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SUPREME COURT REPORTS ANNOTATED VOLUME 676

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Case Title:
FRANCISCO I. CHAVEZ, petitioner,
vs. JUDICIAL AND BAR COUNCIL,
SEN. FRANCIS JOSEPH G.
ESCUDERO and REP. NIEL C. TUPAS, G.R. No. 202242. July 17, 2012.*
JR., respondents. FRANCISCO I. CHAVEZ, petitioner, vs. JUDICIAL AND BAR
Citation: 676 SCRA 579 COUNCIL, SEN. FRANCIS JOSEPH G. ESCUDERO and REP.
More... NIEL C. TUPAS, JR., respondents.

Search Result Constitutional Law; Supreme Court; Jurisdiction; Declaratory Relief;

Notwithstanding the fact that only questions of law are raised

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* EN BANC.

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in the petition, an action for declaratory relief is not among those within
the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court as provided in Section 5,
Article VIII of the Constitution.―The Constitution as the subject matter,
and the validity and construction of Section 8 (1), Article VIII as the issue
raised, the petition should properly be considered as that which would
result in the adjudication of rights sans the execution process because the
only relief to be granted is the very declaration of the rights under the
document sought to be construed. It being so, the original jurisdiction
over the petition lies with the appropriate Regional Trial Court (RTC).
Notwithstanding the fact that only questions of law are raised in the
petition, an action for declaratory relief is not among those within the
original jurisdiction of this Court as provided in Section 5, Article VIII of
the Constitution.
Same; Same; Judicial Review; Limitations on the Supreme CourtÊs
Power of Judicial Review.―The CourtsÊ power of judicial review, like
almost all other powers conferred by the Constitution, is subject to
several limitations, namely: (1) there must be an actual case or
controversy calling for the exercise of judicial power; (2) the person
challenging the act must have „standing‰ to challenge; he must have a
personal and substantial interest in the case, such that he has sustained
or will sustain, direct injury as a result of its enforcement; (3) the
question of constitutionality must be raised at the earliest possible
opportunity; and (4) the issue of constitutionality must be the very lis
mota of the case. Generally, a party will be allowed to litigate only when
these conditions sine qua non are present, especially when the
constitutionality of an act by a co-equal branch of government is put in
issue.
Same; Judicial and Bar Council (JBC); The claim that the
composition of the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) is illegal and
unconstitutional is an object of concern, not just for a nominee to a
judicial post, but for all citizens who have the right to seek judicial
intervention for rectification of legal blunders.―A vast number of
aspirants to judicial posts all over the country may be affected by the
CourtÊs ruling. More importantly, the legality of the very process of
nominations to the positions in the Judiciary is the nucleus of the
controversy. The Court considers this a constitutional issue that must be
passed upon, lest a constitutional process be plagued by misgivings,
doubts and worse, mistrust. Hence, a citizen has a right to bring this
question to the Court, clothed with legal standing and
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at the same time, armed with issues of transcendental importance to

society. The claim that the composition of the JBC is illegal and
unconstitutional is an object of concern, not just for a nominee to a
judicial post, but for all citizens who have the right to seek judicial
intervention for rectification of legal blunders.
Same; Statutory Construction; It is a well-settled principle of
constitutional construction that the language employed in the Constitution
must be given their ordinary meaning except where technical terms are
employed.―One of the primary and basic rules in statutory construction
is that where the words of a statute are clear, plain, and free from
ambiguity, it must be given its literal meaning and applied without
attempted interpretation. It is a well-settled principle of constitutional
construction that the language employed in the Constitution must be
given their ordinary meaning except where technical terms are employed.
As much as possible, the words of the Constitution should be understood
in the sense they have in common use. What it says according to the text
of the provision to be construed compels acceptance and negates the
power of the courts to alter it, based on the postulate that the framers
and the people mean what they say. Verba legis non est
recedendum―from the words of a statute there should be no departure.
Statutory Construction; Noscitur a Sociis; Under the maxim noscitur
a sociis, where a particular word or phrase is ambiguous in itself or is
equally susceptible of various meanings, its correct construction may be
made clear and specific by considering the company of words in which it is
founded or with which it is associated.―Under the maxim noscitur a
sociis, where a particular word or phrase is ambiguous in itself or is
equally susceptible of various meanings, its correct construction may be
made clear and specific by considering the company of words in which it
is founded or with which it is associated. This is because a word or phrase
in a statute is always used in association with other words or phrases,
and its meaning may, thus, be modified or restricted by the latter. The
particular words, clauses and phrases should not be studied as detached
and isolated expressions, but the whole and every part of the statute
must be considered in fixing the meaning of any of its parts and in order
to produce a harmonious whole. A statute must be so construed as to
harmonize and give effect to all its provisions whenever possible. In
short, every meaning to be given to each word or

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phrase must be ascertained from the context of the body of the statute
since a word or phrase in a statute is always used in association with
other words or phrases and its meaning may be modified or restricted by
the latter.
Constitutional Law; Judicial and Bar Council; Doubtless, the
Framers of our Constitution intended to create a Judicial and Bar Council
(JBC) as an innovative solution in response to the public clamor in favor
of eliminating politics in the appointment of members of the
Judiciary.―Doubtless, the Framers of our Constitution intended to
create a JBC as an innovative solution in response to the public clamor in
favor of eliminating politics in the appointment of members of the
Judiciary. To ensure judicial independence, they adopted a holistic
approach and hoped that, in creating a JBC, the private sector and the
three branches of government would have an active role and equal voice
in the selection of the members of the Judiciary. Therefore, to allow the
Legislature to have more quantitative influence in the JBC by having
more than one voice speak, whether with one full vote or one-half (1/2) a
vote each, would, as one former congressman and member of the JBC put
it, „negate the principle of equality among the three branches of
government which is enshrined in the Constitution.‰
Same; Doctrine of Operative Facts; In the interest of fair play under
the doctrine of operative facts, actions previous to the declaration of
unconstitutionality are legally recognized.―In the interest of fair play
under the doctrine of operative facts, actions previous to the declaration
of unconstitutionality are legally recognized. They are not nullified. In
Planters Products, Inc. v. Fertiphil Corporation, 548 SCRA 485 (2008), the
Court explained: The doctrine of operative fact, as an exception to the
general rule, only applies as a matter of equity and fair play. It nullifies
the effects of an unconstitutional law by recognizing that the existence of
a statute prior to a determination of unconstitutionality is an operative
fact and may have consequences which cannot always be ignored. The
past cannot always be erased by a new judicial declaration. The doctrine
is applicable when a declaration of unconstitutionality will impose an
undue burden on those who have relied on the invalid law. Thus, it was
applied to a criminal case when a declaration of unconstitutionality
would put the accused in double jeopardy or would put in limbo the acts
done by a municipality in reliance upon a law creating it.

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ABAD, J., Dissenting Opinion:

Statutory Construction; View that it is a basic principle in statutory
construction that the law must be given a reasonable interpretation at all
times.―It is a basic principle in statutory construction that the law must
be given a reasonable interpretation at all times. The Court may, in some
instances, consider the spirit and reason of a statute, where a literal
meaning would lead to absurdity, contradiction, or injustice, or would
defeat the clear purpose of the law makers. Applying a verba legis or
strictly literal interpretation of the constitution may render its provisions
meaningless and lead to inconvenience, an absurd situation, or an
injustice. To obviate this aberration, and bearing in mind the principle
that the intent or the spirit of the law is the law itself, resort should be
made to the rule that the spirit of the law controls its letter.
Constitutional Law; Congress; Judicial and Bar Council (JBC); View
that to insist that only one member of Congress from either the Senate or
the House of Representatives should sit at any time in the Judicial and
Bar Council (JBC), is to ignore the fact that while these two houses of
Congress are involved in the common task of making laws, they are
separate and distinct.―To insist that only one member of Congress from
either the Senate or the House of Representatives should sit at any time
in the JBC, is to ignore the fact that while these two houses of Congress
are involved in the common task of making laws, they are separate and
distinct. Senators are elected by the people at large, while the Members
of the House of Representatives, by their respective districts or sectors.
They have detached administrative organizations and deliberate on laws
separately, indeed, often coming up with dissimilar drafts of those laws.
Clearly, neither the Senate nor the House of Representatives can by itself
claim to represent the Congress. Those who drafted Section 8(1) did not
intend to limit the term „Congress‰ to just either of the two Houses.
Same; Same; Same; View that allowing a Senator and a Congressman
to sit alternately at any one time cannot be a solution since each of them
would actually be representing only his half of Congress when he takes
part in Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) deliberations.―Allowing a
Senator and a Congressman to sit alternately at any one time cannot be a
solution since each of them would actually

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be representing only his half of Congress when he takes part in JBC

deliberations. Allowing both, on the other hand, to sit in those
deliberations at the same time with half a vote each is absurd since that
would diminish their standing and make them second class members of
JBC, something that the Constitution clearly does not contemplate. It is
presumed when drafting laws that the legislature does not intend to
produce undesirable consequences. Thus, when a literal translation
would result to such consequences, the same is to be utterly rejected.
Same; Same; Same; View the presence of an elected Senator and an
elected member of the House of Representatives in the Judicial and Bar
Council (JBC) is more consistent with the republican nature of our
government where all government authority emanates from the people and
is exercised by representatives chosen by them.―The presence of an
elected Senator and an elected member of the House of Representatives
in the JBC is more consistent with the republican nature of our
government where all government authority emanates from the people
and is exercised by representatives chosen by them.

PETITION to question the composition of the Judicial and Bar

Council.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.

MENDOZA, J.:
The issue at hand has been in hibernation until the unexpected
departure of Chief Justice Renato C. Corona on May 29, 2012, and
the nomination of former Solicitor General Francisco I. Chavez
(petitioner), as his potential successor, triggered the filing of this
case. The issue has constantly been nagging legal minds, yet
remained dormant for lack of constitutional challenge.
As the matter is of extreme urgency considering the
constitutional deadline in the process of selecting the nominees for
the vacant seat of the Chief Justice, the Court cannot delay the
resolution of the issue a day longer. Relegating it in the meantime
to the back burner is not an option.
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Does the first paragraph of Section 8, Article VIII of the 1987

Constitution allow more than one (1) member of Congress to sit in
the JBC? Is the practice of having two (2) representatives from
each house of Congress with one (1) vote each sanctioned by the
Constitution? These are the pivotal questions to be resolved in this
original action for prohibition and injunction.
Long before the naissance of the present Constitution, the
annals of history bear witness to the fact that the exercise of
appointing members of the Judiciary has always been the
exclusive prerogative of the executive and legislative branches of
the government. Like their progenitor of American origins, both
the Malolos Constitution1 and the 1935 Constitution2 had vested
the power to appoint the members of the Judiciary in the
President, subject to confirmation by the Commission on
Appointments. It was during these times that the country became
witness to the deplorable practice of aspirants seeking
confirmation of their appointment in the Judiciary to ingratiate
themselves with the members of the legislative body.3
Then, with the fusion of executive and legislative power under
the 1973 Constitution,4 the appointment of judges and justices was
no longer subject to the scrutiny of another body.

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1 Article 80 Title X of the Malolos Constitution provides: „The Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court and the Solicitor-General shall be chosen by the National
Assembly in concurrence with the President of the Republic and the Secretaries of
the Government, and shall be absolutely independent of the Legislative and
Executive Powers.‰
2 Section 5 Article VIII of the 1935 Constitution provides: „The Members of the
Supreme Court and all judges of inferior courts shall be appointed by the
President with the consent of the Commission on Appointments.‰
3 1 Records of the Constitutional Commission Proceedings and Debates, 437.
4 Section 4 Article X of the 1973 Constitution provides: „The Members of the
Supreme Court and judges of inferior courts shall be appointed by the President.‰

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It was absolute, except that the appointees must have all the
qualifications and none of the disqualifications.
Prompted by the clamor to rid the process of appointments to
the Judiciary from political pressure and partisan activities,5 the
members of the Constitutional Commission saw the need to create
a separate, competent and independent body to recommend
nominees to the President. Thus, it conceived of a body
representative of all the stakeholders in the judicial appointment
process and called it the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC). Its
composition, term and functions are provided under Section 8,
Article VIII of the Constitution, viz.:

„Section 8. (1)  A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under

the supervision of the Supreme Court composed of the Chief Justice as ex
officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice, and a representative of the
Congress as ex officio Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a
professor of law, a retired Member of the Supreme Court, and a
representative of the private sector.
(2) The regular members of the Council shall be appointed by the
President for a term of four years with the consent of the Commission on
Appointments. Of the Members first appointed, the representative of the
Integrated Bar shall serve for four years, the professor of law for three
years, the retired Justice for two years, and the representative of the
private sector for one year.
(3) The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be the Secretary ex officio of
the Council and shall keep a record of its proceedings.
(4) The regular Members of the Council shall receive such
emoluments as may be determined by the Supreme Court. The Supreme
Court shall provide in its annual budget the appropriations for the
Council.
(5) The Council shall have the principal function of recommending
appointees to the Judiciary. It may exercise such other functions and
duties as the Supreme Court may assign to it.‰

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5 1 Records, Constitutional Commission, Proceedings and Debates, p. 487.

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In compliance therewith, Congress, from the moment of the

creation of the JBC, designated one representative to sit in the
JBC to act as one of the ex officio members.6 Perhaps in order to
give equal opportunity to both houses to sit in the exclusive body,
the House of Representatives and the Senate would send alternate
representatives to the JBC. In other words, Congress had only one
(1) representative.
In 1994, the composition of the JBC was substantially altered.
Instead of having only seven (7) members, an eighth (8th) member
was added to the JBC as two (2) representatives from Congress
began sitting in the JBC·one from the House of Representatives
and one from the Senate, with each having one-half (1/2) of a vote.7
Then, curiously, the JBC En Banc, in separate meetings held in
2000 and 2001, decided to allow the representatives from the
Senate and the House of Representatives one full vote each.8 At
present, Senator Francis Joseph G. Escudero and Congressman
Niel C. Tupas, Jr. (respondents) simultaneously sit in the JBC as
representatives of the legislature.
It is this practice that petitioner has questioned in this
petition,9 setting forth the following

GROUNDS FOR ALLOWANCE OF THE PETITION

I
Article VIII, Section 8, Paragraph 1 is clear, definite and needs no
interpretation in that the JBC shall have only one representative from
Congress.

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6 List of JBC Chairpersons, Ex Officio and Regular Members, Ex Officio Secretaries and
Consultants, issued by the Office of the Executive Officer, Judicial and Bar Council, Rollo,
pp. 62-63.
7 Id.
8 Comment of the JBC, p. 80, citing Minutes of the 1st En Banc Executive Meeting,
January 12, 2000 and Minutes of the 12th En Banc Meeting, May 30, 2001.
9 Rollo, pp. 3-69.

