d3.4 Part 3 Frameless Buildings Made of Sandwich Panels

DRAFT OF AMENDMENT FOR EN 14509
No.: D3.4 – part 3
Frameless buildings made of sandwich panels
Publisher: Saskia Käpplein

Thomas Misiek
Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz und Steine
Task: 3.5
Objects: Design of axially and in-plane shear loaded sandwich pa-
nels
This report includes 18 pages.
Date of issue: 27.10.2011
Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz und Steine, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) Tel.: +49 (0)721 608 42215
Abt. Stahl- und Leichtmetallbau, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Deutschland Fax: +49 (0)721 608 44078
This report may only be reproduced in an unabridged version. A publication in extracts needs our written approval.
page 1
of Draft of amendment for EN 14509
No.: D3.4 – part 3
Project co-funded under the European Commission Seventh Research and Technology De-
velopment Framework Programme (2007-2013)
Theme 4 NMP-Nanotechnologies, Materials and new Production Technologies
Prepared by
Saskia Käpplein, Thomas Misiek, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Versuchsanstalt für
Stahl, Holz und Steine
Drafting History
Draft Version 1.1 19.10.2011
Draft Version 1.2
Draft Version 1.3
Draft Version 1.4
Final 27.10.2011
Dissemination Level
PU Public X
PP Restricted to the other programme participants (including the Commis-
sion Services)
RE Restricted to a group specified by the Consortium (including the Com-
mission Services)
CO Confidential, only for members of the Consortium (including the Com-
mission Services)
Verification and approval

Coordinator
Industrial Project Leader
Management Committee
Industrial Committee
Deliverable
D3.4 – part 3: Draft of amendment for EN 14509 – Frameless buildings Due date:
made of sandwich panels
Month 35
Completed:
Month 37
Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz und Steine, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
This test report may only be reproduced in an unabridged version. A publication in extracts needs our written approval.
page 2
No.: D3.4 – part 3
No. 1: Axially loaded sandwich panels
page 3
No.: D3.4 – part 3
1 General
This annex gives design procedures for axially loaded one-span sandwich panels with flat or
lightly profiled faces. The procedures amend Annex E, which gives design procedures for
sandwich panels subjected to transverse loads only. Section 3 gives procedures for global
design of the panel. Section 4 gives a procedure for design of the load application area, where
the axial force is introduced into the face of the panel by contact.
2 Definitions and symbols
Definitions and symbols can be taken from section E.1. In addition the following symbols are
used:
EIF bending stiffness of face
N
M end moment caused by eccentric axial load
e* distance between centroidal axis and face sheet, the axial load is introduced into
e0 global geometrical imperfection, initial deflection
k sandwich factor (relationship between deflection due to shear and deflection due to
bending)
φt creep coefficient
φSt sandwich creep coefficient
λw slenderness of face (wrinkling in mid-span)
λc slenderness of face (crippling of free edge)
σcr,w elastic buckling stress (wrinkling in mid-span)
σcr,c elastic buckling stress (crippling of free edge)
σw wrinkling stress
σc crippling stress
χw reduction factor for wrinkling (equivalent member method)
χc reduction factor for crippling (equivalent member method)
Subscripts and superscripts:

S snow load
W short-term load (e.g. wind, temperature differences)
st short-term
lt long-term
I 1st order theory
II 2nd order theory
page 4
No.: D3.4 – part 3
3 Global design
3.1 Actions
3.1.1 General
The actions given in E.3 shall be taken into account. In addition the following actions have to
be considered.
3.1.2 Geometrical imperfections
An initial geometrical imperfection e0 has to be considered. Together with an axial load an ini-
tial deflection causes bending moments and transverse forces. Initial deflections can be con-
sidered as equivalent line load
e0
q e0 = 8 ⋅ N ⋅ (1)
L2
3.1.3 Deflections caused by temperature differences
Together with an axial force deflections caused by temperature differences ΔT between inner
and outer face cause additional bending moments and transverse forces. Temperature differ-
ences can be considered as equivalent line load
αF
q wT = N ⋅ ∆T ⋅ (2)
e
3.1.4 End-moments caused by eccentric axial load
If the axial load is introduced in one face sheet only, an additional end moment occurs.
M N = N ⋅e* (3)
where e* is the distance between centroidal axis and axially loaded face
Depending on the construction an end moment occurs at both ends of the panel or only at the
upper end.
3.2 Resistance values and additional calculation requirements
The following characteristic resistance values and additional calculation requirements are re-
quired in order to carry out design by calculation according to this annex:
• Yield strength of the faces

• Shear strength of the core material
• Shear strength after long-term loading
• Wrinkling stress of faces
• Design thickness of the faces
• Shear modulus of the core material
• Creep coefficients for t = 2000 h (snow) and t = 100000 h (permanent load)
page 5
No.: D3.4 – part 3
3.3 Combination rules
The combination rules of E.5 shall be used.
3.4 Combination coefficients and safety factors
Combination coefficients and safety factors shall be used as given in E.6.
3.5 Calculation of the effects of action
3.5.1 General
In the determination of the effects of action effects of 2nd order theory and the influence of time
on the shear deformation of the core have to be taken into account.
Effects of 2nd order theory can be considered by the amplification factor α.
1
α=
N (4)
1−
N cr
N ki
N cr =
N (5)
1 + ki
GA
π 2 ⋅ BS AF 1 ⋅ AF 2
N ki = GA = GC ⋅ AC , BS = EF ⋅ ⋅ D2 (6)
2
L , AF 1 + AF 2
Creeping of the core material can be considered by creep coefficients φt and sandwich creep
coefficients φSt.
k
ϕ St = ⋅ ϕt (7)
1+ k
wv BS ∫ VV dx
k= = ⋅ (8)
wb GA ∫ MMdx
Note:
The sandwich factor k corresponds to the relationship between deflection due to shear and
deflection due to bending. Unlike the creep coefficient φt the sandwich creep coefficient φSt is
not a material parameter. It also considers the long-term loads acting on the panel. For the
most commonly used static systems the sandwich factor k is given in Fig. 1.
page 6
No.: D3.4 – part 3
e* e*
N N
e0 BS 48 ⋅ e0 e0 BS 48 ⋅ e0
L k= ⋅ L k= ⋅
GA ⋅ L 3 ⋅ e * +5 ⋅ e0
2
GA ⋅ L 6 ⋅ e * +5 ⋅ e0
2
N N
e*
Fig. 1: Sandwich factor k
3.5.2 Deflections
If creeping and effects of 2nd order theory are considered the deflection of a one-span panel is
(
wtII = wWI ,b + wWI ,v + wSI ,b + wSI ,v ⋅ (1 + ϕ 2000 ) + wGI ,b + wGI ,v ⋅ (1 + ϕ100.000 ) ⋅ α) (9)
where wW,b bending deflection cause by short-term loads

wW,v shear deflection cause by short-term loads
wS,b bending deflection cause by snow loads
wS,v shear deflection cause by snow loads
wG,b bending deflection cause by permanent loads
wG,v shear deflection cause by permanent loads
Calculation of the deflections according to 1st order theory without consideration of creep ef-
fects is given in Tab. 1.
3.5.3 Bending moment and transverse force
If creeping and effects of 2nd order theory are considered bending moment and transverse
force of a one-span panel are
(
M tII = M WI + M SI ⋅ (1 + ϕ S 2000 ) + M GI ⋅ (1 + ϕ S 100.000 ) ⋅ α ) (10)
where MW moment caused by short-term loads

MS moment caused by snow loads
MG moment caused by permanent loads
page 7
No.: D3.4 – part 3
(
Vt II = VWI + VSI ⋅ (1 + ϕ S 2000 ) + VGI ⋅ (1 + ϕ S 100.000 ) ⋅ α ) (11)
where VW transverse force caused by short-term loads (wind, temperature)

VS transverse force caused by snow loads
VG transverse force caused by permanent loads
For design purposes the transverse force is divided into the transverse force Vst caused by
short-term load and the transverse force Vlt caused by long-term load.
V stII = VWI ⋅ α (12)
(
VltII = V SI ⋅ (1 + ϕ S 2000 ) + VGI ⋅ (1 + ϕ S 100.000 ) ⋅ α) (13)
Calculation of moment and transverse force according to 1st order theory without consideration
of creep effects is given in Tab 1.
3.5.4 Stresses in faces and core
After calculating the stress resultants, the normal stress in the faces shall be determined us-
ing:
N M tII
σ F1 / 2 = − (14)
AF 1 + AF 2 e ⋅ AF 1 / 2
where AF1 and AF2 are the cross-sectional areas of the faces
The shear stresses in the core shall be determined using:

Vt II
τC = (15)
e⋅B
For design the shear stress is divided into the shear stress τC,st caused be short-term load and
the shear stress τC,lt caused be long-term load.
V stII
τ C , st = (16)
e⋅B
VltII
τ C ,lt = (17)
e⋅ B
3.6 Design
The deflection shall be compared to the ultimate deflection given in E.5.4 (serviceability limit
state).
The stresses in the face sheets and in the core are limited to the resistance values (ultimate
limit state).
page 8
No.: D3.4 – part 3
Yielding of face subjected to tension:

σ F ,d ≤ f y ,d (18)
Wrinkling of compressed face:

σ F , d ≤ σ w, d (19)
Shear failure of the core:

τ C , st ,d τ C ,lt ,d
+ ≤1 (20)
f Cv ,d f Cv ,t ,d
page 9
No.: D3.4 – part 3
page 10
No.: D3.4 – part 3
4 Design of load application area
4.1 Actions
The actions given in E.3 shall be taken into account. To design the load application area all
normal forces, which are introduces into the face of a panel have to be considered. They are
usually caused by self-weight and snow loads.
4.2 Resistance values
4.2.1 Required values
The following characteristic resistance values and additional calculation requirements are re-
quired in order to carry out design by calculation according to this annex:
• Yield strength of the face

• Design thickness of the face
• Bending stiffness of the face
• Wrinkling stress
• Shear modulus of the core material
• Elastic modulus of the core material
4.3 Crippling stress
The crippling stress of the edge of the face is determined based on the wrinkling stress as
follows.
Imperfection factor for the considered panel
1 + χ w ⋅ λ2w ⋅ (χ w − 1) − χ w
α= ≥ 0,21 (21)
χ w ⋅ (λw − λ0 )
with
σw
χw = (22)
f y,F
f y,F
λw = (23)
σ cr , w
λ 0 = 0,7 (24)
3 3 2
σ cr , w = ⋅ ⋅ EI F ⋅ GC ⋅ E C (25)
AF 9
page 11
No.: D3.4 – part 3
Reduction factor for crippling

1
χc = ≤1 (26)
φ + φ 2 − λ 2c
φ=
1
2
(
⋅ 1 + α ⋅ (λ c − λ 0 ) + λ c2 ) (27)
λc = 2 ⋅ λ w (28)
Crippling stress
σ c , k = 0,54 ⋅ χ c ⋅ f y , F (29)
4.4 Combination rules
The combination rules of E.5 shall be used.
4.5 Combination coefficients and safety factors
Combination coefficients and safety factors shall be used as given in E.6.
4.6 Effects of actions
As effects of action the normal compression stress σ introduced into the edge of the face has
to be determined.
4.7 Design
The normal compression stress introduced into the edge of the face shall be compared to the
crippling stress.
σ d ≤ σ c,d (30)
page 12
No.: D3.4 – part 3
No. 2: In-plane shear loaded sandwich panels
page 13
No.: D3.4 – part 3
1 Shear diaphragms
1.1 General
This section describes the interaction between structural members and sandwich panels that
are designed to act together as part of a combined structural system.
Diaphragms may be formed from sandwich panels used as roof or wall cladding.
1.2 Diaphragm action
If sandwich panels are designed for diaphragm action, advantage may be taken of the contri-
bution that sandwich panels used as roofing or wall cladding make to the overall stiffness and
strength of the structural frame by means of their stiffness and strength, when loaded in the
plane of the panel.
In a diaphragm made of sandwich panels both transverse edges of the panels have to be con-
nected to the substructure by direct fixings. It is not necessarily required to connect the longi-
tudinal joints of adjacent panels. A connection of the joints increases load bearing capacity
and stiffness of the diaphragm.
The deformation of sandwich panels caused by in-plane shear load can be neglected. Only the
flexibility of the fixings has to be considered. The fixings must be designed for the in-plane
shear load. It is not necessary to design the sandwich panels for this additional load. It is suffi-
cient to design them for their primary purpose in bending.
If the diaphragm is loaded, all panels remain parallel to the longitudinal edges of the dia-
phragm. At the fixings only forces and displacements in direction of the longitudinal edges are
transferred.
F
F
γ γ
Fig. 1: Displacements of panels of a shear diaphragm
page 14
No.: D3.4 – part 3
The stiffness S of the diaphragm and the forces of the fixings can be determined by the follow-
ing mechanical model:
The panels are assumed to be rigid bodies and the fixings are modelled as longitudinal springs
with direction of the span of the panels. The springs connect the panels and the substructure
and they connect adjacent panels at the longitudinal joints.
beam of
substructure
longitudinal spring
representing fixing
to substructure panel i panel i+1
panel i-1 longitudinal spring

