3g Networks Technologies.

Key to Success
 Be on time (if you are late enter the room quietly)
 Your ringer is not that great! (cell phones off or muted)
 You can do without facebook/youtube/twitter/emails/sms for 1:15 - If you have to,

don’t disturb your peers
 Interrupt for questions – there is no dumb question
 Pay attention to the training and keep extra notes
 Read extra material on your own. Wealth of information available (library books,
online articles, research papers)
3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 1

Telecom Training Program
3G Networks
Technologies, Services & Benefits
Rauf Akram | raufakram.wordpress.com | Skype: rauf.akram | @RaufAkram |

Agenda
Previous Technologies
3G Technology Review
3G Services & Application
What is 3GPP ?
Rel. 4 – UMTS
Rel. 5 & 6 – HSPA & IMS
Rel. 7 – HSPA+
IMS
GSMA RCS Services
3G offloading via WLAN (4G Wifi – Hotspot 2.0)

3G Networks - Technologies, Services & Benefits

• Beginning in 1918 the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on
military trains between Berlin and Zossen
• In 1925, the company Zugtelephonie A. G. was founded to supply train
telephony equipment
• Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone
companies in the 1940s
• In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to
allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles,
leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis,
Missouri
• In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961
developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld
mobile phone. The weight of one model, presented in 1961, was only 70 g
and could fit on a palm
• Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On 3rd
April 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola engineer and executive, made the first
mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment in front of
reporters, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs. The prototype
weighed 1.1 kg and measured 23 cm long, 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide,
Courtesy of Rich Howard
offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge. Cooper
has stated his vision for the handheld device was inspired by Captain James T.
Kirk using his Communicator on the television show Star Trek

Global Mobile vs. Landline Statistics
7000
6000 Crossover
has happened in
5000 May 2002 !
4000
Mobile Subs
(millions)
3000
2000
Landline Subs
1000
0
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12


First Generation (1G)
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

– US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
– 800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands
– TIA-553
– Still used in US and many parts of the world
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
– Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
– Launched 1981; now largely retired
– 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
• Total Access Communications System (TACS)
– British design; similar to AMPS; deployed in 1985
– Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

Second Generation (2G)
• Digital systems
• Leverage technology to increase capacity
– Speech compression; digital signal processing
• Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts
• Improve fraud prevention
• Add new services
• There are a wide diversity of 2G systems
– IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan)
– iDEN
– DECT and PHS
– IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
– GSM

GPRS & EDGE
• 2.5G GPRS
• 2.75G EDGE
• Addition of PCU, SGSN,
GGSN, DNS, IPCG nodes
into GSM network
Theoretical Theoretical Actual Actual

Technology
Downlink Uplink Downlink Uplink
GPRS 171Kbps 40Kbps 64Kbps 20Kbps
EDGE 384Kbps 108Kbps 217Kbps 60Kbps

3G Technology Overview

Generation Technology Theoretical Speeds Practical Speeds
2G GSM
DL: 14.4Kbps
UL: 14.4Kbps
DL: 9.6Kbps
UL: 9.6Kbps A little about generations …….
DL: 171Kbps DL: 48 - 64 Kbps
2.5G GPRS
UL: 40Kbps UL: 14 - 26 Kbps
DL: 384Kbps DL: up to 217Kbps
2.75G EDGE
UL: 108Kbps UL: up to 80Kbps
DL: 2Mbps DL: 384Kbps – 1 Mbps
3G UMTS
UL: 384 Kbps UL: 64 - 153 Kbps
DL: 3.6 – 14.4 Mbps DL: 1 - 3 Mbps
3.5G HSDPA
UL: 384Kbps – 2Mbps UL: 384Kbps – 1Mbps
DL: 14.4Mbps DL: 1 - 3 Mbps
3.6G HSUPA
UL: 5.76Mbps UL: 512kbps – 2Mbps
DL: 21Mbps DL: 3 - 6 Mbps
3.75G HSPA+
UL: 5.8Mbps UL: 512kbps – 2Mbps
DL: 28 – 84 Mbps DL: 3 – 10 Mbps
3.8G HSPA+ Enhanced
UL: 5.8 – 20 Mbps UL: 1 – 5 Mbps
DL: 100Mbps DL: 5 – 30 Mbps
3.9G LTE
UL: 50Mbps UL: 3 – 15 Mbps
DL: 1Gbps DL: 100 – 300 Mbps
4G LTE-Advanced
UL: 500Mbps UL: 5 – 100 Mbps

Wireless Technology Evolution

3G Vision
• Universal global roaming • Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)
• Multimedia (voice, data & video) • IP architecture
• Increased data rates • Packet Oriented Services
– 144 kbps at high speed • Multiple services simultaneously
– 384 kbps while moving • Rich Communication (Interactivity)
– 2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations
Pedestrian & Office (<10km/h): Outdoor (< 150 km/h): Outdoor (<250 km/h):
bit rate 2 Mbps bit rate 384 Kbps bit rate 144 Kbps

3G Spectrum
• 3G requires minimum 5MHz band
• 2100MHz band dedicated for 3G
• Operators also use 900MHz & 1800MHz for 3G
• Lower frequency, greater coverage - excellent
coverage in rural areas, improves in-door coverage
and augments capacity in urban areas
• 900MHz re-farming solutions let operators use the
GSM frequency to quickly deploy a low-cost UMTS
network with wide coverage. Users get seamless
2G and 3G services with two networks integrated
on the same platform.
• UMTS900 combines superior performance of UMTS
with coverage benefits of 900MHz spectrum
• UMTS900 can co-exist with GSM900

900MHz for 3G

Financial Benefits for using 900MHz for 3G
• Up to 66.4% less CAPEX required for

deploying 3G using 900MHz compared to
2100MHz
• 2100MHz only has one advantage –
capacity 2100MHz
• Business strategy should be to deploy 3G 900MHz
using 900MHz for cost effective and quick
Time to Market and then if required to
increase capacity, use Pico-Cells or Femto-
SAVINGS
Cells using 2100MHz

UMTS900 Stats

TDMA — Time Division Multiple Access (2G/GSM)
FDMA — Frequency Division Multiple Access (1G) One timeslot = 0.577 ms One TDMA frame = 8 timeslots
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
Frequency
Frequency
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
30 KHz
200 KHz
30 KHz
Time

Multiple Access Technologies
• Spread spectrum modulation
– Originally developed for the military
– Resists jamming and many kinds of interference
– Coded modulation hidden from those w/o the code
• All users share same (large) block of spectrum
– One for one frequency reuse
– Soft handoffs possible
• Every 3G Technology is based on CDMA
– CDMA2000, W-CDMA and TD-SCDMA

CDMA Traffic channels: different users

are assigned unique code and
Power transmitted over the same
frequency band, for example,
WCDMA and CDMA2000
TDMA
Power Traffic channels: different time slots are

allocated to different users, for example,
DAMPS and GSM
FDMA
Power Traffic channels: different frequency bands are

allocated to different users, for example, AMPS
and TACS

Advantage Defect
Disadvantage
FDMA 1. Simple Implementation 1. Frequency Reuse

AMPS, TACS 2. privacy
TDMA 1. Privacy 1. Need synchronization

2. 4 times the capacity of of frame
GSM, PDC FDMA
CDMA 1. Reduction of interference 1. Sophisticated power
control for mobile
IS95, 2. Diversity Hand-over
W-CDMA 3. Privacy
4. 4.2 Times the capacity of
TDMA

