TRANSLATION 1

NAME :

1. DINDA BESTARI (2017101033)

2. NURUL SAKINAH (2017101034)
3. ULFA SOFIYANA (2017101045)

Equivalence Above Word Level

The great pest of speech is frequency of translation. No book was ever turned from one
languange into another, without imparting something of its native idiom; this is most
mischievous and comprehensive innovation; single words may enter by thousands, and the
fabrick of the tongue continue the same, but new phraseology changes much at once; it alters
not the single stones of the building, but the order of the columns. If an academy should be
established for the cultivations of our style, … let them, instead of compiling grammars and
dictionaries, endeavour, with all their influence to stop the licence of translators , whose
idleness and ignorance, if it be suffered to proceed, will reduce us to babble a dialect of
France. (Samuel Johnson, Preface to the Dictionary, 1755: xii)
Lexical patterning will be dealt with under two main healdings: collocation and idioms
and fixed expressions.
I. COLLOCATION
Why do builders not produce a building or authors not invent a novel, since they do invent
stories and plots? No reason as far as dictionary definitions of words are concerned. We
don’t say it because we don’t say it. (Bolinger and Sears,1968: 55)

At one level, the tendency of certain words to co-occur has to do with their propositional
meanings. For example cheque is more likely to occur with bank, pay, money and write than
with moon, butter, playground or repair. However, meaning cannot always account for
collocational patterning.
Table 1. Unpredictability of collocational patterning.
Unblemished Spotless Flawless Immaculate Impeccable
Performance - - + + +
Argument - - + - ?
Complexion ? ? + - -
Behaviour - - - - +
Kitchen - + - + -
Record + + - ? +
Repuitation ? + - ? ?
Taste - - ? ? +
Order - - ? + +
Credentials - - - - +
 + = common/acceptable collocation
- = unacceptable/unlikely collocation
? = questionablebe acceptable in some idiolects
When two words collocate, the relationship can hold between all or several of their various
forms, combined in any grammatically acceptable order. For example, achieving aims, aims
having been achieved , achievable aims, and the achievment of an aim are all equally
acceptable and typical in English.
a. Collocational Range And Collocational Markedness
This kind of nstursl extension of a range is far less striking than marked
collocations which involve deliberate confusion of collocational ranges to create
new images – a marked collocation being an usual combination of words, one
that challenges our expectations as hearers or readers. Marked collocations are
often used in fiction, poetry, humour and advertisements precisely for this
reason:because they can create unusual images, produce laughter and catch the
reader’s attention.
b. Collocation and register
Register-specific collocations are not simply the set of terms that go with
discipline.
c. Collocational meaning
Asked to explain what dry means, we are likely to think of collocations such as
dry clothes, dry river and dry weather, which would prompt the definition ‘free
from water’. As we move away from the most common collocations of dry, it
becomes clear that the meaning of dry depends largely on its pattern of collocation
and is not something that the word possesses in isolation. Try paraphrasing the
mkeaning of dry in each of the following combinations:
Dry cow Dry sound Dry book
Dry bread Dry voice Dry humour
Dry wine Dry country Dry run
d. Some collocation related pitfalls and problems in translation
- The engrossing effect of source text patterning
- Misinterpreting the meaning of a source –language collocation
- The tension between accuracy and naturalness
- Culture-specific collocations
- Marked collocations in the source text
II. IDIOMS AND FIXED EXPRESSIONS
Generally speaking, collocations are fairly flexible patterns of language which allow
several variations in form. For example, deliver a letter, delivery of a letter, letter has
been delivered, and having delivered a letter are all acceptable collocations. In addition,
although the meaning of a word often depends on what other words it occurs with, we can
still say that the word in question has an individual meaning in a given collocation.