Consciousness, Riemann Zeta Function and Pre-Big Bang Scenario

NeuroQuantology | December 2016 | Volume 14 | Issue 4 | Page 692-701 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2016.14.4.
926 692
Marciak-Kozlowska and Kozlowski, Consciousness, Riemann zeta function and pre-big bang scenario
Consciousness, Riemann Zeta Function and

Pre-Big Bang Scenario
Janina Marciak-Kozlowska, Miroslaw Kozlowski

ABSTRACT
In this paper we study the evolution of consciousness. Considering the discrete structure of time, we calculate
the life-time of the Universe including the Pre-Big Bang epoch. Pre-Big Bang scenario deals with two branches
described in low energy effective treatments. Both branches are string duality related but the former runs on
negative time scales. In this paper we study (with the help of Riemann Zeta function) the negative time scenario
in pre-beginning of the Universe. The beginning of the Universe is the beginning of consciousness. In that case
the human consciousness started and evolved according to Zeta function.

Key Words: pre-big bang, atomicity of time, consciousness, Riemann’s Zeta function
DOI Number: 10.14704/nq.2016.14.4.926 NeuroQuantology 2016; 4:692-701
1

1. Introduction 1. In my paper I have presented the another

One of most distinguished scientists offers a possibility. I argue that the Plenum consists two
radical new theory of the origin, and ultimate end, universes with positive and negative times. Our
of the Universe. Professor Sir Roger Penrose’s Universe evolves according to the Riemann Zeta
groundbreaking and bestselling The Road to Function with positive time as an argument.
Reality (2007) provided a complete guide to the 2. My definition of consciousness
laws that govern our universe. In Cycles of Time Consciousness phenomenon is the
(2011), Penrose offers a completely new subquantum process (cosmic consciousness)
perspective on the often-asked question, ‘what generated out of spacetime and carried by
came before the Big Bang?’ The answer that consciousness quanta. The mass of the quanta of
Penrose proposes involves a fully rational way of consciousness is of the order 10-15 eV, well
looking at the expected ultimate fate of our beneath of mass of CBR quanta = 10-4 eV The
accelerating expanded universe, and showing that emission and absorption of consciousness quanta
its end can in fact be reinterpreted as the ‘Big is the consciousness phenomenon.
Bang’ of a new universe
Corresponding author: Miroslaw Kozlowski

Address: Janina Marciak-Kozlowska, Institute of Electron Technology, Warsaw, Poland. Miroslaw Kozlowski, Emeritus Professor, Warsaw
University, Warsaw, Poland
Phone: + 48 501542230
e-mail  m.kozlowski934@upcpoczta.pl
Relevant conflicts of interest/financial disclosures: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial
or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Received: 6 April 2016; Accepted: 7 July 2016
eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com
NeuroQuantology | December 2016 | Volume 14 | Issue 4 | Page 692-701 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2016.14.4.926 693
In 1859, Riemann published paper in which In 1838, at the age of thirty-three, Dirichlet
he defined Riemann function (Edwards, 1974); had made his mark in the theory of numbers by
 proving that Fermat’s hunch was indeed correct.
 (s )   e s x s dx,( s  1) He did this by mixing ideas from several areas of
0 mathematics that didn’t look as if they had
anything to do with one another. Instead of an
elementary argument like Euclid’s cunning proof
 ( x)  