FDMA/TDMA CDMA
ｆ１
ｆｆ１6 ｆ1 ｆ1
ｆ 67 ｆ4 ｆｆ17 ｆｆ１2 ｆ1
ｆ 75 ｆ2 ｆ7 ｆ1 ｆ1 ｆｆ15 ｆ1
ｆ１ｆ3 ｆ5 ｆ2 ｆ1 ｆ1 ｆ1
ｆ6 ｆ１ｆ3 ｆ1 ｆｆ14 ｆｆ16 ｆ1
ｆ7 ｆ4 ｆ6 ｆ１ｆ1 ｆｆ17 ｆ1
ｆ2 ｆ7 ｆ4 ｆ1 ｆ1
ｆ5 ｆ2 ｆ1
ｆ3
Frequency is different in each sector. Frequency is same.
Need for frequency plan (Frequency Reuse) No need for frequency plan

Duplex Technology
• Duplex technology distinguishes User’s Uplink & Downlink Signal

• FDD (Frequency Division Duplex):
– Identify uplink & downlink signal by using different frequencies
– Adopted by GSM & 3G
– Advantage - It can be easily implemented
– Disadvantage – Spectrum utilization is low when uplink & downlink services are asymmetrical
• TDD (Time Division Duplex):
– Identifies uplink & downlink signal by using different timeslots
– Adopted by TD-SCDMA (China)
– Hard to implement as it need very precise synchronization, require GPS in CDMA
– Difficult to control interference between uplink and downlink

Duplex Technology
Mobile Terminal Base station
TS1 TS2
Up Down
Mobile Terminal Base station
TS: Time slot

Signal Transmission using Codes
Wide Band
Narrow Band
Narrow Band Signal Signal
Signal Spreading (Multiple Signal) Despreading
Code 1 Code 1
(Receiver A)
A A
C
B
User-A A User-A
Code 2 Code 2
(Receiver B)
B B
De-spreading
Code
User-B User-B
Code 3 Code 3
(Receiver C)
C C
User-C User-C

How User Is Identified with Codes
 Downlink (NodeB to UE )
 Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector).
 Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).
 Up Link (UE to NodeB )
 Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.

 Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.

3G Modulation Schemes
• QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift

Keying sends information by
altering the phase of the carrier
wave. It uses four different
possible phases, making it possible
to send two bits for every symbol.
• Quadrature amplitude modulation
(QAM) is both an analog and a
digital modulation scheme. It
conveys two analog message
signals, or two digital bit streams,
by changing (modulating) the
amplitudes of two carrier waves,
using the amplitude-shift keying
(ASK) digital modulation scheme
or amplitude modulation (AM)
analog modulation scheme.

Multipath Environment
Transmitted
signal
Strength of the
received signal
Time

RAKE Receiver
• A RAKE receiver is a form of radio receiver.
• It is often used to overcome the effects of
multipath propagation.
• It uses several sub-receivers known as
"fingers" which are given a particular
multipath component.
• Each finger then processes its component
and decodes it.
• The resultant outputs from the fingers are
then combined to provide the maximum
contribution from each path.
• In this way rake receivers and multipath
propagation can be used to improve the
signal to noise performance.

3G Handover Types
“The term handover or handoff refers to the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one base station
or cell or channel to another without loss or interruption of service. Handover occurs when coverage conditions change.”
Four types of handover supported in 3G
o Hard Handover: This form of handover is essentially the same as that used for 2G networks where one link is
broken and another established.
o Soft Handover: This form of handover is a more gradual and the mobile communicates simultaneously with more
than one NodeB or base station during the handover process.
o Softer Handover: Not a full form of UMTS handover, but the UE communicates with more than one sector
managed by the same NodeB.
o Inter-RAT Handover: This form of handover occurs when UEs have to change between Radio Access Technologies
like from UMTS to GSM or GSM to UMTS

Hard Handover
• The network decides a handover is required dependent upon the signal strengths of the existing link, and the strengths
of broadcast channels of adjacent cells.
• The link between the existing NodeB and the UE is broken.
• A new link is established between the new NodeB and the UE.
Hard handovers is used in below circumstances:
• When moving from one cell to an adjacent cell that is on a different frequency.
• When moving from one cell to another where there is no capacity on the existing channel, and a change to a new
frequency is required.

Soft Handover
• UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3 sectors) using the same frequency
• The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations and combines them using the RAKE Receiver
capability available in signal processing component of UE.
• In the uplink direction, uplink transmission from UE is received at both NodeBs, but the received data is then routed to
the RNC for combining
• The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates based on frame reliability indicator
• Once the soft handover has been completed, the links to the old NodeB are dropped and the UE continues to
communicate with the new NodeB.

Softer Handover
• UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one NodeB using the same frequency
• In the uplink, the signals received by the NodeB, the signals from the two sectors can be routed to the same RAKE
receiver and then combined to provide an enhanced signal.
• In the downlink, it is a little more complicated because the different sectors of the NodeB use different scrambling
codes. To overcome this, different fingers of the RAKE receiver apply the appropriate de-spreading or de-scrambling
codes to the received signals. Once this has been done, they can be combined.

Inter-RAT Handover
• In many instances it is necessary for the UMTS radio access network to handover to the 2G GSM network.
• These handovers are given a variety of names including Inter-RAT handover as they are handing over between different
forms of Radio Access Technology, Intersystem Handover, and UMTS / GSM Handover.
• These handovers may be required for one of a variety of reasons including:
o Limited UMTS coverage

o UMTS network busy whereas spare capacity is available on GSM network
• The most common form of intersystem or inter-RAT handover is between UMTS and GSM.
• There are two different types of inter-RAT handover:
o UMTS to GSM handover

o Handover from GSM to UMTS

3G Services & Applications

3G Service
 Conversational Services
– Speech service:
• Real time conversational service require the low time delay
from end to end , and the uplink and the downlink service
bandwidth is symmetrical .
• Adopt AMR ( adaptive multi rate ) technique (WCDMA).
– 12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps.
– The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the RAN
according to the payload of air interface and the quality
of voice service .
– Video phone (WCDMA)
• The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service
• The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M (AMR-H.263)
• The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323
 Streaming Services
– e.g. Telemetry (monitoring) , Audio and Video streaming
 Interactive Services
– e.g. Web browsing , and online games
 Background Services
– e.g. Email, Fax, SMS, MMS, IM, Presence etc.

3G Services QoS Classes

3G Services

3G Services
• For the consumer • RCSe Services to compete OTT players
– Video streaming, TV broadcast, Video Clips (news, – Presence

music, sports), Video calls, Video sharing – Location
– Enhanced gaming, location services… – Instant Messaging (voice + video)
– Enhanced Communication – Email, chat, web surfing – Conferencing
– Value Added Services – Information services, games, – File Sharing
e-commerce, friend finder – Media Streaming / Annoucements
– Location-based applications - Navigation, traffic – Multi-player gaming with voice chat
conditions, Airline /rail schedule, location finder,
direction finder • General Services
• For business – Mobile TV
– High speed teleworking / VPN access – Mobile Broadband
– Video conferencing, Remote Presentation – Mobile Cloud Services
– Real-time financial information – SMS, EMS, MMS
– Enhanced Communications - E-mail, chat, fax, – VoIP w/o QoS, PoC
intranet/ internet access. – IP Centrex Services for Businesses

3G Services - IMS Based
IMS

What is 3GPP?

What is 3GPP?
• 3GPP Stands for 3rd Generation Partnership Project*

• The Partners are Standards Developing Organizations
• Contribution driven …companies participate in 3GPP (Japan) (China) (Korea)
through their membership of one of these “Organizational

Partners”
• Currently over 350 Individual Members (Operators,
(USA) (Europe) (Japan)
Vendors, Regulators)
• 13 Market Representation Partners (giving perspectives on
market needs and drivers)
*3GPP is not constrained to 3rd Generation.

It includes work on both 2nd and 4th generation
technologies.

What is 3GPP?
GSM 1G
Analog technology.
3GPP Specified Radio Interfaces
Deployed in the 1980s. • 2G radio: GSM, GPRS, EDGE
GSM 2G
Digital Technology.
• 3G radio: WCDMA, HSPA, LTE
First digital systems.
Deployed in the 1990s.
• 4G radio: LTE Advanced
New services such as SMS
and low-rate data.
Primary technologies
include IS-95 CDMA and
3GPP Core Network What does 3GPP Specify ?
GSM. • 2G/3G: GSM core network
3G ITU’s IMT-2000 required 144
kbps mobile, 384 kbps
• 3G/4G: Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
pedestrian, 2 Mbps indoors
Primary technologies
include CDMA2000 1X/EVDO, WiMAX,
and UMTS-HSPA.
3GPP Service Layer
4G ITU’s IMT-Advanced
• GSM services
requirements include ability to
operate in up to 40 MHz radio
• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
channels and with very high
spectral efficiency.
• Multimedia Telephony (MMTEL)
No technology meets
requirements today.
• Support of Messaging and other OMA
IEEE 802.16m and LTE functionality
Advanced being designed
to meet requirements. • Emergency services and public warning
Text adapted from 3G Americas White Paper, September 2010 • Etc.

3GPP Standard Releases
Release 99: Enhancements to Release 10 LTE-Advanced
GSM data (EDGE). Majority of meeting the requirements set
deployments today are based on by ITU’s IMT-Advanced project.
Release 99. Provides support for
GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA Also includes quad-carrier
radio-access networks. operation for HSPA+.
Release 4: Multimedia Release 9: HSPA and LTE

messaging support. First steps enhancements including HSPA
toward using IP transport in the dual-carrier operation in
core network. combination with MIMO, EPC
enhancements, femtocell
support, support for regulatory
Release 5: HSDPA. First phase of features such as emergency
Internet Protocol Multimedia user-equipment positioning and
Subsystem (IMS). Full ability to Commercial Mobile Alert
use IP-based transport instead of System (CMAS), and evolution
just Asynchronous Transfer of IMS architecture.
Mode (ATM) in the core
network.
Release 8: HSPA Evolution,
simultaneous use of MIMO and
Release 6: HSUPA. Enhanced 64 QAM. Includes dual-carrier
multimedia support through HSPA (DC-HSPA) wherein two
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast WCDMA radio channels can be
Services (MBMS). Performance Release 7: Evolved EDGE. Specifies HSPA+, higher order modulation and MIMO. Performance enhancements, improved combined for a doubling of
specifications for advanced spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance to interference. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) enables throughput performance.
receivers. Wireless Local Area efficient “always-on” service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity, as well as reductions in call set-up delay for Push-to-Talk Specifies OFDMA-based 3GPP
Network (WLAN) integration Over Cellular (PoC). Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in the downlink DL LTE.
option. IMS enhancements. and 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities through the multicast/broadcast, single-frequency
Initial VoIP capability. network (MBSFN) function. Defines EPC.

3GPP Evolution Direction & Statistics
• Radio Interfaces
– Higher Data Throughput
– Lower Latency
– More Spectrum Flexibility
– Improved CAPEX and OPEX
• IP Core Network
– Support of non-3GPP Accesses
– Packet Only Support
– Improved Security
– Greater Device Diversity
• Service Layer
– More IMS Applications
(MBMS, PSS, mobile TV, IPTV)
– Greater session continuity
Text adapted from 3G Americas White Paper, September 2010

Rel. 4 - UMTS

Rel. 4 UMTS
• UMTS is Universal Mobile Telecommunication System.
• It is one of the THIRD GENERATION (3G) mobile phone technology
• It is standardized by 3GPP in Rel. ‘99 and Rel. 4
• First step towards all-IP vision
• It is an evolution of GSM technology
• UMTS, the 3G successor to GSM, utilizes the W-CDMA air interface and GSM infrastructures, so it is also
called 3GSM
• UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE.
• Data rates of UMTS are:
– 144 kbps for rural
– 384 kbps for urban outdoor
– 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor
Different environments of UMTS

Rel. 4 UMTS Network Architecture

Rel. 4 UMTS
UMTS network can be divided into three parts:
1) User Equipment (UE)
2) Radio Network System (RNS)
3) Core Network
4) Billing & VAS
5) Operation & Support System (OSS)

UMTS User Equipment
User Equipment consist of two components: UMTS Device(UE)
o New Name for Mobile
1) UMTS Device o More functionality and applications
2) USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) o UMTS mobile station can operate in one of
three modes of operation:
 PS/CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to
both the PS domain and CS domain, and the MS is
capable of simultaneously operating PS services
and CS services.
 PS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the
PS domain only and may only operate services of
the PS domain. However, this does not prevent
CS-like services to be offered over the PS domain
(like VoIP).
 CS mode of operation: The MS is attached to the
CS domain only and may only operate services of
the CS domain.

UMTS User Equipment
USIM
UMTS USIM has same physical characteristics as GSM SIM
card. It has several functions: • The USIM also contains a short message
storage area that allows messages to stay
• Support of one User Service Identity Module (USIM) with the user even when the phone is
application (optionally more that one) changed. Similarly "phone book" numbers
• Support of one or more user profile on the USIM and call information of the numbers of
• Update USIM specific information over the air incoming and outgoing calls are stored.
• Security functions
• User authentication
• Optional inclusion of payment methods
• Optional secure downloading of new applications

UMTS Radio Network System (RNS)
RNS interfaces to both the UE and the core network. Radio Network Controller (RNC)
The overall radio access network is known as the
UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network). • Controls NodeBs that are connected to it
• Radio Resource Management
• Wide band CDMA technology was selected for • Mobility Management Functions
UTRAN air interface. • Data encryption/decryption
• UMTS WCDMA is a Direct Sequence CDMA system • Handover management
where user data is multiplied with quasi-random bits • Communicates with Core Network & other RNCs
derived from WCDMA Spreading codes. • Channel Allocation
• WCDMA has two basic modes of operation: • Power Control Settings
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division • Macro Diversity
Duplex (TDD). • Segmentation / Reassembly
• Broadcast Signaling
RNS comprises of two main components:
1) Radio Network Controller (RNC)
2) NodeB

UMTS Radio Network System (RNS)
NodeB
• NodeB is the name of 3G base station

• Communicates with UE within the cell
• Air interface Transmission / Reception
• Modulation / Demodulation
• CDMA Physical Channel coding
• Micro Diversity
• Error Handing
• Closed loop power control

UMTS Core Network (CN)
UMTS Core Network is same as Rel. 4 GSM/GPRS & EDGE Media Gateway (MGW)
Core Network. Core Network has two parts: • In Rel. ‘99 MSCe & MGW were a single unit –
MSC
1) Circuit Switched Core Network (CS Core) • In Rel. 4 Control & Switching functionality of
o Includes MSC, MGW, HLR, VLR MSC was incorporated in MSCe and bearer
2) Packet Switched Core Network (PS Core) functionality & physical interfacing was
o Includes SGSN, GGSN, DNS, CG, BG incorporated in MGW
• Media Gateway provides physical connectivity
Mobile Switching Center (MSCe) with external nodes like RNC, BSC, IN, SMSC,
• Provides Signaling & Control functions for Mobile PSTN, other PLMN and International Gateways
Network • MGWs are controlled by MSC
• Performs all the switching functions • Converts between different transmission &
• Manages the necessary radio resources, controls coding techniques and perform Media streaming
location updating, manages RNCs functions such as echo cancellation, DTMF, and
• Carry out all Inter-BSC & Inter-Network communication tone sending.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)
• Dynamically stores subscriber information needed to handle incoming/outgoing calls
• Assigns mobile subscriber roaming number (MSRN) to roaming number
• Stores the location area in which the mobile has been registered
• Stores data related to supplementary service parameters
Home Location Register (HLR)

• Manages the mobile subscriber database
• Defines all services, features allowed to all subscribers
• Every service definition is done and managed by HLR, whether it is a prepaid or postpaid, what services are
allowed, how those services will be implemented etc.
• In one sentence Mobile Voice Communication is defined as “HLR defines all the services allowed for
subscribers in its database while MSC implements those services using MGW, BSC & BTS after balance
checking from SCP and then keep informing SCP of the service status so it can charge subscriber accordingly”

Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)
As the name implies, this entity was first developed when GPRS was introduced, and its use has been carried
over into the UMTS network architecture. The SGSN provides a number of functions within the UMTS network
architecture.
• Mobility management: When a UE attaches to the Packet Switched domain of the UMTS Core Network, the
SGSN generates MM information based on the mobile's current location.
• Session management: The SGSN manages the data sessions providing the required quality of service and
also managing what are termed the PDP (Packet data Protocol) contexts, i.e. the pipes over which the data is
sent.
• Interaction with other areas of the network: The SGSN is able to manage its elements within the network
only by communicating with other areas of the network, e.g. MSC and other circuit switched areas.
• Billing: The SGSN is also responsible for billing. It achieves this by monitoring the flow of user data across
the GPRS network. CDRs (Call Detail Records) are generated by the SGSN before being transferred to the
charging entity (Charging Gateway, CG).

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
• Like the SGSN, this entity was also first introduced into the GPRS network.
• GGSN is the central element within the UMTS packet switched network.
• GGSN handles inter-working between the UMTS packet switched network and external packet switched
networks, and can be considered as a very sophisticated router.
• In operation, when the GGSN receives data addressed to a specific user, it checks if the user is active and
then forwards the data to the SGSN serving the particular UE.
Domain Name Server (DNS)

A DNS server runs special-purpose networking software, features a public IP address, and contains a database
of network names and addresses for other Internet hosts.

Border Gateway (BG)
• A sophisticated router with support of Firewall, Border Gateway Protocol and IPSec.
• Uses GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol) to connect one PLMN with other.
• Performs security functions to protect Intra-PLMN backbone from unauthorized users & attacks
Charging Gateway (CG)

• Provides charging, rating, tariffs for GPRS users
• Charging can be done based on QoS or Volume
• Separate charging rules for prepaid & postpaid
• SGSN & GGSN generate Charging Data Records (CDR) which contains user information and Data used. These
CDR are pulled by Charging Gateway to apply rating functions and then passes it on to the Billing System

UMTS Billing, VAS & OSS
Billing
• Includes IN (Intelligent Network) & Mediation systems
• IN provides prepaid & postpaid billing, rating rules, invoice generation functionalities
VAS
• Stands for Value Added Services
• Includes Voicemail Server, SMSC, RBT Server, Loyalty Server and other product servers
OSS
• Stands for Operation & Support System
• Provides centralized network operations, monitoring, maintenance, configuration, troubleshooting platform
• Supports external interfacing to send SMS/Email alerts in case of issues.
• Provides Performance Statistics to help optimize the network and do proper capacity planning

UMTS Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
• Fast Internet
• Smooth Multimedia Messaging (MMS)
• Enhanced Location based services
• Enhanced Communication (Email, IM, File sharing)
• Increased Capacity compared to 2G
• MExE (Mobile Execution Environment) – like USIM Application Toolkit, VPN, Conference
Disadvantage
• Poor Video Experience
• Drains battery
• Expensive that GSM
• Still not Broadband

Rel. 5 & 6 – HSPA & IMS

3GPP Release 5 & 6 - HSPA
Release 5 - HSDPA
• IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

• IPv6, IP transport in UTRAN
• HSDPA HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is a combination of two
technologies:
Release 6 - HSUPA
• HSDPA - High Speed Downlink Packet Access:
• WLAN integration (Wifi Offloading) HSDPA provides improved downlink packet data support,
• Multimedia broadcast and multicast reduced delays, and a peak raw data rate (i.e. over the
• Improvements in IMS air) of 14.4 Mbps.
• HSUPA
• HSUPA - High Speed Uplink Packet Access:
HSUPA provides improved uplink packet data support,
reduced delays and a peak raw data rate of 5.74 Mbps.

HSPA Facts

HSPA Facts

HSPA Network Architecture
2G MS (voice only)
CN
MGW
BSS
MGW
PSTN
BSC
MSC Server GMSC server
BTS VLR
SS7
2G+ MS (voice & data)
RNS
HLR/HSS IP
IP Network
RNC
SGSN GGSN
Node B
3G UE (voice & data) IM-MGW
IMS
IM — IP Multimedia sub-system
MRF — Media Resource Function IP
CSCF — Call State Control Function
MGCF — Media Gateway Control Function (Mc=H248,Mg=SIP)
IM-MGW — IP Multimedia-MGW MRF
MGCF
CSCF

HSPA Key Features
While 3G UMTS HSPA offers higher data transfer rates, this is not the only benefit, as the system offers many
other improvements as well:
• Use of higher order modulation: 16QAM is used in the downlink for maximum data rates of 14.4 Mbps.
QPSK is still used in the uplink where data rates of up to 5.8 Mbps are achieved.
• Shorter Transmission Time Interval (TTI): The use of a shorter TTI (2 ms) reduces the round trip time
and enables improvements in adapting to fast channel variations and provides for reductions in latency.
• Use of shared channel transmission: Sharing the resources enables greater levels of efficiency to be
achieved and integrates with IP and packet data concepts.
• Use of link adaptation: It maximizes channel usage and enables the base station to operate at close to
maximum cell power.
• Fast Node B scheduling: The use of fast scheduling with adaptive coding and modulation (only downlink)
enables the system to respond to the varying radio channel and interference conditions and provides
users with most suitable channel conditions.
• Node B based Hybrid ARQ: This enables 3G HSPA to provide reduced retransmission round trip times
and it adds robustness to the system by allowing soft combining of retransmissions.

HSPA Link Adaptation
• UE informs the Node B regularly of its channel quality by CQI messages (Channel Quality Indicator)
• Adaptive modulation and higher order modulation (16/64QAM) with HSDPA
16
Instantaneous EsNo [dB]

HS-DSCH link adaptation 14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [number of TTIs]
16QAM3/4
Channel Quality Information (CQI) 16QAM2/4
transmitted on HS-DPCCH QPSK3/4
QPSK2/4
Node B
QPSK1/4
Terminal

HSPA Fast Retransmission
UMTS HSPA
RNC Retransmisson Packet RNC

Packet
NodeB
RLC
Retransmisson
ACK/NACK
Layer 1
ACK/NACK
UE UE

HSDPA Channels
• DCH (Dedicated Transport Channel) – Carries
Signaling for data traffic & carrier voice service traffic
• HS-DPCCH (High Speed Dedicated Physical Control

Channel) – It carries Channel Quality Information and
Radio Link ACK/NACK
• HS-SCCH (High Speed Shared Control Channel) – It

carries UE identity, HARQ and Transmission Format
information
Node B Terminal
• HS-DSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) – It
carries downlink traffic
Hybrid automatic repeat request is a combination of high-rate forward error-correcting coding and ARQ error-control. In standard ARQ,
redundant bits are added to data to be transmitted using an error-detecting code such as a cyclic redundancy check

HSUPA Channels
NodeB • E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated Channel) – Carries user
DPCCH
data in uplink direction. Further divided into two
E-DPCCH channels.
• EDPDCH (Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data Channel)
– Carries User data
E-DPDCH
• EDPCCH (Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control
Channel) – Carries user control data
E-RGCH
• E-AGCH (Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel) – Provide
E-AGCH
absolute grant of power resources for large data
UE session.
• E-RGCH (Enhanced Relative Grant Channel) – Provide
E-HICH
grant for relatively small resources for small changes
in ongoing data session
• E-HICH (Enhanced HARQ Indicator Channel) –
Provides acknowledgement that UE data is received at
NodeB

HSPA Speeds
Downlink Uplink
 Theoretical up to 14.4 Mbps  Theoretical up to 5.76 Mbps
 Practical 1.8 – 3.6 Mbps  Practical up to 1.46 Mbps
Max Max
# of codes Modulation # of codes TTI
data rate data rate
2 ms
5 codes QPSK 1.8 Mbps 2 x SF4 1.46 Mbps
10 ms
5 codes 16-QAM 3.6 Mbps 2 x SF2 10 ms 2.0 Mbps
10 codes 16-QAM 7.2 Mbps 2 x SF2 2 ms 2.9 Mbps
2 x SF2 +
15 codes 16-QAM 14.4 Mbps 2 ms 5.76 Mbps
2 x SF4

Rel. 7 – HSPA+

3GPP Release 7 – HSPA+
 Both HSPA and HSPA+ are defined in 3GPP

 HSPA+ is backward compatible with HSPA
 Just need Software upgrade from HSPA, one new card in RNC, one card and new MIMO antenna in NodeB

HSPA+ Key Features
• Achieve performance close to LTE in 5MHz • Higher-order modulation can be
of spectrum. supported in both uplink (16QAM) and
downlink (64QAM).
• Provide smooth internetworking between
HSPA and LTE, thereby facilitating the • 16QAM modulation enables peak data
operation of both technologies. rates of 12 Mbit/s in the uplink, while
64QAM modulation enables peak data
rates of 21 Mbit/s in the downlink.
• Allow operation in a packet-only mode for
both voice and data.
• It introduces antenna array technologies
such as beam-forming and Multiple-
• Facilitate migration from current HSPA input multiple-output communications
infrastructure to HSPA+ infrastructure. (MIMO).

3G Device Categories
Maximum Maximum Maximum

Category Modulation Category Modulation Category Modulation
Data rate Data rate Data rate
64QAM + MIMO
1 16QAM 1.2 7 16QAM 7.2 20 42.2
2x2
16QAM + Dual
2 16QAM 1.2 8 16QAM 7.2 21 23.4
Cell
3 16QAM 1.8 16QAM + Dual

9 16QAM 10.2 22 28
Cell

10 16QAM 14.4 24 42.2
Cell

14 64QAM 21.1 26 55.9
Cell + MIMO 2x2
6 16QAM 3.6 16QAM + 16QAM + Dual

16 28 28 84.4
MIMO 2x2 Cell + MIMO 2x2

Dual Cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA)
Downlink peak rate

up to 42Mbps
Primary Carrier
Frequency 1
Dual cells covers
the same
geographical area
Second Carrier
Frequency 2
Use 2 adjacent carriers to transmit

simultaneously data to the same user

+ +
64QAM 16QAM + DC 64QAM + DC
Downlink Peak Data Rate

Downlink Peak Data Rate Mbps
45 42
40
35
30 28
25 21
20 14.4
15
10
5 DIGICEL OPTIONS
0
RAN10.0 RAN11.0 RAN11.0 RAN12.0

• Dual-cell HSDPA (DC-HSDPA) enables users to receive HSDPA data from two inter-frequency DL cells under
the same coverage at the same time.
• DC-HSDPA has best coverage and better throughput in cell edges compared to all other features of HSPA+
due to double frequency resource utilization.
• Primary frequency (Anchor) F1 is used for Uplink and R’99 services (Voice over CS)
• Secondary frequency F2 is used for Downlink (High Speed Data Services)
• Compared with the traditional HSPA technology, DC-HSDPA brings the following gains:
o Reduce the HTTP service delay. As the user peak rate is increased, the HTTP service response delay can
be greatly reduced, and user service experience can be improved.
o Improving the user experience of cell edge users and enhancing the DL coverage.
o Fully utilizing spectrum resources of telecom operators to improve the capacity.

MIMO Introduction to HSPA+
• Multiple Input Multiple Out – Use of multiple antenna
• Very few handsets support MIMO (mainly for Dongles or
Modem/Routers)
64 QAM
• Only users at the center of a cell can enjoy the increase of
peak data rate
MIMO
• All users in a cell can enjoy the increase in the peak data rate
DC-HSDPA
Downlink MIMO Introduction
• DC-HSDPA has best coverage and better throughput in cell
edges compared to all other features of HSPA+ due to double
frequency resource utilization.

Downlink DC-HSDPA + 64QAM + MIMO

HSPA/HSPA+ One Tunnel Architecture

IP Multimedia System (IMS)

What is IMS?
• IMS stands for IP Multimedia System
• 3GPP standard – started in Release 5 along with
HSDPA
• IMS is an evolved Core Network Architecture to
enable operators to provide IP Services
• IMS provides natural convergence of various
access networks
2G/3G/4G/Wifi/WiMAX/Cable/Fixed Line –
Access Independence
• Terminal & User Mobility
• IMS (IP Multimedia System) is the new Core
Network that provides a mobile service provider
leverage over others by enabling it to deliver rich
suit of services including both fixed line & mobile
services, VoIP, IPTV etc.
• IMS also enables to use Voice over LTE for LTE
networks

Why IMS?

IMS – the way forward …..
• IMS, IP Multimedia Subsystem, is a main future architecture
for operators offering end-user services in the packet domain
• IMS is a generic architecture for offering

multimedia services (not just VoIP)
• IMS is defined in 3GPP/3GPP2 standards.

Embraced in ETSI TISPAN
• IMS is delivering services over multiple

access networks
• IMS is a service Enabler !!!!

IMS – End User Perspective
Pre-IMS Communication IMS Communication
Voice
Voice
Chat
Chat
Instant
Instant Messaging
Messaging
Video
Telephony
Video
Telephony
1 > Decide on communication mode/media 1 > See who is available beforehand (presence)
2 > Create content 2 > See which mode/media to use
3 > Send/call the chosen person 3 > Contact and create content
4 > Disconnect and reconnect if changing media 4 > Change media in real time

IMS – Operator Perspective

Rich IMS Services – Increase ARPU

IMS Drivers
Convergence
Societal and Business trends
• Converged devices (Mobile, WLAN,
• Internet is becoming a major enabler Internet etc.)  Connectivity
of communications
• Converged services  Ease of use
• Consumers are embracing computing,
mobile and digital technology in their • Converged networks  Reliability,
everyday life Security, Reduced OPEX/CAPEX
• Evolution of Business models require • Converged business models  Increased
increased levels of personal mobility margins, Avoidance of twin pitfalls risk
Access Technology Enhancements

• HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) – evolved
WCDMA
• OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access) – 3GPP LTE, WiMAX, MBWA, ADSL/VDSL,
DVB-T/H, IPTV etc.
• MIMO – Wifi, WiMAX, LTE

IMS Evolution for Applications
Video Movies
Music
Person-to-Content Ring tone
known usability patterns Photos
Internet Streaming
Text/Pictures
Download
HTTP
Video
SMS/MMS Active
phonebook
Person-to-Person Image Gaming

dominates traffic growth Text Sharing
Voice Presence & IM
Push-To-Talk
MMS
SMS
Voice

