Hers
gone huntlng.
,. ,.
Akel na zamba. He went lnto the lnterlor.
Hers gone huntlng.
,. ,. ,.
Benda mpema. Inhale.
,.,. ,.
Blmlsa mpema. Exhale.
,. ,.,.,. ,.,. ,. ,.
Tombala radlO otla mpembenl. Plck up the radlo and put
lt over there.
,.,. ,.
Fungola radlO. Turn the radlo on.
,. ,.
Kanga radlo. Turn the radlO off.
,. ,.
Kanga maSlnl ya kokauklsa Turn the clothes drler off.
,.
bllamba.
,.,. ,.
Fungola maSlnl ya kokauklsa Turn the clothes drler on.
,.
bllamba.
,.,. ,.
Pellsa mWlnda. Llght the lamp. Turn the
llght(s) on.
216
, ,
Boma mWlnda. EXtlngUlsh the lamp. Turn
the 11ght(s) off.
, , ,
Tlya prlse ya frlgo. Connect the refrlgerator.
" , , ,
Tlya moto
1 I
na 11tuka. Turn the stove on.
, ,
Tlya prlse. Connect the plug.
, ,
Longola prlse. Dlsconnect the plug.
, ,
Benda prlse. Dlsconnect the plug.
, , ,
Benda prlse ya frlgo. Dlsconnect the refrlgerator.
, "
Boma 11tuka. Turn the stove off.
efelo, bl- wall
near, close, by, agalnst
,
ka tlka tl ln between, In the mlddle/
center of
,
zamba woods, forest, Jungle;
lnterlor, outslde,
country
,
mpema, m- breath
,
-tombala to plck up, Ilft, carry
, ,
radlo, radlo radlo
-kauka, -kaoka to be(come) dry
frlg6 (frlgo) refrlgerator
, ,
II tuka, ma- three stones used to cook
on, cook stove
rprlse r plug (electrlca1)
pause, 1,/, occurs between the two reference locatlons, or (3) one
reference locatlon lS In a subordlnate clause, e.g., (1) /E1ali na
ns~ ya m~sa kBSl mpemb~nl ya ndako/, 'It's lylng under the table
(but) next to the wall. " (2) /Elali na ns~ ya m~sa, mpemb~ni ya
ndako/, 'It's lylng under the table (,) next to the wall'. or (3)
/Blzalaki l1kola ya b~uku ayo ezalaki 11kola ya m~sa./, 'They were
on the book (WhlCh lS) on the table. '
21.2 Partltlve
, ,
.
" ,
, , ,
moko, na katl na blnu.
,
mlbale na katl na bango
I ... na
katl na/ya ••• / lS a partltlve constructl0n, 1.e.~lt
' , ,
, , na katl
refers to some or part of a group or whole, e.g., I moko
na binu/, 'one of you', /mibal~ na katl na bango/, 'two of them'.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
,, , ,
1. Ekomell na ngal ebungl. My pencl1 lS lost.
, " ,
2. Mwana ya moball abungl. The boy lS lost.
, , ,,
3. Mwana ya moball akwel.
,
The boy fell off the bed.
na mbetu.
, ,
4· . Ekomell ya mal y8 mokanda
,, ,
The pen fell off the bed.
ekwel na mbetu.
, ,
5. Ekomell ya mal ya mokanda
,, , ,
The pen fell under the table.
ekwel na nse ya mesa.
, ,, ,
6. Mokanda ekwel na nse ya The letter fell under the table.
,
mesa.
, , , ,
7· Mokanda eutl na tata. The letter lS from my father.
, " ,
8. MbSng9 eutl na tata. The money lS from my father.
9. There lsn't enough money.
, "
10. Mal ekokl tE(. There lsn't enough water.
218
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , , ,
1. Ezal~ na nse ya k~ t~ kas~ It's under the cha~r next to
, , ,
mpemben~ ya ndako. the wall.
, " ,
2. Ezal~ na nse kas~ na kat~ It's on the floor between the
, , ,
ya mesa m~bale. two desks.
, , , ,
3. B~zalak~ na nse kas~ na They were on the floor between
, " ,
kat~ ya mesa m~bale. the two tables.
, , , , ,
4. B~zalak~
, ,
l~kolo
,
ya buuku oyo
,
They were on the book on the
ezalak~ l~kolo ya mesa. table.
, , , , ,
5. Nat~yak~ yango l~kolo ya I put them on the book on the
" , , ,
buuku oyo ezalak~ l~kolo table.
,
ya mesa.
, , , , ,
6. Nat~yak~ yango na kat~ ya I put them ~n the book by the
, , , ,
buuku oyo ezalak~ telephone.
,
pynypyny ya tylyf»n.
, , , ,
7. Nazwak~ yango na ka t~ ya I found ~t ~n a book by the
, , , ,
buuku oyo ezalak~ telephone.
,
pynypyny ya tE(lefon.
I I
Fa ttern Dr~ll 1
, , ,
1. Ekomel~ elal~ na nse ya The penc~l ~s under the table.
,
mesa.
, , ,
2. Ekomel~ elal~ na l~kolo The penc~l ~s on the table.
,
ya mesa.
, ,
3. Ekomel~
,
elal~ na ns~ma ya The pencll ~s behlnd the table.
mesa.
219
, , ,
4. Ekomell elall
,
na Ilboso The pencll lS In front of the
ya mesa. table.
, " , ,
5. Ekomell elall
,
na mpembenl The pencll lS lylng near the
ya mesa. table.
, " ,
6. Ekomell elall na nsuka ya The pencll lS lylng at the edge
,
mesa. of the table.
, ,
7. Ekomell elall
,
pynypyny na The pencll lS lylng (rlght) by
mesa. the table.
8. "
Ekomell "
elall "
moslka na The pencll lS a long way from
,
mesa. the table.
" ", ,
9. Ekomell elalell mesa. The pencll lS leanlng agalnst
the table.
, , ,
10. Ekomell ezall na katl ya The pencll lS In the table.
,
mesa.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , , "
1. Balokotl
I , I
nzete na Ilbanda They plcked up a stlck outslde
,
mpo na kobenda ekomell. to rake the pencll out wlth.
2. "
Kamata nzete, na Ilbanda"
Get a stlck outslde to rake the
, ,
mpo na kobenda ekomell. pencll out wlth.
, , ,,
3. Kamata ekomell na ngal Take one of my penclls to do
, , , , ,
moko
I I
osala na yango.
- -
your work wlth.
(Take pencll of me on~ you work
Wl th 1 t. )
, ,, "
4· Zwa ekomell na ngal moko
, , , I •
Take one of my penclls to do
osala na yango. your homework wlth.
, , "
5. Zwa oyo nalobl na yo. Take what I told you.
", " ,
6. Bosala oyo nalobl na blnu. Do what I told you.
, , , , "
7. Bosala mosala na blnu Do the work before nlght falls.
Ilboso, mollll
" "ekweya.
220
, " ,
8. Ebo,.ngl moko na ka tl na One of you has to flnlsh the
, , , ,
- ' I , ,
blnu aSlllsa mosala work before nlght falls.
, , #" ,
llboso mollll ekweya 4
, " ,
9. Ebongl moko na kat1- na One of you has to flnlsh the
I , , , ,
I I ,
blnu aSlllsa mosala JOb before the sun rlses.
, , ,
llboso mOl eblma.
, ,,, ,
10. Ifo mlbale na katl na Two of them have to flnlsh
" " , ,
bango baslllsa mosala the JOb before the sun
, , ,
Ilboso mol. eblma. comes up.
Pa ttern Dr1-l1 2
, , , ,,
1. Yaka kosallsa ngal Come help me move the table
, ,
nalongola mesa. out.
, , , , ,,
2. Yaka osallsa ngal Come help me move the table
, ,
nalongola mesa. out.
, , , ,,
3. Yaka kobendlsa ngal
,
Corne help me move the trunk.
sanduku.
, , , , ,,
4· Yaka obendlsa ngal Come help me move the trunk.
,
sanduku.
, , , ,,
5. Yaka kofwandlsa ngal. Corne over for a chat. Come
over and keep me company.
, ", ,,
6. Yaka ofwandlsa ngal. Come over for a chat. Corne
over and keep me company.
, , , ,,
7. Yaka kogumblsa ngal
, ,
Come help me fold the sheets.
bllamba ya mbetu.
, , , , ,,
8. Yaka ogumb1.sa nga1.
, ,
Come help me fold the sheets.
b1.lamba ya mbe"bu.
, , , , ,
9. Yaka togumba b1.lamba Come, let's fold the sheets.
,
ya mbetu.
