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The "STATUS" column gives the latest known status of the standard.
This is an incomplete list of DIN standards.
The "STATUS" column gives the latest known status of the standard.
If a standard has been withdrawn and no replacement specification is
listed, either the specification was withdrawn without replacement or a replacement
specification could not be identified.
DIN stands for "Deutsches Institut f�r Normung", meaning "German institute for
standardisation". DIN standards that begin with "DIN V" ("Vornorm", meaning "pre-
issue") are the result of standardization work, but because of certain reservations
on the content or because of the divergent compared to a standard installation
procedure of DIN, they are not yet published standards.
Contents
The "STATUS" column gives the latest known status of the standard.
If a standard has been withdrawn and no replacement specification is
listed, either the specification was withdrawn without replacement or a replacement
specification could not be identified.
DIN stands for "Deutsches Institut f�r Normung", meaning "German institute for
standardisation". DIN standards that begin with "DIN V" ("Vornorm", meaning "pre-
issue") are the result of standardization work, but because of certain reservations
on the content or because of the divergent compared to a standard installation
procedure of DIN, they are not yet published standards.
Contents
Contents
4. EN iso 17292 does not have f2f dim for Ball valves, wr to refer
5.
A gasket is a mechanical seal which fills the space between two or more mating
surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects while under
compression.
Gaskets allow for "less-than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts where they
can fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet
materials.
Gaskets for specific applications, such as high pressure steam systems, may contain
asbestos. However, due to health hazards associated with asbestos exposure, non-
asbestos gasket materials are used when practical.[1]
It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is to some
degree yielding such that it is able to deform and tightly fill the space it is
designed for, including any slight irregularities. A few gaskets require an
application of sealant directly to the gasket surface to function properly.
Some (piping) gaskets are made entirely of metal and rely on a seating surface to
accomplish the seal; the metal's own spring characteristics are utilized (up to but
not passing sy, the material's yield strength). This is typical of some "ring
joints" (RTJ) or some other metal gasket systems. These joints are known as R-con
and E-con compressive type joints.[2]
Properties
Compressed fiber gasket
Gaskets are normally made from a flat material, a sheet such as paper, rubber,
silicone, metal, cork, felt, neoprene, nitrile rubber, fiberglass,
polytetrafluoroethylene (otherwise known as PTFE or Teflon) or a plastic polymer
(such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene).
Gaskets come in many different designs based on industrial usage, budget, chemical
contact and physical parameters:
Sheet gaskets
When a sheet of material has the gasket shape "punched out" of it, it is a sheet
gasket. This can lead to a crude, fast and cheap gasket. In previous times the
material was compressed asbestos, but in modern times a fibrous material or matted
graphite is used. These gaskets can fill various different chemical requirements
based on the inertness of the material used. Non-asbestos gasket sheet is durable,
of multiple materials, and thick in nature. Material examples are mineral, carbon
or nitrile synthetic rubber. Applications using sheet gaskets involve acids,
corrosive chemicals, steam or mild caustics. Flexibility and good recovery prevent
breakage during installation of a sheet gasket.[3]
Solid material gaskets
The idea behind solid material is to use metals which cannot be punched out of
sheets but are still cheap to produce. These gaskets generally have a much higher
level of quality control than sheet gaskets and generally can withstand much higher
temperatures and pressures. The key downside is that a solid metal must be greatly
compressed in order to become flush with the flange head and prevent leakage. The
material choice is more difficult; because metals are primarily used, process
contamination and oxidation are risks. An additional downside is that the metal
used must be softer than the flange � in order to ensure that the flange does not
warp and thereby prevent sealing with future gaskets. Even so, these gaskets have
found a niche in industry.
Spiral-wound gaskets
These gaskets have proven to be reliable in most applications, and allow lower
clamping forces than solid gaskets, albeit with a higher cost. [1]
Constant seating stress gaskets
The constant seating stress gasket consists of two components; a solid carrier ring
of a suitable material, such as stainless steel, and two sealing elements of some
compressible material installed within two opposing channels, one channel on either
side of the carrier ring. The sealing elements are typically made from a material
(expanded graphite, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), vermiculite, etc.)
suitable to the process fluid and application.
Constant seating stress gaskets derive their name from the fact that the carrier
ring profile takes flange rotation (deflection under bolt preload) into
consideration. With all other conventional gaskets, as the flange fasteners are
tightened, the flange deflects radially under load, resulting in the greatest
gasket compression, and highest gasket stress, at the outer gasket edge.
Since the carrier ring used in constant seating stress gaskets take this deflection
into account when creating the carrier ring for a given flange size, pressure
class, and material, the carrier ring profile can be adjusted to enable the gasket
seating stress to be radially uniform across the entire sealing area. Further,
because the sealing elements are fully confined by the flange faces in opposing
channels on the carrier ring, any in-service compressive forces acting on the
gasket are transmitted through the carrier ring and avoid any further compression
of the sealing elements, thus maintaining a 'constant' gasket seating stress while
in-service. Thus, the gasket is immune to common gasket failure modes that include
creep relaxation, high system vibration, or system thermal cycles.
The fundamental concept underlying the improved sealability for constant seating
stress gaskets are that (i) if the flange sealing surfaces are capable of attaining
a seal, (ii) the sealing elements are compatible with the process fluid and
application, and (iii) the sufficient gasket seating stress is achieved on
installation necessary to affect a seal, then the possibility of the gasket leaking
in-service is greatly reduced or eliminated altogether.
Double-jacketed gaskets
Kammprofile gaskets are used in many older seals since they have both a flexible
nature and reliable performance. Kammprofiles work by having a solid corrugated
core with a flexible covering layer. This arrangement allows for very high
compression and an extremely tight seal along the ridges of the gasket. Since
generally the graphite will fail instead of the metal core, Kammprofile can be
repaired during later inactivity. Kammprofile has a high capital cost for most
applications but this is countered by long life and increased reliability.
Fishbone Gaskets
Fishbone Gaskets are direct replacements for Kammprofile and Spiralwound gaskets.
They are fully CNC machine manufactured from similar materials but the design of
the gaskets has eliminated inherent short comings. Fishbone gaskets do not unwind
in storage or in the plant. The rounded edges do not cause flange damage. The added
"Stop Step" prevents the Fishbone gaskets from being over compressed/crushed, often
caused by hot torque techniques on plant start up. The bones of the gasket remain
ductile and adjust to thermal cycling and system pressure spikes resulting is a
durable and reliable flange seal that out performs all other gaskets of this nature
significantly.