CONTENTS

1. Finishing Work
2. Plastering
3. Process Of Plastering
4. Materials Used For Plastering
5. Mortar
6. History Of Mortar
7. Mixing Process Of Mortar
8. Materials Used For Mortar
9. Cement
10.Uses Of Cement
11.Composition Of Cement
12.History Of Cement
13.Types Of Test Performed For Cement
14.Types Of Cement
15.Water
16.Test Conducted For Mortar
17.Types Of Mortar Used In Building Construction
18.Uses Of Mortar
19.Properties Of Mortar
20.Tools Used For Plastering
21.Scaffolding
22.Types Of Scaffolding
23.Curing
24.Importance Of Curing
25.Methods Of Curing
26. Texture
27. Tools Used For Texture Work
28. Process Of Applying Texture On Plastered Surface
29. Conclusion
30. Reference
 FINISHING WORK

Introduction:

Finishing work of a building construction includes plastering, tiles work,

wooden work, painting, metal work, electrical work and sanitary fixture fitting,
lift installation etc.But in this tutorial series there is a masonry work phase
which includes plaster work, tiles work etc.

The main purpose of finishing work is to provide attractiveness, pleasing and

smooth surface.But at my site the work was going on of plastering of internal
wall, external wall, ceiling, column, beam etc.

PLASTERING

Definition:

Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the
construction of houses and other structures with a plastic material, called plaster
 which is a mixture of lime or cement and sand along with the required quantity
of water.

IMPORTANCE OR OBJECTIVES OF PLASTERING

 To improve the appearance of the surface by providing an even, smooth,

regular, clean and finished surface.
 In case of external plastering is to preserve and protect the surface from
atmospheric influences by acting as a protective coating.
 It also helps to make the proper bonding with blocks or bricks.

CEILING, INTERNAL & EXTERNAL WALL

PLASTERING

Ceiling Plastering:

The upper interior surface of a room or other similar compartment is called

ceiling.It is not generally considered a structural element, but a finished surface
 concealing the underside of the roof structure or the floor of a storey
above.Generally the thickness of ceiling plastering is 8mm thick.

The finish coat plasters are 2mm thick Ceilings can be decorated to taste, and
there are many fine examples of frescoes and artwork on ceilings especially in
religious buildings.

PROCESS OR(STEPS) OF CEILING PLASTERING

1. The first stage to follow is to apply your first coat of plaster.

2. Apply the the plaster to about 2mm to make sure you cover any scrim tape
that might be used.
3. Clean you bucket after apply the first coat and get ready to mix another
batch of plaster.
4. You always apply 2 coats of plaster and the second mix is often mixed
thinner and applied to about 1mm.
5. This is the time to fill any missed areas and helps create a more consistent
finish.
 6. This is where you trowel any marks or lines out of your plastered walls.
7. Remove any streaks and start getting a smooth area.
8. You have to trowel you ceilings to get a nice, even finish.
9. This is where you start to create a flat surface.
10. It`s also is the time to fill any holes or blemish’s with the plaster you collect
during your troweling.
11. Same as the previous step but this time you use your brush or sprayer to
apply water to your plaster.
12. This helps provide lubrication and makes it possible to trowel your ceiling.
13. You should have a clean, flat surface by this point with one final stage to
finish.
14.The last stage on plastering a ceiling is to give it a final trowel.
15. Don’t use any water and you should be left with a beautiful, newly skimmed
ceiling.

Internal Wall Plastering:

Undercoat plasters are generally applied 11mm thick for walls.The finish coat
plasters are 2mm thick.
External Wall Plastering:

External plaster- 25mm thick plaster applied in two coats of 15mm and
10mm each, one after the other.

PROCESS OF APPLYING PLASTER ON WALL

Step-1 Preparation of surface for plastering

Step-2 Ground work for plaster

Step-3 Applying first coat (or under coat or rendering coat)

Step-4 Applying second coat (or finishing coat or fine coat)

Preparation of surface for plastering:

1. Keep all the mortar joints of wall rough, so as to give a good bonding to hold
plaster.
2. Clean all the joints and surfaces of the wall with a wire brush, there should be
no oil or grease etc. left on wall surface.
3. If the surface is smooth or the wall to be plastered is old one, then rake out the
mortar joint to a depth of at least 12 mm to give a better bonding to the plaster.
4. If the projection on the wall surface is more than 12 mm, then knock it off, so
as to obtain a uniform surface of wall.
5. This will reduce the consumption of plaster.
6. If there exist any cavities or holes on the surface, then fill it in advance with
appropriate material.
7. Roughen the entire wall to be plastered.
8. Wash the mortar joints and entire wall to be plastered, and keep it wet for at
least 6 hours before applying cement plaster.

Ground work for plaster:

1. In order to get uniform thickness of plastering throughout the wall surface, first
fix dots on the wall. A dot means patch of plaster of size 15 mm * 15 mm and
having thickness of about 10 mm.
2. Dots are fixed on the wall first horizontally and then vertically at a distance of
about 2 meters covering the entire wall surface.
3. Check the verticality of dots, one over the other, by means of plumb-bob.
4. After fixing dots, the vertical strips of plaster, known as screeds, are formed in
between the dots.
5. These screeds serve as the gauges for maintaining even thickness of plastering
being applied.

Applying first coat (or under coat or rendering coat):

1. In case of brick masonry the thickness of first coat plaster is in general12 mm
and in case of concrete masonry this thickness varies from 9 to 15 mm.
2. The ratio of cement and sand for first coat plaster varies from 1:3 to 1:6.
3. Apply the first coat of plaster between the spaces formed by the screeds on the
wall surface.
4. This is done by means of trowel.
5. Level the surface by means of flat wooden floats and wooden straight edges.
6. After leveling, left the first coat to set but not to dry and then roughen it with a
scratching tool to form a key to the second coat of plaster.

Applying second coat (or finishing coat or fine coat):

1. The thickness of second coat or finishing coat may vary between 2 to 3 mm.
2. The ratio of cement and sand for second coat plaster varies from 1:4 to 1:6.
3. Before applying the second coat, damp the first coat evenly.
4. Apply the finishing coat with wooden floats to a true even surface and using a
steel trowel, give it a finishing touch.
5. As far as possible, the finishing coat should be applied starting from top
towards bottom and completed in one operation to eliminate joining marks.

MATERIALS USED FOR PLASTERING

1. Mortar
2. Texture
MORTAR

Definition:
 Mortar is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water sometimes used fly
ash as the matrix after replacement of some % of cement.Mortars are used
in masonry for joining stones, bricks; blocks etc. and plasters are used for
rendering on the outside and inside of walls. The differences
between mortar and plaster lie in the capacity of plasters to take better
finish, which depend to a very large extent on the type of sand used in the
mix.

Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such as stones,

bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps
between them, and sometimes add decorative colors or patterns in masonry
walls.

HISTORY OF MORTAR

Mortar itself has a tradition of several thousands of years. Gypsum based mortars
have already been used 10.000 years ago. Lime came into operation 6.000 B.C.,
but it had been the Romans who first used lime as a constituent to produce mortar.
Cement, which is actually the most important binder for mortars, has been invented
in the 19th century.

This was also the time when the production of factory made mortars begun. Today
factory made mortar is produced in modern automated factories providing
hundreds of different mortars for all kinds of applications with a guarantee for
constant quality and performance.

MIXING PROCESS OF MORTAR

1. Selection of ingredients
2. Measuring the ingredients.
3. Batching mortar
4. Mixing Mortar

Selection of Ingredients:

 We normally use Portland cement in mortar. Portland is not a brand name

it’s a type of cement.

