Mutlileyer Perseptron Ann Based Watershed Segmentation To Detect Mammogram Tumor

IPASJ International Journal of Information Technology (IIJIT)
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Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 ISSN 2321-5976
MUTLILEYER PERSEPTRON ANN BASED

WATERSHED SEGMENTATION TO DETECT
MAMMOGRAM TUMOR
M Punitha1 and K.Perumal2
1
Research scholar, Department of Computer Applications, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.
2
Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai.
ABSTRACT
Image segmentation plays an essential role in many medical image processing and its helps to the physicians
without experience in making right analyses. The watershed segmentation with Multi-layer perceptron-Artificial
neural networks (MLP-ANN) are used in this paper for segmentation. The Morphological operations are applied,
in order to remove noise and regional maxima that correspond to calcifications. The segmented objects are
classified using neural networks. This work incorporates the benefits of neural networks characterization and it
helps to detect and extract the tumor from the image. MLP is widely used for solving the problems and at the same
time feature can extracted easily. The result can be evaluated with Activation function and quality measures.
Keywords: Image segmentation, watershed algorithm, Multi-layer perceptron-Artificial neural networks.
1. INTRODUCTION
Tumor identification (in general, pattern recognition) addresses the problem of classifying the mammogram image and
the tumor Recognition is a part of Pattern Recognition [1].It is impossible to achieve 100% accuracy. The most basic
way to recognizing the tumor or patterns using probabilistic methods in which [2] we use multi-layer neural Network
classifiers for recognizing tumors easily it Helps to find the tumor in bunch of images [3] Normal exactness rates on
these exceed 99%. Add up To precision can just be accomplished by human audit. One of the most dependable
strategies of automatic and unsupervised segmentation is the watershed transformation. This technique has been
applied successfully to solve a wide range of difficult Problems of image segmentation [4] a multilayer perceptron is a
class of feed forward artificial neural network. An MLP should had at least three layers of nodes With the exception of
the input nodes, each node is a neuron that uses a nonlinear activation function. In This work proposes a segmentation
process which identified the tumor in mammogram of not, present in the image which consumes moderate time but
provide good accuracy with less complexity in bunch of images. Watershed algorithm has a drawback of over-
segmenting the image make a noise to identify the tumor. Segmentation required huge time for tumor detection with
less accuracy. [5] But using this MLP segmentation algorithm attempts to overcome such drawbacks.
(A) (B) (C)

Figure 1: Representation of various Mammogram tumor images.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Pragya Khare, and Namita Mittal et.al [6], worked with various segmentation algorithms and segmentation techniques
mainly focused on ROI methods. Mostafa Jabarouti Moghaddam and Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh et.al [7] the artificial
neural network based segmentation are done some techniques of MLP-ANN such as Hopfield, Cellular, and Pulse-
coupled and self-organized map etc. Jostein Herredsvela, Kjersti Engan, Thor Ole Gulsrud, and Karl Skretting et.al [9]
here, the classification method is based on sparse representations of image blocks by learned dictionaries. S.Pitchumani
Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 1

Angayarkanni and Dr.V.Saravanan et.al [10] SOM and image enhancement methods by using watershed algorithms to
segment the images. Elter and Horsch [11] mainly concentrated their view on approaches for mass and micro-
calcification diagnosis, covering the segmentation of region of interests for extracting shape and contour features and
their posterior classification [12]. In some other neural network have demonstrated their efficacy in the clinical domain
with diseases such as cancer where there is a weak relationship between the classes forming a benign or malignant
diagnosis.
3. PROPOSED WORK
The segmentation in Mammogram image explicitly contains tumor portion and it’s taken as an input image and this
work contains three phases. Each phase having the separate functions and techniques they all have unique features. In
first phase the pre-processing steps done here such as morphological operation that helps to remove the noise from the
images. The second phase the watershed segmentation algorithm, it’s clear the background noise in the image. At the
last the Multi-layer perceptron-Artificial neural networks are used to give the bunch of images in single process. As we
know the tumor extraction portion contain more number of neurons thus the multi-layer perceptron used and extract the
features easily. By using the activation function in ANN for better results and it measures the performance in various
quality measurements for better accuracy.
4. METHODOLOGY
Figure 2: Process flow Diagram.
Phase 1: Pre-processing steps (i.e. Morphological operation- Dilation and erosion)
Phase 2: The Mammogram image segmented with Watershed algorithm and results are tested in
Multi-layer perceptron-Artificial neural networks
Phase 3: implement Activation function and Compared with Performance of the proposed system can
be measured by the various quality metrics.
Initialize tumor weights image (often small random values)
Do
forEach training example named mass
prediction = neural-net-output(tumor, mass) // forward pass
actual = teacher-output (mass)