Service Convergence in Quadruple Play
End User
experience Industry
=
Service continuity consolidation and
Access to subscribed alliances
services from any =
device in the bundle Convergence at Service
Provider level.
Common provisioning,
mgmt and billing
Common service
and subscriber
management
Fixed Mobile
Convergence
=
Converged Service
Architecture
Setup of the
appropriate QoS
and resources

IMS Architecture

Why all this excitement ?
• Imagine starting a voice call on you home phone and transferring it
seamlessly to your mobile as you drive to work.
• Imagine sending a multimedia message from your car that later appears
on your TV screen.
• Imagine watching a movie on that same TV, pausing it in mid-show and
then watching it on a wireless PDA as you relax in the garden.
• Imagine having a cell phone conversation with two or three friends and
simultaneously sharing a video of the football match you are attending.
• Imagine that all of the above can be done with a single account, on a
single log-in with multiple devices over any number of access networks
• This is just one example (out of many) of seamless multimedia service
that IMS will allow users to access “anywhere” at “anytime”

IMS – An everyday Scenario
Vincente Mobile phone Daniel Mobile phone
Mobile phone call Mobile phone call
In a taxi from the airport... Walking to the office...

Gerry Jacqueline

Activates Video mode Views Images on his mobile
In a taxi from the airport...

Walking to the office...
Gerry Jacqueline

Buddy list > select project work group

Initiate PTT session
Join PTT session
In a taxi from the airport... Walking to the office...

Gerry Jacqueline
Join PTT session Join PTT session
In the office... Office PC In the office... Fixed line phone

Vincente Laptop Computer Daniel Mobile phone
Buddy list > personal list

Invite others to Videoconference
Join Videoconference
At the hotel... Walking to the office...

Gerry Jacqueline
Join Videoconference Join Videoconference

Vincente Laptop Computer Daniel Mobile phone
Participates in Videoconference Participates in Videoconference
At the hotel... Walking to the office...

Gerry Jacqueline
Opens presentation and shares it Participates in Videoconference

with his colleagues

Vincente Laptop Computer Daniel Office PC
Participates in Videoconference
Switches from Mobile to PC
At the hotel... Arrived in the office...

Gerry Jacqueline
Participates in Videoconference Participates in Videoconference

RCS (Rich Communication Serices)

Rapid Popularity of Smartphones
Smartphone vs. Feature Phone

OTT Fragmented Market

OTT Services Are Changing Consumer Habits
Apple iMessage Viber Line BBM Gtalk/Hangouts

• • •
Sends short messages (SMs), IM, audio chat, video chat IM, file share, audio call,
• • •
videos, images, and other Stickers, location share, file IM, Audio/Video message, IM, video conversation video call, conferencing,
•
files. share Audio/Video call, group chat, Android, iPhone, Blackberry location share
• • • •
iMessage/FaceTime Android, iOS, Windows games, timelines 40 million users Android, iPhone, PC, Linux,
•
embedded in mobile phones Phone, Nokia, Bada, PC iPhone, Android, PC, MAC MAC, Blackberry, Nokia
• • • •
iOS devices only 250 million users 300 million users 325 million users
Whatsapp Skype WeChat Facebook Messenger Others

• •
IM, video share, audio share, IM, video share, audio share,
• • •
file share, image share, file share, image share, IM, audio/video calls, group IM, facebook, audio call ChatON – 100 million users
• •
location share, group chat group chat/calls chat, look around, facebook Android, iPhone, PC, Linux, Kik – 90 million users
• • •
Android, iPhone, Blackberry, PC, Linux, iOS, Android, connect MAC Kakao Talk – 130 million
• • •
Symbian, Windows Phone Blackberry, Nokia, WinPhone 600 million users 240 million users ooVoo – 75 million users
• • •
400 million users 360 million users Tango – 150 million users

Traditional Service Revenue are affected
In the current intense competition, operators are losing control over

the value chain.
Content Cloud / Apps Device
Network provider
Value
New value
chain
Traditional
value chain
Content Device
Network provider

OTT Threat Assessment

Relationship between Operators & OTT Providers
Restriction Cooperation Attack
+ RCS
+
+
KPN summarizes the cause of revenue
decline as that more and more
+ VDF view on RCS: The RCS is not a service
or framework. It is an overall
consumers use instant messaging and communication strategy for the VDF and
VoIP applications, leading to a Many Operators like Sprint, Verizon, an important strategic measure for
reduction in making calls and sending H3G, VimpleCom cooperate with ensuring that the VDF can obtain more
SMs. In response to this trend, KPN OTT in installing VoIP software such than 80% revenues in the field of basic
decides to improve the PS tariff. as Skype, Gtalk and Whatsapp in a communications.
customized terminal.
 Blocking OTT services provided by other  The subscriber loyalty may be maintained  Led by G5, European operators unite to promote
vendors and improving the PS tariff are in a short term. rapid deployment of RCS services.
double-edged swords, which will lead to  In a long term, operators will gradually  Operators compete against OTT for subscribers by
loss of subscribers (KPN example) lose basic communication services and be deploying services the same as OTT services in a
 Technologies emerging in an endless stream completely reduced to pipeline operators. customized terminal.
will continue to break all kinds of
blockades.

RCS Initiative
The RCS Initiative is the joint effort of leading industry

players to speed up and facilitate the adoption of
applications and services that provide an
interoperable, convergent, rich communication
experience. The RCS Initiative includes network
operators, network and device vendors.
— RCS1.0 Func Desc
 The RCS initiative was established in May 2007 and belongs to the GSM association (GSMA). It includes operators, network device
vendors, and mobile phone vendors, and independent RCS AS and RCS client vendors.
 The RCS initiative aims to promote RCS interworking, instead of formulating RCS specifications. The RCS service specification
architecture part reuses the OMA and GSMA specifications, and the technical details are defined by using a large number of IETF
specifications.

RCS Release Evolution
Version Feature
The RCS Release 1 effort focuses on a core service set comprising of enhanced address book, enhanced messaging and enriched
call.
• Enhanced Address Book, (EAB)
Release 1.0 • Content Sharing
• File Transfer
• Enhanced Messaging
The main purpose of the RCS Release 2 was to provide the user with access to RCS service features from a wider range of devices,
making it possible to use RCS from a PC, for instance via broadband wire-line access.
• Broadband Access to RCS features
Release 2.0 • Multi-device environment
RCS • Network Address Book

• Provisioning and configuration of RCS devices/clients
The RCS Release 3 effort focuses on consolidating the Release 2 features and adds some enhancements such as the IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS) Primary Device feature, which allows customers to use the Broadband Access (BA) as the primary device in the
case where there are not mobile devices.
• Broadband Access Enhancement
Release 3.0 • Social Presence Information Enhancements
• Content Sharing Enhancement
• Messaging Enhancement
• NVAS Network Value Added Service (NVAS)

RCS Release Evolution
Version Feature
The RCS Release 4 (RCS R4) main focus is to support Long Term Evolution (LTE) and enhance the messaging services.
• Video share with our without a call
• Larger text message size, Multiple recipients of text messages, Backwards compatibility with SMS
• Enhanced MMS capabilities
Release 4.0 • Multi device handling and network message storage
• Shared image manipulation, Video share with pause and resume
• VIP contacts
• PIM synchronization
RCS 5.0 is completely backward compatible with RCS-e V1.2 specifications and also includes features from RCS 4 and exciting new
features such as IP video call, IP voice call and Geo-location exchange. Global interoperability is a key aspect of these
RCS specifications, and RCS5.0 supports both OMA CPM and OMA SIMPLE IM. RCS 5.0 includes following features listed below.
• Standalone Messaging
• 1-2-1 Chat
• Group Chat
Release 5.0 • File Transfer

• Content Sharing
• Social Presence Information
• IP Voice call (IR.92 and IR.58)
• IP Video call (IR.94)
• Geolocation Exchange
• Capability Exchange based on Presence or SIP OPTIONS

RCS Market Opportunity

RCS - joyn

RCS joyn – OEM Commitement

Benefits of joyn

Interworking – RCS Future
Country A / Operator A Country B / Operator B
RCS AS RCS AS
3GPP SIP 3GPP SIP

PS Core IMS Core IPX IMS Core PS Core
RCS user RCS user
CS Core CS Core
IM, Presence, Video Sharing, File Transfer IM, Presence, Video Sharing, File Transfer
Market opportunities for interworking with services similar


The RCS, as a basic communication service, has to RCS services
Within one year, the IM traffic increases by 30 times.
the same interworking capability with the voice
Within one year, the number of active subscribers increases
and SMS services. by 6 times.

The RCS introduces new interworking
requirements, including signaling interworking
over SIP, IM interworking over MSRP, video
sharing interworking over RTP, and Presence
information interworking over XCAP.

RCS Services
Image / Video share
File transfer
Offline store and forward

RCS-e IM (1-1 & 1-N)
Capability discovery
Presence
NAB
RCS VoLTE integration *
Voice / Video over WiFi IM interworking with SMS

QoS Voice / Video over PS IM interworking with OTT *
More
Integrate SNS * Voice chat
Firewall Traversal Location share
Push Automatic friend finding

RCS Services

RCS Services
Enhanced
Address Book Video call IM File transfer

RCS Services
Sharing Voice chat Location share SMS

Operator’s Call to Action

RCS Network Architecture

Hosted RCS Solutions
• Many vendors offer HOSTED RCS

SOLUTION
• Hosted RCS Solution means that RCS
platform will be hosted in Vendor
datacenter
• Hosted Solution offers flexible investment
option for operators.
• Pay as you grow model
• In future, if operator decide to host the
platform in their own datacenter then
service can be migrated seamlessly

MBMS & IPTV

MBMS
• Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
• Technology for Video delivery over Cellular

Networks.
• MBMS along with IMS allow IPTV, Mobile TV

services on HSPA networks.
• Natural enabler for Triple Play services

opportunities for Mobile Operators.

MBMS

IPTV
IP TV
• Generation 1 - “Cable Look Alike”
- 50 to 1000 Channels
Internet Protocol Televison: The TV programs transferred
- 20 - 50 Video on Demand
- Three to 5 Tier Service Plans through IP network and in IP data packages
• Generation 2 - “More Content”

- 10k+ Channels (International Content+)
- Thousands of Video on Demand
- Personal TV Guides and Channels
Alternative and Open Audio and Video
• Generation 3 - “Interactive TV”
News and Games
- Interactive Advertising
- Television Commerce - T-Commerce

Why IPTV ?
• Different Operators has the different motives to develop IPTV. Some of them
include:
– Promoting the broadband network developing, and increase broadband

subscriber’s number
– Improving the existent broadband network value, increase ARPU
– Transforming existing legacy TV systems into modernize Revenue
Generating paltform
– Following the newest trend of technique & service, attract consumers and
increase revenue
– Transforming the role from the Basic Network Carrier to that of a
Comprehensive Service Provider

IPTV provide Opportunities to Operators
All Services Model - Convergent Network & Convergent Service
Revenue & Transform Contents & Application

To increase the revenue and To build the value chain and
improve competition ability attract the consumer
Legacy IPTV Solution / IMS Based IPTV
Based on the networks (Fixed & Mobile)
Build Value chain
Household
PCs/Hand PCs
application
Smartphones
Fixed phone sets TV / Consoles &
Tablets

Why IPTV ?
VoD, TSTV, nPVR, TV Sharing, Video Call,
Applications
TVOD, NVOD, ... Caller ID, IM, …
Walled Garden
TV Shopping
Games on Demand
Media & AD Services
Extended TV Convergent TV Standardization TV
Service Convergence &

Enrich Video Service Interactive Ability
Experience Convergence

Entertainment Lifestyles are Realized
TV Shopping
TV Photo
Video Comm
Video
Online Guessing
Home Lifestyle
Service
IP Data Life Magazine
Shape
Based on
Convergence Interactive Games
Entertainment Interactive Ad
Online Education
Mobile Multi-Screen Experience
ICE lifestyle is cool!

ICE : Information + Communication + Entertainment

Why it is Revolutionary?
o True interactive television, using EPG.
• Program schedule, Information
• Customized favorites
• Customized home screen
• Video Trailers
• EBIF, Tru2way (formerly OCAP)
o See anything you want to see, any time, also possible on a mobile
device. (content delivered through 3gp/MP4 conversion)
o Reduced infrastructure costs, works with existing connection.
o Infinite number of channels.
o Even works with wireless connections.
o 100% digital transmission

Why it is Revolutionary?
o Up to 1080p format, High definition DVD quality.
o Embedded 7.1 channel DTS AC3 audio, multiple audio languages,

multiple language subtitles.
o Live TV Pause, resume and record is possible.
o Video on Demand, Radio on Demand, Movies on Demand.

(Content stored on servers)
o On demand advertising
o Interactive applications –
• Satellite maps
• Online shopping, ticket booking etc.

IPTV Transmission
• Live Broadcasts:
• Media delivery
Live TV content is delivered to the user. – IP, UDP, RTP, TCP, etc.
Pause and resume will be available for a
fixed window time decided by the
• Control/Signaling
provider. The content is sent to multiple
users at a time. – RTSP, RTCP, IGMP(v2,v3), SDP
• Codecs for video delivery

• On-demand videos:
– MPEG2, MPEG4/H.264, MPEG2-TS, FLV,
AVI, RM, WMV, ASF, MOV
Arranged like a playlist. Episodes or clips
are arranged by title or channel or in
categories like news, sports or music • Network Speed –
videos. You choose exactly what you want – Can be a minimum of 1 Mbps to maximum
to watch, when you want. of 40 Mbps

IPTV Economics
Revenue Sources Costs

• Subscription  Content
• Pay Per View  35% to 50% for traditional
• Advertising  TV programs
- (up to 20x higher revenue due to ad targeting)  Operations
• T-Commerce  System Equipment and software licensing
- (direct order transaction via TV - over $100 per  Data Transmission (Delivery Network)
month transaction revenue)

Converged IPTV – Infinite Choices

Converged IPTV Infrastructure

3G Offloading via WLAN

4G Wifi & Hotspot 2.0

What is WLAN/WiFi?
• WLAN stands for Wireless Local Area Network
• WiFi stands for Wireless Fidelity
• WiFi is the term used for Service which is based on
WLAN standards.
• WLAN standards include 802.11
a/b/g/n/h/i/j/k/l/m/ac/ad/ah/au etc.
• The most relevant of these additions are: 802.11a,
802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac

WLAN Evolution

The Landscape is Changing
Consumer demand Smart Phones Consumer Demand more applications Consumer demand Convenient application
Customer demand more data MBB traffic is growing quickly
Data Voice
2010 2014 Europe operator (PB)
MBB user 0.4 Billion 4 Billion +70%

140
+100% 82
Average 100 MB 5GB 41
traffic/user/month
Speed to access 1 Mbps 100 Mbps 23 24 25
FY 08/09 FY 09/10 FY 10/11e

Source: Huawei MI report
Customer demands in various aspects is changing voice centric traffic to data centric traffic

MBB Challenge & Opportunity
(yan)
Aggregate ARPU((1)+(2))
B Overall light network traffic volume with limited congestion
Halt decline of Aggregate ARPU

C High cost of building & operating pipeline
aggregate ARPU rebound
A Continuous Increase in traffic volume with stagnant profitability prospect
(1)Voice ARPU
Curve B: Bandwidth Curve A: ARPU

￥2,540 Packet ARPU
overtake voice
Worse APPU
Margin ￥2,530
Sustainable (2)Packet ARPU
Good Curve C: Cost
Margin Margin
2009 2010 2011 2012

MBB Initiation MBB Growth Ubiquitous MBB Era
Source: Huawei Analysis Source: Docomo fiscal
MBB needs new business models.

Where is Real Data Traffic
20% Hot sites carry 80% Traffic
Traffic
Hotspot
Demand
Continuous Macro cell capacity Real o Most MBB traffic come from indoor
o Indoor coverage by outdoor site is bad because of high
penetration loss
o Site acquisition for indoor coverage is difficult
Urban Suburban Rural o Femto is about 5 times more expensive than AP, too costly
Indoor coverage by cellular network is not a cost-effective way

WiFi meets High Bandwidth Requirement
2Mbps 54/11Mbps 54Mbps 300Mbps 450/600Mbps 1Gbps
802.11 802.11n 802.11n 802.11ac

802.11a/b 802.11g
1997 2*2 MIMO 3*3,4*4 MIMO 802.11ad
1999 2003
2009 2012 Future
Bandwidth comparison Cost/MB comparison
WiFi has an advantage over current cellular technology in bandwidth & cost
WiFi is complement ray for cellular network to offload the data traffic

… and Mobile Operators are Looking at WiFi as the Solution!
"WiFi offloading is a huge topic. It could “WiFi is a very important technology for
significantly reduce the load on the us and it will be considered as a factor in
mobile network, [reduction of around our network plans in the future.“
30%]" Mark Siegel, AT&T
Dr Hans Ametsreiter, CEO Mobilkom Feb 12, 2010
Austria
Feb 17, 2010
WLAN
"The price points of femtocell technology "We use a lot of WiFi, especially in
still make it a bit beyond consumer Germany, to offload data traffic as early as
pricing. The ability to use Wi-Fi is much we can...”
more industrial grade." Olivier Baujar, CTO Deutsche Telekom
Vivek Badrinath, CTO Orange Feb 24, 2010
Feb 24, 2010

WLAN Improve User Experience
High speed Convenience Security Consistency
WLAN Cellular
OFF
ON
Much higher speed than 3G, Access WiFi with (U)SIM, Encrypt in the air and using Access PS services through WiFi
802.11 achieves 600Mbps no need for 802.1x authentication network, and seamless handover
username/password for cellular/WiFi.

Hotspot 1.0 vs. Hotspot 2.0
Hotspot 1.0 Hotspot 2.0
Turn it on and Look for SSID Turn it on and Get Access
Operator
XYZ
• Digicel Tonga current setup • Future of Wireless Connectivity

• Hotspot system is not integrated to Cellular • WiFi integrated with Cellular for data offloading
• User have to look for appropriate SSID • User turn on device WiFi and seamlessly get
• User can get credential by using SMS or buying access
vouchers • No manual end-user interaction

Hotspot 2.0
Subscriber with Wi-Fi Data Plan Seamlessly Connects to Subscriber Without Data Plan Gets Prompt to buy
Hotspot when Mobile Network Coverage is not good or data plan or Hotspot access
Mobile Network is congested

WLAN & Cellular Interworking Architectures
Open Coupling WLAN & Cellular

Loose Coupling WLAN & Cellular
SIM Based Authentication EAP-SIM for seamless connectivity

WLAN & Cellular Interworking Architectures
Tight Coupling WLAN & Cellular Very Tight Coupling WLAN & Cellular
• Seamless Connectivity • All features of Tight Coupling
• Vertical Handover between 2G/3G & WLAN • Mobility
• Same PS Services over Cellular & WLAN • Both CS & PS Services over WLAN

Seamless Connectivity
• Smartphones/Tablets can seamless handover from 3G to WiFi automatically, and return to 3G network when WiFi signal is disappear.
• Use of EAP-SIM authentication and WPA2-AES encryption.
3G/WiFi Converged Network Architecture

Unified Service Solution
HLR/HSS
3GPP AAA Server
Wm
UE WiFi TGW GGSN
AP AC
Radius PS service
GRE GTP(Gn’) or Internet
 Solution feature  New equipment

 TGW, 3GPPP AAA
 Subscribers can use operator’s PS services through WiFi
network, like MMS, WAP, etc.  Upgrade
 AC should support setup GRE by domain, send UE MAC in
 Advantage radius message.
 Reuse GGSN, save cost, unified core network  GGSN support Gn’ which differentiate WiFi and cellular
billing (optional)
 Resue UE which support EAP-SIM/AKA, do not need IPSec
feature.

Hotspot 2.0 (WLAN & Cellular Integration)
 Solution feature
NMS
Internet  Balance two network traffic, AC/BSC/RNC trigger UE
whether handover base on policy (BS and AP load,
UE HLR PCRF etc )
WiFi AP AC 3GPP AAA
 Advantage
 Full use WiFi & cellular resource, higher user
S2a
(GTP/PMIP) experience
 Upgrade
TGW
WiFi AP PS Service/ AC support EAP-SIM/AKA, support data flow local
Internet retransmit or route to gateway
WiFi AP Switch BSC/RNC SGSN GGSN TGW support S2a (GTP/PMIP)

Base GGSN support WiFi access
Station
WiFi AP PCRF support traffic offload policy
WiFi Flow BSC/RNC support WiFi hotspot discovery and
2G/3G Flow traffic offload controll
AG
Pico + WiFi WiFi /2G/3G Flow  UE
Physical Link APP software and EAP-SIM/AKA authentication

Thank you!

3g Networks Technologies.

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Key to Success

 Be on time (if you are late enter the room quietly)

 Your ringer is not that great! (cell phones off or muted)

 You can do without facebook/youtube/twitter/emails/sms for 1:15 - If you have to,

 Interrupt for questions – there is no dumb question

 Pay attention to the training and keep extra notes

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 1

Rauf Akram | raufakram.wordpress.com | Skype: rauf.akram | @RaufAkram |

3G Services & Application

Rel. 5 & 6 – HSPA & IMS

GSMA RCS Services

3G offloading via WLAN (4G Wifi – Hotspot 2.0)

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 3

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 4

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 5

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 6

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 7

• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 8

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 9

Theoretical Theoretical Actual Actual

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 10

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 11

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 12

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 13

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 14

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 15

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 16

• Up to 66.4% less CAPEX required for

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 17

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 18

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 19

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 20

CDMA Traffic channels: different users

Power Traffic channels: different time slots are

Power Traffic channels: different frequency bands are

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 21

FDMA 1. Simple Implementation 1. Frequency Reuse

TDMA 1. Privacy 1. Need synchronization

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 22

Frequency is different in each sector. Frequency is same.

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 23

• Duplex technology distinguishes User’s Uplink & Downlink Signal

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 24

Mobile Terminal Base station

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 25

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 26

 Up Link (UE to NodeB )

 Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal.

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 27

• QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 28

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 29

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 30

Four types of handover supported in 3G

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 31

Hard handovers is used in below circumstances:

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 32

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 33

3G Networks I Technologies, Services & Benefits 34

• These handovers may be required for one of a variety of reasons including:

o Limited UMTS coverage

• There are two different types of inter-RAT handover: