@u @ u @ @ @ * z

. *
O n llo rln I e as l al O rl e*
. IrSI X e rle n ce s
SatoshiKashima.ExecutiN'
eDirector.Yukikazu Yanaka.Director.NlaintenanceDepartment.ShuichiSuzuki.Nlanager.
EngineeringDevelopmentDivision.Long-span BridgeEngineeringCentre.Kunihisa Nlori,GeneralManager.TarumiOperation
O ffice.FirstO perittionsBureatl.Honshu Shikoku Bridge Authority.Kobe.Japan

Sum m arq' effectiq'

eness was confirn-led during
strong u'inds.using GPS forthe n'
lolli-
toring.
Fronnl monitoring and I
naintenance work on the AkashiKaikyo Bridge.a super
long-span suspension blidge-new inform ation has been obtained.This paper This paperintroducessonle 01-the i1)-
describessonze ofthe new technologiesused.To protectthe m ain cables fronz fornlation acquired fron) naonitoring
corrosion.a dry-airiniection syslem wasnewly developed and found capable and m aintenance work on the A kashi
ofkeeping the relative hum idity low enough in the cable bundles.To stlppress Kaikyo Bridge over a period of two
unexpected Nvind-induced oscillation observed in hangerropes.an aerodynam ic years.
countermeasure was employed and itsperformance wasconfirmed in typhoon-
strength Nvinds.Girder displacement records were stored b)'monitoring with
G lobalPositioning System (GPS)m easuring instrum ents.The relationshipsbe- C orrosion Protection fot
tween girderdisplacem entand both wind speed and temperattlre were analysed the M ain Cables
to com pare actualbridge behaviourwith design values.Resultsindicate thepos-
sibility ofmore accurately diagnosing the soundnessofbridges.Thesetechnolo- To exanline the corrosion protectiol l
giesare expected to contribute towardsmaintaining the soundnessofthe Akashi systenl used for the A'kashi K tlikq' o
Kaikyo Bridge. Bridge cables. several stlrveq's urere
condtlcted on the condition t)fexisting
stlspension bridge cables anàong the
different H onshtl Shikoku Bridges-
thereby verifj'ing tht? reliabilitl' of
Introduction pared with conventional corrosion
conN'entionalcorrosion protection s)'s-
protection sy.stem s.The cffectiveness
The A kashi Kaikyo Bridge. w hich ofthe new system wasinvestigated by tenns.
opened to traffic on A,pr:l5- 1998.is observing the relative htlm idity in the Generally.bundled cablesare protect-
a S-span.z-hinged suspelpsion bridge cablebundles. ed from w-ater ingress by overlal'ing
with the w orld-slongestcentre span of
o Bridge uras de- them with a paste.wrapping the bun-
1.99l nn (Fiv.l).'- as con- The
fhe bridge u' A kashi K aikq'
dle in steel u' ire. and the11 coatil' lg
structed aspartoftheH onshu Shikoku signed to withstand windsof6()m/sat it with paint. H ow eq'er- frol' n N'
isual
deck level.aswellasearthquakesof8.5
Bridge Proiect.aimed to form partof m agnitude on the R ichterscale having checksoncablesoftheH 01)shuShikoku
the trunk road network in Japan.
an epicentre distance of 150 km .Thus. Bridges.as wellas a sul aqel'ofthe in-
A sthe A kashiKaikyo Bridge crosses m onitoring bridge l aehaq'iourin harsh t ernati onal li
ter atur e on stlspension
the straits betu'een the m ainland and naturalconditions was considered in- br idge cables. this n'lethod u'asshow n
A wal'ilsland in the Seto lnland Sea. dispensable for confirming lhe bridge to offer inadequat e protect i
tln.Corro-
protection from corrosion in a saltq'at- design.Recordsofgirderdisplaceluent s ion w as found on wr appi ng wiresand
m osphere rem ains an im portantissue dueto large-scaletyphoonswerestored the upper layer o1 'cabltts i
n sus pension
for bridge m aintenance. A new anti- and analysed to confirm assum ptions br idge s.
ctlrrosion sl'
stem forthem ain cables.a in the bridge design.ln addition. an ' T'he cause of the corrosion svas diag-
dry-air iniection system.u' as devel- aerodynam ic stabilisation m ethod for nosed.and tests ail'ned at iluproving
oped to achieve higherreliability com - hanger ropes was developed.and its the quality ofsheathing n' laterialsand
paints u' ere im plenAented.The restllts
'
. .. .. c......u. .êU.
()fthese efforts.ho' weN' er-den-lonstrat-
.. ?<
.h.
'. . . -'x.-,
. ..:%
-g ..
. . .
lj - .... . .zljk$,..-...a)n . .-
. 'VyM-l..'F. ed that this conventional prtltection
cQ='
--. ' . ' ' syslel'
n cannot adeqtlately protecttlle
@ ' ..x-
=-rB - . # .' ' 9 '' .;
'''. !
zT ---- --
cabl es Nvhen svaterispresentsvithi1 .
1the
v . ..-.=zJ= .= '. .. 1
cablebu1-
1dlegl..
?.3j.
I
.I l
G iven thisproven difficulty in protect-
I
I
ing a cable bundle l'rol'
n u'ater ingress
over the long terln.itsvas decided that
.. ..
.. .*g*
<'
Y S.ïu
-
' xv
* ïN
''Q .#
f' . J .' the corrosive environlnelltvvithin the
y
'Z.
X
.
'
XI 'Cf*
S**'T- Y
:'5''L'C-''NY'' Z - *'
bundle should be inlprosred.Studiest)f
...@%'' '.
'rf. x'
& '''M''' various nzethods led to the adoption
. !. <.C...
.. .,
ofa neu' 'corrosion protection systelu
. . . :
employing a drq'-ai1-i11iection syste111.
Nvhereby the cable bundle isI'
nadctail--
tightvia a sheath and dry air is thu11
f'
ig.1:--l/
x-ff.
UziA-tI//
v-î'
t?Bridqv blown into the bundle.

