2/18/2017 Why Dragonfly Wings Kill Bacteria | American Council on Science and Health

Why Dragonây Wings Kill Bacteria

(/proóle/alex-berezow) By Alex Berezow (/proóle/alex-berezow) — February 6, 2017

Special bacteria-killing surfaces constitute a highly active area of research and development.

Strategies to construct them vary widely. One group has infused a slippery surface
(http://acsh.org/news/2016/07/23/new-slippery-surface-prevents-deadly-bacterial-roll-call) with molecules
that disrupt bacterial communication. Others have shown that silver nanoparticle coatings
(http://www.nature.com/articles/srep32699) can destroy bacteria. Yet another group used black silicon to
create a surface that resembled a tiny "bed of nails (http://acsh.org/news/2016/08/09/bed-of-nails-surface-
physically-rips-bacteria-apart)" (nanopillars), which physically rip bacteria apart.

That latter example, which falls into a broad category known as nano-textured surfaces (NTS), is of
particular interest because it also exists in nature. The nanostructure of black silicon is very similar to that
of dragon㘉�y wings. And just like their elemental counterpart, dragon㘉�y wings kill bacteria.

Source: Summerdrought/Wikipedia It is widely thought that a "bed of nails" surface destroys bacteria through puncturing the cell wall. But in
newly published research based on extensive use of various microscopy techniques, a team of Australian
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthetrum_villosovittatum#/media/File:Orthetrum_villosovittatum_9268.jpg)
and Nigerian researchers demonstrated that an entirely di츜erent killing mechanism may be at play.

The �rst clue that the conventional wisdom was wrong came from the observation that
nanopillars on dragon㘉�y wings were not all the same height. (See image on right.) This
stands in contrast to synthetic "bed of nails" surfaces, which tend to produce nanopillars of
equal height. A closer examination further demonstrated that the bacterial membrane
does not come into direct contact with the nanopillars. Rather, bacteria (in this case, E. coli)
attach to the nanopillars via structural molecules secreted by the bacteria, known as
"extracellular polymeric substances
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_polymeric_substance)" (EPSs), as well as by
"�nger-like" extensions. (See image on the left.)

Once the bacteria land on the surface, they are subjected to adhesive forces. These can deform the bacterial
membrane, but by themselves, probably do not cause the bacteria to rupture. 

Instead, the bacteria are essentially caught in one of those sinister traps of which movie villains are quite fond.
If they don't move, the bacteria might survive. However, when they do move, shear forces
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_force) pull on the EPSs, ripping the membrane apart. This results in a
fatal leakage of cellular contents, which causes the cell to de㘉�ate like a balloon. (See image below.) Only after
the cell is dead do the nanopillars penetrate it. 

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2/18/2017 Why Dragonfly Wings Kill Bacteria | American Council on Science and Health

The authors conclude with a diagram comparing the old model of cell death via nanopillar with their new model.

The top panel, which depicts the old model, shows that nanopillars pierce bacterial cells directly. The authors believe this understanding should
be replaced with their new model, depicted in the bottom panel. In this model, bacteria do not contact the nanopillars directly, but via secreted
substances. When they attempt to move, shear forces rip holes in the membrane, causing a fatal leakage of cellular content, only after which the
nanopillars pierce the cell. 

The study has a few limitations. First, it was performed on E. coli, a Gram-negative bacterium with two membranes. The authors should
repeat their analysis with Gram-positive bacteria that contain only one membrane. Second, they should repeat their analysis using bacteria that
do not produce as much EPSs to see if nanopillars are still lethal to them. Finally, they should determine if synthetic nano-textured surfaces,
which produce nanopillars of the same height, kill bacteria via the old model or via their new proposed mechanism.

Gaining insights into how nature works will invariably help those scientists wishing to mimic it. And it provides an interesting explanation for why
dragon㘉�y wings are so clean.

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2/18/2017 Why Dragonfly Wings Kill Bacteria | American Council on Science and Health
Source (http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsami.6b13666): Chaturanga D Bandara, Sanjleena Singh, Isaac O Afara, Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
Annalena Wol츜, Kostya (Ken) Ostrikov, and Adekunle Oloyede. "Bactericidal E츜ects of Natural Nanotopography of Dragon㘉�y Wing on Escherichia
coli." ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. Published: 31-January-2017. DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13666

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