, , , , ,
10. Yaka tobenda sanduku. Come, let's move the trunk.
221
Fa t tern Dr III 3
, , ,
1. Ezall llkolo ya mesa, It's on the table next to the
,
pynypyny ya taSl. cup.
, , , ,
2. Ezall llkolo ya mesa, kasl It's on the table next to the
,
pynypyny ya taSl. cup.
, ,
3. Ezall na mabele, pynepene
, I I I
It's on the floor by the door.
ya monoko
I I I
ya ndako.
, , "
222
Unlt 22
BaSlc Sentences
-A-
, , ,
1. OtOblSl oyo ezall kokynd y Where lS thlS bus gOlng"
,
wapl"
-B-
, , ,
2. Marensa. Ollngl okynd y To Marensa. Where do you
,
wapl" want to go"
-A-
;; , , , ,
3. Klmwenza. Sako nakamatl To Klmwenza. If I take lt,
, I , I ,
yango nakokoma tE(" won't I get there"
-B-
, , " ,
4. Okokoma, kasl nokl
I ,
te,
I
mpo You'll get there, but not fast
okoklta mbala mlngl na because you'll (have to)
,
nzela. change busses several tlmes
on the way.
-A-
, "
5. OtOblSl mosusu oyo ek~ndyky
, , ,
Is there another bus that
mbala moko na Klmwenza goes dlrectly to Klmwenza"
, I I
ezall"
-B-
, , " "
6. Soko ollngl oyo wana, If you want that one, you'll
I I
,
okoz11a mwaa ngonga (have to) walt qUlte a
, ", , ,
mlngl na eSlka otylyml. whlle where you are standlng.
-A-
, , ,
7·. Oka n1S 1 ngonga bonl" How long do you thlnk"
223
-B-
, ,
#I-
, ,
8. Nayebl te, mpo OtOblSl I don't know because a bus
, , • , ,
moko ya Klmwenza elekl to Klmwenza went by Just
•, • ,
mwaa slka oyo. a moment ago.
-A-
, " ," ,
9. Yeblsa ngal nalnu, OtOblSl Tell me, lS the lnterlor of
,".
-B-
, , , ,
10. Ezall malamu, mabe nde It's clean, only there's lots
, ,
makylyl y mlDgl. of nOlse.
-A-
, , ,, ,
11. Longwa awa tll na Klmwenza From here to Klmwenza how many
, , ,
baarrets blzall bonl? stops are there?
-B-
,
mpamba free, worthless, only,
wlthout reason, valn
" , , ,
12. Nakanlsl IDlbale too I belleve only two or three.
, , ,
mlsatu mpamba.
-A-
, ,,. " " "
13. Talela ngal nalnu kuna, Look over there, lsn't that
, ", ,
oyo wana bus ya Klmwenza~ the bus to KlmWenza?
-B-
,
maklla blood; fate, destlny
, "
Ozall na maklla malamu You're In luck today, It'S
,
lelo,
,
. ,,,.,,
yango wana bus
,
ya K1.mwenza.
the Klmwenza bus.
224
USEFUL PHRASES
,, , , , ,
Epa1 Wap1 bazwaka taks1~ Where lS the tax1 stand~
,, , , ,
Epa1 wap1 gare ya otOb1S1 ezal1~ Where lS the bus sta t1on~
,, , , ,
Epa1 wap1 gare ya maS1n1 ezal1 ~ Where lS the tra 1n s ta t1on~
,, , , , , ,
Epa1 wap1 11banda ya aV10I ezal1'l Where lS the a1rport'l
,, , , , , ,
Epa1 wap1 11bongo ya masuwa ezal1'l Where lS the ferry cross1ng'l
Where lS the harbor'l
, , , , ,
T1ya k1t1 ya b1bende na balasan1. Put the metal cha1rs on the
veranda.
, , , , , , ,
T1ya k1t1 ya nkekele
I I I
na balasan1. Put the w1cker cha1rs on the
veranda.
, , , , , ,
T1ya ekolo
I I
ya nkykyl y na balasan1. Put the basket on the porch.
, , , ,
Maso akotobola
I I
ndyl y Iln1n1sa na The mason w1Il cut a wlndow
efelo. 1n the wall some t1me In
the future.
Maso" "
akotobola ,
Iln1n1sa na efelo The mason w1II cut a w1ndow ln
I I ,
mokolo
I I I
nS1ma ya lob1.
I
the wall the day after tomor-
row.
Maso" "
akotobola ,
Iln1n1sa na efelo The mason w1II cut a w1ndow 1n
I I , ,
nS1ma ya m1kolv
I I
m1satu. the wall three days from now.
(See Note 22.2.)
" " " " Iln1n1sa
Maso, atobolak1 , na efelo The mason cut a wlndow In the
, , I, ,I ,
lob1lob1 elek1. wall the day before yesterday.
, "",,, ,
Maso atobolak1 Iln1n1sa na efelo The mason cut a wlndow In the
I I , , ,
m1kolo
I I
m1satu m1lek1. wall three days ago.
, , ,
Lokoto
I I I
rna toko.
I I
P1ck up the sleeplng mats.
, , ,
Lokoto
I I I
nkon1. Gather some flrewood.
, , , ,
Lokoto
t I I
blten1 ya tala tala. Plck up the pleces of the
m1rror.
225
,
taks 1 ( taXl) taxlca b
garae s ta tlon
, ,
Ilbongo, ma- shore, quay, wharf, dock
,
balasanl veranda, porch; hat brlm
, , ,
nkykyl y , n- cane, reed, llana, wlckerwork
mas~ (ma9on) mason, brlcklayer
, ,
-tobolo
I I I
to plerce, puncture; speak 111
of someone
,
ndylE( some tlme, In the future
, ,
Iltoko, ma- mat, sleeplng mat
,I I
nkonl, n- flrewood
,
tala tala mlrror, pane of glass, spectacles,
lamp, ch1mney
NOTES
22.1 /longw~ ~wa tii na Klmw~nza/
Revlew Notes 8.9 and 9.5
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, , ,
1. OtoblSl oyo ekokynd y wapl~ Where 1S thlS bus gOlng~
2.
" ,
OtOblSl oyo ekoteleme na ThlS bus lS gOlng to Marensa.
, I I I
Marensa.
" ,
3. Otob1Sl oyo ekokoma na
,
ThlS bus wlll take you to
Klmwenza. Klmwenza.
, , , ,
4· Nakama tl bus na Klmwenza. I took the bus to Klmwenza.
, , , , ,
5. Nakama tl bus mbala mako.
I I
I took the bus (only) once.
,
6. Okotylymy na arret mbala The bus wlll stop (only) once.
, ,
moko.
I I
226
7. "
Soko "
okamatl ,
yango, If you take that one, you'll
1 I - -
okot~leme
I , I
na arret. stop only once (l.e., you
get off at the second bus
stop. )
, , " , ,
8. Soko okamatl yango, okokoma If you take thls one, you'll
,
, ,
I
nokl.
---+-
get there qUlckly.
, , " "
9. S~k~ ollngl oyo wana, If you take that one, you'll
, ,
okokoma nokl.
I
get there fast.
, , " " ,
10. Sako Ollngl oyo wana, ezall If you take that one, lt's O.K.
I I
, " ,
malamu mabe nde mak~l~l~. but there's a lot of nOlse.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, , , ,
1. Okanlsl ngonga bonl~ How long do you thlnk lt wl11 be~
, , ,
2. Okanlsl arrets ya OtoblSl How many stops do you thlnk the
"
blzall, bonl~ bus makes~
, ,
3· Arrets ya otOblSl blzall How many stops are there on the
, , ,
bonl na Klmwenza~ way to Klmwenza~
, , "
4· Okotonga ndako mlsatu
,
You are gOlng to bUl1d three
na Klmwenza. houses at Klmwenza.
, , " "
5. Okotonga ndako mlsatu --t--+
soko If you buy the ground where
, , " ",
osombl eSlka otylrml. you are standlng, you can
bUl1d three houses on It.
, , '.' ,
6. OkomlYlblsa bl1oko
------'-"-------+1--+1
soko
"
If you buy that place, you'll
, , " ",
osombl eSlka oteleml.
1
be the cause of your thlngs
belng stolen yourself. (l.e.,
knowlng the danger of theft
there, you would be foollSh
to make lt easy for thleves.)
, , " ,
7. , , , ,
OkomlYlblsa bl1oko, soko
........-.... If you go lnto the house, you'll
akotl
1
na ndako. be responslble for anythlng
tha t 's stolen.
227
, "
8. Okolobaloba mlngl soko Ir he goes lnto the house, you'll
, , , - l '
akotl
t
na ndako. talk and talk.
, ,
9. Okolobaloba mlngl ntangu yourll complaln a lot when he
,
akokende
I I
na Amerlque. goes to Amerlca.
