The synchronous generators described in the previous chapter can operate either as generator or as

motors. When operating as motors (by connecting them to a 3-phase source), they are called
synchronous motors. As the name implies, synchronous motors run in synchronism with the revolving
field. The speed of rotation is therefore tied to the frequency of the source. Because the frequency is
fixed, the motor speed stays constant, irrespective of the load or voltage of the 3 phase of line. However,
synchronous motors are used not so much because they run at constant speed but because they posses
other unique electrical properties. We will study these features in this chapter.

Most synchronous motors are rated between 150 kW (200 hp) and 15 MW (20000 hp) and turn
at speeds ranging from 150 to 1800 r/min. consequently, these machines are mainly used in heavy
industry. At the other end of power spectrum, we find tiny single phase synchronous motors used in
control devices and electric clocks.

Synchronous motors are identical in construction to silent pole Ac generators. The stator is
composed of a slotted magnetic core, which curries a 3-phase lap winding. Consequently, the winding is
also identical to that of a 3-phase induction motor. The rotor has a set of silent poles that are excited by
a DC current. The exciting coils are connected in series two slip rings, and the DC current is fed into the
winding from an external exciter. Slots are also punched out along the circumference of the silent poles.
They carry a squirrel cage winding similar to that in a 3-phase induction motor. This dumper winding
serves to start the motor.

Modern synchronous motors often employ brushless excitation, similar to that used in
synchronous generators. A relatively small 3-phase generator, called end exciter, and a 3-phase rectifier
are mounted at one end the motor shaft. The DC current Ix from the rectifier is fed directly into the silent
pole windings, without going through brushes and slip rings. The current can be varied by controlling the
small exciting current Ic that flows in the stationery field winding of the exciters. Shows how the exciter,
rectifier, and silent poles are mounted in 300KW synchronous motor. The rotor and stator always have
the same number of poles. As in the case of an induction motor, the number of poles, determines the
synchronous speed of the motor :
120.𝑓
Ns :
𝑃
Where :

Ns : motor speed (r/min)

f : frequency of the source (Hz)

p : number of poles

STARTING SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

A synchronous motors cannot start by itself ; consequently, the rotor is usually equipped with a squirrel
cage winding so that it can start up as end induction motor. When the stator is connected to the 3 phase
line, the motor accelerates until it reaches a speed slightly below synchronous speed. The DC excitation
is suppressed during tis starting period.

While the rotor accelerates, the rotating flux created by the stator sweets across the slower moving
silent poles. Because the coils on the rotor possess a relatively large number of turns, a high voltage is
induced in the rotor winding when it turn at low speeds. This voltage appears between the slip rings and
it decreases as the rotor accelerates, eventually becoming negligible when the rotor approaches
synchronous speed. To limit the voltage, and to improve the starting torque, we either short circuits the
slip rings or connect them to an auxiliary resistor during the starting period.

If the power capacity of the supply line is limited, we sometimes have to apply reduced voltage to the
stator. As in the case of induction motor, we use either auto transformers or series reactors to limit the
starting current. Very large synchronous motors are sometimes brought up to speed by an auxiliary
motor, called a pony motor. Finally, in a some big installations the motor may be brought up to speed by
a variable frequency electronic source.

There are three methods to start synchronous motor :

1. Starting with prime-mover

On this methods to start synchronous motor with prime mover, synchronous motor shafted with
prime-mover, and prime-mover will rotate synchronous motor until synchronous rotating. Then
synchronous motor is parallel with things in the motor and do as generator. After it success,
prime mover removed from motor axis, motor axis will rotate slowly so magnetic field of the
rotor will left behind B net and the machine will start acting as a motor. When the parallel have
complete, then the motor can be the loaded.
2. Starting with reduce frequency
The speed of rotate per minute also caused of synchronous motor cannot self starting. the rotate
speed of magnetic field in the stator is not make impossible be tug interaction and refused
between magnetic field poles of stator with silent magnetic fields of rotor.

On this starting methods with reduced frequency, on start, motor supplied with low frequency
so the rotate speed of magnetic fields of stator be low. This condition makes be tug interaction
and refused between two poles of magnetic fields, so frequency system can be high slowly until
the frequency and synchronous speed what we need. Now, the setting of frequency supplied can
do with used rectifier – inverter and cycloconverter.
3. Starting with damper winding
On the starting methods with damper winding, rotor is complete with damper winding or
squirrel cage winding that located on rotor surface what on the end is connected short circuit.
When stator winding is connected with 3 phase voltage so it will appear magnetic fields of
stator. Then the rotate fields will induct GGL to damper winding what it was short circuit
connecting, so in damper winding, there are flows of the current. This current will appear a shaft
between rotor with stator on magnetic, so rotor will be rotated. But the rotate speed of rotor is
not same with synchronous speed. On this condition, Synchronous motor will be induction
motor because there is slip between the rotate speed of rotor with the rotate speed of stator.
After the rotate of rotor almost be synchronous, so the winding of amplifier fields in rotor will
excitated with DC current source. Then motor will toward to synchronous condition. But in the
application, this methods need setting synchronization tools to avoid the effect what make
motor will be broken

STOPPING SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

Ouwing to the inertia of the rotor and its load, a large synchronous motor may take several hours to
stop after being disconeted from the line. To reduce the time, we use the following braking metods:
 1. Maintain full DC excitation with the armature in short circuit.
2. Maintain full DC excitation with the armature connected to three external resistors.
3. Apply mechanical braking.

In methods 1N2, the motor slows down because it functions as generator, dissipating its energy in the
resistive elements of the circuit. Mechanical braking is usually applied only after the motor has riached
half speed or less. A lower speed prevents undue wear of the brake shoes.

POWER FACTOR RATING

Most synchronous motors are desained to operate at unity power factor. However, if they also have to
deliver reactive power, they are usually desained to operate at a full load power factor of 0,8 (leading). A
motor desained for a power factor of 0,8 can deliver reactive power equal to 75% of its rated mechanical
load. Thus, the 3000 kW motor shown in fig. Synchronous motor rated 4000 hp (3000kW) can supply
75% x 3000 = 2250 kVar to the line at the same time as it develops its rated mechanical output of
3000kW. Motors desained to operated at leading power factors are bigger and more chostly then unity
power factor motors are. The reason is that for a given horsepower rating, both the DC exciting current
and the stator current are higher. This can be explained as follows .

Ini ada gambar is the schematic diagram of a unity power factor motor operating at full load. The line to
neutral voltage is Eab and the line current is Ip. The active power absorbed per phase is, therefore,

𝑃 = 𝐸𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝐼𝑝
The active power absorbed is equal to the mechaniacal power of the motor. When synchronous motor
shows 80% power factor motor also operating at full load. It develops the same mechanical power as
the motor gambar. The line current Is leads Eab by arcos 0,8 = 36,87o. this current can be broken up into
two components Ip and Iq , and its clear that

Ip = 0,81 Is

Iq = 0,6 Is

The active power P is given by

P= Eab x Ip = 0,8 Eab Is

The reactive power delivered by the motor is

Q= Eab Iq = 0,6 Eab Is

If we compare Ip with Is, we find that Is = 1,25 Ip. Thus, for the same mechanical power output, a motor
designed for a leading power factor of 80% has to carry a line current that is 25% greater than one that
operates at unity power factor.

EXCITATION AND REACTIVE POWER

Consider a wye-connected synchronous motor connected to a 3-phase source whose line voltage EL is
fixed . It follows that the line-to-neutral voltage E is also fixed. The line currents I produce a
magnactotmotive force Ua in the stator. On the other hand, the rotor produces a dc magnetomotive
force Ur . The total flux is therefore created by the combined action of Ua and Ur.

Pursuing our reasoning, flux induces a line to neutral voltage Ea in the stator. If we neglect the very small
IR drop in the stator, it follows that Ea= Er. However, because E is fixed, φ is also fixed, as in the case of a
transformer .The mmf needed to create the constant flux may be produced either by the stator or the
rotor by both If the rotor exciting current Ix is zero, all the flux has to be produced by the stator. The sta-
tor must then absorb considerable reactive power from the 3-phase line. But if we excite the rotor with a
dc current Ix, the rotor mmf helps produce part of the flux φ. Consequently, less reactive power is drawn
from the ac line. If we gradually raise the excitation, the rotor will even- tually produce all the required
flux by itself. The stator then draws no more reactive power, with the result that the power factor of the
motor becomes unity. What happens if we excite the motor above this critical level. The stator, instead
of absorbing reactive power, actually delivers reactive power to the 3 phase line. The motor then
behaves like a source of reactive power, just as if it were a capacitor. Thus by varying the dc excitation
we can cause the to either absorb or deliver reactive power. Because of this important property,
synchronous motors are sometimes used to correct the power factor of a plant the same time as they
furnish mechanical power to the load they are driving.

V-CURVES

Suppose a synchronous motor is operating at its rated mechanical load. We wish to examine its be-
havior as the excitation is varied. Because a change in excitation does not affect the speed, the mechani-
cal power remains fixed. Let us begin by adjusting the excitation Ix, so that the power factor is unity, thus
yielding the phasor diagram. We assume Ix= 100 A and P= 800 kw. If we reduce the excitation to 70 A,
the motor will draw reactive power from the line in addition to the active power. We assume that S
increases to S= 1000 kVA. As a result, the line current will increase from Ip, to Is. Note that the com-
ponent of Is, in phase with Eab is the same as before because the motor is still developing the same me-
chanical power.

Curent Is lags behind Eab, and so the power fac tor of the motor is lagging. The field current Ix in the
rotor is smaller than before, but the apparent power S absorbed by the stator is greater. If we increase
the excitation to Ix 200 A, the motor delivers reactive power to the line to which it is connected . The
apparent power is again greater than in the unity power factor case. We assume S=1000 kVA. The line
current be comes Is2 and it leads Eab. However, the in phase component of Is2 is still equal to Ip because
the mechanical power is the same. By varying the excitation this way, we can plot function of the dc
exciting current. This yields a V-shaped curve. The V curve is displayed for a fixed mechanical load. In our
case, the V curve corresponds to full load. The no load Vcurve is also shown, to illustrate the large
reactive power that can be absorbed or delivered by simply changing the excitation.