Assignment no : 01

Module code : ET1001

Module Title : Introduction to ICT
Name of the lecturer : DR: Tharaka Samarasinghe
Date of submission : 05/05/2015

ICT IN COMMUNICATION

NAME: W.M.Amila Sachintha Jayaweera

STUDENT ID NO: 150644

Certificate level stage 01

  Introduction

Communication is simply the act of transferring information

from one place to another.

 History
The history of communication dates back to prehistory, with significant
changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools)
evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by
extension, systems of power.communication can range from very subtle
processes of exchange, tofull conversations and mass communication. Human
communication was revolutionized with speech approximately 500,000 years
ago. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago,and writing about 5000
years ago

The first message delivery systems

In the first human societies, before written language evolved, people developed ways to
send their messages over long distances. Some tribes used special drum beats to send
warnings or important information. Other people used smoke signals to send messages
over long distances. Messages were also sent by relaying information by beacons and
torches on hilltops.
 Pigeon post: from the 11th century
Pigeons were effective as messengers due to their natural homing
abilities. The pigeons were transported to a destination in cages, where they
would be attached with messages, then naturally the pigeon would fly back to its
home where the owner could read his mail. Pigeons have been used to great
effect in military situations, with 32 birds awarded the Dicken medal

Domesticated pigeons are first developed in ancient

Egypt, and the pigeon loft or dovecote subsequently becomes a living larder
for many communities - such as medieval monasteries. In badgh, in the 11th
century, the idea first occurs of making use of the tendency of certain pigeons
to fly straight home from wherever they may be.
  Devolopment of Mail systems

The mail or post is a system for physically

transporting documents and other small packages, as well as postcards, letters,
and themselves. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments
place restrictions on private systems.

First of all in previous centuries prople used to travel longer distance by foot
for delivering public or private massages. Even in srilanka at the kings era they used
drummers for get king’s massage to public.

 Involving of ICT for communications

It was a scientist in the 19th century, Charles Babbage,

who had the idea of a machine which could be programmed like a computer. But the
machine, called the Difference Engine, was so complex that it was not possible for him
to manufacture it with the mechanical technologies of the time.

As this idea came to play this makes a revolution

in ICT and as well as the communication.

Each steps of earlier communications developed gradually..

 Mail in to E-mail

 Electronic mail, most commonly referred to as email or e-mail since c 1993,[2] is a

method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients.

Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some

early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at

the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are

based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and

store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online

simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as
long as it takes to send or receive messages. Historically, the term electronic

mail was used generically for any electronic document transmission. For

example, several writers in the early 1970s used the term to

describe fax document transmission. As a result, it is difficult to find the first

citation for the use of the term with the more specific meaning it has today.

 An Internet email message consists of three components, the

message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The message

header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email

address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is

also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time

stamp
 Telephone

A telephone, or phone, is a telecommunications device that permits two or more

users to conduct a conversation when they are too far apart to be heard directly. A

telephone converts sound, typically and most efficiently the human voice, into electronic

signals suitable fortransmission via cables or other transmission media over long

distances, and replays such signals simultaneously in audible form to its user.

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was the first to be granted a United States patent for a

device that produced clearly intelligible replication of the human voice. This instrument

was further developed by many others. The telephone was the first device in history that

enabled people to talk directly with each other across large distances. Telephones

rapidly became indispensable to businesses, government, and households, and are

today some of the most widely used small appliances.

 Internet and Fax

 The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the

standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It
is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic,

business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array

of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an

extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-

linked hypertext documents andapplications of the World Wide Web (WWW),

the infrastructure to support email, and peer-to-peer networks for file

sharing andtelephony.

 Many concepts and debates on technology, which shaped the Internet, date back to

research commissioned by the United States government in the 1960s to build

robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer networks This work evolved into

efforts in the United Kingdom and France, that led to the primary precursor network,

the ARPANET, in the United States. In the 1980s, the work ofTim Berners-Lee, in

the United Kingdom on the World Wide Web, theorised the fact that protocols link

hypertext documents into a working system. hence marking the beginning the

modern Internet. From the early 1990s, the network experienced sustained

exponential growth as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computers

were connected to it.

FAX
Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax, is the telephonic
transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), normally to a
telephone number connected to a printer or other output device. The original document
is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which processes the contents (text or
images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting it into a bitmap, and then frequency
tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones and reconstructs the image,
printing a paper copy. Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to
audio tone in a continuous or analog manner transmitting it through the telephone
system in the form of audio-. Since the 1980s, most machines modulate the transmitted
audio frequencies using a digital representation of the page which is compressed to
quickly transmit areas which are all-white or all-black.

Satellite

In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an artificial object which has been intentionally

placed into orbit. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish

them from natural satellites such as the Moon.

The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in

1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around

the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and

assembled in orbit. Artificial satellites originate from more than 40 countries and have
used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. A few hundred satellites are

currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments

orbit the Earth as space debris. A few space probes have been placed into orbit around

other bodies and become artificial satellites to the

Moon, Mercury,Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Vesta, Eros, Ceres, and the Sun.

Satellites are used for a large number of purposes. Common types include military and

civilian Earth observation satellites,communications satellites, navigation satellites,

weather satellites, and research satellites. Space stations and human spacecraft in orbit

are also satellites. Satellite orbits vary greatly, depending on the purpose of the satellite,

and are classified in a number of ways. Well-known (overlapping) classes include low

Earth orbit, polar orbit, and geostationary orbit.

About 6,600 satellites have been launched. The latest estimates are that 3,600 remain

in orbit. Of those, about 1,000 are operational. the rest have lived out their useful lives

and are part of the space debris. Approximately 500 operational satellites are in low-

Earth orbit, 50 are in medium-Earth orbit (at 20,000 km), the rest are in geostationary

orbit (at 36,000 km).

Satellites are propelled by rockets to their orbits. Usually the launch vehicle itself is a

rocket lifting off from a launch pad on land. In a minority of cases satellites are launched

at sea (from a submarine or a mobile maritime platform) or aboard a plane (see air
launch to orbit).

Satellites are usually semi-independent computer-controlled systems. Satellite

subsystems attend many tasks, such as power generation, thermal control,

telemetry, attitude control and orbit control.

  conclusion

Refers to the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the .

The theory behind this is that more and better information and communication
furthers the development of a society.

Devolopment of information technologymakes a better commutative world.