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II
The framers of the Constitution clearly envisioned, contemplated and
decided on a JBC composed of only seven (7) members.
III
Had the framers of the Constitution intended that the JBC composed
of the one member from the Senate and one member from the House of
Representatives, they could have easily said so as they did in the other
provisions of the Constitution.
IV
The composition of the JBC providing for three ex-officio members is
purposely designed for a balanced representation of each of the three
branches of the government.
V
One of the two (2) members of the JBC from Congress has no right (not
even ½ right) to sit in the said constitutional body and perform the duties
and functions of a member thereof.
VI
The JBC cannot conduct valid proceedings as its composition is illegal
and unconstitutional.10

On July 9, 2012, the JBC filed its Comment.11 It, however,

abstained from recommending on how this constitutional issue
should be disposed in gracious deference to the wisdom of the
Court. Nonetheless, the JBC was more than generous enough to
offer the insights of various personalities previously connected
with it.12
Through the Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), respondents
defended their position as members of the JBC in their Comment13
filed on July 12, 2012. According to them, the crux of the
controversy is the phrase „a representative of Con-

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10 Id., at pp. 17-18.
11 Id., at pp. 76-106.
12 Id., at p. 80.
13 Id., at pp. 117-163.

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gress.‰14 Reverting to the basics, they cite Section 1, Article VI of

the Constitution15 to determine the meaning of the term
„Congress.‰ It is their theory that the two houses, the Senate and
the House of Representatives, are permanent and mandatory
components of „Congress,‰ such that the absence of either divests
the term of its substantive meaning as expressed under the
Constitution. In simplistic terms, the House of Representatives,
without the Senate and vice-versa, is not Congress.16
Bicameralism, as the system of choice by the Framers, requires
that both houses exercise their respective powers in the
performance of its mandated duty which is to legislate. Thus, when
Section 8(1), Article VIII of the Constitution speaks of „a
representative from Congress,‰ it should mean one representative
each from both Houses which comprise the entire Congress.17
Tracing the subject provisionÊs history, the respondents claim
that when the JBC was established, the Framers originally
envisioned a unicameral legislative body, thereby allocating „a
representative of the National Assembly‰ to the JBC. The phrase,
however, was not modified to aptly jive with the change to
bicameralism, the legislative system finally adopted by the
Constitutional Commission on July 21, 1986. According to
respondents, if the Commissioners were made aware of the
consequence of having a bicameral legislature instead of a
unicameral one, they would have made the corresponding
adjustment in the representation of Congress in the JBC.18

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14 Id., at p. 142.
15 „The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines
which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the
extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum.‰
16 Id.
17 Rollo, p. 143.
18 Id., at p. 148.

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The ambiguity having resulted from a plain case of

inadvertence, the respondents urge the Court to look beyond the
letter of the disputed provision because the literal adherence to its
language would produce absurdity and incongruity to the
bicameral nature of Congress.19 In other words, placing either of
the respondents in the JBC will effectively deprive a house of
Congress of its representation. In the same vein, the electorate
represented by Members of Congress will lose their only
opportunity to participate in the nomination process for the
members of the Judiciary, effectively diminishing the republican
nature of the government.20
The respondents further argue that the allowance of two (2)
representatives of Congress to be members of the JBC does not
render the latterÊs purpose nugatory. While they admit that the
purpose in creating the JBC was to insulate appointments to the
Judiciary from political influence, they likewise cautioned the
Court that this constitutional vision did not intend to entirely
preclude political factor in said appointments. Therefore, no evil
should be perceived in the current set-up of the JBC because two
(2) members coming from Congress, whose membership to certain
political parties is irrelevant, does not necessarily amplify political
partisanship in the JBC. In fact, the presence of two (2) members
from Congress will most likely provide balance as against the
other six (6) members who are undeniably presidential
appointees.21
The Issues
In resolving the procedural and substantive issues arising from
the petition, as well as the myriad of counter-arguments proffered
by the respondents, the Court synthesized them into two:

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19 Id.
20 Id.
 21 Id., at pp. 150-153.

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(1) Whether or not the conditions sine qua non for the exercise of the
power of judicial review have been met in this case; and
(2) Whether or not the current practice of the JBC to perform its
functions with eight (8) members, two (2) of whom are members of
Congress, runs counter to the letter and spirit of the 1987 Constitution.

The Power of Judicial Review

In its Comment, the JBC submits that petitioner is clothed with
locus standi to file the petition, as a citizen and taxpayer, who has
been nominated to the position of Chief Justice.22
For the respondents, however, petitioner has no „real interest‰
in questioning the constitutionality of the JBCÊs current
composition.23 As outlined in jurisprudence, it is well-settled that
for locus standi to lie, petitioner must exhibit that he has been
denied, or is about to be denied, of a personal right or privilege to
which he is entitled. Here, petitioner failed to manifest his
acceptance of his recommendation to the position of Chief Justice,
thereby divesting him of a substantial interest in the controversy.
Without his name in the official list of applicants for the post, the
respondents claim that there is no personal stake on the part of
petitioner that would justify his outcry of unconstitutionality.
Moreover, the mere allegation that this case is of transcendental
importance does not excuse the waiver of the rule on locus standi,
because, in the first place, the case lacks the requisites therefor.
The respondents also question petitionerÊs belated filing of the
petition.24 Being aware that the current composition of the JBC
has been in practice since 1994, petitionerÊs silence for eighteen
(18) years show that the constitutional issue being

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22 Id., at p. 78.
23 Id., at p. 131.
24 Id., at pp. 131-133.

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raised before the Court does not comply with the „earliest possible
opportunity‰ requirement.
Before addressing the above issues in seriatim, the Court deems
it proper to first ascertain the nature of the petition. Pursuant to
the rule that the nature of an action is determined by the
allegations therein and the character of the relief sought, the
Court views the petition as essentially an action for declaratory
relief under Rule 63 of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure.25
The Constitution as the subject matter, and the validity and
construction of Section 8 (1), Article VIII as the issue raised, the
petition should properly be considered as that which would result
in the adjudication of rights sans the execution process because the
only relief to be granted is the very declaration of the rights under
the document sought to be construed. It being so, the original
jurisdiction over the petition lies with the appropriate Regional
Trial Court (RTC). Notwithstanding the fact that only questions of
law are raised in the petition, an action for declaratory relief is not
among those within the original jurisdiction of this Court as
provided in Section 5, Article VIII of the Constitution.26

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 25 Section 1. Who may file petition.―Any person interested under a deed,
will, contract or other written instrument, whose rights are affected by a statute,
executive order or regulation, ordinance, or any other governmental regulation
may, before breach or violation thereof, bring an action in the appropriate
Regional Trial Court to determine any question of construction or validity arising,
and for a declaration of his rights or duties, thereunder.
xxx
26 1) Exercise original jurisdiction over cases affecting ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls, and over petitions for certiorari, prohibition,
mandamus, quo warranto, and habeas corpus.
 (2) Review, revise, reverse, modify, or affirm on appeal or certiorari, as the
law or the Rules of Court may provide, final judgments and orders of lower courts.
  (a) All cases in which the constitutionality or validity of any treaty,
international or executive agreement, law, presidential de-

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At any rate, due to its serious implications, not only to

government processes involved but also to the sanctity of the
Constitution, the Court deems it more prudent to take cognizance
of it. After all, the petition is also for prohibition under Rule 65
seeking to enjoin Congress from sending two (2) representatives
with one (1) full vote each to the JBC.
The CourtsÊ power of judicial review, like almost all other
powers conferred by the Constitution, is subject to several
limitations, namely: (1) there must be an actual case or
controversy calling for the exercise of judicial power; (2) the person
challenging the act must have „standing‰ to challenge; he

_______________
cree, proclamation, order, instruction, ordinance, or regulation is in question.
(b) All cases involving the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, or toll, or
any penalty imposed in relation thereto.
(c) All cases in which the jurisdiction of any lower court is in issue.
(d) All criminal cases in which the penalty imposed is reclusion perpetua or
higher.
(e) All cases in which only an error or question of law is involved.
(3)  Assign temporarily judges of lower courts to other stations as public
interest may require. Such temporary assignment shall not exceed six months
without the consent of the judge concerned.
(4) Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid a miscarriage of justice.
(5)  Promulgate rules concerning the protection and enforcement of
constitutional rights, pleading, practice, and procedure in all courts, the
admission to the practice of law, the integrated bar, and legal assistance to the
under-privileged. Such rules shall provide a simplified and inexpensive procedure
for the speedy disposition of cases, shall be uniform for all courts of the same
grade, and shall not diminish, increase, or modify substantive rights. Rules of
procedure of special courts and quasi-judicial bodies shall remain effective unless
disapproved by the Supreme Court.
(6) Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in accordance with the
Civil Service Law.