StructuralEngineering International 2/201,1

 Injt
zclionmoulh
A ExhCïusttlpening
'
j .1
. 'Dehunlidi1.iera:ld
bltpBer

A
'fter studying the 1-esults o1-several
testsforthedry-airinjectionsystem-a
new corrosion protection system was 1no.whmg.,. . I . js ..'.
' ....
=' +<.x.
z'' .
adopted forthe :Ak-ashiKaikyoB ridge 0.g..
.-
.
. .
. ''
'r
.. . Ire'
ck:ur.at.
-(3ntro1h.'''tl5.'u'
.r'
t
'zzë-i.
cables.To enhance air tightness and 'x.
xJ..'>. .. .-.
.H
protection against water perlneation. ' . XII-l17ICt.tI()'
IR1-)1D.C . '- '2'
s''
t'j'
.+- < '
the conventionalwire wrap is enhan-
cedbywrappingwitlzrubber.Ft0'
.J,.
?
and4show thedry-airiljectionsysten'
l '''x
j '
adopted forthe A'kashiK aikyo Bridge. ' In>17t2CtltJn Wi11dO%!,' ' .2' l
..' s . .. = * '. . f
Nforeover-itw asdecided to introduce .; . J . ,. . . i
.
.. .. .
. ..
.
. 1
.. & :
the sal-
ne corrosion protection systenA
on the existing HonshtlShikoku Brid- k+.. + .
gesand otherbridgesin Japan. .v. -: - -.. Jfl's'Pt:
.yu
..t1()n uiI.jf.jou '-'.. .
Afterinstallation ofthe corrosion pro- ..
. . >'
.M:.x
*.
T
'Pre '. ' >N=.
. .k
e
tection system ontt)thtlm ain cable of . . . . .. .'.
'B.A.'a.... A.'..;.
. ..
..
*...nv ... sw-=
+.;.t...
g/-x-
,-.
..
-GE.:
..
.. C
u'
'x'..'' . '
the A kashiK aikyo Bridge.changes in e. . .-
% . .Y. . 1.z . 4,
0.
relative hum iditywithin the cablebun- -
dleshave been recorded overaperiod -
. .. . ..ww%w . ..J.,.@ <.'$,.V..-.-=xo..%..
of two years as shown in Fie 5.This . Alr-I1.1Ik:wtIq,1:ut,.cr
.

figure illustrates thatthe relative hu-

midity hasbeen keptbelow nearly 400,o-
the n'lanagen-lenttargetatthe sites.im -
plying that this corrosion protection
system is considered to be effective.
Because it is stillil-
nportant to clarifl'
long-ternlperform ance and rationalise
operation ofthe system .obserq'ing the
relative hunRidity and inspecting the
surface ofthe Iuain cable through in-
spection willdowscontinues.
A erodynam ic Stabilisation
forH angerR opes
Fig
'
;.4:zlir-lîll
'
ecti()Il('
-f?T
.,
t?/'ol
'
lf/?t
,Cablt
. ?
pressing vortex-induced oscillation.
because their centre spacing is only
some were broken by large-amplitude
oscillation in typhoon w indsasshown 9tim esthe diam eter.sm allerthan that
ofpo-y
ver-transm ission wires.
in Fig.6.
Afterses'eralu'ind tunnelteststo ex-
z
7Xisoscillation wasconsidered to be a
am ine the cause of the oscillation.it
kind ofwake-induced flutter.which is
often observed in pou'er-transm ission w as found that the wake frol' n wind-
w ard ropeexcitedoscillation ofleeward
wires whose spacing is l() or more
tim esthediam eter.In theconstruction rope as shtlw'n in Fig.7 even though
their centre spacing is less than 1()
stage ofthe bridge.ithad been antici-
pated thatwake-induct zd flutterwould til-
nestheirdianleterg41.From the re-
hardly everoccur in the hangel -ropes
sults of wind tunnel tests for suitable

PrefabricatedparalIe1u'irestrandsNvith
polyethylene coNvering w ere el-
nployed
for the hanger ropes of the A kashi
K aikyo Bridge. which situated tAvo
strands for each panel.
O riginally. a connecting type dam per
using high dam ping rubber was in-
stalled am id apairo1'ropesto suppress
vortex-induced oscillation.w hich had
lim ited am plitude and Nvas generated
al relativelj'1ou'wind spetld.Though
the dam pers wert '
l effectiq'e for sup-

StructuralEngineering International 2/2001

 l #
: ,G- ... ''

J
I è.
: 3%
I ir Fig.9. 'zls./'
/'t
'
?/?.gt
?/?itp/sf(?/'Q'
. -
JP.
St'
?//t
'
/Ii
nllpclzltti/'e.îJtgt?.
'
;d?/'/
'
?!t)
Fig.t i-'Bl'
okell.î/t,(
..'
/?é?/?/(
.
't I)ill,g/pcp'illsîal- //?yr?'If???t2??f5'
?/ .
/t?J il?11al?vf
-
zF-R()p(a5'
' behind its design.as wellas releN'
ant K aik)'o Bridge.an'leanN' alueofj.4lnl
ï$'111dqard Rkypk.r constants. during strong winds and and a N' ibration am pIitude of 2.56 n'
l
(1)= S':7r!1I11) earthquak
-es.Another subiectamong were obtained r51.Though there was
ïs'
ind
basic structural characteristics is the generally good agreenAentu'ith regard
4 .
$'$ktkq
' !
'.
I-.cu.uart j behaviourof the bridge under chang- to the l'
nean N' alue o1'horizon(:11dis-
z. r. Rtljn,us ing tem peraturesand otherconditions placem ent. the nleasured vibrati01)
in its nornlal state. - A m onitoring anlplitude wason1)'aboutone-thiI-d ol'
sl'slennNvasinstalled to inN'estigatethese lhe calculated N'alue.
nlatters.D uringtheobservations.G lob-
'T'
he reason forthisdifference betu' een
('
c1
)1crSpttcing=t
?D >!
'
alPositioning Systelu (G PS)nleasuring calculated and n- !tlasurttd valtIe svas
r instruluents w'ere em ployed to n' lea-
sttldied b3'tlsinggtlstresptlnse analjr sis
sure deform ation o1-both the girder
and fieId 0l7serN':1t1on data of 1 -1aturaI
and tower.z A.s shown in Fig.t .
).GPS
yvinds.From these studies-itu'asl' ound
m eastlring instrulnents are located in
the tbllowing threelocations: thatthe actualN' alue lklrspatiitlcorre-
lation in thenaturalu' ind w'asloyver-in
-
uppersurfaceofthe !-A anchorage thelow'frequencyregion.thanthespa-
- uppersurface ofthe saddle coN'eron tialcorrelation assul ned in the q'ind-
the w estsidt?of the top of the 2P resistantdesign standard.
tow er
-
east side 01-a stiffening girder near Fig.12 shoB'stherelationship betïveen
the cable tenlperature at the tt'p of
the m iddle ofthe centre span.
the 2P tou'er and the centralN'ertical
Fig.l()showsthe G PS sensorinstalled displacel -nentof the girder.I '
neasured
on the girder near the centre span. using G PS ()N'ersix n' lonthso1-l'nonit01--
Fig.ll shows the tim e histoo 'data for ing.H ere.Nvith regard to ll' le atl-
ntls-
ten nAinutes before and ten nRinutes pheric teluperature and tI' le calAle
afterthe tim e thalthe n-laxin-
lun-
lhori- teluperatureatt11etop ()1'the2P toNver.
zontaldisplaceluentofthegirderin the the graph shou' s the ctlnlbinlltion ol'
centre span w asrecorded. (a)daily records at4:0()êt.I-n..and (b#
Thel'neasured horizontaldisplaceluenl records at 1
(l-nnint
lte int
er vals.
ael-odyl-
lam ic COUNtCFRICê1StlI'CS to SLIP-
press wake-induced flutter- l() l' nnl- showed a m ean value of. 5.l7 n'
land a '
-fhen- 1ain characteristicsal-e asftlllous
diam eter spiral ropes Nvound up the N'ibration anlplittlde ()f().78 m at the 1
)612
hanger ropes w' ere elnployed. This I'naxinnun-lrecorded w ind speed.From -l-he relationship (
- .)1*the centralNrk2rti-
the calculations.using the u'ind-resis- caldisplacen- lenlofthe girdert(. )thkz
counternleasurew asdeveloped to with-
stand bot1-1 wake-induced flutte1-and tant design standard of the A kashi cable ten- lperature al tht)top o1-the
vortex-induced oscillation.N eu' ly de-
veloped robots sinlultaneouslq'wotlnd
tw o spiral ropes up a pltir ofhanger
ropesasshow n in Fie.8.
A fterintroducing the counterl-neastlre.
neither u'ake-induced fltttter nor y'01--
tzx-induced oscillation have been ob-
served.even though two typhoons at-
tacked thebridge.

A M onitoring System
using G PS
Since the A kashiKaikyo Bridge was
constructed using a new ly developed
wind-resistantand seismicdesign.itis
necessarl'to confirm the assum ptions

StructuralEngineering Internatiflnal 2/21401

 E 1Fl4) -, -
2P tower is-6.87 cm/degree.This is :., . '$'=-6.39()-.J
'x - l:fI.l)1 .- 1y(J.
.-
. + N= -j)->'('?.1Qx - 'r-'a
-'%kk
.-. . R cuu() (
?rof w R =1
.i' )
close to the calculated value of-6.7 =
:.p 1
3().. a** A.â. '' - -
c
uu 1'21)' . .
= I x
cm /degree based on the m ostrecent =2 >()
3 *'
= zf
dat:1. =:7- 3t) w -- R() â ' '
- Plotting ll'e ten-
lperature againsttbc
7 otp --
-
centralverticaldisplacenRent.thecor- ..--.:'-- .
-
a() .
l() 41 '(ï a(l .F'1 .zdi '-- - 19
.! (, It! atl RfI 4()
relation coefficientis().996-showing > >
D
ArnltlsphericTenlperattkrcin lhcc,cnlcr4 t'--)
Atnltlhkpllerictcnlptrrattlrt..111thtlcenlert(''1
good correlation.
The diagnosis of suspension bridges
% I(
- h;1) c.p 1
: 5
'y(j.
for (he presence of abnornAalities is ..
w'''
-
5'= -0..s4'Vl7'
<- lt)n().
1 @ N.. uuu .(
ak)()4k)x .y.jk)(j7-'
--.
:
. .-
- . ' u = .).f)k).cJ.
considered possible by measuring ca- Du1.n
-lj R = t1.u)q,
;:-h63
= .
ble tem peratures and G PS N'alues of Lz
= x4)
I :.p
u
= (
q(j
.

the centralN'erticaldisplacem ents.and A

then N'erifq'
ing the deN'iation from the =. Ofj * 7(1
regression Jine. lt is also considered Uuy-O
-(
.1 = --3.pj
u
*
thatN'erification o1'these valuesw ould > -1() i) 1(1
' A( R4) 4th ..> - !4) (1 1d1 n(1 2(p 4(I
btz one n-leans to evaluate suspension
bridgesforthepresenceofabnormali-
tiesafterstrongw indsorearthquakes.

'

eferences
(l1E-
'L'RL''
b'
..
t.l
' k..etaI.Colu
l'l.
t.
b'
it??8Pr()l'
t,
t'
J@
'
t??i?
-
r)?
'
'
I'
he folloNving information has been J/ztz.!.'tli
't.
k(''//.
b/(.0 (?t'.h'1/b,;)ell5l(.
'F2.B1'iLlz.
''(.'.à.1.-'ï.I
BSE
' draw n from experiencesofm onitoring Sq'm r.'k''kiun2. Ktllnu'. Nbl. 79. sklpteulbtlr 1(?t)1hl.
45 and lnaintenance o11the AkashiKaikyo pp..34l-34fa.
.- . 4(!
-A
.- Ejcj B ridge: (-'1FL'JIIQZ
AAN'
..
Y.H.c!al.(-fb''
' l'
(;.
%i('
$llJàrrlrtpt'
rfrlp?
w= Rt)
. '
7-7 oG - From observation ofrelatiq' e hum idi- /'
f)!'.iflf.
$;iyf.a/lA/
'f)llS/'drt/zt.'C-hbles.Proc.01*2 Inter-
# >11 . natik)a:1lSusllcnsikln Bridgc ('lperatt)I''sConI't2r-
:Z
--u
Iq
i'
.. t),
'in the m ain cablesoN'era period of ttnckl.NNkstPt'int.April-( 'D)()t).
- l() -... m ore thanoneyear.itw asconfirm ed
> .
5I i
f thatadry-airinjectionsj'stem wasef-
l1I11t)(sq.tcbJl)(..
1) fective in keeping relative hul uidily
below the m anagem enttarget.
- D tlring typhoonsand strong u'indsit
was found that spiralropes B' ound
tlp the hangerropes functioned well
as a counternAeasure 1-()1
-170th w ake-
induced flutter and vortex-induced
oscillation.
- Itwasdemonstrated thata m onitor-
ing system using GPS could be a '

tkasible m ethod for diagnosing the '#r (

)
6(N1L-R: AT- A.NI.u't; .
ll.31(ï1lil(lrilly Ctif?t'izl'l?'
f1-
??lt't'f/,c ..lké/b'il/ IY-Lfikk'l)B1'1(1jyrt'JI$'lb?(!C.;7P.%
Fie I1:7- //??t, I- lis:()1.j.' //.
) 1.4'il?J l)il' ecljlllt, configuration ofsuspension bridges Fîr. kt l1'
1tern:ttionalC'onferelpce of .AJNances i1-1
1,1
.:111(1.
$'
pt.
-t?//.(llïd C',-/?'t'
/cr.1)i.b
'illat'
(?ll?(???lf/lf!'- through comparison of obserNration StructtlraI l. il'lttl
'nee1'ing and Nlechêtï'lics Seoul.
?'/?.g (tf)y?/?(.'(,
41?(l4. '13-I4. '-
?.?-Sei. )t(?lzlI)el.22. recordsand analyticaldata. -Augt lfktiQ)t)t?.pp..l317-1. F22.
1Qf/(
i
j
'7/J'/

StructuralEngineering Internatitmal 2/2001 Rep()r1s 1-

>.
7