(  s) ( x ) s dx that there are infinitely many primes, Dirichlet
2 i  ex  1 x

used a sophisticated function that had first
appeared on the mathematical circuit in Euler’s
The epoch-making 8-pages paper “On the day. It was called the z e t a f u n c t i o n , and was
Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude” denoted by the Greek letter  . The following
inaugurated the revolution in number theory and equation provided Dirichlet with the rule for
recently in theoretical physics: quantum calculating the value of the zeta function when fed
mechanics and cosmology. In the paper we for the with a number x :
time consider the application of Zeta function to
the study of the human consciousness and
especially, time recognition. We argue that time 1 1 1 1
 ( x)  x
 x  x  ....... x  .....
life of the Universe and the consciousness can be 1 2 3 n
described as the product of Zeta function and
Planck time. The possible scenario for the creation To calculate the output at x , Dirichlet
of consciousness is discussed. needed to carry out three mathematical steps.
First, calculate the exponential numbers 1x, 2x,3x,
2. Mathematical introduction nx , . . . Then take the reciprocals of all the
The Zeta function - the dialogue between music and numbers produced in the first step (the reciprocal
of 2 x is 1/2x). Finally, add together all the answers
mathematics
from the second step.
During his years in Paris in the 1820s, Dirichlet
had become fascinated by Gauss’s great youthful It is a complicated recipe. The fact that each
treatise Disquisitiones Aritlvneticae. Although number 1, 2, 3,. . . makes a contribution to the
Gauss’s book marked a beginning of number definition of the zeta function hints at its
theory as an independent discipline, the book was usefulness to the number theorist. The downside
difficult and many failed to penetrate the concise comes in having to deal with an infinite sum of
style Gauss preferred. Dirichlet, though, was more numbers. Few mathematicians could have
than happy to battle with one tough paragraph predicted what a powerful tool this function
after another. At night he would place the book would become as the best way to study the primes.
under his pillow in the hope that the next It was almost stumbled upon by accident.
morning’s reading would suddenly make sense. The origins of mathematicians’ interest in
Gauss’s treatise has been described as a ‘book of this infinite sum came from music and went back
seven seals’, but thanks to the labors and dreams to a discovery made by the Greeks. Pythagoras
of Dirichlet, those seals were broken and the was the first to discover the fundamental
treasures within gained the wide distribution the connection between mathematics and music. He
deserved. filled an urn with water and banged it with a
Dirichlet was especially interested in hammer to produce a note. If he removed half the
Gauss’s clock calculator. In particular, he was water and banged the urn again, the note had gone
intrigued by a conjecture that went back to a up an octave. Each time he removed more water to
pattern spotted by Fermat. If you took a clock leave the urn one-third full, then one-quarter full,
calculator with N hours on it and you fed in the the notes produced would sound to his ear in
primes, then, Fermat conjectured, infinitely often harmony with the first note he’d played. Any other
the clock would hit one o’clock. So, for example, if notes which were created by removing some other
you take a clock with 4 hours there are infinitely amount of water sounded in dissonance with that
many primes which Fermat predicted would leave original note. There was some audible beauty
remainder 1 on division by 4. The list begins 5, 13, associated with these fractions. The harmony that
17, 29, . . . Pythagoras had discovered in the numbers 1, 1/2,
1/3, 1/4, . . . made him believe that the whole
universe was controlled by music, which is why he that ‘the ideas must fit together in a harmonious
coined the expression “the music of the spheres”. way. Beauty is the first test: there is no permanent
Ever since Pythagoras’ discovery of an place in the world for ugly mathematics. For
arithmetic connection between mathematics and Hardy, A mathematical proof should resemble a
music, people have compared both the aesthetic simple and clear-cut constellation, not a scattered
and the physical traits shared by the two Milky Way.
disciplines. The French Baroque composer Jean- Both mathematics and music have a
Philippe Rameau wrote in 1722 that technical language of symbols which allow us to
“Notwithstanding all the experience I may have articulate the patterns we are creating or
acquired in music from being associated with it for discovering. Music is much more than just the
so long, I must confess that only with the aid of minims and crochets which dance across the
mathematics did my ideas become clear.” Euler musical stave. Similarly, mathematical symbols
sought to make music theory “part of mathematics come alive only when the mathematics is played
and deduce in an orderly manner, from correct with in the mind.
principles, everything which can make a fitting As Pythagoras discovered, it is not just in
together and mingling of tones pleasing”. Euler the aesthetic realm that mathematics and music
believed that it was the primes that lay behind the overlap. The very physics of music has at its root
beauty of certain combinations of notes. the basics of mathematics. If you blow across the
Many mathematicians have a natural top of a bottle you hear a note. By blowing harder,
affinity with music. Euler would relax after a hard and with a little skill, you can start to hear higher
day’s calculating by playing his clavier. notes - the extra harmonics, the overtones. When
Mathematics departments invariably have little a musician plays a note on an instrument they are
trouble assembling an orchestra from the ranks of producing an infinity of additional harmonics, just
their members. There is an obvious numerical as you do when you blow across the top of the
connection between the two given that counting bottle. These additional harmonics help to give
underpins both. As Leibniz described it, “Music is each instrument its own distinctive sound. The
the pleasure the human mind experiences from physical characteristics of each instrument mean
counting without being aware that it is counting.” that we hear different combinations of harmonics.
But the resonance between the subjects goes In addition to the fundamental note, the clarinet
much deeper than this. plays only those harmonics produced by odd
Mathematics is an aesthetic discipline fractions: 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, . . . The string of a violin,
where talk of beautiful proofs and elegant on the other hand, vibrates to create all the har-
solutions is commonplace. Only those with a monics that Pythagoras produced with his urn -
special aesthetic sensibility are equipped to make those corresponding to the fractions 1/2, 1/3,
mathematical discoveries. The flash of 1/4…. . .
illumination that mathematicians crave often feels Since the sound of a vibrating violin string is
like bashing notes on a piano until suddenly a the infinite sum of the fundamental note and all
combination is found which contains an inner the possible harmonics, mathematicians became
harmony marking it out as different. intrigued by the mathematical analogue. The
G.H. Hardy (Hardy, 1940) wrote that he was infinite sum 1 + 1/2 +1/3+1/4+. . . became known
‘interested in mathematics only as a creative art’. as the h a r m o n i c s e r i e s . This infinite sum is
Even for the French mathematicians in Napoleon’s also the answer Euler got when he fed the zeta
academies, the buzz of doing mathematics came function with the number x = 1 . Although this
not from its practical application but from its sum grew only very slowly as he added more
inner beauty. The aesthetic experiences of doing terms, mathematicians had known since the
mathematics or listening to music have much in fourteenth century that eventually it must spiral
common. Just as you might listen to a piece of off to infinity.
music over and over and find new resonances So the Zeta function must output the answer
previously missed, mathematicians often take infinity when fed the number x = 1 . If, however,
pleasure in re-reading proofs in which the subtle instead of taking x = 1, Euler fed the zeta function
nuances that make it hang together so effortlessly with a number bigger than 1, the answer no longer
gradually reveal themselves. Hardy believed that spiralled off to infinity. For example, taking x = 2
the true test of a good mathematical proof was
means adding together all the squares in the zeta function with any number less than 1, it
harmonic series: would always output infinity. For example, for x
1 1 1 = - 1 it yields the infinite sum 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . . . The
1    ....... function behaved well only for numbers bigger
2 2 32 42
than 1.
This is a smaller number as it does not
include all possible fractions found when x = 1 . Euler’s discovery of his expression for  2 / 6
We are now adding only some of the fractions, and in terms of simple fractions was the first sign that
Euler knew that this time the smaller sum the zeta function might reveal unexpected links
wouldn’t spiral off to infinity but would home in between seemingly disparate parts of the
on some particular number. It had become quite a mathematical canon. The second strange
challenge by Euler’s day to identify a precise value connection that Euler discovered was with an
for this infinite sum when .x = 2. The best estimate even more unpredictable sequence of numbers.
was somewhere around 8/5. In 1735, Euler wrote Ramanujan notebooks (1910) and the
that ‘So much work has been done on the series power of the Brahmin network had secured
that it seems hardly likely that anything new Ramanujan a job as an accountant with the Port
about them may still turn up . . . I, too, in spite of Authority in Madras. He had begun to publish
repeated effort, could achieve nothing more than some of his ideas in the Journal of the Indian
approximate values for their sums.’ Mathematical Society, and by now his name had
Nevertheless, Euler, emboldened by his come to the attention of the British authorities.
previous discoveries, began to play around with C.L.T. Griffith, who worked at the College of
this infinite sum. Twisting it this way and that like Engineering in Madras, recognized that
the sides of a Rubik’s cube, he suddenly found the Ramanujan’s work was that of a ‘remarkable
series transformed. Like the colors on the cube, mathematician’ but he felt unable to follow or
these numbers slowly came together to form a criticize it. So he decided to get the opinion of one
completely different pattern from the one he had of the professors who had taught him as a student
started with. As he went on to describe, ‘Now, in London.
however, quite unexpectedly, I have found an ele- Without formal training, Ramanujan had
gant equation depending upon the quadrature of evolved a very personal mathematical style. It is
the circle’ - in modern parlance, an equation perhaps not surprising, then, that when Professor
depending on the number  = 3.1415. . . Hill of University College, London received
By some pretty reckless analysis, Euler had Ramanujan’s papers claiming to have proved that
discovered that this infinite sum was homing in on (Berndt, 1985);
the square of  divided by 6: 1 +2+3+4+ …..=-1/12.
1 1 1  2 He dismissed most of them as meaningless. Even
1    ......  to the untrained eye, this equation looks
4 9 16 6
ridiculous. To add up all the whole numbers and
The decimal expansion of  2 / 6 like that of get a negative fraction is clearly the work of a
 , is completely chaotic and unpredictable. To madman! ‘Mr Ramanujan has fallen into the
this day, Euler’s discovery of this order lurking in pitfalls of the very difficult subject of Divergent
the number  2 / 6 ranks as one of the most Series,’ he wrote back to Griffith.
intriguing calculations in all of mathematics, and Ramanujan had recently been given a copy
it took the scientific community of Euler’s time by of Hardy’s Orders of Infinity by Ganapathy Iyer, a
storm. No one had predicted a link between the Professor of Mathematics in Madras with whom
innocent sum 1+1/4+1/9+1/16 +…. and the he regularly discussed mathematics on the beach
chaotic number  . This success inspired Euler to in the evenings. As he read Hardy, Ramanujan
investigate the power of the zeta function further. must have recognized that here at last was
He knew that if he fed the zeta function with any someone who might appreciate his ideas, but later
number bigger than 1, the result would be some he admitted that he had feared his infinite sums
finite number. After a few years of solitary study would prompt Hardy ‘to point out to me the
he managed to identify the output of the zeta lunatic asylum as my goal’. Ramanujan was
function for every even number. But there was particularly excited by Hardy’s statement that ‘no
something rather unsatisfactory about the zeta definite expression has been found as yet for the
function. Whenever Euler fed the equation for the
number of prime numbers less than any given 3. Atomicity of Time
number’. Ramanujan had discovered an It is well known that idea of discrete structure of
expression which he believed very nearly time can be applied to the “flow” of time. The idea
captured this number. He was very keen to find that time has “atomic” structure or is not infinitely
out what Hardy thought of his equation. divisible, has only recently come to the fore as a
Hardy’s first impression on finding in the daring and sophisticated hypothetical
morning post Ramanujan’s envelope covered in concomitant of recent investigations in the
Indian stamps was not immediately favorable. It physics elementary particles and astrophysics.
contained a manuscript filled with wild, fantastic Greek philosophers in the sixth and fifth centuries
theorems about counting primes, alongside well- b.c. identified dual aspects of time—being (the
known results presented as if they were original Parmenidean continuity aspect) and becoming
discoveries. In the covering letter Ramanujan (the Heraclitean transience aspect)—that to this
declared that he had ‘found a function which day remain unreconciled. Time extends
exactly represents the number of prime numbers’. continuously from the past to the future (the being
Hard) knew that this was a stunning claim, but no aspect), and things change in time (the becoming
equation had been supplied. Worst of all - no aspect). Augustine’s paradox of time is that things
proofs of anything! For Hardy, proof was in time change in time. Do things actually change
everything. He once told Bertrand Russell across in time, or do they appear to change because we
the high table at Trinity, ‘If I could prove by logic move in time? If we move in time, then we change
that you would die in five minutes, I should be in time. Evidently, temporal location does not
sorry you were going to die, but my sorrow would exhaust the properties of time.
be very much mitigated by pleasure in the proof.’ In theoretical physics, time is fully
According to C.P. Snow, Hardy, having spatialized and time and space have no distinction
quickly looked over Ramanujan’s work, ‘was not in four-dimensional space-time. Events of the
only bored, but irritated. It seemed like a curious physical world are displayed in space-time; they
kind of fraud.’ But by the evening the wild are fixed and never change, and space-time
theorems were beginning to work their magic, decomposes into the different spaces and times of
and Hardy summoned Littlewood for after-dinner observers in relative motion. The becoming or
discussions. By midnight they had cracked it. transience aspect of time (the part that cannot be
Hardy and Littlewood, equipped with the spatialized), which consists of an awareness of
knowledge to decode Ramanujan’s unorthodox change in the sensible world, is banished from the
language, could now see that these were not the physical world as a psychological or metaphysical
outpourings of a crank but the works of a genius - characteristic of the observer. The problem for the
untrained, but brilliant. physicist and the philosopher, in Whitrow’s
They both realized that Ramanujan’s words, is “How do we get the illusion of time’s
infinite sum was none other than the rediscovery transience without presupposing transient time as
of how to define the missing part of Riemann’s its origin?”
zeta landscape. The clue to decoding Ramanujan’s
equation is to rewrite the number 2 as (1/2)-1 is
Zeno’s paradox and the birth of atomic time
another way of writing applying the same trick to
each number in the infinite sum. Hardy and Zeno the Eleatic, by devising paradoxes of motion,
Littlewood rewrote Ramanujan’s equation as tried to prove that all apparent change in the
1+2+3+4+ ….=1 +1/2-1+ 3-1+4-1+ …=-1/12. sensible world is illusory. In one of Zeno’s
paradoxes, Achilles and a tortoise hold a race in
Staring them in the face was Riemann’s which the tortoise starts with a lead of 100 units
answer to how to calculate the zeta function when of distance. While Achilles runs the 100 units of
fed with the number -1. With no formal training, distance the tortoise travels one unit, and while
Ramanujan had run the whole race on his own and Achilles runs this further unit the tortoise travels
reconstructed Riemann’s discovery of the zeta 1/100 of a unit, and so on, without limit. Hence,
landscape. said Zeno, because of the infinity of subdivisions of
distance, Achilles never overtakes the tortoise,
thus demonstrating the illusory nature of change
in the sensible world. Although readers armed