error compute (prediction - actual) at the output units
compute {\display style \Delta w_{h}} for all weights from hidden layer to output layer find the background tissue // backward
pass
compute {\display style \Delta w_{i}} for all weights from input layer to hidden layer and compute the class of abnormality //
backward pass continued
update tumor weights // input layer not modified by error estimate
until all examples classified correctly return the tumor
Figure 3: Proposed Algorithm ANNTD

Figure 3 represents, the Segmented images are forwarded and Calculate the Class of abnormality present such as
CALC, CIRC, SPIC, MISC, ARCH, NORM (CALC Calcification, CIRC well defined / circumscribed mass, SPIC
speculated masses, MISC other, ill-defined masses, ARCH Architectural distortion, ASYM Asymmetry, NORM
Normal) and Finally the forward and backward approaches computed the tumor, until the chosen stopping criterion is
met. As the number of times increases the momentum and learning-rate parameters are adjusted by decreasing the
values.
4.1 Pre-processing
A given set of Mammogram images are preprocessed by two processes as, Morphological Dilation and Erosion, there is
a need of segmentation dilation adds pixels to the boundaries of objects in an image, while noises pixels removes on
object boundaries. These helps to extract features from an image. Practically, the Mammogram images are segmented
using the combinations morphological operation with watershed algorithm gave better result for segmentation. Because
it reduces the noise fully.
4.2 Watershed Algorithm
The watershed algorithm is one of the most powerful tools used for image segmentation. During implementation, Local
minima of the gradient in mammogram image are be chosen as markers, in this an over-segmentation is produced and
a second step involves region merging. Watershed transformation make use of specific positions which have been either
explicitly defined by the user or determined automatically with morphological operators. After the morphological
operation done the algorithm starts by marking any pixel below certain threshold in the original image as a possible
background pixel. The background regions are removed from mammogram image and the distance map of the
mammogram is generated, which defines the distance between each pixel in the image and the nearest background
pixel are to remove the noise and most of these are dark portions. The tumor appears brightly on the mammogram
images, so these need not be kept on the mammogram image and that should be segmented. The algorithm removes the
darkest 90% of portions from Mammogram image. The remaining portions of mammogram image are consider as
tumor. Steps followed in watershed algorithms.
 Read the image and covert in to grayscale

 Use the gradient magnitude as the segmentation function.
 Mark the foreground object
 Compute the background markers
 Compute the watershed transform of the segmentation function
 Visualize the result
This algorithm can be divided in 2 phase

First phase:
 Contains, which simulate the flooding process.
Second phase:
 Procedures aiming at direct detection of the watershed points.
Each group can be subsequently be divided into three classes.
1. Parallel: Calculates the neighboring points.
2. Sequential one: Must faster than parallel.
3. Ordered: same as sequential.
So, the tumor has segmented and extracted easily without noise and get the cleared images. All background and
foreground noises cleared automatically for an images.
(A) (B) (C)

Figure 4: (A) Original image (B) Segmented image (C) applying Water Segmentation.
4.3 Multi-layer perceptron-Artificial neural networks.

A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a feed forward artificial neural network that generates a set of mammogram outputs
from a set of mammogram inputs. The MLP is characterized by several layers of input nodes connected as a directed
graph between the input and output layers. It is used to backpropogation for training the network and deep learning
method. It is a universal approximator: Such an approximator could obviously be a good tool for approximating an
unknown function. MLP utilizes a supervised learning technique called back propagation for training one input layer
and two hidden layers and one output layer. It is a form of supervised learning for multi-layer nets, also known as the
generalized delta rule. The output of Error data layer is back propagated to earlier ones, allowing incoming weights to
these layers to be updated.
Figure 5: Architecture of MLP
From figure 5, we feed a lot of the image at a time and the features can be calculated to the hidden layer1 and
segmented separately and the final result will be get in output layer. Here the algorithm is proposed artificial neural
network tumor detection (ANNTD). It is calculate the tumor weight. The following steps are followed during the
implementation.
 Step – 1: Forward Approach

 Step – 2: Backward Approach
 Step – 3: Putting all the values together and calculating weight and tumor.
The proposed algorithm can be executed for the following steps. First, the result of the segmented images datasets are
trained by the ANN function such as neural net classes. Then the present class of abnormality and Character of
background tissue are calculated and find the Severity of abnormality. The given conditions are not satisfied, it returns
to the first step and processed until the condition is satisfied.
5. Performance measures for analysis
The effective performance measures of segmentations are: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F-Measure.
5.1 Accuracy, Precision and Recall

The accuracy is directly proposed to true results consider both true positives and true negatives among the total number
of images taken. To make the context clear by the semantics, it is frequently defined as the "accuracy". It is followed by
Accuracy = n +
+ + +
Conversely, precision is referred as the direct proportion of the true positives against all the results of positives.
Precision =
+
The high precision represents an algorithm returned substantially more appropriate results than irrelevant, whereas
high recall represent that an algorithm returned most of the pertinent results.
 TP (True Positive): TP denotes the test result is one that detects the condition when condition is present.
 FP (False Positive): FP signifies the test result that doesn’t detect the condition when the condition is absent.
 FN (False Negative): FN represents the test result that detects the condition when the condition is absent.
 TN (True Negative): TN refers to the test result that doesn’t detect the condition when condition is present.
5.2 F Measure
In statistical analysis of binary segmentation, the F1 score (also F-score or F-measure) is a measure of a test's accuracy.
The F1 score can be construed as a weighted average of the precision and recall, whereas an F1 score reaches its best
value at 1 or nearer to 1 and worst value at 0 or nearer to 0. It can be defined as
F1 = 2 * ∙
5.3 Activation function
Activation functions are really important for an Artificial Neural Network to learn and make sense of something really
complicated and Non-linear complex functional mappings between the inputs and response variable. This function
decides, whether a neuron should be activated or not by calculating weighted sum and further adding bias with it. The
purpose of the activation function is to introduce non-linearity into the output of a neuron.
6. Results and Discussion

The performance of the ANNTD in different activation function for classified the mammograms as tumor and non-
tumor. Features are extracted from the mammograms by using this proposed methods. Mini MIAS database images
was used for evaluation.
Table 1: Parameters used in ANNTD

Number of input nodes 25
Number of hidden layer 1
Number of neurons in hidden layer 10
Learning Algorithm Back propagation algorithm
Learning rate 0.1
Momentum 0.5
Activation function Identity/ Gaussian / sigmoid
The above table1: represent the parameters which are used in artificial neural network functions. Table 2 identify the
functions used during segmentation part Every node should calculate the minimum and maximum, mean, median and
first, third quarter values because an activation function is a decision making function that determines the presence of
particular neural feature should give the better result.
Table 2: Activation function used in ANNTD Functions
Activation functions / Comparison Identity sigmoid Gaussian

Minimum -5.00 -4.25 -3.45
Median 2.50 2.50 1.50
Mean 2.50 2.35 1.50
1st Qu -1.25 -1.68 0.50
Max 10.00 9.98 7.00
3rd Qu 6.25 6.87 3.50
Once we are acquiring tumor from the algorithm are acquired the mammogram tumor easily, the Gaussian activation
function should find the lowest weightage value and compare then other two functions. All weightage are with the
above parameters are calculated according that the activation function may vary.
Table 3: Performance measure in ANN
Activation Function in
Precision Recall F-Measure Accuracy
ANN
Identity 62% 64% 68% 76%
sigmoid 91% 90% 89% 92%
Gaussian 92% 92% 92% 93%
The best Accuracy, precision and recall was achieved for ANNTD with Gaussian function. Table 3 shows the results of
the image quality compared in various activation function and Gaussian with accuracy Calculation gives 93% highest
value. Because it is observed from Figure 7 that the ANNTD with Gaussian function achieves the maximum
classification rate in low. Similarly, the accuracy is also the highest of 93% for Gaussian activation function.

Figure 7: Classification accuracy of proposed methods
The above figure 7 shows the clear accuracy details of evaluation for the proposed methods.
Description image 1 image 2
Mammogram image
Morphological operations Erosion
Morphological operations Dilation
Water Segmentation
Extracted Tumor portion with Proposed

method
Figure: 8 the result of proposed segmentation
Figure 8: shows the result of morphological operations erosion and dilation and gives the accurate
segmentation without noise.
7.Conclusion
The classification of breast cancer images are based on multi-layered back propagation algorithm and the results of
screening the mammograms are organized by classifying the tumor portion exactly. Experimental results reaches the
accuracy nearly 93% in comparing with the already existing algorithms. The efficiency of various activation functions
for ANNTD is also investigated and the results show that the Gaussian function achieves the best performance for
classification of segmentation. The proposed method may provide an adequate support to the radiologists to
differentiate the accurate abnormal masses in mammogram images.

REFERENCES
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Authors
Mrs. M.Punitha is pursuing Ph.D in Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. She received the M.Phil
Degree in Computer Applications from Madurai Kamaraj University in the year 2017. MCA degree
from Fatima College Madurai in the year 2006. She has contributed papers in International Journals
and Conferences. Her research interest is in image processing and image segmentation in mammogram
images.

Mr. K. Perumal working professor in Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. He has contributed more
than 25 papers in International Journals and Conferences. He has guiding 6 scholars. His interest
includes Data Mining, Image

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IPASJ International Journal of Information Technology (IIJIT)

Web Site: http://www.ipasj.org/IIJIT/IIJIT.htm

MUTLILEYER PERSEPTRON ANN BASED

(A) (B) (C)

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 1

Figure 2: Process flow Diagram.

Phase 1: Pre-processing steps (i.e. Morphological operation- Dilation and erosion)

forEach training example named mass

prediction = neural-net-output(tumor, mass) // forward pass

actual = teacher-output (mass)

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 2

error compute (prediction - actual) at the output units

update tumor weights // input layer not modified by error estimate

until all examples classified correctly return the tumor

Figure 3: Proposed Algorithm ANNTD

4.2 Watershed Algorithm

 Read the image and covert in to grayscale

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 3

(A) (B) (C)

4.3 Multi-layer perceptron-Artificial neural networks.

Figure 5: Architecture of MLP

 Step – 1: Forward Approach

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 4

 Step – 2: Backward Approach

5. Performance measures for analysis

5.1 Accuracy, Precision and Recall

5.3 Activation function

6. Results and Discussion

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 5

Table 1: Parameters used in ANNTD

Table 2: Activation function used in ANNTD Functions

Activation functions / Comparison Identity sigmoid Gaussian

Table 3: Performance measure in ANN

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 6

Figure 7: Classification accuracy of proposed methods

Description image 1 image 2

Morphological operations Erosion

Morphological operations Dilation

Extracted Tumor portion with Proposed

Figure: 8 the result of proposed segmentation

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 7

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 8

Volume 6, Issue 10, October 2018 Page 9

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