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must have a personal and substantial interest in the case, such

that he has sustained or will sustain, direct injury as a result of its
enforcement; (3) the question of constitutionality must be raised at
the earliest possible opportunity; and (4) the issue of
constitutionality must be the very lis mota of the case.27 Generally,
a party will be allowed to litigate only when these conditions sine
qua non are present, especially when the constitutionality of an act
by a co-equal branch of government is put in issue.
Anent locus standi, the question to be answered is this: does the
party possess a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy as
to assure that there is real, concrete and legal conflict of rights and
duties from the issues presented before the Court? In David v.
Macapagal-Arroyo,28 the Court summarized the rules on locus
standi as culled from jurisprudence. There, it was held that
taxpayers, voters, concerned citizens, and legislators may be
accorded standing to sue, provided that the following requirements
are met: (1) cases involve constitutional issues; (2) for taxpayers,
there must be a claim of illegal disbursement of public funds or
that the tax measure is unconstitutional; (3) for voters, there must
be a showing of obvious interest in the validity of the election law
in question; (4) for concerned citizens, there must be a showing
that the issues raised are of transcendental importance which
must be settled early; and (5) for legislators, there must be a claim
that the official action complained of infringes upon their
prerogatives as legislators.
In public suits, the plaintiff, representing the general public,
asserts a „public right‰ in assailing an allegedly illegal official
action. The plaintiff may be a person who is affected no differently
from any other person, and can be suing as a „stranger,‰ or as a
„citizen‰ or „taxpayer.‰ Thus, taxpayers

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27 Senate of the Philippines v. Ermita, 522 Phil. 1, 27; 488 SCRA 1, 35 (2006).
28 522 Phil. 705; 489 SCRA 160 (2006).

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have been allowed to sue where there is a claim that public funds
are illegally disbursed or that public money is being deflected to
any improper purpose, or that public funds are wasted through the
enforcement of an invalid or unconstitutional law. Of greater
import than the damage caused by the illegal expenditure of public
funds is the mortal wound inflicted upon the fundamental law by
the enforcement of an invalid statute.29
In this case, petitioner seeks judicial intervention as a taxpayer,
a concerned citizen and a nominee to the position of Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court. As a taxpayer, petitioner invokes his right
to demand that the taxes he and the rest of the citizenry have been
paying to the government are spent for lawful purposes. According
to petitioner, „since the JBC derives financial support for its
functions, operation and proceedings from taxes paid, petitioner
possesses as taxpayer both right and legal standing to demand
that the JBCÊs proceedings are not tainted with illegality and that
its composition and actions do not violate the Constitution.‰ 30
Notably, petitioner takes pains in enumerating past actions that
he had brought before the Court where his legal standing was
sustained. Although this inventory is unnecessary to establish
locus standi because obviously, not every case before the Court
exhibits similar issues and facts, the Court recognizes the
petitionerÊs right to sue in this case. Clearly, petitioner has the
legal standing to bring the present action because he has a
personal stake in the outcome of this controversy.
The Court disagrees with the respondentsÊ contention that
petitioner lost his standing to sue because he is not an official
nominee for the post of Chief Justice. While it is true that a
„personal stake‰ on the case is imperative to have locus

_______________
29 LAMP v. The Secretary of Budget and Management, G.R. No. 164987, April
24, 2012, 670 SCRA 373.
30 Rollo, p. 6.

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 Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

standi, this is not to say that only official nominees for the post of
Chief Justice can come to the Court and question the JBC
composition for being unconstitutional. The JBC likewise screens
and nominates other members of the Judiciary. Albeit heavily
publicized in this regard, the JBCÊs duty is not at all limited to the
nominations for the highest magistrate in the land. A vast number
of aspirants to judicial posts all over the country may be affected
by the CourtÊs ruling. More importantly, the legality of the very
process of nominations to the positions in the Judiciary is the
nucleus of the controversy. The Court considers this a
constitutional issue that must be passed upon, lest a constitutional
process be plagued by misgivings, doubts and worse, mistrust.
Hence, a citizen has a right to bring this question to the Court,
clothed with legal standing and at the same time, armed with
issues of transcendental importance to society. The claim that the
composition of the JBC is illegal and unconstitutional is an object
of concern, not just for a nominee to a judicial post, but for all
citizens who have the right to seek judicial intervention for
rectification of legal blunders.
With respect to the question of transcendental importance, it is
not difficult to perceive from the opposing arguments of the parties
that the determinants established in jurisprudence are attendant
in this case: (1) the character of the funds or other assets involved
in the case; (2) the presence of a clear case of disregard of a
constitutional or statutory prohibition by the public respondent
agency or instrumentality of the government; and (3) the lack of
any other party with a more direct and specific interest in the
questions being raised.31 The allegations of constitutional
violations in this case are not empty attacks on the wisdom of the
other branches of the government. The allegations are
substantiated by facts and, therefore, deserve an evaluation from
the Court. The Court

_______________
31 Francisco, Jr. v. House of Representatives, 460 Phil. 830, 899; 415 SCRA 44,
139 (2003), citing Kilosbayan v. Guingona, G.R. No. 113375, May 5, 1994, 232
SCRA 110, 155-157.

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need not elaborate on the legal and societal ramifications of the

issues raised. It cannot be gainsaid that the JBC is a constitutional
innovation crucial in the selection of the magistrates in our judicial
system.
The Composition of the JBC
Central to the resolution of the foregoing petition is an
understanding of the composition of the JBC as stated in the first
paragraph of Section 8, Article VIII of the Constitution. It reads:

„Section 8. (1) A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby created under

the supervision of the Supreme Court composed of the Chief Justice as ex
officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice, and a representative of the
Congress as ex officio Members, a representative of the Integrated Bar, a
professor of law, a retired Member of the Supreme Court, and a
representative of the private sector.‰

From a simple reading of the above-quoted provision, it can

readily be discerned that the provision is clear and unambiguous.
The first paragraph calls for the creation of a JBC and places the
same under the supervision of the Court. Then it goes to its
composition where the regular members are enumerated: a
representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor of law, a retired
member of the Court and a representative from the private sector.
On the second part lies the crux of the present controversy. It
enumerates the ex officio or special members of the JBC composed
of the Chief Justice, who shall be its Chairman, the Secretary of
Justice and „a representative of Congress.‰
As petitioner correctly posits, the use of the singular letter „a‰
preceding „representative of Congress‰ is unequivocal and leaves no
room for any other construction. It is indicative of what the
members of the Constitutional Commission had in mind, that is,
Congress may designate only one (1) representative to the JBC.
Had it been the intention that more than

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

one (1) representative from the legislature would sit in the JBC,
the Framers could have, in no uncertain terms, so provided.
One of the primary and basic rules in statutory construction is
that where the words of a statute are clear, plain, and free from
ambiguity, it must be given its literal meaning and applied without
attempted interpretation.32 It is a well-settled principle of
constitutional construction that the language employed in the
Constitution must be given their ordinary meaning except where
technical terms are employed. As much as possible, the words of
the Constitution should be understood in the sense they have in
common use. What it says according to the text of the provision to
be construed compels acceptance and negates the power of the
courts to alter it, based on the postulate that the framers and the
people mean what they say.33 Verba legis non est
recedendum―from the words of a statute there should be no
departure.34
The raison dÊ être for the rule is essentially two-fold: First,
because it is assumed that the words in which constitutional
provisions are couched express the objective sought to be
attained;35 and second, because the Constitution is not primarily a
lawyerÊs document but essentially that of the people, in whose
consciousness it should ever be present as an important condition
for the rule of law to prevail.36
Moreover, under the maxim noscitur a sociis, where a particular
word or phrase is ambiguous in itself or is equally susceptible of
various meanings, its correct construction may

_______________
32National Food Authority (NFA) v. Masada Security Agency, Inc., 493 Phil.
241, 250; 453 SCRA 70, 79 (2005); Philippine National Bank v. Garcia, Jr., 437
Phil. 289; 388 SCRA 485 (2002).
33 Francisco, Jr. v. House of Representatives, supra note 31 at
p. 885, citing J.M. Tuason & Co., Inc. v. Land Tenure Administration, L-21064,
February 18, 1970, 31 SCRA 413.
34 Id.
35 Id.
36 Id.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

be made clear and specific by considering the company of words in

which it is founded or with which it is associated.37 This is because
a word or phrase in a statute is always used in association with
other words or phrases, and its meaning may, thus, be modified or
restricted by the latter.38 The particular words, clauses and
phrases should not be studied as detached and isolated
expressions, but the whole and every part of the statute must be
considered in fixing the meaning of any of its parts and in order to
produce a harmonious whole. A statute must be so construed as to
harmonize and give effect to all its provisions whenever possible.39
In short, every meaning to be given to each word or phrase must
be ascertained from the context of the body of the statute since a
word or phrase in a statute is always used in association with
other words or phrases and its meaning may be modified or
restricted by the latter.
Applying the foregoing principle to this case, it becomes
apparent that the word „Congress‰ used in Article VIII, Section
8(1) of the Constitution is used in its generic sense. No particular
allusion whatsoever is made on whether the Senate or the House
of Representatives is being referred to, but that, in either case,
only a singular representative may be allowed to sit in the JBC.
The foregoing declaration is but sensible, since, as pointed out by
an esteemed former member of the

_______________
37 Coca-Cola Bottlers, Phils., Inc. (CCBPI), Naga Plant v. Gomez, G.R. No.
154491, November 14, 2008, 571 SCRA 18, 37; People v. Delantar, G.R. No.
169143, February 2, 2007, 514 SCRA 115, 139; and Republic v. Sandiganbayan,
255 Phil. 71; 173 SCRA 72 (1989), citing Co Kim Chan v. Valdez Tan Keh and
Dizon, 75 Phil. 371 (1945).
38 People v. Delantar, G.R. No. 169143, February 2, 2007, 514 SCRA 115, 139;
Republic v. Sandiganbayan, 255 Phil. 71; 173 SCRA 72 (1989), citing Co Kim
Chan v. Valdez, 75 Phil. 371 (1945).
39 Uy v. Sandiganbayan, 407 Phil. 154, 180; 354 SCRA 651, 673 (2001).

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

Court and consultant of the JBC in his memorandum,40 „from the

enumeration of the membership of the JBC, it is patent that each
category of members pertained to a single individual only.‰41
Indeed, the spirit and reason of the statute may be passed upon
where a literal meaning would lead to absurdity, contradiction,
injustice, or defeat the clear purpose of the lawmakers.42 Not any
of these instances, however, is present in the case at bench.
Considering that the language of the subject constitutional
provision is plain and unambiguous, there is no need to resort
extrinsic aids such as records of the Constitutional Commission.
Nevertheless, even if the Court should proceed to look into the
minds of the members of the Constitutional Commission, it is
undeniable from the records thereof that it was intended that the
JBC be composed of seven (7) members only. Thus:

„MR. RODRIGO: Let me go to another point then.

On page 2, Section 5, there is a novel provision about the
appointments of members of the Supreme Court and judges of the lower
courts. At present it is the President who appoints them. If there is a
Commission on Appointments, then it is the President with the
confirmation of the Commission on Appointment. In this proposal, we
would like to establish a new office, a sort of a board composed of seven
members called the Judicial and Bar Council. And while the President
will still appoint the member of the judiciary, he will be limited to the
recommendees of this Council.
xxx   xxx   xxx
MR. RODRIGO. Of the seven members of the Judicial and Bar
Council, the President appoints four of them who are regular members.

_______________
40 Memorandum of Associate Justice Leonardo A. Quisumbing, dated March 14, 2007;
Rollo, pp. 95-103.
41 Id., at p. 103.
42 Ursua v. Court of Appeals, 326 Phil. 157, 163; 256 SCRA 147, 152 (1996).

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xxx   xxx   xxx
 MR. CONCEPCION. The only purpose of the Committee is to
eliminate partisan politics.43
xxx   xxx   xxx
MR. RODRIGO. If my amendment is approved, then the provision
will be exactly the same as the provision in the 1935 Constitution, Article
VIII, Section 5.
xxx   xxx   xxx
If we do not remove the proposed amendment on the creation of the
Judicial and Bar Council, this will be a diminution of the appointing
power of the highest magistrate of the land, of the President of the
Philippines elected by all the Filipino people. The appointing power will
be limited by a group of seven people who are not elected by the people
but only appointed.
Mr. Presiding Officer, if this Council is created, there will be no
uniformity in our constitutional provisions on appointments. The
members of the Judiciary will be segregated from the rest of the
government. Even a municipal judge cannot be appointed by the
President except upon recommendation or nomination of the three names
by this Committee of seven people, commissioners of the Commission
on Elections, the COA and the Commission on Civil Service⁄even
ambassadors, generals of the Army will not come under this restriction.
Why are we going to segregate the Judiciary from the rest of our
government in the appointment of high-ranking officials?
Another reason is that this Council will be ineffective. It will just
besmirch the honor of our President without being effective at all because
this Council will be under the influence of the President. Four out of
seven are appointees of the President and they can be reappointed when
their term ends. Therefore, they would be kowtow the President. A fifth
member is the Minister of Justice, an alter ego of the President. Another
member represents the Legislature. In all probability, the controlling
part in the legislature belongs to the President and, therefore, this
representative form the National Assembly is also under the influence of
the President. And may I

_______________
43 1 Records of the Constitutional Commission Proceedings and Debates, p. 445.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

say, Mr. Presiding Officer, that event the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court is an appointee of the President. So it is futile he will be influence
anyway by the President.‰44 [Emphases supplied]

At this juncture, it is worthy to note that the seven-member

composition of the JBC serves a practical purpose, that is, to
provide a solution should there be a stalemate in voting. This
underlying reason leads the Court to conclude that a single vote
may not be divided into half (1/2), between two representatives of
Congress, or among any of the sitting members of the JBC for that
matter. This unsanctioned practice can possibly cause disorder and
eventually muddle the JBCÊs voting process, especially in the event
a tie is reached. The aforesaid purpose would then be rendered
illusory, defeating the precise mechanism which the Constitution
itself created. While it would be unreasonable to expect that the
Framers provide for every possible scenario, it is sensible to
presume that they knew that an odd composition is the best means
to break a voting deadlock.
The respondents insist that owing to the bicameral nature of
Congress, the word „Congress‰ in Section 8(1), Article VIII of the
Constitution should be read as including both the Senate and the
House of Representatives. They theorize that it was so worded
because at the time the said provision was being drafted, the
Framers initially intended a unicameral form of Congress. Then,
when the Constitutional Commission eventually adopted a
bicameral form of Congress, the Framers, through oversight, failed
to amend Article VIII, Section 8 of the Constitution.45 On this
score, the Court cites the insightful analysis of another member of
the Court and JBC consultant, retired Justice Consuelo Ynares-
Santiago.46 Thus:

_______________
44 1 Records of the Constitutional Commission Proceedings and Debates, pp.
486-487.
45 Comment of Respondents, Rollo, pp. 142-146.
46 Comment of JBC; id., at pp. 91-93.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

„A perusal of the records of the Constitutional Commission reveals

that the composition of the JBC reflects the CommissionÊs desire „to have
in the Council a representation for the major elements of the community.‰
xxx The ex-officio members of the Council consist of representatives from
the three main branches of government while the regular members are
composed of various stakeholders in the judiciary. The unmistakeable
tenor of Article VIII, Section 8(1) was to treat each ex-officio
member as representing one co-equal branch of government. xxx
Thus, the JBC was designed to have seven voting members with the
three ex-officio members having equal say in the choice of judicial
nominees.
xxx
No parallelism can be drawn between the representative of
Congress in the JBC and the exercise by Congress of its
legislative powers under Article VI and constituent powers under
Article XVII of the Constitution. Congress, in relation to the executive
and judicial branches of government, is constitutionally treated as
another coequal branch of in the matter of its representative in the JBC.
On the other hand, the exercise of legislative and constituent powers
requires the Senate and House of Representatives to coordinate and act
as distinct bodies in furtherance of CongressÊ role under our
constitutional scheme. While the latter justifies and, in fact,
necessitates the separateness of the two houses of Congress as
they relate inter se, no such dichotomy need be made when
Congress interacts with the other two co-equal branches of
government.
It is more in keeping with the co-equal nature of the three
governmental branches to assign the same weight to
considerations that any of its representatives may have
regarding aspiring nominees to the judiciary. The
representatives of the Senate and the House of Representatives
act as such for one branch and should not have any more
quantitative influence as the other branches in the exercise of
prerogatives evenly bestowed upon the three. Sound reason and
principle of equality among the three branches support this conclusion.‰
[Emphases and underscoring supplied]

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

More than the reasoning provided in the above discussed rules

of constitutional construction, the Court finds the above thesis as
the paramount justification of the CourtÊs conclusion that
„Congress,‰ in the context of JBC representation, should be
considered as one body. It is evident that the definition of
„Congress‰ as a bicameral body refers to its primary function in
government·to legislate.47 In the passage of laws, the
Constitution is explicit in the distinction of the role of each house
in the process. The same holds true in CongressÊ non-legislative
powers such as, inter alia, the power of appropriation,48 the
declaration of an existence of a state of war,49 canvassing of
electoral returns for the President and Vice-
 _______________
47 1987 Constitution, Article 6 Section 27(1)―Every bill passed by the
Congress shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President. If he
approves the same, he shall sign it; otherwise, he shall veto it and return the
same with his objections to the House where it originated, which shall enter the
objections at large in its Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such
reconsideration, two-thirds of all the Members of such House shall agree to pass
the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other House by which
it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of all the Members
of that House, it shall become a law. In all such cases, the votes of each House
shall be determined by yeas or nays, and the names of the Members voting for or
against shall be entered in its Journal. The President shall communicate his veto
of any bill to the House where it originated within thirty days after the date of
receipt thereof; otherwise, it shall become a law as if he had signed it.
48 1987 Constitution, Article 6 Section 24―All appropriation, revenue or tariff
bills, bills authorizing increase of public debt, bills of local application, and
private bills shall originate exclusively in the House of Representatives, but the
Senate may propose or concur with amendments.
49 1987 Constitution, Article 6 Section 23 (1)―The Congress, by a vote of two-
thirds of both Houses in joint session assembled, voting separately, shall have the
sole power to declare the existence of a state of war.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

President,50 and impeachment.51 In the exercise of these powers,

the Constitution employs precise language in laying down the roles
which a particular house plays, regardless of whether the two
houses consummate an official act by voting jointly or separately.
An inter-play between the two houses is necessary in the
realization of these powers causing a vivid dichotomy that the
Court cannot simply discount. Verily, each house is constitutionally
granted with powers and functions peculiar to its nature and with
keen consideration to 1) its relationship with the other chamber;
and 2) in consonance with the principle of checks and balances, to
the other branches of government.
This, however, cannot be said in the case of JBC representation
because no liaison between the two houses exists in the

_______________
50 1987 Constitution, Article 7 Section 4―The returns of every election for
President and Vice President, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each
province or city, shall be transmitted to the Congress, directed to the President of
the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the President of the Senate
shall, not later than thirty days after the day of the election, open all certificates
in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives in joint public
session, and the Congress, upon determination of the authenticity and due
execution thereof in the manner provided by law, canvass the votes. The person
having the highest number of votes shall be proclaimed elected, but in case two or
more shall have an equal and highest number of votes, one of them shall
forthwith be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the Members of both Houses of
the Congress, voting separately.
51 1987 Constitution, Article 11 Section 3 (1)―The House of Representatives
shall have the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment.
xxx
(6)  The Senate shall have the sole power to try and decide all cases of
impeachment. When sitting for that purpose, the Senators shall be on oath or
affirmation. When the President of the Philippines is on trial, the Chief Justice of
the Supreme Court shall preside, but shall not vote. No person shall be convicted
without the concurrence of two-thirds of all the Members of the Senate.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

workings of the JBC. No mechanism is required between the

Senate and the House of Representatives in the screening and
nomination of judicial officers. Hence, the term „Congress‰ must be
taken to mean the entire legislative department. A fortiori, a
pretext of oversight cannot prevail over the more pragmatic
scheme which the Constitution laid with firmness, that is, that the
JBC has a seat for a single representative of Congress, as one of
the co-equal branches of government.
Doubtless, the Framers of our Constitution intended to create a
JBC as an innovative solution in response to the public clamor in
favor of eliminating politics in the appointment of members of the
Judiciary.52 To ensure judicial independence, they adopted a
holistic approach and hoped that, in creating a JBC, the private
sector and the three branches of government would have an active
role and equal voice in the selection of the members of the
Judiciary.
Therefore, to allow the Legislature to have more quantitative
influence in the JBC by having more than one voice speak,
whether with one full vote or one-half (1/2) a vote each, would, as
one former congressman and member of the JBC put it, „negate
the principle of equality among the three branches of government
which is enshrined in the Constitution.‰53
To quote one former Secretary of Justice:

„The present imbalance in voting power between the Legislative and

the other sectors represented in the JBC must be corrected especially
when considered vis-à-vis the avowed purpose for its creation, i.e., to
insulate the appointments in the Judiciary against political influence. By
allowing both houses of Congress to have a representative in the
JBC and by giving each representative one (1) vote in the
Council, Congress, as compared to the other members of the JBC,
is accorded greater and unwar-

_______________
52 1 Records of the Constitutional Commission Proceedings and Debates Records of the
Constitutional Convention, p. 487.
53 Comment of the JBC, Rollo, p. 104.

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ranted influence in the appointment of judges.‰54 [Emphasis

supplied]

It is clear, therefore, that the Constitution mandates that the

JBC be composed of seven (7) members only. Thus, any inclusion of
another member, whether with one whole vote or half (1/2) of it,
goes against that mandate. Section 8(1), Article VIII of the
Constitution, providing Congress with an equal voice with other
members of the JBC in recommending appointees to the Judiciary
is explicit. Any circumvention of the constitutional mandate should
not be countenanced for the Constitution is the supreme law of the
land. The Constitution is the basic and paramount law to which all
other laws must conform and to which all persons, including the
highest officials of the land, must defer. Constitutional doctrines
must remain steadfast no matter what may be the tides of time. It
cannot be simply made to sway and accommodate the call of
situations and much more tailor itself to the whims and caprices of
the government and the people who run it.55 Hence, any act of the
government or of a public official or employee which is contrary to
the Constitution is illegal, null and void.
As to the effect of the CourtÊs finding that the current
composition of the JBC is unconstitutional, it bears mentioning
that as a general rule, an unconstitutional act is not a law; it
confers no rights; it imposes no duties; it affords no protection; it
creates no office; it is inoperative as if it has not been passed at
all.56 This rule, however, is not absolute. In the interest of fair play
under the doctrine of operative facts, ac-

_______________
 54 Memorandum of Justice Secretary Agnes VST Devanadera, Comment of the
JBC, id., at pp. 105-106.
55 Louis „Barok‰ C. Biraogo v. The Philippine Truth Commission of 2010, G.R.
No. 192935, December 7, 2010, 637 SCRA 78, 137-138, citing Cruz, Philippine
Political Law, 2002 ed., p. 12.
56 Claudio S. Yap v. Thennamaris ShipÊs Management and Intermare Maritime
Agencies, Inc., G.R. No. 179532, May 30, 2011, 649 SCRA 369, 380.

608

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

tions previous to the declaration of unconstitutionality are legally

recognized. They are not nullified. In Planters Products, Inc. v.
Fertiphil Corporation,57 the Court explained:

„The doctrine of operative fact, as an exception to the general rule,

only applies as a matter of equity and fair play. It nullifies the effects of
an unconstitutional law by recognizing that the existence of a statute
prior to a determination of unconstitutionality is an operative fact and
may have consequences which cannot always be ignored. The past cannot
always be erased by a new judicial declaration.
The doctrine is applicable when a declaration of unconstitutionality
will impose an undue burden on those who have relied on the invalid law.
Thus, it was applied to a criminal case when a declaration of
unconstitutionality would put the accused in double jeopardy or would
put in limbo the acts done by a municipality in reliance upon a law
creating it.‰

Considering the circumstances, the Court finds the exception

applicable in this case and holds that notwithstanding its finding
of unconstitutionality in the current composition of the JBC, all its
prior official actions are nonetheless valid.
At this point, the Court takes the initiative to clarify that it is
not in a position to determine as to who should remain as the sole
representative of Congress in the JBC. This is a matter beyond the
province of the Court and is best left to the determination of
Congress.
Finally, while the Court finds wisdom in respondentÊs
contention that both the Senate and the House of Representatives
should be equally represented in the JBC, the Court is not in a
position to stamp its imprimatur on such a construction at the risk
of expanding the meaning of the Constitution as currently worded.
Needless to state, the remedy lies in the amendment of this
constitutional provision. The courts merely give effect to the
lawgiverÊs intent. The solemn power and duty of the Court to
interpret and apply the law does not

_______________
57 G.R. No. 166006, March 14, 2008, 548 SCRA 485, 516-517.

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include the power to correct, by reading into the law what is not
written therein.
WHEREFORE, the petition is GRANTED. The current
numerical composition of the Judicial and Bar Council is declared
UNCONSTITUTIONAL. The Judicial and Bar Council is hereby
enjoined to reconstitute itself so that only one (1) member of
Congress will sit as a representative in its proceedings, in
accordance with Section 8(1), Article VIII of the 1987 Constitution.
This disposition is immediately executory.
SO ORDERED.

Peralta, Bersamin, Villarama, Jr., Perez, Reyes and

Perlas-Bernabe, JJ., concur.
Carpio, J., No Part. I am a nominee to the CJ position.
Velasco, Jr., J., No part·I am being considered for nomination
by the JBC.
Leonardo-De Castro, J., No part·I am one of the incumbent
Justices being considered by the JBC for nomination to CJ
position.
Brion, J., No part. On leave.
Del Castillo, J., I join the dissent of J. Abad.
Abad, J., See my dissenting opinion.
Sereno, J., No part·a nominee for CJ.

DISSENTING OPINION
ABAD, J.:
Some of my colleagues who have been nominated to the position
of Chief Justice like me have inhibited themselves from this case
at the outset. I respect their judgments. I, on the other hand, chose
not to inhibit myself from the case since I have found no
compelling reason for doing so.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

I take no issue with the majority of the Court on the threshold

question of whether or not the requisite conditions for the exercise
of its power of judicial review have been met in this case. I am
satisfied that those conditions are present.
It is the main question that concerns me: whether or not each of
the Senate and the House of Representatives is entitled to one
representative in the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC), both with
the right to vote independently like its other members.
The problem has arisen because currently one representative
each from the Senate and the House of Representatives take part
as members of the JBC with each casting one vote in its
deliberations. Petitioner Francisco I. Chavez challenges this
arrangement, however, citing Section 8(1) of Article VIII of the
1987 Constitution which literally gives Congress just one
representative in the JBC. Thus:

„Article VIII, Section 8. (1) A Judicial and Bar Council is hereby

created under the supervision of the Supreme Court composed of the
Chief Justice as ex officio Chairman, the Secretary of Justice, and a
representative of the Congress as ex officio Members, a
representative of the Integrated Bar, a professor of law, a retired Member
of the Supreme Court, and a representative of the private sector.‰
(Emphasis ours)1

The majority heavily relies on the wordings of Section 8(1)

above. According to them, the framers of the 1987 Constitution
used plain, unambiguous, and certain terms in crafting that
section and, therefore, it calls for no further interpretation. The
provision uses the indefinite article „a‰ signifying „one‰ before the
word „representative‰ which in itself is in singular form.
Consequently, says the majority, Congress should have but just one
representative in the JBC. Section 8(1) uses the term „Congress‰ in
its generic sense, without any special and specific mention of the
two houses that compose it, namely the Senate and the House of
Representatives.

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1 The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines.

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 The majority also invokes the doctrine of noscitur a sociis which
states that a proper interpretation may be had by considering the
words that accompany the term or phrase in question.2 By looking
at the enumeration in Section 8(1) of who the JBC members are,
one can readily discern that every category of membership in that
body refers just to a single individual.
There are three well-settled principles of constitutional
construction: first, verba legis, that is, wherever possible, the
words used in the Constitution should be given their ordinary
meaning except where technical terms are employed; second,
where there is ambiguity, ratio legis est anima, meaning that the
words of the Constitution should be interpreted in accordance with
the intent of its framers; and third, ut magis valeat quam pereat,
meaning that the Constitution is to be interpreted as a whole.3
There is no question that when the Constitutional Commission
(ConCom) deliberated on the provisions regarding the composition
of the JBC, the members of the commission thought, as the
original draft of those provisions indicates, that the country would
have a unicameral legislative body, like a parliament. For this
reason, they allocated the three „ex officio‰ memberships in the
council to the Chief Justice, the Secretary of Justice, and a
representative from the National Assembly, evidently to give
representation in the JBC to the three great branches of
government.
Subsequently, however, the ConCom decided, after a very close
vote of 23 against 22, to adopt a bicameral legislative body, with a
Senate and a House of Representatives. Unfortunately, as Fr.
Joaquin Bernas, a member of the ConCom, admits, the committee
charged with making adjustments in

_______________
2 Government Service Insurance System v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No.
162372, October 19, 2011, 658 SCRA 796.
3 Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003,
415 SCRA 44.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

the previously passed provisions covering the JBC, failed to

consider the impact of the changed character of the legislature on
the inclusion of „a representative of the Congress‰ in the
membership of the JBC.4
Still, it is a basic principle in statutory construction that the law
must be given a reasonable interpretation at all times.5 The Court
may, in some instances, consider the spirit and reason of a statute,
where a literal meaning would lead to absurdity, contradiction, or
injustice, or would defeat the clear purpose of the law makers.6
Applying a verba legis or strictly literal interpretation of the
constitution may render its provisions meaningless and lead to
inconvenience, an absurd situation, or an injustice. To obviate this
aberration, and bearing in mind the principle that the intent or the
spirit of the law is the law itself, resort should be made to the rule
that the spirit of the law controls its letter.7
To insist that only one member of Congress from either the
Senate or the House of Representatives should sit at any time in
the JBC, is to ignore the fact that while these two houses of
Congress are involved in the common task of making laws, they
are separate and distinct.8 Senators are elected by the people at
large, while the Members of the House of Representatives, by their
respective districts or sectors. They have detached administrative
organizations and deliberate on laws separately, indeed, often
coming up with dissimilar drafts of those laws. Clearly, neither the
Senate nor the House of Representatives can by itself claim to
represent the Congress.

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 4 http://opinion.inquirer.net/31813/jbc-odds-and-ends (last accessed 18 July
2012).
5 Millares v. National Labor Relations Commission, G.R. No. 110524, July 29,
2002, 385 SCRA 306.
6 People v. Manantan, G.R. No. 14129, July 31, 1962, 5 SCRA 684, citing
Crawford, Interpretation of Laws, Sec. 78, p. 294.
7 Navarro v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 180050, February 10, 2010, 620
SCRA 529, dissenting opinion of J. Perez.
8 Supra note 1, Article VI, Section 1.

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Those who drafted Section 8(1) did not intend to limit the term
„Congress‰ to just either of the two Houses.
Notably, the doctrine that a proper interpretation may be had
by considering the words that accompany the term or phrase in
question should apply to this case. While it is true that Section 8(1)
provides for just „a representative of the Congress,‰ it also provides
that such representation is „ex officio.‰ „Ex officio‰ is a Latin term,
meaning „by virtue of oneÊs office, or position.‰9 This is not too
different from the idea that a man, by virtue of being a husband to
his wife, is also a father to their children. So in Section 8(1),
whoever occupies the designated office or position becomes an „ex
officio‰ JBC member. For instance, if the President appoints Mr. X
as Chief Justice, Mr. X automatically becomes the chairman of the
JBC, an attached function, by virtue of his being the Chief Justice.
He replaces the former Chief Justice without need for another
appointment or the taking of a separate oath of office. In the same
way, if the President appoints Mr. Y as Secretary of Justice, Mr. Y
also automatically becomes a member of the JBC, also an attached
function, by virtue of his being the Secretary of Justice.
Now, under the rules of the Senate, the Chairman of its Justice
Committee is automatically the Senate representative to the JBC.
In the same way, under the rules of the House of Representatives,
the Chairman of its Justice Committee is the House representative
to the JBC. Thus, there are two persons in Congress, not just one,
who hold separate offices or positions with the attached function of
sitting in the JBC. Section 8(1) cannot be literally applied simply
because there is no office, serving both the Senate and the House
of Representatives, with the attached function of sitting as
member in the JBC.
Inevitably, if the Court were to stick to the literal reading of
Section 8(1), which restricts JBC representation to just one

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9 WebsterÊs New World College Dictionary, 3rd Edition, p. 477.

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Chavez vs. Judicial and Bar Council

person holding office in Congress and working under both houses,

no one will qualify as „ex officio‰ member of JBC. No such
individual exists. Congress would consequently be denied the
representation that those who drafted the Constitution intended it
to have.
Allowing a Senator and a Congressman to sit alternately at any
one time cannot be a solution since each of them would actually be
representing only his half of Congress when he takes part in JBC
deliberations. Allowing both, on the other hand, to sit in those
deliberations at the same time with half a vote each is absurd
since that would diminish their standing and make them second
class members of JBC, something that the Constitution clearly
does not contemplate. It is presumed when drafting laws that the
legislature does not intend to produce undesirable consequences.
Thus, when a literal translation would result to such
consequences, the same is to be utterly rejected.10
Indeed, the JBC abandoned the half-a-vote practice on January
12, 2000 and recognized the right of the Senator and the
Congressman attending their deliberations to cast one vote each.
Only by recognizing this right can the true spirit and intent of
Section 8(1) be attained.
With respect to the seven-man membership of the JBC, the
majority assumes that by providing for an odd-numbered
composition those who drafted the Constitution sought to prevent
the possibility of a stalemate in voting and that, consequently, an
eight-man membership is out of the question. But a tie vote does
not pose a problem. The JBCÊs main function is to choose at least
three nominees for each judicial position from which the President
will select the one he would want to appoint. Any tie in the voting
is immaterial since this is not a yes or no proposition. Very often,
those in the shortlist submitted to the President get even votes. On
the other hand, when a yes or no proposition is voted upon and
there is a tie,

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10 Supra note 5.

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it merely means that the proposition is lost for failure to get the
plurality of votes.
The majority points out that the framers of the 1987
Constitution created the JBC as a response to a public clamor for
removing partisan politics from the selection process for judges
and justices of the courts. It thus results that the private sector
and the three branches of government have been given active roles
and equal voices in their selection. The majority contends that, if it
were to allow two representatives from the Congress in the JBC,
the balance of power within that body will tilt in favor of Congress.
But, it is not partisan politics per se that Section 8(1) intends to
remove from the appointment process in the judiciary, but partisan
domination of the same. Indeed, politicians have distinct roles in
that process. For instance, it is the President, a politician, who
appoints the six regular members of the JBC. And these
appointees have to be confirmed by the Commission on
Appointment, composed of politicians. What is more, although it is
the JBC that screens candidates for positions in the judiciary, it is
the President who eventually appoints them.
Further, if the idea was to absolutely eliminate politics from the
JBC selection process, the framers of the Constitution could simply
have barred all politicians from it. But the Constitution as enacted
allows the Secretary of Justice, an alter-ego of the President, as
well as representatives from the Congress to sit as members of
JBC. Evidently, the Constitution wants certain representatives of
the people to have a hand in the selection of the members of the
judiciary.
The majority also holds the view that allowing two members of
the Congress to sit in the JBC would undermine the ConstitutionÊs
intent to maintain the balance of power in that body and give the
legislature greater and unwarranted influence in the appointment
of members of the Judiciary. But this fear is unwarranted. The
lawmakers hold only two positions in that eight-man body. This
will not give them greater power
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than the other six members have. Besides, historically, the

 representatives from the Senate and the lower house have
frequently disagreed in their votes. Their outlooks differ.
Actually, if the Court would go by numbers, it is the President
who appoints six of the members of the JBC (the Chief Justice, the
Secretary of Justice, and the four regular members), thus
establishing an edge in favor of presidential appointees. Placing
one representative each from the Senate and the House of
Representatives rather than just one congressional representative
somewhat blunts that edge. As the OSG correctly points out, the
current practice contributes two elective officials in the JBC whose
membership is totally independent from the Office of the
President.
Lastly, the presence of an elected Senator and an elected
member of the House of Representatives in the JBC is more
consistent with the republican nature of our government where all
government authority emanates from the people and is exercised
by representatives chosen by them.
For the above reasons, I vote to DISMISS the petition.

Petition granted, current numerical composition of Judicial and

Bar Council declared unconstitutional.

Notes.―The system of judicial review should not be misused

and abused to evade the operation of final and executory
judgments. (Marcelo vs. Philippine Commercial International Bank
[PCIB], 607 SCRA 778 [2009])
That the operative fact doctrine squarely applies to executive
acts is well-settled in our jurisprudence. (Hacienda Luisita,
Incorporated vs. Presidential Agrarian Reform Council, 653 SCRA
154 [2011])

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