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Chapter 2
This shows an overview of previous related articles and related studies that
enriches the study. Also, this chapter introduces the framework of the study which
is the main focus and forms the structure of the research paper.
Conceptual Framework
Alcohol
nutrients. They have been widely used for their medicinal, antiseptic, and analgesic
properties. The role of such beverages as thirst quenchers is obvious. They also
play an important role in enhancing the enjoyment of life. They can be a social
believed to be alcoholic beverage that humans have been consuming the longest.
rice, wheat, or maize. Cider, wherein it is made from fermented apple juice, it is
fermented grapes or other fruits. Humans have been drinking wine for at least eight
thousand years. Spirits, wherein it refers to those alcoholic drinks that have been
distilled to make them stronger. Types of beer include: Larger beers, are fermented
and conditioned at low temperature to give them milder taste, they are usually also
a light color. Ales, are made from malted barley and involve warm fermentation
with brewer’s yeast. Wheat beers, are made with wheat as well as barley that gives
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the beer the distinctive taste; this type of beer is particularly popular in Europe.
Fruit Beers, are often made by adding flavor extracts to beer rather than fermenting
fruit. Wine has also its types that include: Red wine, this type of wine is made from
red or black grapes. The taste of red wine is often described as more complex than
that of white wine. Rose wine, this type of wine is made from red grapes, but these
undergo a special process to create the rose look. White wine, this type of wine is
produced using white grapes. This type of wine has a lighter taste than the red or
rose wine. Champagne, this type of wine gets is bubbles from the fermentation
process due to carbon dioxide in the bottles. Fortified wines, this type of wine have
distilled beverage added to them to make them stronger. The reason why fortified
wines originally became popular was that they were easier to transport around the
world b ship. Spirits have also its types that include: Vodka, wherein it is usually
made from distillation of grains or potatoes. Whiskey, this type of spirits is usually
made from fermented grain mash. Rum, this type of spirits comes from sugarcane
juice. Tequila, this type of spirits is created from the blue agave plant. Gin, this type
of spirits is made from juniper berries. Absinthe, this type of spirits is made from
many different flowers. Liqueurs, this type of spirits covers a wide range of drinks
that involve the addition of herbs, nuts, fruits, spices, cream, or flowers. It is also
possible to get other spirits that have been turned into liqueurs for example vodka
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Though most of the types of alcohol are made of plants and fruits
there is also growing concerns about the harmful effects of alcohol if abused. An
early study of drinking problem was conducted between year 1975-1985 where it
stated that alcohol is abused if involved in weekly drinking more than 5 or more
drinks per occasion (Berkowitz and Perkins, 1986). According to Arnarson (2017)
drinking too much on a single occasion or overtime can take a serious toll on your
consumption can lead to increased fat inside liver cells. It can also lead to cirrhosis.
Chronic alcohol abuse can impair brain function permanently. Also, heavy drinking
and beer are linked to increased weight gain, while moderate drinking and wine
are linked to reduced weight gain. Alcohol can also increase the risk of certain
types of cancer, especially mouth and throat cancer. Lastly chronic alcohol abuse
can have severe detrimental effects on your body and brain, increasing the risk of
To lessen the number of diseases of the alcohol users might get Gleaner
(2013) weigh in with her best advice for safe alcohol consumption. That includes:
(1) Know your limit. (2) Eat food while you drink. (3) Sip your drink. (4) Accept a
drink only when you really want one. (5) Choose quality rather than quantity. (6)
Skip a drink now and then. (7) Beware of unfamiliar drinks. (8) Appoint a
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designated driver. (9) Upper limits of drinks for males are 21 and for females are
suggests that individuals consume alcohol because they believe drinking will lead
to a certain effect (e.g., increasing social interaction, relieving tension), and these
beliefs have long been suggested to influence individuals' drinking levels (Brown
et al., 1980). Individuals may expect different types of alcoholic beverages to affect
them in different ways and thus may drink different types of beverages when
alcohol type's global positive (e.g., alcohol leads to good outcomes) or negative
reported higher negative expectancies for drinking shots of distilled spirits and
higher positive expectancies for beer and wine (Lang et al., 1983). In relation to
that according to Hudspeth (2017), different types of alcohol can give you different
wine made them feel relaxed. There’s a physiological explanation for this; red wine
contains high levels of melatonin, the hormone that tells our brains it’s time to go
to bed. Another example is that beer relaxes the user, but the carbohydrates
therein also have a reputation for making folks drowsy. However According to
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Gonzales (2013) Alcohol is alcohol – which is to say that the alcohol in wine is the
same as the alcohol in beer is the same as the alcohol in the unholy red-cup
concoction at a dorm room game of King's Cup. That alcohol is ethyl alcohol, aka
ethanol, and it'll get you drunk. The fact that liquor tends to contain higher
concentrations of ethanol than wine, and wine higher concentrations than beer,
means that the same volume of different alcoholic beverages will get you more/less
Age
(2016) binge drinking and violent attacks among youth between ages twelve
(2002) and twenty four or twenty five (2013). Although youth drink less often than
adults does, when they do drink, they drink more. That is because young people
consume more than 90 percent of their alcohol by binge drinking. Binge drinking
become more prevalent as young people get older. As adolescents get older, they
tend to drink more. Prevalence of drinking by boys and girls is similar, although
among older adolescents, boys binge more than girls (Johnston, L.D.; Miech, R.A.;
O’Malley, P.M.; et al.). Underage drinking poses a range of risks and negative
injuries, impairs judgment such as drinking and driving, sexual activity (such as
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unprotected sex), and aggressive or violent behavior; Increases the risk of physical
and sexual assault. Some adolescent drinks because of Risk taking, expectancies,
Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2006). Thus, perhaps the best way to understand
to social and environmental factors. Viewed in this way, development includes not
only the adolescent’s inherent risk and resilience but also the current conditions
that help to shape his or her behavior (Sroufe, L.A., and Rutter, M., 1984.)
Gender
Alcohol was frequently used in childbirth throughout the ages and beer was
thought to fortify a woman for breast feeding. Hot toddies of various fruit tonics
have been used for centuries for menstrual cramps and for pre-menstrual tension.
In the latter part of the 19th Century many women drank tonics with high alcohol
contents to ease the frustrations of child rearing or for depression. Women who
were alcoholics during this period were often labeled hysterical. They were not
called alcoholics because it conflicted with their role as good mother, wife or well-
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has begun to attract increased attention. This appears to have resulted from the
"hidden alcoholism" and cirrhosis of the liver (Chalfant and Roper, 1980). Because
"the youth are the future," considerable attention has been directed toward drinking
patterns between men and women (Myerson, 1940; Gusfield, 1962; Lisansky,
1958). Windham and Aldridge (1965) as well as Siegel (1952) referred to the
traditional belief that the use and abuse of alcohol was a male prerogative. Clark
(1967) suggested that drinking differences are based largely on the expectation
and propriety" Preston (1964) similarly asserted that drinking is often a symbol that
differentiates the sexes. Windham and Aldridge (1965) additionally pointed out that
men. In this regard Knupfer et al. (1963) emphasized that "other members of the
population who do not earn their living by paid work also have more restricted
drinking privileges than adult free males-for example, children, prisoners, mental
patients, and persons on relief". Wilsnack and Wilsnack (1978) point out that
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and changes in women, roles, especially changes that involve exposure to formerly
masculine environments and roles. They suggest that changes in sex roles might
permissible; and might offer females new goals and aspirations, thus causing
stress that alcohol might be used to reduce. It would appear that the "double
Recent study of Casa Palmera (2010) about alcoholism states that men are
more at risk for abusing or becoming dependent on alcohol than women. But the
drops in the price, which has led to wine and beer becoming regular items in the
supermarket shopping trolley and part of everyday life at home, has also been a
Men are also consistently more than twice as likely as women to report chronic
heavy drinking (at mean intake thresholds varying from 40 to 80 grams of ethanol
per day) (e.g., de Lima et al., 2003; Hansagi et al., 1995; Meyer et al., 2000; San
Jose et al., 2001; Vahtera et al., 2002). Recurrent alcohol intoxication is much
more prevalent and more frequent among men than among women (Hao et al.,
2004; Makela et al, 2001; Rehm et al., 2001). However, gender gaps in chronic or
students (Dawson et al., 2004; Kuo et al., 2002; McPherson et al., 2004; Windle,
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2003). Men are much more likely than women to report diagnosable alcohol abuse,
either currently (e.g., Bijl et al., 2002; Dawson, Grant, & Stinson, 2004; Hao et al.,
lifetime experience (Kawakami et al., 2004; Meyer et al., 2000). Men are also much
more likely than women to report diagnosable alcohol dependence, currently (e.g.,
Bijl et al., 2002; Hao et al., 2004; Hasin & Grant, 2004; Kawakami et al, 2004;
Spicer et al., 2003) or as a lifetime experience (Dawson & Grant, 1998). A higher
percentage of men are likely to drink, to drink more often, to consume more, and
drinking patterns and problems might be narrowing, they clearly remain significant
and potent. To be most effective, alcohol policies and programs must reflect these
Perceptions
‘normal’ behavior by others will influence our own behavior (Berkowitz, 2005). This
implies that what others do may influence us to do also what they called so as
'normal' but for others is not. Eventually the environment where we are will push
us into doing things that what they believe is normal. An act that what used to be
not normal will just became an ordinary act to everyone. For example, the belief
that others drink heavily will have considerable influence on the amount a person
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drinks. According to Myers (2016), Our perceptions are only one small step in
getting to the truth. Humans quest for knowledge begins with sensory input. The
collection of sensory inputs about an object leads to our perception of what that
object is (consider the feel, smell, and taste of a lemon). Then our capacity for
reason begins (Myers, 2016). Alcohol use interventions should aim at correcting
One hypothesis is that individuals with heavy alcohol use should decrease their
The studies about popular perception show that individuals with alcohol
dependence are viewed as more responsible for their problem, and more violent
provoke more negative reactions in the population such as a desire for greater
social distance and greater rejection than individuals with other disorders, except
for drug dependence. In addition, alcohol dependence is one of the conditions for
which the public is least willing to spend public financial resources. These negative
reactions are even more frequent than the ones reported for schizophrenia
(Peluso, 2007).
adolescents is related to the specific group behavior of this age and may be
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consume alcohol rises because of their position in the social network of friends,
when family members are also consumers. Parenting styles and parental attitudes
and behaviors are significant factors associated with heavy drinking. However,
aspects involved to the initiation and persistence of this habit (Freitas, 2014)
HYPOTHESIS
Ho: There is no significant difference between the alcohol use and the
alternative.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
To have an easy and better understanding of terms for the readers, the
environment
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