, ,
10. Ntangu akokende
I 1,
na Amerlque {r you go to Amerlca, I'll be
nakozala malamu. all rlght.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , ,
1. Motu ya kablnda akatl The carpenter cut a notch In
" , ,
mwaa etenl ya llbaya. the wood.
, , ,
2. Motu ya kablnda alongoll The cablnetmaker cut out a notch
" , ,
mwaa ndambo ya Ilbaya. In the wood.
, , ",
3. Motu moko
, I I
alongoll mwaa
, ,
Someone cut out a notch In the
ndambo ya Ilbaya. wood.
, , , " ,
4· Motu moko
I I
arungolakl
-
,
maSlnl Someone turned on the washlng
ya kosukola bllamba. machlne.
, , " ,
5. Motu m9k9 akangakl maSlnl
,
Someone turned orr the washlng
ya kosukola bllamba. machlne.
" ,
6. MobonglSl akangakl maSlnl The repalrman turned ofr the
I
,
ya kosukola bllamba. washlng machlne.
7. MobonglSl "
akatlsl "
Ilsala The repalrman crossed the
I ,
na mbangu. rleld on the run.
8. Mbwa, ekatlsl
" "
llsala na The dog crossed the fleld In
,
mbangu. a hurry.
" ,
9. Mbwa elalaka na nse ya The dog sleeps under the house.
,
ndako.
" ,
10. Mbwa elalaka na katl ya The dog sleeps between the houses.
, , ,
ndako mlbale.
228
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,.
1. T1.ya k1.t1. ya nkekele
• • I
na Put the w~cker cha1.rs on the
~
balasan1. • porch.
,. ,. ,. ,. ,.
2. Tlya k1.t1. ya mabaya na Put the wooden cha1.rs 1.n the
,.
kuku. kltchen.
, ,. ,
3. Maso akotobola
, , .
udele
,. •
11.n1.n1.sa na kuku.
The mason w1.11 cut a w1.ndow 1.n
the k1.tchen some t1.me later
1.n the future.
,. ,. ,
4· Maso akot9b91a ndyl y
,. ,.
The mason w~ll cut a w1ndow
Ilnlnlsa na ndako ya In the d~nlng room one of
,.
kal1.a. these days.
,. ,,.
Tanda mat~k~ nY9ns~ na Spread all the mats In the
,. ,.
ndako ya kolla. dln1ng room.
, ,.,.
6. Tanda matoko nyonso
, t.
mOl mpo makauka.
,.
~
I t
na Spread all the mats 1.n the su
sun to dry.
,. ,., "
7. BOl atlk1 matoko
,. ,,. t t I
I
nyonso The house boy left all the
na mo1. mpo makauka. mats 1n the sun to dry.
, ,." ,. , ,.
8. B91 at1k1 mesa ya nk¥k¥ly The boy left the w1cker table
,. ,
na 11banda. Qutslde.
,. ,." ,,.,
9. Nan~ at1k1. mesa ya nkekele Who left the wlcker table
,. ,. . I • •
na llbanda'? outslde'?
,. ,.,., ,.
10. Nan1. atlkl. mesa ya bl.bende Who left the metal table
,. ,.
na 11banda" outslde"
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
,.
1. Lelo
••
mokolo
I I,. 1
ya kosukola Today 1S wash day.
b1lamba.
,.
2. Lela
• I ,.
mokolo
'It
ya kobo.nglsa .~
Today 1S housecleanlng day.
ndako.
229
, , , , ,
3. Bana ya mosala bab~nglsl
,
The domestlcs stralghtened up
ndako. the house.
, ",
4· Bana ya mosala baakopasola The domestlcs are Spllttlng
,
nkOnl. flrewood.
, , , ,
5. Andele aakopasola nkonl. Andre Spllttlng flrewood.
, " , ,
6. Andele aZllakl tata Andre was waltlng for the boss
, , ,
akyndEj mosala. to leave for work.
, , , , ,
7. Andele na Alobe baZllakl
, , , ,
Andre and Albert are waltlng
tata akynd y na mosala. for the boss to leave for
work.
, " ,
8. Andele na Alobe baakoblmlsa Andre and Albert are brlnglng
, , ,
kltl na mesa na llbanda. the table and chalrs outslde.
, , ,
9. Batongl ndako baakoblmlsa The masons are brlnglng the
, , , ,
kltl na mesa na Ilbanda. table and chalrs outslde.
, , "
10. Batongl ndako baakoyoka The masons are too hot.
, , ,
molunge mlngl na nzotu.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
" , ,
1. Mwana oyo azall na maYyl y ThlS Chlld lS mentally retarded.
, ,
mokuse.
, , " ,
2. Mwana oyo aakokombo I I
talatala The Chlld lS wlplng the mlrror
, "
na etenl ya elamba. wlth a plece of cloth.
, ,, , ,
3. Kulutu na ngal aakokombo
, , I I
My slster lS wlplng the mlrror
tala tala na etenl ya wlth a plece of cloth.
,
elamba.
, ,, , ,
4· Kulutu na ngal azalaka na My brother used to have a black
, ,
motuka ya mWlndu. automoblle.
, ", ,
5. Mokombl
I ,
balabala azalaka
,
The streetcleaner used to have
na motuka ya mWlndu. a black automoblle.
230
, " ,
6. Mokombl balabala azall na The road repalrman was lucky
I
, , ,
maklla malamu lelo. I I
today.
, " ,
7. Lekl na ye azall na maklla
, ,
Your brother was lucky today.
malamu lyl~.
, , , ,
8. Lekl na ye a10ngo11 Your slster took off the
, ,
bo1angltl na bl1amba blanket and all the bed
, ,
ny~ns~ ya mbetu. clothes.
" " , ,
9. Nayebl t y nanl alongoll I don't know who took off the
, ,
bolangltl na bllamba blankets and all the bed
nY9ns~ ya mb~tu. clothes.
" , ,,
10. Nayebl t y epal ya gare I don't know where the traln
, ,
ya maslnl ezall. sta tlon lS.
231
Un 1. t 23
Bas1.c Sentences
-A-
Where have the chlldren gone~
-B-
, ,
2. Bakel na eteyolo kosakana They have gone to school to
,
na ndembo. play soccer.
-A-
" " , ,
3. Soko tole1. mabe~ Mpo Suppose we eat, that'd be all
I I , ,,
, , epaJ..
nazal1. kokande r1.ght, wouldn't 1.t? Because
I'm g01.ng somewhere.
-B-
Where~
-A-
,
Nzambe God
, ,
Ndako-Nzambe church
,
-longana to marry, get marrled
(Chr1.st1.an r1.te)
, , ,
5. Na}1.ngl nakende
, I , I
na Ndako-
,
I want to go to the church to
Nzambe kotala bolongan1. be present at the marr1.age
" ,,
ya mon1.nga na ngal Mlchel. of my fr1.end M1.chel.
-B-
,
- balana to marry, get marr1.ed
( tradl tlonal)
6. Are they gett1.ng marr1.ed today?
232
-A-
, , ,
7. Lelo
I ,
koJ na mpokwaJ Yes 1ndeed, th1S afternoon.
-B-
", , , ,
8. SOk1 bana bazalak1 awa, If the ch1ldren were here, we
I
, " , ,
nde toke1 b1SU m1bale. would go together.
, , ,
9. M1chel bango na mwaS1 na M1chel and h1S w1fe really love
, "" ,
ye bal1ngan1 m1ng1 mpenza. each other.
-A-
, " ,
10. Ezal1 ya sooloJ Bol1ngo That's true. They have loved
,I I "I ,
na bango euta bomwana. each other Slnce Ch1ldhood.
-B-
, ,
11. NS1ma ya Ndako-Nzambe, After (hav1ng been at) the
, ,
bokokende
I I
kob1na wap1~ church, where are you gOlng
to dance~
-A-
, , ,
12. Nakan1s1 na ndako ya M1chel. I bel1eve at M1chel's house.
-B-
, , , ,
13. Ozongaka ntangu malamuJ Come home at a reasonable hour.
USEFUL PHRASES
, "
Mamel0
, I
azal1 kosambela. The nun lS praY1ng.
, , ,
Mamyl~ azal1 kotanga buuku The nun lS read1ng (from) the
,
ya b1sambo. prayerbook.
, ", "
Mamyl~ alat1 sutan1 ya mpymb y • The nun lS wear1ng a long
wh1te robe.
, " ,
MopeI aakobal1sa balongan1. The pr1est lS marrY1ng the
couple.
233
, " ,
Pastyl y aakoballsa balonganl. The mlnlster lS marrylng the
couple.
, , , ,
Lopete
I , I
ya mallasl ezall ya The weddlng rlng lS made out
mbongo.
I I
of slIver.
, , , ,
Lopyt y ya bolonganl ezall The weddlng rlng lS made out
,
ya wolo. of gold.
,
ZUZl "
apesl bango" ndlnglsa ya The Judge gave them a dlvorce.
,
koboma llbala.
, , , , ,
ZUZl apesl bango nzela ya The Judge gave them a dlvorce.
,
koboma llbala.
, , ,
Azall mokrlstu ya mopy. He lS Cathollc.
, , , ,
Azall mokrlstu ya mlsY9 nl • He lS Protestant.
, , ,
Azall mokrlstu ya ngelesa. I I
He belongs to the Salvatlon
Army.
, ,
Azall mopagano. He lS a pagan.
, , ,
Nganga nklsl aakoblklsa motu The medlclne man heals people.
,
ya malall.
, ,
Nganga nklSl aakobengana The medlclne man chases away
,
badlabolo. the eVll splrlts.
, , ,
Nganga nklsl anoklsl
I
mbula. The medlclne man made lt raln.
, " ,
Tombola moslkltele.
I I
Put up the mosqulto nettlng.
, " ,
Kangaka moslkltele.
I I
Always keep the mosqulto
nettlng closed.
, , , ,
Nabotaml na Zavle. I was born In January.
, , , ,
Nabotaml na Fevlle. I was born ln February.
, , , ,
Nabotaml na Malasl. I was born ln March.
, , , ,
Nabotaml na Aprlll. I was born ln Aprll.
, , , ,
Nabotaml na Mal. I was born In May
234
, , , ,
Nabotam~ na Yun~. I was born ~n June.
, , , ,
Nabotam~ na YulJ.. I was born ~n July.
, , , ~
marrJ.age ceremony
, ,
pastyl y (pasteur) mJ.n~ster,clergyman
(Protestant)
,
malJ.as~ (mar~age) marrJ.age
, ,
bolonganJ., bolonganJ., ma- marr~age (ChrJ.stJ.an
rJ.te)j marr~ed person
,
wolo gold
, ,
zuzJ., zuze (Juge) JUdgeJ court, tr~bunal
,
lJ.bala, ma- marrJ.age (trad~tJ.onal)
, ,
mokrJ.stu, monkrJ.stu, ba-
misy~n~ (m~ssJ.on) mJ.ssJ.onary, clergyman
(Protestant)
235
NOTES
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
1.
, "
Mwana ake1 wap11 Where has the chlld gone~
, , ,
2. Mwana akel koteya na The boy has gone to teach at
,
eteyelo. the school.
, ,
3. Molak1s1 aakoteya na
,
The 1nstructor 1S teach1ng
eteyelo. the school.
" ,
4. Molak1s1 aakolongana ly19
, ,
The 1nstructor 1S gett1ng
na Ndako-Nzambe. marr1ed at the church today.
236
, , " ,
5. Ban1nga baakolongana lelo
, , I I
My fr1ends are gett1ng
na Ndako-Nzambe. marr1ed at the church today.
" , ,
6. Ban1nga bakozonga na ntangu My fr1ends won't get back
,
malamu. too la te.
7. Tata" akozonga na ntangu
, My father w1ll get back
,
malamu. fa1rly early.
, ,
8. Tata akokynd y kob1na na My father lS gOlng to dance
,
ndako ya M1chel. at M1chel's.
, ,
9. Balongan1 bakokynd y kob1na The marr1ed couple(s) w1ll
,
na ndako ya M1chel. dance at M1chel's house.
, , " ,
10. Balongan1 bazong1 0 mboka. The husband and w1fe went
to the1r v1llage.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
, ", ,
1. Nasombel1 ndako Ilfungola I bought a new key for the
ya slka. house.
, " ,
2. Nasombel1 bab1n1 masanga. I bought the dancers some
dr1nks.
, , ,
3. Tozal1 kopesa bab1n1 masanga. We are glVlng the dancers
some dr1nks.
, , ,-
4. Tozal1 kopesa balongan1
,
We are glv1ng the couple
bosal1S1. ass 1stance.
, , ,
5. Tozal1 kosenga llfuta na
,
We are ask1ng the purchasers
basomb1. for payment.
, , , ,
6. TOUt1 kosenga Ilfuta na We have Just asked the
,
basomb1. purchasers for payment.
, , , , ,
7. Tout1 kopesa ye llyeb1sa. We have come to glve h~ a
not1ce.
237
, , ,
8. MOtOngl ya ndako azall The contractor lS gOlng to glve
, .' ,
kopesa ye llyeblsa. hun the notlce.
, , ,
9. Motongl ya ndako azall na The bUllder has a wooden ladder.
, , ,
ebutell ya mabaya.
, , ,
10. Moboml azalakl na ebutell The assaSSln had a wooden ladder.
, ,
ya mabaya.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, ,
1. Akozala kotombala moslkltyl y He'll put up the mosqulto net-
, , ,
llkolo llboso ya kolala. tlng before gOlng to sleep.
, , , ,
, , ,
2. Tokangaka
- moslkltele llkolo We closed the mosqulto nettlng
,
Ilboso ya kolala. before gOlng to bed.
" , ,
3. Tokangaka mab~k~ ntangu We crossed our arms when he had
"
azwaka ll.kama. " an accldent. (l.e., we dld not
glve hlm any asslstance.)
, , , "",
4. Bango mlbale bamlpesanaka
, , , ,
He alded the person ('they
maboko,, ,, ntangu azwaka mutually gave hands') who
llkama. had an accldent.
, , " , ""
5. Bango mlbale bamlpesanaka They promlsed to wrlte to each
monoko Ilboso" bakabwana. " other after they separated.
• , I
, ", ,,
6. Tata apesaka ngal monoko , I I
My father gave me some advlce
Ilboso" tokabwana~ " before we separated.
, ", ,, "
7. Tata apesaka ngal. mwaSl
,
My father obtal.ned a wlfe for
ya kobala. me.
, , , ,
8. Ata ndyl y nakozwa mwaSl I wlll get marrled sooner or
,
ya mobala. later.
, ,
9. Ata ndyl y nakozwa bokonzl Sooner or later I'll have the
, , ,
na mboka na blSU. power In our country.
, , ,
10. Nde y~ mokonzl na mboka Are you the chlef of state of
, ,
na blSU'l our coutltryez
238
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
,
1. Nakom~ chec. I wrote a check.
, "
2. Na tondls 1 chec. I fllled out a check.
, " ,
3. Natlndell ye chec. I sent hlm a check.
, " ,
4. Natlndl ye na bankl. I sent hlm to the bank.
, , ,
5· Natlndl chec na bankl. I sent the check to the bank.
, , ,
6. Nazall na mbongo
I I
na bankl. I have money ln the bank.
I deposlted money ln the bank.
, , ,
7. NaZWl mb~ng9 na bankl. I wlthdrew money from the bank.
, , , ,
8. Nasengl mb<j>ng)' na bankl. I wlthdrew money from the bank.
, , , ,
9. , , na bankl.
Nakel kozwa mbongo I'm gOlng to the bank to get
some money.
, , ,
10. Nakel kodefa mbongo na I'm gOlng to the bank to
, I I
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, , , ,
1. Efelo ya ndako ebukanl. The wall of the house collapsed.
, ,
2. Efelo ya ndako ezall The wall of the house lS yellow.
, ,
motaneso.
" ,
3. Elamba na ye ya mallasl Her weddlng gown lS llght
, "
ezall motaneso. yellow.
, , ,
4. Elamba na ye ya bolonganl Her weddlng gown lS Ilght
, "
ezal~ motaneso. yellow.
, , ,
5. Elamba na ye ya bolonganl
, , , ,
Her weddlng gown came from
eut~ na Mputu. Europe.
239
, , , ,
6. LoP¥t¥ na ye ya bolonganl Her weddlng rlng came f'rom
, , , ,
eutl na Mputu. Europe.
, , , ,
7. Lopyt y na ye ya bolonganl Her weddlng rlng 18 gold.
, ,
ezall ya wolo.
, , ,
8. Ntangu na ye ya maboko
, , I •
H1S wrlstwatch lS gold.
ezall ya wolo.
, , ,
9. Ntangu na ye ya mabokc H1S wrlstwatch lS broken.
, , I I
ekuf'l.
, , ,
10. Ntangu na ye ya ndako H1S alarm clock lS broken.
, ,
ekuf'l.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , , ,
1. Mokanda ezalakl llkolo ya The letter was on the book on
" , , ,
buuku oyo ezalakl llkolo the table.
,
ya mesa.
" , ,
2. Natlyl yango llkolo ya I put It on the book on the
" , ,
buuku oyo ezalakl table.
, ,
llkolo ya mesa.
