TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

CHAPTER 3c :

Water Chemistry
CHAPTER 3:
:
Environmental Microbiology
Organic and Inorganic © SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
 Menu

1) Introduction
2) Organic Compound
A) BOD
B) COD
C) Suspended Solid

3) Inorganic Compound
A) Metal
B) Non Metal

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 1 - Organic Compound
Organic Compound

“Naturally occurring (animal or plant-produced

or synthetic) substances containing mainly
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen”
All organic compound contain carbon in
combination with one or more elements”
(except carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and
carbonates)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Organic Compound - Properties

• Combustible
• Have lower melting and boiling points
• Less soluble in water
• Very high molecular weight
• Mostly serve as a source of food for micro
organisms

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Organic Compound

SOURCES???

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Organic Compound – Sources
• Nature :
• fibre, vegetable oils, animal oils and fats, cellulose, starch
• Synthesis:
• (Formation of a compound from simpler compounds or
elements)
• compounds produced by manufacturing process e.g. DDT,
polyvinyl chloride
• Fermentation:
• Any of a group of chemical reactions induced by living or
nonliving ferments that split complex organic compounds
into relatively simple substances.
• alcohols, acetone, glycerol, antibiotic, acids

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Organic Compound - Lists

 Antigens
 Polysaccharides, carbohydrates and sugars
 Enzymes
 Hormones
 Lipids and fatty acids
 Nucleic acids
 Proteins, peptides and amino acids
 Vitamins

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Organic Matter – Classification

• (a) biodegradable organics

• (b) non-biodegradable organics

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Biodegradable Organics

• food to microorganism
• fast and easily oxidized by micro organism
• Examples :
- starch, fat protein, alcohol, human and
animal waste

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Non-biodegradable Organics

• difficult and much more longer to

biodegrade
• or toxic to micro organisms
• Examples :
- pvc, pesticide, industrial waste, cellulose,
phenol, lignic acid.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 NBO – Effects
• depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water
– destroying aquatic life
– damaging the ecosystem
• some organic can cause cancer
• trihalomethanes (THM – carcinogenic
compound) are produced in water and
wastewater treatment plants
– when natural organic compounds combine with
chlorine added for disinfection purposes.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Laboratory Analysis

• Various parameters are used as a

measure of the organic strength of
wastewater:
• (a) BOD – Biochemical oxygen demand
• (b) COD – Chemical oxygen demand
• (c) TOC – Total organic carbon
• (d) VSS – Volatile suspended solid

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 A- Biochemical Oxygen Demand

• Def: the quantity of oxygen utilized by a mixed

population of micro organisms to biologically degrade
the organic matter in the wastewater under aerobic
condition.

• BOD is the most important parameter in water pollution

control.

• It is used a measure of organic pollution as a basis for

estimating the oxygen

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 A- Biochemical Oxygen Demand

• Needed for biological processes, as and indicator of

process performance
• Expressed in milligrams of oxygen required per liter
of wastewater (mg/L).
• Made up of two (2) parts :
– 1) Carbonaceous oxygen demand (CBOD)
– 2) Nitrogeous oxygen demand (NBOD)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Test Method
• A water sample containing degradable organic matter is placed in a
BOD bottle.
• If needed, add dilution water (known quantity).
• Dilution water is prepared by adding phosphate buffer (pH 7.2),
magnesium sulphate, calcium chloride and ferric chloride into distilled
water. Aerate the dilution water to saturate it with oxygen before use.
• Measure DO in the bottle after 15 minutes (DOi)
• Closed the bottle and placed it in incubator for 5 days,at temperature
20°C
• After 5 days, measure DO in the bottle (DOt)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD - Calculation
BODt = DOi – DOt
P
Where:
• BODt = biological oxygen demand, mg/L
• DOi = initial DO of the diluted wastewater sample
about 15 min after preparation, mg/L
DOt = final DO of the diluted wastewater sample after
incubation for t days, mg/L
• P = dilution factor/fraction
= volume of sample/volume of sample plus dilution water
= ∀s
∀s + ∀w

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 BOD test - Dilution

• for a valid BOD test, the final DO should not be less

than 1 mg/L. BOD test is invalid if DOt value near
zero (0)
• dilution can be decrease organic strength of the
sample. By using dilution factor, the actual value can
obtained.
• BOD5 ??
– Total amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms
during the first five days of biodegradation

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 BOD Test

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Dilution of Waste

• A standard BOD bottles holds 300 mL, so

P is just the volume of sample divided by
300 mL
• by direct pipetting into 300 mL BOD bottle

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Dilution - Problems
A 10 mL sample of water mixed with enough
water to fill a 300 mL bottle has an initial
DO of 9.0 mg/L. To assure an accurate
test, it is desirable to have an at least a 2.0
mg/L drop in DO during the five-day run
and the final DO should be at least 2.0
mg/L. For what range of BOD5 would this
dilution produce the desired results?

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Volume and Range
Volume of sample (mL) Range of BOD value (mg/L)
0.02 30,000 – 105,000
0.05 12,000 – 42,000
0.10 6,000 – 21,000
0.20 3,000 – 10,500
0.50 1,200 – 4,200
1.00 600 – 2,100
2.00 300 – 1,050
5.00 120 – 420
10.00 60 – 210
20.00 30 – 105
50.00 12 – 42
100.00 6 – 21
300.00 0–7

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD Analysis - a

• In aerobic processes (O2 is present), hetherotropic

bacteria oxydize about 1/3 of the colloidal and
dissolved organic matter to stable end products (CO2

+ H2O) and convert the remaining 2/3 into new

microbial cells that can be removed from the
wastewater by settling.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 CBOD
The overall biological conversion proceeds sequentially, with oxidation of carbonaceous material as the first step (known as carbonaceous oxygen demand):
•
Organic matter + O2 CO2 + H2O + new cells

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 NBOD

• Under continuing aerobic conditions, autotrophic

bacteria then convert the nitrogen in organic
compounds to nitrates (known as nitrification oxygen
demand):

Organic – Nitrogen Ammonia-Nitrogen

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 BOD Analysis

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Ultimate BOD (L0)
• The ultimate BOD (L0) is defined as the maximum
BOD exerted by the waste – Ultimate carbonecous
oxygen demand.

• Sum of the amount of oxygen already consumed by

the waste in the first t days (BODt), plus the amount of
oxygen remaining to be consumed after time t. That is;

L0 = BODt + Lt

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Ultimate BOD (L0)
• The carbonaceous oxygen demand curve can be expressed
mathematically as:

BODt = L0 (1 – e-kt )

• Where
BODt = biochemical oxygen demand at time t, mg/L
L0 = ultimate BOD, mg/L
k = reaction rate constants, day-1

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Ultimate BOD (L0) -
Problems
The dilution factor P for an unseeded mixture of
sample and water is 0.03. The DO of the mixture is
initially 9.0 mg/L and after 5 days, it has dropped to
3.0 mg/L. The reaction rate constant k has been
found to be 0.22 day -1.
Find :

a) Five day-BOD of the sample

b) Ultimate carbonaceous BOD

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD K-rate
Time (day) BODt (mg/L) [time/BODt]1/3
1 X [1/X]1/3
2 Y [2/Y]1/3
3 Z [3/Z]1/3

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 BOD K-rate ???
BOD rate constant k
“Factor indicates rate of biodegradation of wastes”
• As k increase, the rate of DO increase
• Reaction rate factors:
• Nature of the waste
• Available microorganisms capability
– Temperature
–
–

determine the intercept (A) and slope (B) from the plot
calculate K = 2.61 (B/A)
•
•

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

BOD constant, k, per day
• K (base 10) , Lθ = BOD
1 – 10-kt

• K (base e) Lθ = BOD
1 – e-kt

• K = k/2.3

• Simple compounds such as sugars and starches are easily utilized by micro organisms
have high k rate

• More complex materials such as phenols and cellulose are difficult to assimilate have
low k value

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Typical values of K for various water

Water type K, per day (base 10)

Tap water 0.04
Surface water 0.04 – 0.1
Raw sewage 0.15 – 0.30
Well-treated sewage 0.05 – 0.10

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Temperature
• Most biological processes speed up as temperature
increases and slow down as the temperature drops. The rate
utilization is effected by temperature.
• The relationship for the change in the reaction rate constant
(K) with temperature is expressed as:

KT = K20 x θ(T-20)

Where
• KT = reaction rate constant at temperature T, per day
• K20 = reaction rate constant at 20°C, per day
• θ = temperature coefficient = 1.047
• T = temperature of biological reaction, 0°C
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
 Ultimate BOD (L0)

TL0 = 20L0 [1 + 0.02 (T – 20)]

Where
• TL0 = ultimate BOD at temperature T, mg/L
• L
20 0 = temperature BOD at 20°C, mg/L

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Example:
The following data were obtained from an experiment to determine the BOD rate
constant.
T = 30°C, ∀s = 100mL (total amount of water samples used in the experiment)
Time (days) DO (mg/L)
0 7.4
1 5.5
2 4.5
3 3.7
4 2.5
5 2.1

Question:
• calculate values of BOD3
• determine the BOD rate constant, K30
• calculate value of BOD5 at 20°C

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

Example:
• calculate values of BOD5 at 20°C

Solution :

1) Use formula;
K20 = KT ---------------(from K30 )
1.047 (T-20)

2) L
T 0 = 20 L0 [1 + 0.02 (T–20) ]

3) Ultimate BOD @ 30°C

L30 = BOD BOD = BOD3 value

1 – 10-kt

4) values of BOD5 at 20°C = Ultimate BOD @ 30°C

L20 = BOD BOD = BOD5 value

1 – 10-kt

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 B) Chemical oxygen demand

Definition
• the quantity of oxygen needed to chemically
oxidize the organic compound in sample,
converted to carbon dioxide and water
• commonly used to define the strength of
industrial wastewaters

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

COD - Test procedure
• Add measured quantities of potassium dichromate, sulfuric acid reagent containing silver
sulphate, and a measured volume of sample into a flask,
• The mixture is refluxed (vaporized and condensed) for two hours. The oxidation or organic
matter converts dichromate to trivalent chromium,
• The mixture is titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) to measure the axcess
dichromate remaining in sample.
• A blank sample of distilled water is carried through the same COD testing procedures as the
wastewater sample.
• COD is calculated from the following equation:

(mL blank – mL sample titrant) x (mol of FAS)8000

COD = ___________________________________
mL sample
Where
• COD = chemical oxygen demand, mg/L
• A = amount of ferrous ammonium sulphate titrant added to blank, mL
• B = amount of titrant added to sample, mL
• A = volume of sample, mL
Izan Jaafar,
• 8000 = Engineering Science,
multiplier FST,COD
to express UMTin mg/L of oxygen
Relation between COD and BOD:

• COD > BOD

• COD ~ ultimate BOD
• COD/BOD ~ 2, biodegradable organic
• COD >> BOD, non-biodegradable organic

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 COD - Effects

• Diseases

• Aesthetic

• disturb human
activity

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 TSS - Laboratory analysis

• Diagram of laboratory procedure to determine total solid and total volatile solids
concentration of a water or wastewater sample.

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Diagram of laboratory procedure to determine the suspended solid and
volatile suspended solids concentrations of a water or wastewater
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
sample.
Suspended solid concentrations

1. weigh a filter paper on an electrical balance

2. place the filter paper on the filter apparatus
3. apply vacuum and filter 100 mL (or a larger volume if total
suspended matter is low) well mixed sample
4. dry the filter paper in an oven at 1030C to 1050C for at least 1 hour
5. after 1 hour, cool the filter appear in a desiccator and weigh.
6. repeat the drying cycle until a constant weigh is attained or until
weight loss is less than 0.5 mg.
mg/L suspended solids = [(A – B) x 1000]/mL sample
where A = weigh of filter paper + suspended matter
B = weigh of filter paper

Total suspended = suspended solids + dissolved solids

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 2 - Inorganic Compound

• When placed in water, inorganic

compounds dissociate into electrically
charged atoms referred to as ions
• All atoms linked in ionic bond
• Can be classified into two:
Metal (e.g. Pb2+, Hg+2, Cu +2)
non-metal (e.g. Si+4, Cl_, NO3-)

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 Inorganic Compound – Con’d

• Any compound that doesn't contain

carbon (except for carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and carbonates).

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT

 THANK YOUR FOR
YOUR ATTENTION…..

Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT