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University of Khartoum
Faculty of Engineering
MSc in Engineering Management
Final Examination for the academic year 2016/2017
Subject: Energy Management
Answer All Questions (time 3 hr)
Q1 (10 Mark): Match the lists A and B
No A B Group A
1 Light efficacy Energy flow diagram Sankey diagram
2 Walk through EnA Global worming CFC
3 CFC ISO50001 Energy Management Standard
4 R410A Poor insulation Infrared camera
5 Infrared camera Looking for obvious loss Walk through EnA
6 Sankey diagram R22 R410A
7 CEM Industry Useful Energy
8 Energy Management standard Low Rise Residential Building ASHRAE 90.2
9 Boiler Certified Energy Manager CEM
10 Boiler load reduction Heat Final Energy
11 R12 2.75 g CO2 Emission from 1 ton CH4
12 Double glazing 3.67 g CO2 Emission from 1 to Coal
13 Control system for lighting Insulation Boiler load reduction
14 ASHRAE 90.2 Energy measure for building Double glazing
15 ASHRAE Standard 62-1999 Natural gas Primary Energy
16 Emission from 1 ton CH4 R134a R12
17 Emission from 1 to Coal Lumen per Watt Light efficacy
18 Primary Energy Occupancy sensor Control system for lighting
19 Final Energy indoor air quality ASHRAE Standard 62-1999
20 Useful Energy Shell loss Boiler

Q2: Motors (5 Marks)

An existing motor is identified as a 40-hp, 1800 rpm unit with an open drip-proof
enclosure. The motor is 12-years old and has not been rewound. The electrician
makes the following measurements:
1. V ab = 467V, I a = 36 amps, PF a = 0.75
2. V bc = 473V, I b = 38 amps, PF b = 0.78
3. V ca = 469V, I a = 37 amps, PF c = 0.76
Calculate the input power of the motor.
Page 1 of 9
 × × ×√
Rule: =
467 + 473 + 469 36 + 38 + 37 0.75 + 0.78 + 0.76
= = 469.67 ; # = = 37%&'(; )* = = 0.763
3 3 3
Pi = 22.97kW

Q 3: Building Envelope (5 Marks)

Calculate the heat loss for 10,000 square feet of wall with 4-inch face brick, R-11
insulation and 5/8-inch gypsum board when the outdoor temperature is 20°F and the
indoor temperature is 70°F. The outdoor resistance due to forced convection is
usually 0.17 hr/(Btu.ft2.°F) and the indoor resistance due to free convection of a
vertical surface is 0.68 hr/(Btu.ft2.°F). The thermal resistances (R-value) for brick
gypsum board are 0.1 and 0.9 respectively.

./0 95:.456 .
Rules: - = 3 456 × 7 8 = × ∆? |7=
12 ;<
R (Total) = 0.17 + 11.00 + 4x0.1 + 5/8x0.9 + 0.68 = 12.81 hr/[Btu.ft2.F0]
U = 1/R = 0.o78 [Btu.ft2.F0]/hr
q = 10,000 x 0.078 x 50 = 39024.39 Btu/hr

Q 4: Lighting (20 Marks)

A hospital has 500 fluorescent fixtures (type T12), which operate 8760 hours/year.
The lamps and ballasts were replaced with T8 lamps and electronic ballasts, which
saved about 30% of the energy, and provided higher quality light. Although the T8
lamps cost a little more (resulting in additional lamp replacement costs), the energy
savings quickly recovered the expense. In addition, because the T8 system produces
less heat, air conditioning requirements during summer months will be reduced.
Conversely, heating requirements during winter months will be increased. The
power consumption of T12 is 86 watts/T12 fixture and for T8 is 60 watts/T8
fixture). Calculate
1. The kW and kWh Savings
kW Saving = (#lamps) x (∆ watts) x 1/1000 = 500 x (86 – 60) x 1/1000 = 13 kW
kWh Saving = (kW saving) x (operating hr/yr) = 13 x 8760 = 113880 kWh/yr

Page 2 of 9
2. Air Conditioning Savings, if the air condition is working 2000 h/year with
COP of 2.6
;
C 5A D 5E I HJ × K:< 5 FH
E<
AB = =
FG < HD:5 ;
FG < AFHL: D5 FH
E<
;
×6 ;
E<
FG < AFHL: D5 FH = = ,
6. M E<

3. Additional Gas Cost consumption if the gas heater is working for 1500h/year
with and efficiency of 80%. Take the gas cost as $0.0137/kWh
;
FG < B:5D:5 I HJ × K:< 5 FH
E<
O= =
;
FG < HD:5 FG < AFHL: D5 FH
E<
;
× P ;
E<
FG < AFHL: D5 FH = = 6R, SP
.Q E<
Power Consumption Cost = Power Consumption kWh/yr x Cost $/kWh = 24375 x 0.0137 = 333.9375 $/yr

4. Payback period if the cost are $2/T12 fixture and $4/T8 fixture.
The electercity rate is missing in the question; (assume it $0.05/kWh)!
Fixture Replacement: (#fixture) x {[T8 cost ($/fixture)] – [T12 cost ($/fixture)]} = 500 x (4 – 2) = 1000$
Annual Dollar Saving:
[(kWh savings) + (Air Conditioning savings)] x (kWh cost) – (Additional gas cost) – (lamp replacement cost)
klℎ klℎ $ $
j113880 + 10000 p × 0.05 − 333.9375 − 1000$ = 4860.0625$
no no klℎ no
rstuvsvwxyxz{w |{}x #…%&'( † $4/‡8 ‰ŠŠ×$‹
Payback Period: 8 ==8 ==ˆ $ ‘ = 6 ’“%o
~{xyu •ww€yu •y‚zwƒ ~{xyu •ww€yu •y‚zwƒ ŒŒŒ.•ŒŽ‰
••

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Q5: Sankey Diagram (15 Mark)
For the Sankey diagram given below answer the following questions
1. The overall energy efficiency
”}v•€u –wv—ƒ˜ Œ‰.™
Overall energy efficiency = = = 35%
~{xyu –wv—ƒ˜ šŠŠ.‰›

2. The percentage of coal, natural gas and hydropower in electric power

generation
™Š
Percentage of Coal in Electeric power generation = = 52%
Œ›.™
‰.Ž
Percentage of Natural Gas in Electeric power generation = = 15%
Œ›.™
™.‰
Percentage of Hydropower in Electeric power generation = = 7%
Œ›.™

3. The energy distribution among transportation, residential/commercial,

industry, none energy sectors, as percentage
™•.‰
Energy distribution among Transportation sectors = = 26%
šŠŠ.‰Š›
š•.•
Energy distribution among Residential/Commercial sectors = = 20%
šŠŠ.‰›
š•.Š
Energy distribution among Industry sectors = = 19%
šŠŠ.‰›
‰.•
Energy distribution among none energy sectors = = 6%
šŠŠ.‰›

4. The electrical system energy loss relative to overall energy supply.

”}v•€u –wv—ƒ˜ ™•.Œ
Electrical energy loss relative to overall energy = = = 26%
~{xyu –wv—ƒ˜ šŠŠ.‰›

5. What are the energy efficiency of the transportation, industry and

residential/commercial sectors?
‰.Œ
Efficiency of Transportation sectors = = 20%
™•.‰
š‰.™
Efficiency of Industry sectors = = 80%
š•
š‹.Ž
Efficiency of Residential/Commercial sectors = = 75%
š•.•

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Question 4: Boiler (20 Mark)
The following data is a result of a boiler energy audit. Calculate the boiler
efficiency if the boiler is working with natural gas.
Stack temperature 680 oF
Ambient temperature 80
O2 Content 10%
Operation time 330 day/year
Current operation cost $1M/year
If the boiler stack temperature is to be reduced to 580 oF and O2 is to be reduced to
2% what is the new boiler efficiency and the dollar ($) savings in the operation cost.
Mention two causes of high stack temperature and two causes of high O2 content
and recommended the necessary measures.

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Step1
STR = Stack temperature – Ambiant Temperature = 680 – 80 = 600F
From Fig 5.3 taking the Oxygen level is 10%, the boiler efficiency is 72%

Step2
STR = Stack temperature – Ambiant Temperature = 580 – 80 = 500F
From Fig 5.5 taking the Oxygen level is 2%, the new boiler efficiency is 81.4%
Dollar Saving: A:<< H5 AFL5
žH G ŸžF $ Q .RŸS
8 = 8 = $ PRQ /E <
žH G E < Q .R

Question 5: Steam system (25 Mark)

In an energy audit of steam system a number of steam traps were identified as fault.
The survey also identified a number of poor insulation steam pipe. The tables 1 and
2 shows the specifications and numbers of fault steam trap and poor insulated pipes.
If the cost of steam energy is $3/MMBTU and steam mass $4/1000lb calculate the
potential savings from steam traps and insulation. If the cost of steam trap is
$2000/unit and cost of insulation including installation is $2/ft calculate the
payback period.

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 Table 1: Number of fault steam traps
Number of fault steam trap
Trap orifice size Steam pressure in Psig
inch 15 100 150 300
1/16 1 1
1/8 1 1
3/16 1 1 1
1/4 1 1 1
3/8 1 1
Table 2: Number of ft of poor insulation
Number of bare pipe in feet
Distribution line diameter Steam pressure in Psig
inch 15 150 400 600
1 2000 1100
2 300 600
4 200 200 40
8 100 100 1000
12 20 50

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 Losses from the traps:
Trap orifice size Steam pressure in Psig Total (per orifice size)
inch 15 100 150 300 Traps 1bs/hr
1/16 1x3.4 1x13.2 2 16.6
1/8 1x52.8 1x75.8 2 128.6
3/16 1x119 1x170 1x326 3 615.0
1/4 1x211 1x303 1x579 3 1093.0
3/8 1x682 1x1303 2 1985.0
Total 12 3838.2
Saving (per year):
(losses from traps lbs/hr) x (operating hours per year hr/yr) x (steam cost $/lbs) = (value $/yr)
3838.2 1bs/hr x 8760 hr/yr x $4/1000 1bs = $134490.528/yr

Cost of steam traps: (# of traps) x (cost per trap) = 12 traps x $2000/traps = $24000
rstuvsvwxyxz{w |{}x ™‹ŠŠŠ
Payback for the traps: 8 ~{xyu •ww€yu •y‚zwƒ = 8šŒ‹‹•Š.‰™›= 0.2 ’“%o

Losses from inisulation pipes:

Heat loss per 100 ft
Distribution line diameter Steam pressure in Psig Total (per line diameter)
inch 15 150 300 (400)* 600 ft MMBtu/yr
1 2000x140 1100x285 3100 593500
2 300x480 360 600x700 480 900 564000
4 200x850 1120 200x1246.7 40x1500 440 479340
8 100x1540 2030 100x2261.7 1000x2725 1200 3105170
12 2910 20x2364.7 50x3920 70 243294
Total 5710 (4985304/100) = 49853.04
€tv—Ÿu{£v—
*Interpolated using: …¡¢“o 8 =
Œ

Saving (per year) with (90%) insulation efficiency:

(insulation efficiency) x (losses from lines MMBtu/yr) x (steam cost $/MMBtu) = (value $/yr)
0.9 x $3/MMBtu x 49853.04MMBtu/yr = $134603.2/yr

Insulation cost: (length in ft) x (cost per ft) = 5710ft x $2/ft = $11420
rstuvsvwxyxz{w |{}x šš‹™Š
Payback for the insulation: 8 = 8 = 0.1 ’“%o
~{xyu •ww€yu •y‚zwƒ šŒ‹•ŠŒ.™
rstuvsvwxyxz{w |{}x ™‹ŠŠŠ¤šš‹™Š
Payback for the traps and insulation: 8 ~{xyu •ww€yu •y‚zwƒ = 8šŒ‹‹•Š.‰¤šŒ‹•ŠŒ.™= 0.135 ’“%o

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