"
3. Natlyl yango" epal, otlkakl.
",
I put It where you left It.
, , ,, ",
4. Nazwakl ekomell epa~ otlkakl. I found the pen where you
left It.
, , , ,
5. Nazwakl ekomell llkolo ya
, , ,
I found the pencll on the table
mesa na etenl ya kolla. ln the dlnlng room.
, " ,, , ,
6. Tlyela ngal mp~ndu na 1~s9 Put me some rlce wlth manlOC
" ,
llkolo ya mesa na etenl leaves on the table ln the
,
ya kolla. dlnlng room.
, " ,, , ,
7. Tlyela ngal mpondu I
na loso
I t
Put me out some rlce wlth manlOC
, , "
balambl na plllPlll na leaves cooked wlth peppers
, , ,
maf'uta motane. and palm 011.
8. "
Pesa " blloko
ngal , "
balambl Glve me somethlng cooked wlth
, I ,I ,
na plllplll na mafuta peppers and palm oll.
, ,
motane.
" ,, , , , ,
9. Pesa ngal bl19k9 otlkakl
, , , Glve me some of the food that
lobl na mpokwa. you had left yesterday
afternoon.
" " , , ,
10. Laklsa ye ek~tl otlkakl Show her the hat that you
, , ,
lobl na mpokwa. left yesterday afternoon.
Un~t 24
Bas~c Sentences
-A-
, , ,
1. Bozal~ na b~leko bon~ na How many seasons do you have
, "
mbula moko? per year~
I ,
-B-
, , " ,
2. M~bale, moko ya mbula, Two, one ra~ny and the other
, I I
-A-
,
3. Eleko ya elanga ezal~ When ~s the dry season?
, ,
ntangu n~n~~
-B-
4· " "
"
Ebandaka na sanza "
ya moko
, ,
t~~ na sanza ya motoba.
, . It lasts from January to June.
-A-
, ,
5. Dyo ya mbula~ And the ralny season?
-B-
, , , ,
6. Elanga ya mbula ekamat~ The ralny season lasts the other
" " ,,
sanza ya motoba, t~l SlX months from June unt~l
, , "
na oyo ya zom~ na m~bale. December.
-A-
" , ,,
7. Lobela nga~ mwaa makambo Tell me somethlng about tlme.
, , .'
elekaka ntangu wana.
-B-
, , , ,
B. Ntangu ya mbula makama Dur1ng the ra1ny season there
" ,
mapus1 m1ng1, mpamba are a lot o£ natural calam-
,
te mbula "
ekonoko m~ng~ ~t~es because 1t ra1ns a lot
, , I I
-A-
, ,
nkake, n- thunder, 11ghtn1ng
, ",
9. Bozal1 na nkake t y na Don't you have a lot o£ thunder'l
, , ,
mboka na b1nu'l
-B-
, ",
10. Tozal1 na nkake m1ng1 We have a lot o£ thunder, and
, , ,
mpe makas1 lokola. 1t's qU1te loud.
-A-
, ,
11. Ntangu ya mbula batu Dur1ng the ra1n people don't
, ,
basa1aka too bab1maka work or go outs1de~
, , ,
11banda ty'l
-B-
-A-
, , "
13. Ndenge n1n1 okok1 koyeba How can you know 1f 1t'S g01ng
", " ,
soko
I I
mbu1a el1ng1 kono,ka~ to ra1n'l
243
-B-
, , , ,
14. Ezall mpasl t y , okom9na
, " ,
It's not dlfflcult. You wlll
l1kolo ekoml mOlndu, see the sky become black and
" ,
rope mboka molll1, na the vl11age gets dark, men
, " ,
ntangu wana, batu na and anlmals start looklng
,,, ,
nyama bakoml koluka for shelter.
, ,
ndako na bango.
USEFUL PHRASES
244
, ,
Abokolaka nyama. He ralses anlmals.
, ,
Abokolaka
, ,
ngombe. ,. He keeps cows.
, I
Abokolaka ntaba. He keeps goats.
Abokolaka mymy• He keeps sheep.
I
• ,
Abokolaka mpata. He keeps sheep .
, •
I
, ,
Mboka eZlndl na mal. The vlllage lS flooded.
, "
Mwana aZlndl na mal. The Chlld drowned.
, "
Masuwa mazlndl na mal. The boa t sank.
" ,
llsangu, llsango, ma- a graln of corn
,
kokotl
I t
coconut, coconut palm
lingolo, ma- mango, mango tree
,
nguba, n- peanuts
, ,
llbela, ma- Plt, hole, trench, well,
valley
, ,
eWyl y , bJ:- small domestlc anlmal,
sheep, goat
, ,
ngombe,
• I
n- cow, bull
ntaba, n- goat
,
mpata, m- sheep
mpela, m- raln, ralny season, flood
,
-lobo
I I
to flSh
,
-lona to plant, sow
245
,
bllona plant, plantlng
,
zelo
I I
sand
,
ndunda, n- vegetables
,
llkwangola, ma- machete, chopplng-knlfe; part
of a vlllage where ex-soldlers
llve
,
nkongo, n- hoe, plck-ox
,
-kona to plant, sow
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 1
, , ,
1. Bozall na blleko bonl How many seasons do you have
, "
na mbula moko'Z
I ,
In a year"
, "
2. Tozall na blleko mlbale We have two seasons In year.
,
na mbula "
moko.
t ,
, ",
3. Tozall na basanga zoml We have twelve months In a
" ,
na mlbale na mbula ," ,
moko. year.
, ",
Tozall na basanza zoml na We have twelve months durlng
, , ,
mlbale mpo na eleko ya the dry season and wet season.
,
mbula na eleko ya elanga.
" ,, , ,
Lobela ngal mwaa makambo mpo Tell me somethlng about the wet
,
na eleko ya mbula na eleko and dry seasons.
ya elanga.
" ,, ,
6. Lobela ngal mwaa makambo Tell me somethlng about that
, "
elekaka na ntangu wana. tlme.
, " "
7. Na ntangu
,
wana
,
makama Durlng that tlme, there are a
mapusl mlngl. lot of natural calamltles.
, , " ,
8. Makama mapusl mlngl mpamba There are a lot of natural
, "
te mbula ekon9ko mlngl calamltles because lt ralns
, ,
mpe makasl. long and hard.
,. ,.,.,.
9. Tozall na nkake mln~, We have a lot of thunder and
,. ,. ,.
mpamba te mbula ekonoko llghtnlng when lt ralns
,. , ,. I I
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 2
,. ,.
1. Ntangu ya mbula batu Durlng the raln, people don't
,.
basalaka too bablmaka work or go outslde"
,. ,. ,.
Ilbanda te? I
,. ,. ,.
2. Mpo na nlnl t~, batu Why don't people work or go
,.
basalaka mpe bablmaka outslde"
,. ,.
Ilbanda"
,. ,.,. ,.
3. Mpo na nlnl t y , tozall Why not, we have a lot of very
,.,.,. ,.
na nkake mlngl mpe loud thunder.
,.
makasl.
,. ,.,.,. ,.
4· Tozall na nkake mlngl mpe
,,. ,.
We have a lot of very loud
makasl, kasl ntangu ya thunder, but not In the
,.
elanga
-
,.
.
te.
,. ,
dry season.
5. Bl19k? ya kolla blzall
,. ,. ~,.
There are lots of thlngs to
mlngl ntangu ya mbula, eat In the ralny season, but
,,. ,.
kasl ntangu ya elanga tee I
not In the dry season.
,. ,. ,.
6. Blloko
I,.
ya kolla blZall There are many thlngs to eat
I ,. ,
mlngl ntangu ya mbula, In the ralny season because
,.,. ,,.
mpo mal ezall mlngl na there lS a lot of water In
,.
mabele. the ground.
,.,. ,.,.
7. Mpo mal ezall mlngl na Because there lS lots of water
mabel~ bambuma blkok61a 1n the ground, frults grow
,.
malamu. very well.
247
, ,
8. Bambuma blkokola malamu Fru1ts grow well lf the SOlI
, , , , ~
sako
I I
mabele ezal1 malamu. lS good.
, , , , ,
Soko
I I
mabele ezal1 malamu If the SOlI lS good, plants
, "
bllona blkokola mbangu. grow rap1.dly.
, "
10. Bllona blkokola mbangu Plants grow rap1dly In the
, ,
na ntangu ya mbula. ralny season.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 3
, , ,
1. Lobl mokolo
, I ,
nlnl~ What day 18 tomorrow~
, , , ,
2. Lob1 mokolo ya mosala Tomorrow lS Frlday.
, ,I I I -
m1 tanu.
Nakos~la t~, mokolo
I I I
ya I won't work Frlday.
" "
mosala mltanu.
, , ",
4- Nakosala t~ na ntongo mpe
,
I wonrt work elther the mornlng
na mpokwa. or the afternoon.
, ,
Akendek1 na stade Baudouln He d1dn't go to the Stade Baudoln
I
, I ",
te na ntongo mpe na elther In the mornlng or In
~
, I I
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 4
" , ,
1. Nakel kosala na KlnSaSa. I'm about to go to work In
Leopoldvllle.
, , ,
2. Nakel kotanga buuku na I'm about ready to read a
,
ndako. book at home.
,
3. Nakosala bllanga na nSlma
,
I'll cultlvate the flelds be
na ndako. behlnd the house.
,
4. Nakosala bllanga na nSlma I'll work the flelds after
ya elanga. the dry season.
, , ,
5. Balonl bakokeba na ntangu The cultlvators are attentlve
ya elanga. durlng the dry season.
, , ,
6. Balonl bakokeba na ntangu The cultlvators pay attentlon
, ,
bakotlmola mabele. when they are spadlng up
the ground.
, , ,
7. Bakotlmola mabele na nkongo
, ,
They turn up the earth wlth
na mpau. hoes and spades.
,, , ,
8. Aakobongola mabele na They are turnlng over the
, , ,
nkongo na mpau. ground wlth hoes and shovels.
" ,
9. Aakobongola mabele na They dlg up the ground In the
,
ya nsuka ya elanga. last month of the dry season.
10. "
Ebongl ,
malamu "
olona~ na
I -
It's best to cultlvate In the
" ,
sanza ya nsuka ya elanga. last month of the dry season.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 5
, " ,
1. Mabele ya mal eekokollsa Wet earth makes plants grow
, , ,
bllona mbangumbangu. very fast.
, , ,
2. Eleko ya mbula eekokollsa The ralny season makes plants
, , ,
bllona mbangumbangu. grow very fast.
249
, ,
3. Eleko ya mbula ekoumelaka The ra1ny season lasts four or
, " " ,
sanza m1ne1 too m1tanu. f1ve months.
,
4. Eleko ya mpela ekoumelaka The ra1ny season lasts four or
, " " ,
sanza m1ne1 too m1tanu. f1ve months.
, ,
5. Eleko ya mpela eza11 malamu
,
The ra1ny season lS good for
na kolobo.
I I
f1sh1ng.
6. ,
Bwatu ezal1" malamu na A dugout canoe 18 good for
,
kolobo.
I I
f1sh1ng.
" , ,
7. Bwatu esalamaka na mabaya
,
A dugout 1S (always) made of
makas1. durable wood.
, ",
8. Ndako ya b1SU esalamaka Our house lS bU1lt w1th strong
" ,
na mabaya makas1. t1mbers.
, , , , ,
9. Ndako na b1SU ekabwan1 Our house cons1sts of four
, ,
na b1 ten1 m1ne 1. rooms.
, "" , ,
10. Ndako na b1SU etongamaka Our house was bU11t before the
,
I1boso ya etumba. war.
GRAMMATICAL DRILL 6
, , ,
1. Bana bat1k1 maloba na The ch1ldren pay no attent10n
,, "
nga1 make1 mpamba. to my words.
, , , ,
2. Bana bat1k1 ndembo na The ch1ldren left the ball on
, ,
11banda ya kosana. the playground.
, , ,
3. Na mpokwa bakobyt y ndembo
, ,
Th1s afternoon there wlll be
na 11banda ya kosana. a soccer game at the fleld.
, ,,
4. Na mpokwa tokokynd y epal. Th1S afternoon we wlll go
somewhere.
, ,,
5. Balonganl bakokynd y epa1. The couple w1ll go somewhere.
, , , , ,
6. Balongan1 balatakl bllamba The couple wore new clothes.
ya slka.
251
GLOSSARY
- baklsa to add
,
-bala to marry (tradltlonal marrlage)
252
,
llbala, ma- marrlage (tradlt10nal natlve)
mbala, m- tlme, tlmes, often mostly
, ,
mbala, m- potato
"0 "
balabala, balabala street, (broad) road
,
-balana to marry, get marrled, marry
each other (tradlt~onal
marrlage)
, 0 '
balasanl, balasanl veranda, porch; hat brlm
e bale, bl- stream, rlver
, ,
mlbale two
,
moball, ml- man, male; rlght (oPP. left)
- ballsa to marry, glve In marrlage,
perform a marrlage ceremony
- banda to start, commence
,
banda from, slnce, beglnnlng, start-
lng, contlnulng/startlng from
- bandaka to begln regularly, to last,
contlnue
, ,
llbanda outslde; yard, fleld
mbanda, ba- co-wlfe; brother-ln-Iaw
marrled to wlfe's slster;
slster-ln-Iaw marrled to
husband's brother; people
who don't llke each other
ebandell, bl- beglnnlng
bobandl, (ma-) beglnnlng, start
, ,
llbanga, ma- rock, stone
,
mo bange, ml- elder, old man/woman, age
253
, ,
mbangu, mbango, m- speed, sWlftness
bankl (banque) bank
, ,
Ilbaya, ma- wood, boardJ bench, seat; alm,
targe t; blouse
mab~ bad, wlcked, ugly
mbe then, otherwlse, else; perhaps;
•
lntroduces maln clause of con-
dltlonal sentence
-beka to borrow, buy on credlt, ask
for the loan of
- beklsa to lend, glve as a loan, pay In
advance, sellon credlt
,
mobeko, ml- law, regulatlon, obllgatlon, duty
, ,
Ilbela, ma- plt, hole, trench; well; valley
, ,
-bele to hurt, suffer, be slck
• •,
mabele ground, earth, floor
254
,
-bendlsa to help pull/move
- benga to follow, hunt, chase, pursue;
approach, go tOJ to be on the
pOlnt of
,
- benga to call, summon; call, name,
order (merchandlse)
- bengana to drlve away, pursue
'besoln' need
, ,
- byt y , - byta to hlt, strlke, knock, beat
,
e by t y I
l , b l- hammer, tool for hlttlng
, ,
mbetu, mbeto, m- bed, pallet
,
- blka to recover, llved, be rescued
,
mblla, m- palm nut, palm tree
- blma to go out, come out, go for a
walk, emerge
- blmaka to go/come out regularly
moblmba, (ml-) entlre, whole
- blmlsa to have (somethlng) come/go
out
-blmlsela to have (somethlng come/go out
for someone)
,
- blna to dance
,
boblna, ma- a dance
,
mo b lnl , ml- dancer
,
mblsl, m- flsh
houseboy, servant
255
,
mboka, m- vlllage, regl.on, dl.strJ.ct; trl.be,
race; resl.dence, address
, ,
ll.boke, ma- bunch, group, crowd; pack,
packageJ swarm
,
loboko,
t I
ma- arm, sIeve, slde, hand
,
mobokoll,
I I I
ba- ralser, one who cares for/ralses
chl.ldren/anl.mals
,
-bokololo
I I I I
to brl.ng up, ral.se, rear, feed,
breed (anl.mals)
, ,
bolangltl, bolanglsl blanket
-bolos~ (brosser) to brush
bol~sl (brosse) brush
256
mobong~s~,
I
ba- repa~rer
,
mobong~s~
I
ya motuka mechan~c
- bongo,
I I
- bonga
I
to be su~table, be ~n order,
f~t, be f~tt~ng
, ,
l~bongo, ma- shore, quay, wharf, dock
,
mbongo,
I I
m- money; s~lver
,
-bongola to change, turn around; st~r;
~nterpret, translate; dls-
257
,
-buka to break, demol~sh, p~ck, gather;
conquer, change d~rect~on
,
-bukana to be broken; gather, assemble,