representing fixing
to adjacent panel
panel i+1
panel i-1
Fig. 2: Mechanical model of a shear diaphragm
Note:
Detailed calculation procedures for determination of the shear stiffness of diaphragms and the
forces of fixings can be obtained from:
In-plane shear resistance of sandwich panels, Deliverable D3.3 – part 2 of EASIE project, May
2011.
To determine the shear stiffness of the diaphragm and the forces of the fixings knowledge of
the stiffness of the fixings is mandatory. Information on the stiffness and load-bearing capacity
of shear loaded fixings of sandwich panels can be obtained from:
Connections of sandwich panels, Deliverable D3.3 – part 3 of EASIE project, May 2011.
Stiffness and load-bearing capacity of fixings can also be determined by small-scale tests e.g.
according to:
page 15
No.: D3.4 – part 3
The Testing of Connections with mechanical Fasteners in Steel Sheeting and Sections, ECCS
publication No. 124, 2009
Preliminary European Recommendations for the Testing and Design of Fastenings for Sand-
wich Panels. ECCS publication No. 127, 2009.
1.3 Necessary conditions
Sandwich panels may be used for diaphragm action only under the following conditions:
• The diaphragm forces in the plane of a roof are transmitted to the foundation by means
of braced frames, further shear diaphragms or other methods of resistance.
• To act as a diaphragm sandwich panels have to be connected to the substructure by
direct fixings.
• The sandwich panels are treated as a structural component that cannot be removed or
modified without proper consideration.
• The project specification, including the calculations and drawings, draws attention to
the fact that the building is designed to utilize diaphragm action.
• Shear diaphragms are used to resist predominantly static loadings (e.g. wind, snow);
fatigue loading is not transferred by diaphragm action.
2 In-plane shear loaded sandwich panels in frameless structures
2.1 General
In frameless structures (buildings without load-bearing substructure) sandwich panels used as

roof and wall have to transfer horizontal loads to the foundation. This section describes the
design of the sandwich panels and their connections for the resulting in-plane shear forces.
2.2 Transfer of in-plane shear loads
In frameless structures horizontal loads are transferred through the roof to the walls. The walls
transfer the loads to the foundation. Wall and roof panels are loaded by in-plane shear forces.
The connections between wall and roof and the connections between wall and foundation
have to transfer shear forces.
page 16
No.: D3.4 – part 3
horizontal load
shear forces
introduced
into wall
shear forces introduced

into foundation
Fig. 3: Transfer of horizontal loads in frameless structure
The longitudinal joints of adjacent roof panels must be connected. It is not necessarily required
to connect the longitudinal joints of wall panels. A connection of the joints increases load bear-
ing capacity and stiffness of the wall.
In-plane shear forces cause translations and rotations of the panels. The fixings may be
loaded by forces in transverse and in longitudinal direction of the panels.
The deformation of sandwich panels caused by in-plane shear forces can be neglected. Only
the flexibility of the fixings has to be considered. The fixings have to be designed for the in-
plane shear load. It is not necessary to design the sandwich panels for this additional load. It is
sufficient to design them for their primary purpose in bending.
The displacements of the panels and the forces of the fixings can be determined by the follow-
ing mechanical model:
The panels are assumed to be rigid bodies and the fixings are modelled as longitudinal
springs. At the connections between wall and foundation and at the longitudinal joints forces in
transverse and in longitudinal direction are transferred. At the connections between roof and
wall only forces, which cause in-plane shear forces in the wall, are transferred.
page 17
No.: D3.4 – part 3
in-plane
shear load
longitudinal springs
representing fixing
to adjacent panel
panel i
panel i-1 panel i+1
panel i-1 panel i+1
representing fixing
foundation foundation foundation to foundation
Fig.4: Mechanical model of an in-plane shear loaded wall
wall wall wall wall wall wall

representing fixing
to adjacent panel
panel i
wall panel i+1
wall panel i+1
wall wall wall wall wall wall longitudinal spring

representing fixing
to wall
Fig.5: Mechanical model of an in-plane shear loaded roof
page 18
No.: D3.4 – part 3
Note:
Calculation procedures for determination of the displacements of the panels and the forces of
fixings can be obtained from:
Stabilisation of frameless structures, Deliverable D3.3 –part 6 of EASIE project, July 2011.
To determine the displacements of the panels and the forces of the fixings knowledge of the
stiffness of the fixings is mandatory. Stiffness and load-bearing capacity of fixings may be de-
termined by small-scale tests, e.g. according to:
The Testing of Connections with mechanical Fasteners in Steel Sheeting and Sections, ECCS
publication No. 124, 2009
Preliminary European Recommendations for the Testing and Design of Fastenings for Sand-
wich Panels. ECCS publication No. 127, 2009.
2.3 Necessary conditions
In frameless structures sandwich panels may be used for transferring in-plane shear loads
only under the following conditions:
• The panels of a roof have to be connected at their longitudinal joints. The roof must be
circumferential connected to the walls.
• The panels transfer only predominantly static loadings (e.g. wind, snow); fatigue load-
ing is not transferred.
• The sandwich panels are treated as a structural component that cannot be changed
without proper consideration.
• The project specification, including the calculations and drawings, draws attention to
the fact that the panels and their fixings are designed to utilize the in-plane shear stiff-
ness and strength of the panels.

d3.4 Part 3 Frameless Buildings Made of Sandwich Panels

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d3.4 Part 3 Frameless Buildings Made of Sandwich Panels

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Доступные форматы

DRAFT OF AMENDMENT FOR EN 14509

No.: D3.4 – part 3

Frameless buildings made of sandwich panels

Publisher: Saskia Käpplein

This report includes 18 pages.

Date of issue: 27.10.2011

Verification and approval

DRAFT OF AMENDMENT FOR EN 14509

No. 1: Axially loaded sandwich panels

2 Definitions and symbols

Subscripts and superscripts:

3.1.2 Geometrical imperfections

3.1.3 Deflections caused by temperature differences

3.1.4 End-moments caused by eccentric axial load

3.2 Resistance values and additional calculation requirements

• Yield strength of the faces

3.3 Combination rules

The combination rules of E.5 shall be used.

3.4 Combination coefficients and safety factors

Combination coefficients and safety factors shall be used as given in E.6.

3.5 Calculation of the effects of action

Fig. 1: Sandwich factor k

where wW,b bending deflection cause by short-term loads

3.5.3 Bending moment and transverse force

where MW moment caused by short-term loads

where VW transverse force caused by short-term loads (wind, temperature)

3.5.4 Stresses in faces and core

The shear stresses in the core shall be determined using:

Yielding of face subjected to tension:

Wrinkling of compressed face:

Shear failure of the core:

4 Design of load application area

4.2 Resistance values

4.2.1 Required values

• Yield strength of the face

4.3 Crippling stress

Reduction factor for crippling

4.4 Combination rules

The combination rules of E.5 shall be used.

4.5 Combination coefficients and safety factors

Combination coefficients and safety factors shall be used as given in E.6.

4.6 Effects of actions

DRAFT OF AMENDMENT FOR EN 14509

No. 2: In-plane shear loaded sandwich panels

1.2 Diaphragm action

Fig. 1: Displacements of panels of a shear diaphragm

panel i-1 longitudinal spring

Fig. 2: Mechanical model of a shear diaphragm

1.3 Necessary conditions

2 In-plane shear loaded sandwich panels in frameless structures

In frameless structures (buildings without load-bearing substructure) sandwich panels used as

2.2 Transfer of in-plane shear loads

shear forces introduced

Fig. 3: Transfer of horizontal loads in frameless structure

panel i-1 panel i+1

Fig.4: Mechanical model of an in-plane shear loaded wall

wall wall wall wall wall wall

wall panel i+1

wall wall wall wall wall wall longitudinal spring

Fig.5: Mechanical model of an in-plane shear loaded roof

2.3 Necessary conditions

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