with infinitesimal calculus might find this the sole agent creates not only a material world,
argument unconvincing, philosophers still debate but also a corresponding mental world of
the significance of Zeno’s paradoxes; at issue is the remembered events linking together the time
assumed mathematical continuity of time. atoms.
Xenocrates, a student of Plato and his successor as The mutakallimun sought to demonstrate
head of the academy in Athens, developed the the total dependence of the world on the will of the
concept of atomic time, which has since sole agent and unintentionally stumbled on a
occasionally figured in solutions of Zeno’s remarkable theory that unifies the dual aspects of
paradox. If time consists of indivisible moments, time. In each “now,” or atom of time, the material
often referred to as chronons, motion consists of world stretches away in space and memories of
imperceptible jerks that can, it is said, explain how the past and expectations for the future stretch
Achilles overtakes the tortoise. Also, transition away in time; everything exists in a frozen state of
from time atom to time atom might explain our being. Then everything dissolves and in a new
awareness of transience. atom a new state of being exists. Transient acts of
The Kalam Universe Perhaps Zeno’s becoming transform whole states of being. Shorn
paradoxes and Xenocrates’s atomicity of time of its extreme theism, the Kalam theory accounts
influenced a school of Indian philosophers (a moderately well for our complex experience of
Buddhist sect) in the first century b.c. that time. A. N. Whitehead wrote, “In every act of
developed a theory of momentary time, and becoming there is the becoming of something with
probably inspired Bakillani, a medieval Arab temporal extension, but. . . the act itself is not
scholar. In the tenth and eleventh centuries a.d. extensive.” In every act ob becoming is the
the ilm al-kalam, a religious school of Arab becoming of something with temporal extension
philosophers, rejected the Aristotelian philosophy but… the act itself is not extensive.” The atomic
of more orthodox Muslim theology. Using the theory of time harmonizes the extensive and non
atomic theory of the Epicureans of the Greco- –extensive aspects of time.
Roman world, the scholars of the kalam, the
mutakallimun, sought to demonstrate the total
dependence of the material world on the will of Monads
the supreme being—the sole agent. Atoms, they Rene Descartes in the first half of the seventeenth
said, are isolated by voids and their configurations century found by introspection that he possessed
are governed not by natural agents but by the will an immaterial mind: “I think, therefore I am.” Yet
of the sole agent. his body was no more than a machine in a world of
Bakillani of Basra, who lived in Baghdad matter in motion. How could an immaterial mind
where he died in 1013, proposed that time also is interact with a material body? In A Discourse on
atomic. In each atom of time the sole agent Method, he argued that the supreme being
dissolves the world and recreates it in slightly repeatedly recreates both the material world and
different form. The world is created not once but its coincident mental world (a theory known as
repeatedly. The twelfth-century The Guide for the occasionalism). Probably Descartes knew of the
Perplexed by Moses Maimonides (or Arabic Mūsā medieval kalam theory from the well-known work
ibn Maymūn, 1135-1204), a Jewish scholar, serves of Maimonides.
as a primary source of information on the kalam The kalam time atoms were also
theory of atomic time. Maimonides wrote, “An forerunners of the monads invented in the second
hour is divided into sixty minutes, the minute into half of the seventeenth century by Gottfried
sixty seconds, the second into sixty parts, and so on; Leibniz (1646-1716). According to Leibniz,
at last, after ten or more successive divisions by monads are the fundamental components of the
sixty, time-elements are obtained, which are not world; they exist in isolation and their inner
subjected to division, and in fact are indivisible.” worlds are coordinated by pre-established
But continual recreation poses a problem. harmony (a theory known as parallelism). Leibniz
The countless creations are isolated in atoms of had a copy of The Guide for the Perplexed, and its
time and have no connection with one another. marginal notes in his handwriting indicate that he
How then can human beings arrange them in an was aware of the kalam atomic theory.
orderly sequence? The kalam solution anticipated Whether physics will ever adopt the charac-
the theory of occasionalism). In each atom of time, teristics of atomic time, thus making the observer
and transient time an integral part of the physical T 2 2
i   T. (4)
world, is a matter for speculation (Whitrow, t 2m
1980).
Equation (4) is the Schrödinger type
equation for the temperature field in a universe
4. The Model of the time atomicity with G < 0.
In the recent years the growing interest for the Both equation (4) and diffusion equation:
source of Universe expansion is observed. After T 2 2
the work of Supernova detecting groups the   T (5)
 t 2m
consensus for the acceleration of the moving of the
space time is established. expansion of the are parabolic and require the same boundary and
Universe We will study the influence of the initial conditions in order to be “well posed”.
repulsive gravity (G < 0) on the temperature field The diffusion equation (4) has the
in the universe and cosmological constant Λ. To propagator
that aim we will apply the quantum equations  1  R2 
equationted in Marciak-Kozlowska and Kozlowski 
TD R,    exp    , (6)
 2  
3/2
(2013). In the monograph it was shown that the  4 D 
  
quantum diffusion equation for Planck era has the where R  r  r ',   t  t '. For equation (4) the
form (T= temperature field). propagator is:
 2T T  2 3/ 2
P    T. (1)   Mp   3 i   iM p R2 
t 2 t M p  
TS R,     exp    exp   (7)
 2    4   2  
1/ 2
In equation (1)  P   
G
c5
is the relaxation with initial condition T (R, 0) = δ(R).
S
G 1/ 2
time, M p    is the mass of the Planck particle,
c
ħ, c are the Planck constant and light velocity
The anthropic argument
respectively and G is the gravitational constant.
Now we will describe the influence of the In equation (7) T ((R), Θ) is the complex function
S
repulsion gravity on the quantum thermal of R and Θ. For anthropic observers only the real
processes in the universe. To that aim we put in part of T is detectable, so in our description of
equation (1) G → −G. In that case the new equation universe we put:
is obtained, viz. 
1/2 1/ 2
 
Im T R,   0. (8)
T   G  2T   G
3 3
 
i  5     T . (2)
2
The condition (8) can be written as (bearing in
t  c  t 2  c
  mind equation-7):
For the investigation of the structure of equation  3  R 2 1 
(2) we put: sin       0, (9)

 4  L p  4
1/ 2  
2   G 
3
 
2m  c  where L =τ c and    /  p . Equation (9)
P P
and obtains describes the discretization of R

1/2
1 RN   4 N   3  L p   tc 1/2 , (10)
m Mp
2 N  0,1, 2, 3...
with new form of the equation (2) In fact, from equation (38) the Hubble law can be
1/ 2 derived
T   G
3
  2T  2 2
i  5    T. (3)
t  c t 2 2m R N 1
  H  , (11)
RN 2
Equation (3) is the quantum Heaviside
equation. To clarify the physical nature of the independent of N. In the subsequent we will
solution of equation (3) we will discuss the consider R (10), as the space-time radius of the N
diffusion approximation, i.e. we omit the second − universe with “atomic unit” of space Lp. It is well
time derivative in equation (3) and obtain known that idea of discrete structure of time can
be applied to the “flow” of time. The idea that time we obtain
has “atomic” structure or is not infinitely divisible, 3
has only recently come to the fore as a daring and  , N  0,1, 2.... (20)
 N 2 L2p
sophisticated hypothetical concomitant of recent
investigations in the physics elementary particles The result of the calculation of the radius of
and astrophysics. We define time T as the Universe, R, the acceleration of the spacetime,
T= M p, M = 0, 1, 2, … (12) a, and the cosmological constant, Λ are presented
in Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4 for different values of number N.
Considering equation (9) and (12) the space-time As can be easily seen the values of a and R are in
radius can be written as very good agreement with observational data for
R( M , N )  present Epoch. As far as it is concerned
 3
1/2
(13) cosmological constant Λ for the first time we
 1/ 2 M 1/2  N   Lp , M , N  0,1, 2,3,.... obtain, the history of cosmological constant from
 4 
the Beginning to the present Epoch.
Equation (13) describes the discrete structure of

space-time. As the R(M, N) is time dependent, we
can calculate the velocity,   dR / dt, i.e. the 5. Riemann’s Zeta (x) function and human
velocity of the expansion of space-time consciousness
1/ 2 1/ 2 Riemann’s Zeta function is described by equation
   N  34 
     c, (14) 
4  M  e  s x s dx, ( s  1)
 (s )  
0
where c is the light velocity. We define the
acceleration of the expansion of the space-time
1/2
 N  34  c
1/ 2
 ( x) 
 (  s) 
( x )s dx
a
d 1  
    3 
. (15) 2 i e

x
1 x
dt 2 4   M  p
In Figures 1 and 2 we present the shape of the Zeta
Considering equation (15) it is quite natural to (x) for different ranges of x.
define Planck acceleration: ZETA RIEMANNA
7 1/ 2 4
c c 
Ap     1051 ms-2 (16) 3
p  G 
2
Zeta Riemanna
and equation (43) can be written as

1
1/ 2 1/2 7 1/2
3
1   N   c  0
 . (17)
4
a     
2 4   M3   G  1
It is quite interesting that for N, M→∞ the 2
expansion velocity υ < c in complete accord with 3

3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
relativistic description. Moreover, for N, M >> 1
the υ is relatively constant υ =0.88 c. From
x
Figure 1. Riemann’s Zeta(x), for 3  x  4
equation (38) and (42) the Hubble parameter H,

and the age of our Universe can be calculated ZETA RIEMANNA
1 0.00
  HR, H  5 10 18 s 1 ,
2M  p (18) 0.05
17 10
T  2 M  p  2  10 s ~ 10 years,
Zeta Riemanna
0.10
which is in quite good agreement with recent
0.15
measurement. As is well known in de Sitter
universe the cosmological constant Λ is the 0.20
function of R, radius of the Universe,
0.25
3
 . (19) 5 4 3 2 1 0
R2 x
Substituting equation (38) to equation (47) Figure 2. Riemann’s Zeta(x), for 5  x  0

For x=-1 we have the equation M P c 2  M P, c 2Creation, BigBang (25) happened,
 (1)  1  2  3  4  5  ....  1/12 we exist. The reverse process. I have no idea.
According to equation (12) the Universe life New existing pre-big bang scenario
time can be written as (Penrose, 2011) is based on generalization of
Einstein General Relativity Theory. This
1
T   (1)   P

P
(21) generalization equation can in principle describe
12 the transition (25). Central to Penrose’s theory is
where  P is Planck time. Consequently, we obtain the idea that in the very distant future the universe
for the radius of the universe will in one sense become very similar to how it
was at the big bang. He says that at these points
1 the shape, or geometry, of the universe was and
R   (1) L   L (22)
P
12
P
will be very smooth, in contrast to its current very
jagged form. This continuity of shape, he
where LP is Planck radius. From equation (5) and
maintains, will allow a transition from the end of
(6) we conclude that in the big end universe the current aeon, when the universe will have
returns to “negative” Planck epoch. expanded to become infinitely large, to the start of
For T   P the Universe was born. the next, when it once again becomes
According to Hameroff and Penrose (2013) theory infinitesimally small and explodes outwards from
of consciousness at the same time consciousness the next big bang. Crucially, he says, the entropy at
was born also. From equation (21) and (22) we this transition stage will be extremely low,
conclude that Universe ended with negative time because black holes, which destroy all information
that they suck in, evaporate as the universe
1
T (  )    P (23) expands and in so doing remove entropy from the
12
universe. Penrose now claims to have found
Pre big bang models of the universe evidence for this theory in the cosmic microwave
(Gasperini and Veneziano, 2002) deals with two background, the all-pervasive microwave
branches described in low energy effective radiation that was believed to have been created
treatments. Both branches are string duality when the universe was just 300,000 years old and
related but the former runs on negative time which tells us what conditions were like at that
scales (as in equation (23). At that time in new time. The evidence was obtained by Gurzadyan
universe the “negative consciousness” exists. As it and Penrose (2010) who analysed seven years’
is well known in the our “positive” Universe the worth of microwave data from WMAP, as well as
characteristic energy is equal Planck energy= data from the BOOMERanG balloon experiment in
1019 GeV . What is energy characteristic for Antarctica. Penrose and Gurzadyan say they have
“negative Universe?” From the above we conclude clearly identified concentric circles within the data
that for “negative Universe” M p  c 2  1019 GeV . – regions in the microwave sky in which the range
Considering Dirac hypothesis for negative energy of the radiation’s temperature is markedly smaller
states: than elsewhere.
This problem is for the moment outside of
EDirac  ( pc) 2  ( M P c 2 ) 2 the present paper. Martin Ress (1997) presented
(24)
p  0, EDirac   M P c
2 overview of the possible state of the art of pre big
bang scenario without any calculations.
we argue that negative Universe consists of
negative Planck particles, with negative energies.
The positive and negative universes are separated Conclusions
by energy gap= 2c2 Moreover the negative Riemann’s Zeta functions plays fundamental role
consciousness is connected to “neurons” with in different branches of mathematics and
negative mass =  M P c 2 (Planck mass equals the mathematical physics. In the paper we argue that
human neuron mass). The transitions M P the Zeta function is important for the study of
human consciousness.

References
Berndt BC. Ramanujan’s Notebook. Part I, Springer 1985,
p.137.
Edwards HM. Riemann’s Zeta Function. Academic Press New
York, USA, 1974.
Gurzadyan VG, Penrose R. Concentric circles in WMAP data
may provide evidence of violent pre-Big-Bang activity,
arXiv:1011.3706. 2010.
Gasperini M, Veneziano G. The Pre-Big Bang Scenario in String
Cosmology. arxiv: hep-th/0207130v1. 2002.
Hameroff S, Penrose R. Consciousness in the universe: A
review of the ‘Orch OR’ theory. Physics of Life Reviews
2013;11(1): 39–78.
Hardy GH. A Mathematician's Apology. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1940.
Marciak-Kozlowska J, Kozlowski M. From infinity to Infinity
and Beyond, Nova Science Publishers, 2013.
Penrose R. Cycles of Time. Alfred Knopf, USA, 2011.
Penrose R. The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws
of the Universe. Vintage, 2007.
Rees M. Before the Beginning, Helix Books, USA, 1997.
Whitrow GJ. The Natural Philosophy of Time. 2nd ed. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1980.


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NeuroQuantology | December 2016 | Volume 14 | Issue 4 | Page 692-701 | doi: 10.14704/nq.2016.14.4.

Consciousness, Riemann Zeta Function and

Janina Marciak-Kozlowska, Miroslaw Kozlowski

1. Introduction 1. In my paper I have presented the another

Corresponding author: Miroslaw Kozlowski

and obtains describes the discretization of R

and equation (43) can be written as

It is quite interesting that for N, M→∞ the 2

expansion velocity υ < c in complete accord with 3

eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com

eISSN 1303-5150 www.neuroquantology.com

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