be equally strong
,
mbula, m- ra~n, ra~ny season; year
'bureau r off~ce
, I
bus bus (see otob~s~)
258
,
- bwaka to throw, reJect, renounce;
throw out, dlsown
, ,
ebwele,
I I
bl- small domestlc anlmal, sheep,
goat
c
'chec' check
'chutes' raplds
d
,
ndako, n- house, bUlldlng, room, shed,
wall
, ,
Ndako-Nzambe church
,
ndambo, n- part, plece, share, half
nde then, lntroduces maln clauses
ln condltl0nal sentence
,
nde only, however, although, lnsplte
of the fact that; a future
marker In 11terary Llngala
(Do not use as a future marker)
,
-defa to borrow, buy on credlt, ask
for the loan of
,
-deflsa to lend, glve as a loan, pay
In advance, sellon credlt
,
ndE(IE(, n- sometlme, In the future
, ,
a ta ndyle much later
, ,
mondylE(, ml- whlte man, European
,
ndembo, n- rubber; ball
259
, ,
ndenge, n- sort, klnd, manner, way, quallty
"
ndenge "
na ndenge all klnds of
, , ,
ndenge nlnl how
,
madesu
I
beans
,
dll comrade, frlend
noon (11-1)
,
dlabolo, ba-
,
ndlnga, n- language
(See--llnglsa) authorlzatlon
,
ndobo,
I I
n- flshlng, flSh hook
,
bondokl, ma- gun, rlfle
,
ndunda, n vegetables
,
dzeke steamshovel; front-end loader;
earth mover; dump truck
e
,
ee (sometlmes lngresslve) yes; oh
I I
'electlon' electlon
,
essence gasollne
l'
260
261
'gaz' gas
,
magazlnl (magasln) store, shop; depot, storage place
o
gbagba, gbagba brldge
'gendarme' pollceman
262
, ,
nguya strength, power) ablllty,
quallty
,
mongwa, m~- salt
,
ma~ water) sap, JUlce
, ,
mal-mal
,
mo~ sun, sunllght, dayllght, day,
the heat of the sun
,
~fo (~l faut) It lS necessary, to have to
,
na~nu stlll, yet
263
, ,
llkama, ma- danger, accldent, natural
calamlty., punlshment ,
retrlbutlon
, , , ,
nkama, monkama hundred
-kama ta to take, recelve, accept
llkambo, ma- dlfference, matter, case,
dlspute, affalr
,
kamlo (camlon) truck
kana then, otherwlse
,
-kana to resolve, lntend, threaten,
promlse
,
mokanda, ml- letter, paper, document
-kanga to wrap up, package; stop,
cease, close, shut; take,
grasp
-kangama to be stopped, tled, captured,
congealed
ekangell, bl- handle; band; devlde for turnlng
-kangema to be closed
bokangl, (ma-) a stop, stOPPlng
-kangwama to be opened
-kanglsa to stop, cause to stop; JOln
fasten, screw tlghtj detaln
-kangola to release, let go of, loose,
open unroll, unlock, unfasten
-kangolela to open for someone
-kangwa to be open, be unlocked
-kanlsa to thLnk, re£lect
264
265
266
267
,
monkoloto,
I I I
mJ.- IJ.ne
-koma to wrJ.te, sJ.gn, J.nscrJ.be, enroll
,
-koma to arrJ.ve, begJ.n
-komama to be wrJ.tten
,
-kombama
I
to be swept/cleaned (by someone)
, ,
-kombo,
I I
-komba
I
to sweep, clean house; empty;
wJ.pe up/off; clean up/off
, ,
nkombo, n- name; honor, reputatJ.on
-komela wrJ.te to/for someone
ekome11, b1- wrJ.tJ.ng J.nstrument, wr1t1ng,
materJ.al, pencJ.l, pen
ekomelJ., bl- pencll, pen, wr1tJ.ng materJ.al
bok~In1, (ma-) arrJ.val
InOkOIn1, ba- wr1ter, author, scrJ.be
,
-koInl.sa to start, beg1n; cause to start/
begln
komJ.s~le
I I
(cOmml.SSalre) COmtnlssJ.oner, polJ.cernan
,
-kona to plant, sow
, ,
nkondoko
I •• "
.. n- cat
,
nkongo, n- hoe, Pl.ckax
mokongo, Inl-
"
-konza
. back
to manage, rule
mokonzJ. chlef, k1ng, boss, supervJ.sor
,
kopo
I I
glass, tumbler, cup
, ,
-kota,
•
koto
• I
to enter, go In
hat lman's)
268
,
-kot~sa
I
to cause to enter, ~nsert,
put ~n
,
nkoto thousand
,
kovokas~o (convocat~on) not~ce, summons, traff~c t~cket
, ,
mokr~stu, monkr~stu, ba- Chr~st~an
,
-kufa to d~eJ wear out; be broken
,
kuku k~tchen; cook
,
-kulutu, ba- older brother/s~ster
, ,
kuna over there, yonder
l~ve
,
-kwe~sa to drop, throw down, cut/pull
down, cause to fall, demol~sh,
269
,
-Ie lsa to feed, cause/glve to eat
-leka to go by, pass by, surpass, excel
-lekaka to go/pass by regularly; to
happen, contlnue to happen
,
lekl, ba- younger brother/slster
-leklsa to have pass by, pass on;
neglect; omlt, mlSS
eleko, bl- season, tlme, perlod
,
lelo
I I
today
to be(come) tlred, weary; tender,
done J ( r e ) lax ( e d), so f t ,
modera te, a ba te
-lengele
I I 1
to prepare, get ready
elengl pleaslng to the senses; good
•
taste/smell, beauty
Ie t~ (1 r ~ ta t) government, state
,
Klkongo ya Leta Kltuba
to eat
,
Ilbwa nlne
,
ml1lkl mllk
,
mall1l coldJ shade, cool place
,
mo1l1l dark, obscure, darkness;
19norance
,
-llmblsa to forglve, pardon, excuse
bo1{mblsl, (ma-) forglveness, pardon
-llnga to want, 11ke; be almost on the
pOlnt of; love, be fond of
271
272
.
,
loso,
-luka to hunt, search
,
-luka to row/paddle a boat
-lukela to hunt for (someth1.ng) for
someone
,
molunge, m1.- warmth, heat; fever, sweat)
st1.fl1.ng
,
lutu spoon
m
rna of, belong1.ng to
,
rna Here J Take 1. t J
,
mama, ba- mother
lom~nde (amende) f1.ne, penalty
-mata to go up, cl1.mb, r1.se
,
'mecanc 1.en ' mechanlc
-meka to measure, we1.gh, try (out),
test
bomekJ.., (rna . . ) attempt, effort, try
-mele,. to drlnk, suck, smoke; take
rned1.c1.ne
thanks
to cause/g1.ve to dr1.nk
273
,
mamyl9, ba- (ma mere) nun
-mym y to carry, transport
-memele
I I 1
to carry ror someone
porter, carrler, bearer
,
mesa table
, , , ,
meya, lomeya rlrty-centlme plece
lomlngo Sunday, week
,
-m9 nana to be seen, appear; see each
other; get seen
, ,
-m9n~, -m9 na to see, feel, observe
'Mons leur , Mlster, Slr, Gentleman
,
mWlnda llght, lamp
, , ,
mWlndu, mOlndu, mOlndo, ba- black, dark; a Negro, an Arrlcan
n
na In, or, by, wlthJ and
,
na and, also, even, besldes, In
addltlon
,
mlnel rour
,
monyny , m1.- blg, th1.ck, wldeJ fat, tall
, ,
bonl how much, how, many
,
nanl, ba- who, WhlCh
,
nlnl, ba- what, WhlCh
, ,
monlnga, m1.- rrlend, companlon, colleague,
peer
, ,
-n9, -n<t k 9 to raln
,
nokl
I
rast, qU1.ck, prompt, early
274
,
-nok1.sa
I
to make/cause to ra1.n
,
-noko
I I ,
(See -no)
, ,
noko,
I ,
ba- uncle, mother's brother
, ,
monoko,
, ,
m1.-. mouth, open1.ngJ word, message
b1.nu you (pl.)
, ,
11.nu, 11.no, ma- tooth
numer6 (numero) number
o
,
o to, toward, at, 1.n, on, by
,
00 ohJ
,
otob1.s1. (autobus) bus
,
11.mpa, ma- bread, p1.ece of bread
,
mopagano, ba- pagan
,,
epa 1., b1.- s1.de, part, d1.rect1.on
, ,
mpaku, mpako, n1.- tax; corvee labor
palak1. (plaque) plate, plaque; auto 11.cence
plate
,
palato, ba- errand boy, messenger postman
-palola to sk1.n, peel, scrape (off),
scour (off)
,
mpamba, m- free, worthless, only, va1.n,
w1.thout reason; noth1.ng
,
lopango, m- enclosure, fence; plot of land;
place of res1.dence
275
276
277
r
, ,
radlo, radlo radlo
-s ,
sabonl (savon) soap
mosal, monsa l, mosapl, flnger, toe
ml- , n-
-sakana to pay, enJoy oneself, have a
good tlme
,
-sala to do, work, perform, make, tlll
the ground, farm
, ,
llsala, ma- fleld, cultlvatlon; vegetable
dlsh
278
, ,
mosala, mJ.- Job, work, trade, occupatJ.on
,
-salama to be done/made
,
-salamaka to be done/made habJ.tually
,
esalalJ., bJ.- tool, ~nstrument
, ,
-m~salel~ to make/do for oneself
,
mosalel~, ba- servant
,
esalelo, b~- workshop, workroom, place to
work
,
mosal~, ba- worker, employee
,
-sal~sa to help, take care of; employ,
~nstruct
,
- sal~sana to help each other
, ,
IJ.sal~s~, bosal~s~, ma- help, a~d, ass~stance
,
mosal~sJ., ba- assJ.stant, helper
,
-samba to plead
,
esamba, bJ.- prayer
,
-sambela to plead for someone; pray;
perform/conduct rel~gJ.ous
serv~ces
nsambo seven
- sana, - sakona to play, amuse oneself
-sanga to assemble, meet; m1.X
,
sanduku, (ba-) trunk, box, sUJ.tcase, chest
masanga wJ.ne, beer
nsango, n- news, report
,
san~, ba- dJ.sh, bowl, plate, basJ.n
mosanJ., ba- player
279
280
, ,
moslkltylE(, ml- mosqulto nettlng
(moustlqUarle)
-sila to flnlsh, be done, flnlshed,
already
,
sllasl (clrage) POllSh, shoe POllSh
nSlma, n- back, rear, later, afterward
na nSlma then, next
,
-slmba to hold, selze
cement
,
SlmlSl (chem1.se) shJ.rt
slnema (cln~ma) movles, Clnema
slnga cord, rope, wlre, cable; band,
belt
,
maSlnl (machlne) machlne, mechanlcal lnstrument;
tral.n
, ,
nYCfns», bans» all, every, each
,
11SO, e '
mlSO ( see 11SU
')
,
soda, ba- (soldat) soldler
,
sofele,
I , ,
ba- (chauffeur) drlver, chauffeur
"
soko, "
SOkl If, whether, about, perhaps
I I ,
281
,
-sombama to be purchased
,
-sombela to sell to someone
, ,
-m~sombela to buy for oneself
,
mosomb~, ba- purchaser, buyer
moson~,
I I
ba- seamstress, tallor
-sono
I I
to sew, make clothes
282
t
ntaba, n- goat
eta be, b~- banana
matab{sl (matab~che) matablche, somethlng extra
glven as an lncentlve to buy;
tlP, gratulty, advantage,
prof'lt
taxlcab
#
-tala to look, look at, V1Slt
#
talase (terrasse) dl tch, canal
,
tala tala mlrror, pane of glass; specta-
cles, lamp chlmney
vleWJ vlewlngJ contemplatl0n
#
283
, ,
tallye, talye (ateller) workshop, shop, workroom
, ,
ntalu, ntalo, n- prlce, number
, ,
lltambala, kltambala, ma- handkerchlef, cloth, towel,
napkln
,
- tambola to take a walk, travel, move,
make progress, hurry
,
-tambolatambola to walk a lot, a long way;
wander
- tambwlsa to put In motlon, start, drlve
(a car)
,
motambwlsl, ba- one who sets In motlon, one
who spreads, steersman
, ,
motabwlsl ya motuka drlver, chauffeur
- tanda to spread, stretch out
, ,
motane brlght red/orange/yellow
, ,
motaneso llght yellow/tan/belge
,
-tanga to read,count,enumerate,add up
, ,
ntangu, ntango, n- tlme, hour; clock; sun
, , , ,
ml tano, ml tanu flve
t~Sl (tasse) cup
, ,
sanl ya tasl saucer
,
ta ta, ba- father
, ,
matanga matanga, mournlng, receptlon
held at end of mournlng and
certaln other speclal occa-
Slons
, ~
284
285
,
- tlkala to stay, remaln, stay behlnd
,
bOtlkl, (ma-) reslgnatl0n, abdlcatlon
,
- tlma to dlg, spa de
,
- tlmola to dlg up, spade over, turn over
the sOlI
,
ntlna, n- root; basls, meanlng, reason
cause, slgnlflcance, prlnclple;
because
, ,
ntlna na, ntlna ya because of, on account of,
therefore
,
- tlnda to order, command; send
,
- tlndama to be sent, shlpped
,
-tlndela to send someone, order someone
,
11tltl, ma- blade of grass; halr, sheet of
paper; weed, plant
,
-tlya to put (In/on), set pour In place,
load (up/on)
to put up wlth each other,
,
- tlyana ntembe to dlSCUSS
, ,
- tlyela, - tlela to put for, put In for, pour for
tlYO (tuyau) plpe, tube, hose
moto (See motu)
, , ,
moto, mutu, motu, ml- head; bunch
moto
I I
flre, heat
,
too or
, ,
motoba SlX
-tobolo
I 1 I
to plerce, puncture
286
,
-toka to draw water; dlg out/up
-toklsa to bOll, be bOlllng, cause to bOll
•
-toko
I I
to bOll, be bOlllng
,
tomato to rna to
,
-tombala to plck up, 11ft, carry
,
-tonda to be(come) fUll/fllled; flll
,
- tondlsa to flll
,
-tondo
I I
to wlsh, hope, thank
-tonga to blnd, tle, JOln; tWlst, brald,
plalt) weave, sew; expand,
enlarge
,
-tonga to bUlld
,
-tongama to be bUllt, be flnlshed
,
motongl, ba- bUllder, contractor, mason
,
-tonglsa to have bUllt, cause to be bUllt
, ,
ntongo,
I I
n- mornlng, afternoon
motu, moto, ba- person, human, man
mut~ (See motu)
,
motuka, ml- automoblle, truck, motor car
, ,
Iltuka, ma- three stones used to cook on;
cook stove
, ,
ntuku, n- ten
-tumba to burn, set flre to, fry, roast
over/ln a flre
etumba, bl- war, flght, battle, confllct
-tumbama to be burned, flred
287
,
-tuna to ask, quest~on
, ,
-m~tuna to wonder, ask oneself
,
motuna, m~- a quest~on
,
-tunama to be quest~oned, ~nterrogated
, ,
k~tunga, l~tunga, ma- basket w~th a l~d
,
l~tungulu, ma- on~on, leek
,
-tuta to str~ke, beat, mash, crush,
bump (aga~nst)
,
motuya, m~- value, pr~ce; number, ar~thmetlc
u
,
-umela to rema~n, stay on, stay away
,
v~za (v~sa) vlsa
-'voter' to vote
w
wa of, at
,
awa here; s~nce, as, whlle
288
ya of, belonglng to
,
-yaa to come, come to be, become
,
-nyakola to scratch, mark
nyama, n- anlmal, meat
, ,
monyama, ml- net
-yangela to manage, admlnlstrate, arrange
,
moyangell, ba- manager, dlrector, admlnlstra tori
, ,
ye, yee he, she, hlm, her, hlS, hers
boye so, thus
,
-yeba to know, know how to, be ac-
qualnted wlth; may, be allowed
to
,
-yebana to become known
,
-yeblsa to advlse, J.nform, make known
,
llyeblsa, ma-
,
-yekola to study, learn
,
moyekoll, ba- student
,
-yekwlsa to teach, J.nstruct
,
moyekwls J., ba- teacher, J.nstructor
289
,
mayele
I I
lntelllgence, understandlng,
lntellect, mlnd; shyness,
craftlness, manner, means
,
-yemba to slng
,
loyembo, n- song, slnglng
,
moyembl, ba- slnger
eyenga, bl- festlval, feast day; Sunday, week
,
-Ylba to steal, take away
thelf
-Ylblsa to cause to steal, cause to be
stolen
,
-Ylnda to become dark/black/dlrty
to cause to be one's possesslon,
to be stolen
, ,
yo, yoo you (sg.), your, yours
,
oyo thlS, these, the
,
-yoka to hear, llsten; feel; understand
,
-yo kama to be heard (by someone)
,
-yokana to hear (from) one another,
understand each other, agree,
llve on good terms wlth
,
-nyokolo
I I I
to mlstreat, torture, annoy,
oppress
,
monyokoll,
I I
ba- torturer, tyrant, slavedrlver;
wearlness, bother, trouble
nyongo, n- debt
290
z
-zala to be, eXlst, Slt, Ilve
-zala na to have
-zala ya to be made of, conslst of
nzala, n- hunger; famlne
ezalall, bl- seat, chalr, bench
bozall, (ma-) belng, nature
, ,
ndenge ya bozall characte~ personallty
, 0 '
zamba, mamba woods, forest, Jungle, lnterlor,
outslde, country
,
Nzambe God
, ,
zandu, zando market, open produce market
,
-zanga to be lacklng, mlss, be wlthout,
absent
Ilnzanza, ma- metal box, tln car; sheet of
metal
, ,
nzela See nZlla
,
zelo
I I
sand
,
nzembo, n- song, slnglng
,
-zenga to cut off, chop off
,
nzete, n- tree, stlck, plece of wood,
handle
, ,
nz lla, nzela, n- road, way, path, passage; admlt-
tance, permlsslon; openlng;
means
-zlla to walt, walt for
-zlnda to slnk; drown, flood, go under
water
291
PROPER NAMES