 Sand of mortar should be fine grade, clean, sharp and free from organic
materials. We normally screen the sand before using in mortar.

 Water for mixing mortar should be fresh drinking water.

Measuring The Ingredients:

  Ingredients of mortar are measured by volume.

 Suppose, the ratio of mortar is 1:4.

 That means one part cement will be mixed with four-part of sand.

 The requirement of water depends on various things.

 Such as weather condition, quality of sand, purpose of using mortar, etc.

 By not going to technical terms you should focus on the consistency of

mortar.

 So add small quantity of water at a time to dry mortar-mix to get the desired
consistency.

Batching Mortar:

 You don’t need to prepare whole required amount of mortar at a time.

Suppose 5 masons are working together to make brick wall on a floor.

 They will work full day long. They will consume, for example, 38 cubic feet
of mortar.

 But you should not prepare whole amount of mortar at the beginning of the
day.

 You should prepare mortar several times in a day. It should be done for the
shake of the quality of mortar.
Mixing Mortar:

 Choose a clean, even and dry place for mixing mortar. Sometimes, finding
even and clean place is a bit difficult. In that case, use one or two plain sheet
for this purpose.
 Spread required quantity of sand on that place.
 Put required cement on spreaded sand.
 Now mix those throughly in dry condition with a shovel till the mix gains
cementious color.
 Add small quantity of water and mix again with shovel. Follow this step
until the mixer gain desired consistency and workability.

MATERIALS USED FOR MORTAR

1. Cement
2. FineAggregate
3. Water

Cement:

Cement is a binding material which is made by grinding together a mixture of

limestone and clay, which is then heated at a temperature of 1450* C.Cement,
as a binding material, is a very important building material.
 Almost every construction work requires cement. Therefore, the composition of
cement is a matter of great interest to engineers.

USES OF CEMENT

1. It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.

2. It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
3. It is used for water tightness of structure.
4. It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels, beams,
stairs, pillars etc.

COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

There are eight major ingredients of cement. The general percentage of these
ingredients in cement is given below:
 Ingredient Percentageincement

Magnesia 1-3

Lime 60-65

Silica 17-25

Alumina 3-8

Iron oxide 0.5-6

Calcium Sulfate 0.1-0.5

Sulfur Trioxide 1-3

Alkaline 0-1

HISTORY OF CEMENT

Finally, in 1824, an Englishman named Joseph Aspdin invented Portland

cement by burning finely ground chalk and clay in a kiln until the carbon
dioxide was removed.It was named “Portland Cement” because it resembled the
high quality burning stones found in Portland England.

TYPES OF TESTPERFORMEDFOR CEMENT

1. Fineness Test
2. Consistency Test
 3. Setting time Test
4. Soundness Test
5. Strength Test
6. Heat of Hydration Test
7. Specific Gravity Test

Fineness Test:

Fineness is the mean size of cement grain. Fineness test is done to measure
the mean size of cement grain. The finer the cement the surface area for
hydration will be large and it increases the strength of cement. But the
fineness varies in different types of cement.

Following three methods are applied to test the fineness of cement

a) Sieve method
b) Air Permeability method
c) Sedimentation method

Consistency Test:

This test is done to estimate the required water quantity to form a normal
consistency cement paste. It is defined as the percentage of water required
for the cement paste.

Setting Time Test:

 Cement has two types of setting time, one is initial setting time and another
is final setting.Initial setting time is the state of cement mortar or concrete
when it starts to become stiffen and unworkable.
Final setting time is the state when cement mortar or concrete has become
fully unworkable.Two methods are used to find the initial and final setting
time of cement.

a) Vicat needle method, and

b) Gilmore needle method

Soundness Test:

Soundness of cement means it doesn’t undergo large volume change after

setting. Large changes in volume produce cracks, disintegration and
distortion, ultimately leading to failure. So it is very important to test the
soundness of cement.

To test the soundness two methods can be applied.

a) Le-chatelier method
b) Autoclave method

Strength Test:

Cement has two types of strength – compressive strength and tensile

strength. To know the compressive strength and tensile strength of cement
following tests are performed –
Cement mortar cube test (for compressive strength)

a) Briqutte test (for tensile strength)

b) Split tensile test (for tensile strength)

Heat Of Hydration Test:

Cement produce large amount of heat during hydration process. When large
amount of concrete volume is poured the inner temperature is greater than
outer surface of concrete.
Because outer surface is exposed to weather. Thus surface shrinks rapidly
than the inner and tends to produce cracks. That is why it is important to test
the heat of hydration of cement.

Following test is performed to know the heat of hydration of cement

a) Calorimeter method

Specific Gravity Test:

Specific gravity of cement is a comparison of weight of a cement volume to

the weight of same volume of water.

a) Le-chaterlier flask is used to test the specific

gravity of cement.
b)

TYPES OF CEMENT
 1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2. Low Heat Cement
3. Rapid Hardening Cement
4. Quick Setting Cement
5. Coloured Cement
6. High Alumina Cement
7. Portland Pozzalana Cement

Ordinary Portland cement:

Ordinary Portland cement is the most widely used type of cement which is
suitable for all general concrete construction.It is most widely produced and
used type of cement around the world with annual global production of around
3.8 million cubic meters per year.This cement is suitable for all type of concrete
construction.

Low Heat Cement:

Low heat cement is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium
aluminates below 6% by increasing the proportion of C2S.
This makes the concrete to produce low heat of hydration and thus is used in
mass concrete construction like gravity dams, as the low heat of hydration
prevents the cracking of concrete due to heat.

Rapid Hardening Cement:

 Rapid hardening cement attains high strength in early days it is used in concrete
where formworks are removed at an early stage and is similar to ordinary
Portland cement (OPC).
This cement has increased lime content and contains higher c3s content and
finer grinding which gives greater strength development than OPC at an early
stage.

Quick Setting Cement:

The difference between the quick setting cement and rapid hardening cement is
that quick setting cement sets earlier while rate of gain of strength is similar to
Ordinary Portland Cement, while rapid hardening cement gains strength
quickly. Formworks in both cases can be removed earlier.

Coloured Cement:
It is produced by mixing 5- 10% mineral pigments with ordinary cement. They
are widely used for decorative works in floors.

High Alumina Cement:

High alumina cement is obtained by melting mixture of bauxite and lime and
grinding with the clinker. It is rapid hardening cement with initial and final
setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours respectively.

Portland Pozzolana Cement:

 Portland pozzolana cement is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with
Portland cement. It is also produced by adding pozzolana with the addition of
gypsum or calcium sulfate or by intimately and uniformly blending Portland
cement and fine pozzolana.

Fine Aggregate:

Fine aggregate generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone which is

derived from river, sea, Lake Etc. and sometime it derived from after crushing
of stones.

Fine aggregates are usually river Sand or Machine sand.Generally fine

aggregates are passing through a 4.75 mm sieve and retained on 0.075 mm.

Water:

Water is one of the most important elements in the whole

construction process.Either it is concrete or cements mortar or curing, every
time you need water. Therefore, it becomes necessary to check the quality
of water which is being used.
 TEST CONDUCTED FOR MORTAR

1. Compressive Strength Test

2. Tensile Strength Test
3. Adhesive Test

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST

Aim:

To find the compressive strength of given sample of mortar cubes.

Apparatus:

1. Cubes moulds of 0.6cm (50cm2 face area).

2. Apparatus for gauging and mixing mortar.
3. Vibrator.
4. Compression testing machine etc.
Procedure:

1. Take 200gm of cement and 600gm of standard sand in the mix ratio 1:3
by weight) in a pan.

2. The standard sand shall be of quartz, of light, gray or whitish variety and
shall be free from silt.

3. The sand grains shall be angular, the shape of grains approximating to the
spherical form, elongated and flattened grains being present only in very
small quantities.

4. Standard sand shall pass through 2 mm IS sieve and shall be retained on

90 microns IS sieve with the following particle size distribution.

5. Mix the cement and sand in dry condition with a trowel for 1minitues and
then add water. The quantity of water shall be (p/4+3) % of combined
weight of cement and sand where, p is the % of water required to produce
a paste of standard consistency determined earlier.

6. Add water and mix it until the mixture is of uniform colour. The time of
mixing shall not be < 3 minutes & not > 4 minutes.

7. Immediately after mixing the mortar, place the mortar in the cube mould
and prod with the help of the rod. The mortar shall be prodded 20 times in
about 8 sec to ensure elimination of entrained air.
 8. If vibrator is used, the period of vibration shall be 2 minutes at the
specified speed of 12000±400 vibrations /minutes. Then place the cube
moulds in temperature of 27±2o C and 90% relative humidity for 24 hours.

9. After 24 hours remove the cubes from the mould and immediately
submerge in clean water till testing. Take out the cubes from water just
before testing. Testing should be done on their sides without any packing.

10. The rate of loading should be 350 kg/cm2/minute and uniform. Test
should be conducted for 3 cubes and report the average value as the test
result for both 7day and 28 day compressive strength.

Result:

The compressive strength of given sample of mortar cubes are…KN/mm2.

TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

A sample of mortar is taken in a testing machine.The total tensile load applied

at which sample breaks is divided by area of sample, which gives the ultimate
tensile strength of mortar. The mortar prepared is placed in a mould of brisket
which has central cross-sectional area as 38 mm × 38 mm.

After curing the briquette is pulled under the grips of tensile testing machine.
The ultimate load noted.Then the tensile strength of mortar is load divided by
thecentral cross-sectional area.
 ADHESIVE TEST

Two bricks are joined together with mortar.The upper brick is suspended from
an overhead support. A board is hung from the lower brick.Then weights are
added to the board till the bricks separate. The adhesive strength is the load
divided by area of contact.

TYPES OF MORTAR USED IN BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION

1. Cement Mortar
2. Lime Mortar
3. Mud Mortar
4. Hydraulic Surki Mortar

Cement Mortar:

It consists of cement, sand and water. It is the strongest type of mortar, so as

used in the construction of structures subjected to heavy loading. The ratio of
cement and sand is normally 1:3 to 1:6 by weight.

It is used to bind building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry
units together, fill and seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add
decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.

Lime Mortar:
 Lime mortar is composed of lime (hydraulic, or non hydraulic), water and an
aggregate such as sand.Its use dates back at least 6,000 years, to the Ancient
Egyptians who used lime toplaster the pyramids.

With the introduction of Portland cement during the 19th century, the use
of lime mortar gradually declined.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIME MORTAR

a) Hydraulic Lime Mortar

b) Non Hydraulic Lime Mortar

Hydraulic Lime Mortar:

These mortars are made from class A and class B limes.This mortar has more
strength.A conventional cement mixer can be used to mix hydraulic lime
plasters.

It is vital to ensure that when measuring materials this is done by volume.

Hydrauliclimes are available as a bagged powder and in differing degrees of
strength.

Non Hydraulic Lime Mortar:

These mortars are prepared by using fat lime with sand.They have light
colour.The ratio of lime and sand are 1:2 to 1:3 by volume.Non Hydraulic
Limes are putties and set by carbonation.
 Our non-hydraulic lime putties are matured on site and used to produce our
medium, coarse and fine set plasters and mortars.

Mud Mortar:
Mud is a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of water and any combination of
different kinds of soil (loam, silt, and clay).It usually forms after rainfall or near
water sources. Ancient mud deposits harden over geological time to form
sedimentary rock such as shale or mudstone (generally called lutites).
In its broadest sense mortar includes pitch, asphalt, and soft mud or clay, such
as used between mud bricks. Mortar comes from Latin moratorium meaning
crushed.Mortars are typically made from a mixture of sand, a binder, and
water.

Hydraulic Surki Mortar:

Hydraulic surki mortar is made by mixing fat lime and surki.Surkhi, Powdered
broken brick is used as an adulterant but it imparts strength and
hydraulic properties to the mortar.
Surkhi mortar is a mixture of lime, surkhi and water. It is lime mortar in which
sand has been substituted by surkhi for economy and strength. Surki is the fine
powder of burnt of bricks. It sets very hard under water.

USES OF MORTAR
1. It is used as the plaster or impermeable covering for walls and roofs.
2. It is used to repair cracks of any structure.
3. It is used to fill up the voids, which remains in a structure.
4. Mortar is used to hold building materials such as brick or stone together.
5. It is used to give a soft even bed between different layers of brick or stone
masonry for equal distribution of pressure over the bed.
6. It is used to fill up the spaces between bricks or stones for making walls
tight.
7. It is used in concrete as a matrix.
8. It is used in plastering welt is used for molding and ornamental purpose.

PROPERTIES OF MORTAR

1. The main quality that mortar should possess is adhesion.

2. Good mortar should provide good adhesion to building units (bricks, Stones
etc).
3. Mortar should be water resistant. It should have the capability of resisting
the penetration of water.
4. Deformability of mortar should be low.
5. Mortar should be cheap.
6. Mortar should be easily workable in the site condition.
7. The mobility of mortar should be good. It helps the mortar to be paved thinly
and evenly.
8. It should possess high durability.
9. To improve the speed of construction, good mortar should set quickly.
10.Cracks should not be developed in the joint formed by mortar. It is desirable
to last for long period of time without losing the appearance.
 TOOLS USED FOR PLASTERING

1. Plumb Bob
2. Gauging Trowel
3. Float
4. Screeds
5. Scaffolding

Plumb Bob:

A plumb bob, or plummet, is a weight, usually with a pointed tip on the bottom,
suspended from a string and used as a vertical reference line, or plumb-line.

It is essentially the vertical equivalent of a "water level".This tool is used in

forming the screeds perfectly in a vertical plane.

Gauging Trowel:

The gauging trowel is a versatile tool used for transferring plaster (the broad
rounded point is ideal for picking plaster out of a bucket) and for applying
plaster to a wall or surface.
 Use this trowel for mixing or "gauging" small quantities of plaster.A gauging
trowel is used for gauging small quantities of materials and for applying mortar
to moldings, corners etc.The end of the trowel blade may be either pointed or
bull-nosed.

Float:

The term float and set refer to the traditional style of plastering sometimes
known as wet plastering.

The system requires a wet undercoat plaster such as sand and cement or
browning/bonding coat which toweled onto the walls usually around 11mm
thick.A float is used for applying and spreading mortar on the surface.

TYPES OF FLOAT
1. Metal Float
2. Wooden Float

Metal Floats:
 There are two types of plate in which stiff plate is used for applying and trowel
ling the plaster and thin plate is used for finishing coat.Laying trowel is used for
laying the plaster material and trowel ling so as to get desired finish. Metal float
is made of thin tempered steel is known as laying trowel.

Wooden Floats:

The wooden float is commonly known as skimming float is used for the
finishing coat of plaster.

Screeds:

Wall screeds are plumbed and ceiling screeds leveled. Screeds are narrow strips
of plastering, carefully plumbed and leveled, so as to form a guide upon which
the floating rule is run, thus securing a perfectly horizontal or vertical surface,
or, in the case of circular work, a uniform curve.

Scaffolding:

While Plaster, Scaffolding is one of the most popular choices in the

construction industry.Usually adequate for the needs of workers in the plaster,
drywall, painting, and insulation trades.Scaffolding, also called scaffold or
staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to
aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all
other manmade structures.

