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What do Period and Frequency mean?
Period T is the number of seconds it takes for something to complete 1 entire
cycle/revolution.
Frequency f is the number of cycles/revolutions completed by an object in 1 second.
T = seconds
cycle
cycles
f = second
2πR
v= T
v = 2πRf
v = speed of the object moving in the circle
T = period of the object
f = frequency of the object
R = radius of the circle traveled
Note: ”RPM” stands for revolutions per minute.
Example Question:
Question: A moon travels around a planet in a circular orbit of radius R and constant
speed S. What is the period and frequency of the orbit in terms of given quantities and
fundamental constants?
Period Frequency
A. 2πR
S
2πS
R
B. 2πR
S 2πR
S
C. 2πR
S
S
2πR
D. 2π 2πR
T
Answer: C
Centripetal Acceleration aC m/s2
S.I. Unit: Yes
Vector?
What does Centripetal acceleration mean?
Centripetal acceleration ac is acceleration that causes a mass to travel in a circle.
The Centripetal Acceleration ac always points into the circle traveled by the object.
The Centripetal Acceleration ac only changes direction of velocity, it does not speed up
the object or slow down the object.
Example Question:
Question: Particle A is traveling in a circle with speed S and radius R. If particle B travels
with twice the speed of A and twice the radius of A. What is the ratio of the acceleration
of a A compared to the acceleration of B?
A. 0.5
B. 1
C. 2
D. 4
Answer: A
Centripetal Forces Fc S.I. Unit: N Yes
Vector?
What does Centripetal Force mean?
Centripetal forces are not a new type of force.
The term “Centripetal Force” is just a label for any of
the regular forces we’ve already met (Fg, FT, Fn, Fs)
that happen to be making something move in a
circular path.
ac = ΣF c /m (ac = v2/R)
v2/R = ΣF c /m
ac = the centripetal acceleration
ΣF c = the net centripetal force on the object
m = mass of the object moving in the circle
v = speed of the object moving in the circle
R = radius of the circular path
Note: You only plug in centripetal/radial forces into
ΣF c . If there are forces that point in the tangential
direction they go into a separate Newton’s second
law equation for that direction.
Example Question:
Question: A ball of mass M rolls over the top of a hill of radius R with a speed S. At the
top of the hill, what is the magnitude of the normal force exerted on the ball by the road?
2
A. M g + M SR
2
B. M g − M SR
C. M g
2
D. M SR
Answer: B
Newton’s Universal Force of Gravity FG S.I. Unit: N
Vector? Yes
What does Newton’s Universal Force of Gravity mean?
All masses M in the universe pull/attract every other mass m with gravitational force FG.
The force FG is proportional to the masses (M and m), and inversely proportional to the
square of the center to center distance R between the objects.
FG =GMm/R2
FG = gravitational force between masses M and m
G = Universal gravitational constant = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
M = one of the masses
m = the other mass
R = the center to center distance between the two masses M and m
Example Question:
Question: Two masses both of mass M exert a gravitational force F on each other. If one
mass is exchanged for a mass 3M, and the distance between the masses is tripled, what
is the new gravitational force?
A. F
B. 3F
C. F/3
D. F/9
Answer: C
Acceleration due to gravity g (Gravitational eld) S.I. Unit: N/kg or m/s2 Vector? Yes
What does Acceleration due to Gravity or Gravitational Field mean?
The ”acceleration due to gravity g” is also called the “gravitational eld”.
Masses create a gravitational eld g around them. The eld g causes a gravitational
force on other masses that end up in the gravitational eld g.
g =GM/R2
g = gravitational eld/acc created by M
G = 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
M = the mass creating gravitational eld g
R = the distance from M to the point in space
where you are determining the value of g
FG=mg or g=FG/m
FG = gravitational force exerted on mass m
m = the mass placed in the gravitational eld
which was created by M
Example Question:
Question: A hypothetical Planet X has 3 times the mass of Earth and half the radius of
Earth. What is the acceleration due to gravity on planet X in terms of the acceleration
due to gravity on Earth gE?
A. 1
3 gE
B. 3
2 gE
C. 4gE
D. 12gE
Answer: D
Density ⍴ S.I. Unit: kg/m3 No
Vector?
What does density mean?
Density is the amount of mass per volume for a material. Concrete has a larger density
than Styrofoam since concrete has more mass per volume than Styrofoam.
We can use the density to determine the mass of an object if we also know the volume.
⍴ = M/V
⍴ = density of the mass M
M = the mass
V = the volume of the mass M
Example Question:
Question: A hypothetical Planet X has 3 times the density of Earth and half the radius of
Earth. What is the acceleration due to gravity on planet X in terms of the acceleration
due to gravity on Earth gE?
A. 1
2 gE
B. 2
3 gE
C. gE
D. 23 gE
Answer: D
Gravitational Orbits
What do Gravitational Orbits mean?
When an astronomical object (like a planet) orbits another astronomical object (like the
sun) we say it is in a gravitational orbit.
If the orbit is a circle we can use the formula for centripetal acceleration to relate the
speed, radius of orbit, and mass.
Example Question:
Question: A space station of mass MS orbits an altitude 3R above a planet of mass MP
and radius R as seen in a diagram below. A di erent space station of mass 3MS orbits an
altitude 2R above a planet of mass 4MP and radius 2R. If the speed of the station of
mass MS is v, what is the speed of the space station of mass 3MS?
A. 1
2 v
B.
√ 3
2 v
C. 2v
D.
√ 2
3 v
Answer: C