Name Hafiz Danish Zahid

Class BSCS (A)

Roll # 032

Subject computer networking

Assignment:

Submitted to: sir tayyab hannan

Q1: what are two types of services that internet provides to its applications
also write characteristics of these two services?
Answer:
The internet provides its application a connection oriented service (TCP) and a
connectionless services (UDP).Each internet application makes use of one
these two services.
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It is known to provide reliable
and error-free communication between end systems. It performs
sequencing and segmentation of data. It also has acknowledgment
feature and controls the flow of the data through flow control mechanism.
It is a very effective protocol but has a lot of overhead due to such
features. Increased overhead leads to increased cost.

Characteristics
Connection oriented: An application requests a “connection” to
destination and uses connection to transfer data
Stream Data transfer: It is the duty of TCP to pack this byte stream to
packets, known as TCP segments, which are passed to the IP layer for
transmission to the destination device.
Reliable: It recovers data from Network layer if data is damaged,
duplicated or corrupted.
Point to Point: TCP connection provides end to end delivery.
Interoperability: It eliminates the cross-platform boundaries.
Error and flow control: error-checking, flow-control, and
acknowledgement functions.
Name resolution: It helps in solving human readable name into IP
address.
Routability : TCP/IP is a routable protocol,
It helps in resolving logical address.
Full Duplex: It provides connection in both the directions
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – On the other hand does not provide
any such features. It is the go-to protocol if your application does not
require reliable transport as it is very cost-effective. Unlike TCP, which is
connection-oriented protocol, UDP is connectionless.

3. UDP header
UDP header is 8-bytes fixed and simple header, while for TCP it may
vary from 20 bytes to 60 bytes. First 8 Bytes contains all necessary
header information and remaining part consist of data. UDP port number
fields are each 16 bits long, therefore range for port numbers defined
from 0 to 65535; port number 0 is reserved. Port numbers help to
distinguish different user requests or process.
Source Port: Source Port is 2 Byte long field used to identify port
number of source.
Destination Port: It is 2 Byte long field, used to identify the port of
destined packet.
Length: Length is the length of UDP including header and the data. It is
16-bits field.
Checksum: Checksum is 2 Bytes long field. It is the 16-bit one’s
complement of the one’s complement sum of the UDP header, pseudo
header of information from the IP header and the data, padded with zero
octets at the end (if necessary) to make a multiple of two octets.
1: UDP is the Datagram oriented protocol. This is because there is no
overhead for opening a connection, maintaining a connection, and
terminating a connection. UDP is efficient for broadcast and multicast
type of network transmission.
2: The delivery of data to the destination cannot be guaranteed in UDP.
3: UDP has only the basic error checking mechanism using checksums.
4: There is no sequencing of data in UDP. If ordering is required, it has to
be managed by the application layer.
5: UDP is faster, simpler and more efficient than TCP.
6: There is no retransmission of lost packets in User Datagram Protocol
(UDP).
 7: UDP Header size is 8 bytes.
8: UDP is lightweight.
9: UDP is used by DNS, DHCP, TFTP, SNMP, RIP, and VoIP.
Q2: What is the difference between groups shared tree and source based tree
in context of multicast routings?
Answer:
Source-based tree: A non-shared multicast distribution tree
(forwarding/replication state on intermediate routers) is built for every
SOURCE, GROUP pair. Source-based tree is unidirectional.
Shared tree: A per-group multicast distribution tree is built on routers, shared
by all group's senders and receivers. The shared tree might be bidirectional.
Differences between the Group-shared tree and Source-based tree:
 Group-shared tree is a multicast group includes all the edge routers and
hosts.
 Group-shared tree shares a single tree for all the hosts and initiate the
multicast join.
 Source based tree is maintain all these trees to a multicast group. It
contains multiple individual trees.
 Source based tree is used multicast packets without hosts.

Q3: Discuss different transmission media?

Answer:
In data communication terminology, a transmission medium is a physical path
between the transmitter and the receiver i.e. it is the channel through which
data is sent from one place to another. Transmission Media is broadly classified
into the following types:
1. Guided Media:
It is also referred to as Wired or Bounded transmission media. Signals being
transmitted are directed and confined in a narrow pathway by using physical
links.
Features:
 High Speed
 Secure
 Used for comparatively shorter distances
There are 3 major types of Guided Media:
(i) Twisted Pair Cable –
It consists of 2 separately insulated conductor wires wound about
each other. Generally, several such pairs are bundled together in a
protective sheath. They are the most widely used Transmission
Media. Twisted Pair is of two types:
(ii) Coaxial Cable –
It has an outer plastic covering containing 2 parallel conductors each
having a separate insulated protection cover. Coaxial cable transmits
information in two modes: Baseband mode(dedicated cable
bandwidth) and Broadband mode(cable bandwidth is split into
separate ranges). Cable TVs and analog television networks widely
use Coaxial cables.
Advantages:
 High Bandwidth
 Better noise Immunity
 Easy to install and expand
 Inexpensive
Disadvantages:
 Single cable failure can disrupt the entire network
(iii) Optical Fiber Cable –
It uses the concept of reflection of light through a core made up of glass or
plastic. The core is surrounded by a less dense glass or plastic covering called
the cladding. It is used for transmission of large volumes of data.
Advantages:
 Increased capacity and bandwidth
 Light weight
  Less signal attenuation
Disadvantages:
 Difficult to install and maintain
 High cost
 Fragile
2. Unguided Media:
It is also referred to as Wireless or Unbounded transmission media. No physical
medium is required for the transmission of electromagnetic signals.
Features:
 Signal is broadcasted through air
 Less Secure
 Used for larger distances
There are 3 major types of Unguided Media:
(i) Radio waves –
These are easy to generate and can penetrate through buildings. The sending
and receiving antennas need not be aligned. Frequency Range: 3KHz – 1GHz.
AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio waves for transmission.
Further Categorized as: (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite.
(ii) Microwaves –
It is a line of sight transmission i.e. the sending and receiving antennas need to
be properly aligned with each other. The distance covered by the signal is
directly proportional to the height of the antenna. Frequency Range:1GHz –
300GHz. These are majorly used for mobile phone communication and
television distribution.
(iii) Infrared –
Infrared waves are used for very short distance communication. They cannot
penetrate through obstacles. This prevents interference between systems.
Frequency Range: 300GHz – 400THz. It is used in TV remotes, wireless
mouse, keyboard, printer, etc.