Scaffolding may be of wooden, steel, etc. The cost of all the scaffolding is not
same. Scaffolding is a complex weave of metal pipes or tubes, or even bamboo
poles in some cases, which form a primary support structure for construction
purposes.
 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING

1. Wooden & Bamboo Scaffolding

2. Tube & Clamp Scaffolding
3. Frame & Brace Scaffolding
4. Shoring

Wooden & Bamboo Scaffolding:

Although you can use wooden scaffolding almost anywhere (there are
regulations for how to build it), it’s more common outside of North America
and Europe.Pre-cut lumber was the most common type of scaffolding until
steel, and the fabrication of materials, became much more affordable. Bamboo
is more commonly used in Asia where it’s favored for strength, flexibility, and
eco-friendliness.

Tube & Clamp Scaffolding:

This is one of the earliest types of steel scaffolding and consists of two parts,
including the tubes and clips, sometimes called ‘couples’.The idea is really
simple and one reason why it’s so popular is because of the ease in assembly
and disassembly.

This system is very flexible as you can place the verticals wherever you need
them.The steel in this type of scaffolding is specially designed to protect against
rust and corrosion, meaning it’s a good choice for regions with harsh weather.

Frame & Brace Scaffolding:

 It is very common for residential and commercial applications.This type of
modularized scaffolding consists of frames, braces, planks, and bases. This
scaffold is very light and can be erected very quickly.

The frames stacked vertically on top of each other, and the cross bracing that
connects them together. Frame and brace scaffolding is commonly used in
small-scale projects where scaffolding could be made mobile.

Shoring:

Whenever you see a concrete slab for a building floor, the concrete was almost
certainly poured on top of a form in order to hold the liquid concrete until it
cures into a solid that can support.

There are frame and brace systems that are manufactured to hold this weight,
but it really can be built out of any available materials.
You can find plenty of models and diagrams online.

CURING

Definition:

Curing is the process by which moist conditions are maintained on the finished
wall, ceiling, and concrete etc. surfaces in order to promote continued hydration
of cement. If proper curing is not done, complete hydration of cement will not
takes place, which will badly affect the strength of the concrete.

Proper curing of wall and ceiling plastered surfaces are very much important.
Not only wall and ceiling plastered surfaces, but also cement plaster, brickwork
 and other works wherever cement as binding material has been used, curing is
required to be done very essentially.

IMPORTANCE OF CURING

 Curing increases the strength of the wall, ceiling and concrete surfaces with
time.
 It improves the durability of the ceiling, wall and concrete surfaces.

 It makes concrete, wall and ceiling surfaces water tight by minimizing the
cracks developed by shrinkage during drying.

 Whenever cement is used for the binding purpose, curinghas to be done.

METHODS OF CURING

1. Sprinkling of water
2. Pounding method
3. Membrane curing
4. Steam curing

Sprinkling Of Water:

Sprinkling of water continuously on the wall, ceiling and concrete surface

provides an efficient curing. It is mostly used for curing floor slabs.The
concrete should be allowed to set sufficiently before sprinkling is started.The
spray can be obtained from a perforated plastic box.
 On small jobs sprinkling of water may be done by hand. Vertical and sloping
surfaces can be kept continuously wet by sprinkling water on top surfaces and
allowing it to run down between the forms and the concrete.For this method of
curing the water requirement is higher.

Pounding Method:

This is the best method of curing. It is suitable for curing horizontal surfaces
such as floors, roof slabs, roads and air field pavements. The horizontal top
surfaces of beams can also be pounded. After placing the concrete, its exposed
surface is first covered with moist hessian or canvas.After 24 hours, these
covers are removed and small ponds of clay or sand are built across and along
the pavements.

The area is thus divided into a number of rectangles. The water is filled
between the ponds. The filling of water in these ponds is done twice or thrice a
day, depending upon the atmospheric conditions.Though this method is very
efficient, the water requirement is very heavy. Ponds easily break and water
flows out. After curing it is difficult to clean the clay.

Membrane Curing:

The method of curing described above come under the category of moist curing.
Another method of curing is to cover the wetted concrete surface by a layer of
water proof material, which is kept in contact with the concrete surface of seven
days. This method of curing is termed as membrane curing.A membrane will
prevent the evaporation of water from the concrete.
 The membrane can be either in solid or liquid form.They are also known as
sealing compounds.This method of curing does not need constant supervision.
It is adopted with advantage at places where water is not available in sufficient
quantity for wet curing. This method of curing is not efficient as compared with
wet curing because rate of hydration is less. The strength of concrete cured by
any membrane is less than the concrete which is moist cured. When membrane
is damaged the curing is badly affects.

Steam Curing:

Steam curing and hot water curing is sometimes adopted.With these methods of
curing, the strength development of concrete is very rapid.These methods can
best be used in pre cast concrete work.In steam curing the temperature of steam
should be restricted to a maximum of 750C as in the absence of proper humidity
(about 90%) the concrete may dry too soon.In case of hot water curing,
temperature may be raised to any limit, ay 1000C.

At this temperature, the development of strength is about 70% of 28 days

strength after 4 to 5 hours. In both cases, the temperature should be fully
controlled to avoid non-uniformity. The concrete should be prevented from
rapid drying and cooling which would form cracks.

TEXTURE

Definition:

Texture is a construction material which is mainly used for decorative

purpose.Texture may be used for internal as well as external work, but mainly
 used for external work.Textured plaster is just that any plastered surface which
has a complex, non-polished texture.

There are nearly unlimited options when it comes to texturing a plaster wall.
The simple fact is that a smooth surface is, generally, a boring
surface.Textures in plaster can be either for interior use (gypsum plaster) or
exterior use. Textures should of course, be severely restricted as to length
of comb.

. TOOLS USED FOR TEXTURE WORK

1. Aertex Texturing Brush

2. Brass Dragon
3. Rubber Texture Comb

Aertex Texturing Brush:

The Aertex TexturingBrush is one of our essential texture tools, allowing

you to create a number of textured finishes on walls and ceilings such as
swirls, broken leather and stipple.The Aertex Caulker is another extremely
versatile tool for creating plaster texture, as well as smooth finishes.

Brass Dragon:

For decorating with textures of dragon, snake, fish scales or roof tiles, check
out the brass dragon scale tool. Easily achieve this intricate pattern with our
pottery.

Rubber Texture Comb:

 This rubber texture comb from Kemper Tools is a very handy 3-sided tool.
It is a flexible alternative to a wood or metal comb for making detailed
patterns on a clay surface. You can also use this tool to comb through slip or
glaze to make decorations.

PROCESS OF APPLYING TEXTURE ON PLASTERED

SURFACE

1. Prepare the wall, clean the walls with a sponge, water and mild
detergent.
2. Prepare Compound. Purchase a large quantity of joint compound, either
ready-to-use or dry mix.
3. Begin Application of mud.
4. Add Texture.
5. Paint the Wall.

CONCLUSION

 Some main properties of plaster that was highlighted by consumers are the
durability, workability, thickness, and setting time.
 Also, the tools and materials used in plastering process were listed.
 Finally, the problem for common plastering process and their suggested
solution.
 The main purpose of plastering work is to provide regular, smooth,
attractiveness surface.
  The other function of plastering is to protect the wall, column, beam, slab
etc. from rain, dust, weathering effect etc.

Reference:-

 www.chobanovstoyanov.com/en/services/finishing-works/
 Books:-Material Science,Basic Civil Engineering, Construction
Technology, IS-Code etc.
 www.civilengineeringx.com/super-structures/plastering/
 https://civiltoday.com › Materials
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffolding