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Stage 1
QC
D
V1
Lo
V2 L1
2
Stage 2
QC
D
V1
Lo
1
V3 L2
3
Stage j
QC
D
V1
Lo
1
Vj+1 Lj
4
Species balance (for a more volatile species)
y2V2 = x 1L1 + x D D (4.2)
Energy balance
H 2V2 + QC = h1L1 + hD D (4.3)
(x ) as follows
1
x 1 = x 1 (y1 ) (4.4c)
or y1 = y1 (x 1 ) (4.4d)
6
For stage 2, the balance equations are as
follows
V3 = L2 + D (4.5)
y 3V3 = x 2L2 + x D D (4.6)
H 3V3 + QC = h2L2 + hD D (4.7)
h2 = h2 (x 2 ) (4.8a)
H 3 = H 3 (y 3 ) (4.8b)
x 2 = x 2 (y2 ) (4.8c)
7
H j +1 = H j +1 (y j +1 ) (4.12b)
x j = x j (y j ) (4.12c)
hD
8
For the stripping section or the section below
the feed stage, the balances for the stage just
below the feed plate (stage) or stage f+1 can be
depicted as follows (Figure 4.4)
f F, hF, z
Vf +1 Lf
f+1
N
VN +1
QR
B, hB, xB
9
From Figure 4.4, the balance equations can
be written as follows
Lf = Vf +1 + B
(note that, to distinguish between the flow rate
above and below the feed stage, a bar is added
to the flow rates of the liquid and the vapour
phases below the feed stage)
or Vf +1 = Lf - B (4.13)
y f +1Vf +1 = x f Lf - x B B (4.14)
h f Lf + QR = H f +1Vf +1 + hB B
or
H f +1Vf +1 = h f Lf - hB B + QR (4.15)
10
and
h f = h f (x f ) (4.16a)
H f +1 = H f +1 (y f +1 ) (4.16b)
x f = x f (y f ) (4.16c)
11
f F
k
Vk
Lk -1
N
VN +1
QR
B, hB, xB
12
hk -1 = hk -1 (x k -1 ) (4.20a)
H k = H k (yk ) (4.20b)
x k -1 = x k -1 (yk -1 ) (4.20c)
14
However, it is important to note that
L¹L
and that
V ¹V
15
Re-arranging Eq. 4.26 for y j +1 gives
Lj æ L ö
ç j ÷
y j +1 = ç
x j + ç1 - ÷÷ x (4.27)
Vj +1 çè Vj +1 ÷÷ø D
16
L æL ö
yk = x k -1 - ç - 1÷÷÷ x B
ç (4.29)
V çèV ÷ø
F, hF, z
f
17
F +V + L = L +V (4.30)
hF F + H f +1V + h f -1L = h f L + H fV
(4.31)
but, from the assumption # 2, H f +1 » H f and
h f » h f -1
18
Substituting Eq. 4.33 into Eq. 4.32 gives
h f F + H (L - L - F ) » h (L - L )
(4.34)
(H - h )(L - L ) » (H - h ) F
F
(4.35)
which can be re-arranged once again to
L - L H - hF
» (4.36a)
F H -h
19
L -L
Hence, the ratio is essentially q in the
F
flash distillation (i.e. the fraction of the feed
that becomes liquid and thus goes down to the
bottom part of the tank); accordingly, Eq. 4.36a
can also be written as
L - L H - hF
q= » (4.36b)
F H -h
which can be in a narrative form as
é Liquid flow rate ù é Liquid flow rate ù
ê ú-ê ú
ê below the feed stageú êabove the feed stageú
ê úû êë úû
q=ë
Feed flow rate
(4.36c)
or
é Enthalpy of the vapourù
ê ú - é Enthalpy of the feedù
ê phase at the feed stage ú êë úû
ê úû
q= ë
é Enthalpy of the vapourù é Enthalpy of the liquid ù
ê ú-ê ú
ê phase at the feed stage ú ê phase at the feed stageú
êë úû êë úû
(4.36d)
20
Re-arranging Eq. 4.36b:
L -L
q=
F
gives
L - L = qF (4.37a)
or
L = L + qF (4.37b)
V -V = qF - F
V = V - (1 - q ) F (4.38)
21
Example A steady-state, counter-current, staged
distillation column is used to separate ethanol
(EtOH) from water
The feed is 30 wt% ethanol and is a saturated
liquid
The mass flow rate of the feed is 10,000 kg/h,
and the column is operated at the atmospheric
pressure (i.e. 1 atm)
The reflux is assumed to be a saturated liquid
and with the reflux ratio of 3.0
If the desired x B and x D are 0.05 (mass frac-
tion of EtOH) and 0.80 (mass fraction of EtOH),
respectively, use the Lewis method to find the
number of stages required; given that the feed is
fed on the 2nd stage from the top
22
The problem statement can be depicted as
follows
QC
D, 80 wt%
H1, y1,V1
EtOH
1 Lo, xo (sat. liq.)
V2
10,000 kg/h L1
2
30 wt% EtOH
(sat. liq.) V3 L3
N
VN +1
QR
B, 5 wt% EtOH
23
In order to utilise the Lewis method, all the
assumptions (see Pages 13-14) must be satisfied,
and the most important one is the assumption
# 3 [i.e. the heat of vaporisation (or condensa-
tion) per mole is relatively constant]
24
The latent heats of vaporisation of
EtOH = 9.2 kcal/mol
water = 9.7 kcal/mol
which are relatively close to each other
25
Thus, all the given data, which are on “mass”
basis, must be converted to “mole” basis
26
0.05
xB = 46 = 0.02
0.05 0.95
+
46 18
27
3, 000
EtOH: = 65.2 kmol/h
46
7, 000
water: = 388.9 kmol/h
18
F = D +B
454.1 = D + B (4.39)
28
EtOH mole balance
zF F = xDD + xBB
(0.144)(454.1) = (0.61) D + (0.02) B
(4.40)
Solving Eqs. 4.39 and 4.40 simultaneously for
D and B yields
D = 95.3 kmol/h
B = 358.8 kmol/h
æL ö
It is given that the reflux ratio ççç o ÷÷÷ is 3.0
çè D ÷ø
Thus,
æL ö
Lo = ççç o ÷÷÷ ´ D (4.41)
çè D ÷ø
Lo = (3.0)(95.3)
Lo = 285.9 kmol/h
29
Since the CMO technique is employed (Eq.
4.21),
Lo » L1 » ...Lf -1 = L = 285.9 kmol/h
Accordingly,
L 285.9
(for the rectifying section) =
V 381.2
= 0.75
30
Consider the feed stage (i.e. the 2nd stage)
Thus,
L2 = L1 + F (4.43)
L2 = 285.9 + 454.1 = 740.0 kmol/h
31
Again, by applying the CMO technique, the
flow rate of the vapour phase below the feed
stage is constant: i.e. (Eq. 4.24)
V2 = V3 » V4 » ...VN +1 = V = 381.2 kmol/h
Hence,
L 740.0
(for the stripping section) =
V 381.2
= 1.94
32
Since the operating pressure is at 1 atm, we
can use the following equilibrium data (curve)
for the EtOH-water mixture (note that this is an
x-y plot for EtOH)
1.0
0.8
0.6
yEtOH
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
xEtOH
33
Since the equilibrium is assumed, the mole
fractions of the liquid phase (x n ) and the vapour
as follows
y2 = éê(0.75)(0.40)ùú + éê(1 - 0.75)(0.61)ùú = 0.45
ë û ë û
34
Once again, as x 2 is in equilibrium with y2 ,
the value of x 2 can be read from the equilibrium
curve when y2 is known
35
must be used as follows
y 3 = éê(1.94)(0.11)ùú - éê(1.94 - 1)(0.02)ùú
ë û ë û
y 3 = 0.195 » 0.20
L æ L ö÷
in which ç
º slope and ç1 - ÷÷ x D º
V çè V ÷ø
Y-intercept
37
Figure 4.7: The top operating line
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
Y-intercept
38
Figure 4.8: The bottom operating line
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
40
5) Repeat 1) – 4), as illustrated in Figure
4.9, until we reach the feed stage
41
Figure 4.9: An illustration of the use of McCabe-
Thiele technique to solve the distillation problems
for the rectifying/enriching section
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
42
Figure 4.10: An illustration of the use of McCabe-Thiele
technique to solve the distillation problems for the whole
column (note that, in this Figure, the feed stage is stage
2 from the top)
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
45
To draw the top and bottom operating lines,
L L
it requires and , respectively, as the slopes
V V
Since
V = L +D (4.44)
46
Thus,
L L
=
V L +D
which can be re-arranged to
L
L D
= (4.45)
V L
+1
D
L
where = reflux ratio
D
L
For the value of , which is used for draw-
V
ing the bottom operating line, since the boil-up
æV ö
ratio çç ÷÷÷ is practically NOT specified, we cannot
çè B ÷ø
L
calculate the value of in the same manner that
V
L
we do for
V
47
L
In order to obtain the value of , the feed
V
quality:
L - L H - hF
q= » (4.36b)
F H -h
is employed
49
L
L D
(z F - x B ) + q (x D - x B )
=
V L
D
(z F - x B ) + q (x D - x B ) - (x D - z F )
(4.50)
51
Substituting the external balance equation
for a more volatile species or Eq. 3.5:
z F F = Bx B + Dx D (3.5)
into Eq. 4.55 yields
y (V -V ) = (L - L ) x - z F F (4.56)
53
V +VF = V (4.59a)
or
V -V = VF (4.59b)
54
VF
=f (4.62)
F
LF
= 1- f (4.63)
F
we obtain
1- f 1
y =- x + zF (4.64)
f f
Alternatively, as
F = LF +VF (4.65)
by dividing Eq. 4.65 with F we obtain
F LF VF
= +
F F F
LF VF
+ =1 (4.66a)
F F
or
q +f =1 (4.66b)
55
Accordingly,
VF
q = 1- f = 1- (4.67)
F
or
VF LF
= 1-q = 1- (4.68)
F F
q 1
y =- x+ zF (4.69)
1-q 1-q
in Chapter 2, respectively
Eq. 4.69:
q 1
y =- x+ zF (4.69)
1-q 1-q
is commonly called the “feed line” equation
(although Eq. 4.64 is equivalent to this equation,
the feed-line equation is commonly written in the
form of Eq. 4.69)
57
Let’s consider Eq. 4.36b:
L - L H - hF
q= » (4.36b)
F H -h
once again
q q (1) 1
- = = = =¥
1 - q q - 1 (1) - 1 0
q q ( 0)
- = = =0
1 - q q - 1 ( 0) - 1
59
The feed line for other conditions of the feed,
which include
a saturated liquid-vapour mixture
(0 < q < 1)
a superheated vapour (q < 0)
60
Note that for a superheated vapour and a
compressed liquid, the slopes are positive
æL ö
For the first case, when the reflux ratio ççç o ÷÷÷
çè D ÷ø
is varied, L and L are also varied, while the
feed is fixed, which means that the feed line is
fixed, it results in the changes in the slopes of
61
the top operating line
the bottom operating line
during the operation of the distillation column
as illustrated in Figure 4.15
Figure 4.15: The top & bottom operating lines and the
feed line for the operation that the feed condition is fixed,
while the reflux ratio is varied
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
62
For the second case, when the distillation
column is operated in the manner that the reflux
ratio is fixed, while the operating condition is
varied, the top operating line is constant, while
the feed line and the bottom operating line are
varied, as illustrated in Figure 4.16
Figure 4.16: The top & bottom operating lines and the
feed line for the operation that the reflux ratio is fixed,
while the feed condition is varied
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
63
In either operating condition, it should be em-
phasised once again that the optimal feed stage
(which yields the minimum number of stages) is
the stage in covers the intersection of the top
and bottom operating lines
(
top and bottom operating lines be x I , yI )
64
y f -1 < yI < y f
and
x f < x I < x f -1
as illustrated in Figure 4.17
65
By employing the facts that, at the intersec-
tion of the top and bottom operating lines,
y top op = y bot op (4.53)
and
x top op = x bot op (4.54)
the values of x I and yI can be solved mathema-
tically, and the solutions are
æ L ö÷
- (q - 1)ç1 - ÷÷ x D - z F
ç
çè V ÷ø
xI = (4.71)
æ L ö
(q - 1)çççè1 - V ÷÷÷÷ø - q
and
qx D
zF +
(L / D )
yI = (4.72)
q
1+
(L / D )
66
æ q q ö÷
ç
Example Calculate the slope ç- = ÷÷
çè 1 - q q - 1÷ø
67
a)
It is given that 80% of the feed is vaporised
when it enters the column, which can be written
as follows
VF = 0.8F
68
The slope of the feed line can, then, be calcu-
lated as follows
q 0.2
Slope of the feed line = = = -0.25
q - 1 0.2 - 1
b)
Since the feed is a “superheated vapour” (i.e.
it is hotter than a “saturated vapour”), some
amount of liquid that flows down from rectifying
section (with the flow rate of L ) is boiled and
vaporised, and the amount of liquid vaporised is
69
L - L = (amount of liquid vaporised: lv )
(4.73a)
or
L - L = - (amount of liquid vaporised, lv )
(4.73b)
Accordingly,
1
L -L = - F
9
70
and, when combined with Eq. 4.36b, we obtain
the value of q as follows
1
- F
L -L 1
q= = 9 =-
F F 9
71
c)
In this case, the feed is a “sub-cooled” liquid
(i.e. it is cooler than a “saturated liquid”), when
it enters the column, it causes a condensation of
the vapour that flows up from the stripping sec-
tion (with the flow rate of V )
72
Hence, in total, the liquid flow rate below
the feed stage (L ) is
L = L + F + (amount of vapour condensed: c )
(4.73)
73
Qcondensation = cl (4.74)
where l is the latent heat of vaporisation/con-
densation
74
By employing the assumption that the dis-
tillation column is adiabatic, we obtain the fact
that
Qcondensation = Qheat up
cl = Fcp DT (4.76)
(30)(35)
c= F = 0.07F
(15, 000)
L = L + F + 0.07F
75
which can be re-arranged to
L - L = F + 0.07F = 1.07F
q (1.07)
Slope = = = 15.3
q - 1 (1.07 ) - 1
76
An illustration of the use of the graphical
McCabe-Thiele method is exemplified in the
following Example
78
To solve this distillation problem, the follow-
ing standard procedure is to be carried out
1) Find equilibrium data for a given mixture
and pressure and then draw a y-x diagram
(normally for a more volatile component:
MVC) – e.g., the y-x diagram of EtOH on
Page 33
2) Check if the CMO is valid
The easiest way is to check the latent
heat of vaporisation of each component
and determine that whether or not their
values are close to each other (normally
10% difference is acceptable)
In this Example, lEtOH = 9.2 kcal/mol
and lwater = 9.7 kcal/mol – close enough
( ~5-6%) to assume that CMO is valid
79
3) Locate the y1 = x D point (using the y = x
line)
L
4) Calculate the value of (for the enrich-
V
ing/rectifying section)
5) Draw the top operating line (in which the
L
values of or the Y-intercept of the top
V
operating line and x D are required)
6) Calculate/determine the value of q
7) Draw the feed line (note that, in some
textbooks, this line is called the “q” line)
8) Draw the bottom operating line
9) Step off the stages [either bottom up–i.e.
from the re-boiler (x B ) or top down–i.e.
from the condenser (x D )]
80
It is given, in the problem statement, that
x D = 0.80 (80 mol% EtOH)
L
The value of can be computed using Eq.
V
æL L ö÷
ç
4.45, as the value of reflux ratio çç o
or ÷÷ is
çè D D ÷ø
given, as follows
L 5
L D 5
3
= = =
V L 5 8
+1 +1
D 3
81
L
As is the slope of the top operating line,
V
æL ö
with this slope çç ÷÷÷ and the value of x D , the top
çèV ÷ø
In this Example,
æ L ÷ö æ 5 ö÷
Y-intercept = ç1 - ÷÷ x D = ç1 - ÷÷ (0.80) = 0.30
ç ç
çè V ÷ø çè 8 ÷ø
82
From this Y-intercept (y = 0.30) along with
the point on the y = x line where y1 = x D = 0.80 ,
the top operating line can also be drawn
æ q ö
Thus, the slope of the feed line ççi.e. ÷÷
çè q - 1÷÷ø
can be calculated as follows
q q 1.13
Slope = - = = = 8.7
1 - q q - 1 1.13 - 1
84
Accordingly, one point of the bottom opera-
ting line is now located (or fixed) – i.e. at the
intersection of the top and the feed lines
85
on the same co-ordinate (i.e. the McCabe-Thiele
diagram), as illustrated in Figure 4.18
86
we obtain the following answers:
the number of equilibrium stages required
the optimal feed stage/location
In this Example,
the total number of equilibrium stages
= 12 + a re-boiler = 13 stages
the optimal feed stage/location = stage
1 or 2 (from the re-boiler)
87
4.4 Profiles for Binary Distillation
Since
x water = 1 - x EtOH
and
y water = 1 - y EtOH
the value of x water and y water of each stage can
also be obtained
88
Therefore, the concentration profiles for the
vapour phase (yi of both EtOH and water) and
the liquid phase (x i of both EtOH and water)
can be plotted and depicted in Figure 4.19
89
The temperature profile of the distillation
column, also shown in Figure 4.19, is obtained
when the values of x i and yi of each species for
each stage are known
90
100
95
90
T ( C)
Tx
o
Ty
85
80
75
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
xEtOH or yEtOH
91
The values of L , V , L , and V can be ob-
tained by performing the material balances, as
described and exemplified previously
92
4.5 Open Steam Heating
93
Example The feed is 60 mol% MeOH and 40%
water and is input as a 2-phase mixture that
VF
flashes at 1 atm such that = 0.3
F
The feed flow rate is 350 kmol/h. The column
is well insulated and has a total condenser
The reflux is returned to the column as a
saturated liquid, and the external reflux ratio
æL ö
çç ÷÷ is 3.0
çè D ÷÷ø
94
To check if the CMO is valid for this Exam-
ple, we consider the latent heat of vaporisation
of both components, which are as follows
lMeOH = 8.4 kcal/mol
lwater = 9.7 kcal/mol
95
Figure 4.20: A distillation column with the use
of the open steam heating in liu of the re-boiler
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
æL ö
From the given reflux ratio çç ÷÷÷ , the value of
çè D ÷ø
L
can be calculated, using Eq. 4.45 as follows
V
96
L
L D 3.0
= = = 0.75
V L 3.0 + 1
+1
D
Y-intercept = 0.24
97
Hence, the slope of the feed line is
q 0.7
Slope = = = -2.33
q - 1 0.7 - 1
98
Eventually, the McCabe-Thiele diagram can
be drawn as shown in Figure 4.21
101
Consider Figure 4.22, which illustrates the
distillation column with 2 feed streams (F1 and
F2 ) and 3 output streams [distillate (D ), bottom
102
Figure 4.22: The distillation column with 2 feed
streams and an additional side-stream exit stream
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
103
1) Draw a flow chart, in which all known
variables are labelled
2) Establish the equilibrium data (in the
form of either data points or equation)
and draw/plot the equilibrium x-y dia-
gram (curve)
3) Check if the CMO is valid (by checking
the latent heat of vaporisation of each
component)
4) For each section (either enriching or
stripping section),
a. locate a material balance envelope –
keep in mind that the fewer the
streams/unknowns involved, the
easier the material balances would
be
104
b. establish the overall and species ba-
lance equations
c. write the operating equations by cal-
culating all known slopes, intercepts,
and intersections (mainly the inter-
sections with the y = x line), and
then draw the operating line for each
section
5) Develop the feed equations: calculate q
values, slopes, and y = x intersections,
and then draw the feed line for each
feed stream
6) For the operating and feed lines,
a. try to plot as many operating and
feed lines as possible
105
b. if necessary, perform external mate-
rial and energy balances (to obtain,
e.g., the values of D and/or B)
7) When all (or almost all) lines are in
place (i.e. already drawn), step off the
stages (ลากขัน
้ บันได), and determine the
total number of stages and the optimal
feed location
106
Example Ethanol (EtOH) and water are to be
separated in a distillation column, operating 1
atm, with a total condenser and partial re-boiler
There are 2 feed streams:
Feed 1 is a saturated vapour and of the
flow rate of 200 kmol/h, with 30 mol%
EtOH
Feed 2 is a sub-cooled liquid, in which 1
mole of vapour must be condensed inside
the column in order to heat up 4 moles
of the feed to its boiling point; the flow
rate of Feed 2 is 300 kmol/h, with 40
mol% EtOH
The desired products are the distillate and the
bottom with 72 and 2 mol% EtOH, respectively
The external reflux ratio is 1.0
107
If all the feeds are to be input at their opti-
mal locations, find the total number of stages
and the optimal feed stages
108
Figure 4.23: The distillation column with two
feed streams
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
L
The value of can be computed from the
V
æL ö
given value of the reflux ratio çç ÷÷÷ as follows
çè D ÷ø
109
L
L D 1.0
= = = 0.5
V L 1.0 + 1
+1
D
L
With the slope of = 0.5 and Y-intercept of
V
0.36, the top operating line can be drawn
110
Normally, the other point is the intersection
of the operating line and the y = x line
111
between the top and the middle sections (the
balance envelope can be seen as the larger enve-
lope of the top section in Figure 4.23) as follows
Overall balance
F2 +V ¢ = L ¢ + D (4.78)
EtOH balance
z F F2 + yV ¢ = xL ¢ + x D D (4.79)
2
112
Re-arranging Eq. 4.79 gives
y=
L¢
x+
(
x D D - z F F2
2
) (4.80)
V¢ V¢
113
L V
Feed, F2 c
L V
L + F2 + c = L ¢ (4.82)
5
Substituting L ¢ - L = F2 into Eq. 4.83 yields
4
115
5
F2
qF = 4 = 1.25
2
F2
0.4
116
as follows
L ¢ = L + qF F2 (4.84)
2
117
z F F1 + z F F2 = x D D + x B B
1 2
D = 242.9 kmol/h
L = 242.9 kmol/h
118
as follows
L ¢ = (242.9) + éê(1.25)(300)ùú = 617.9 kmol/h
ë û
L¢
Accordingly, the value of or the slope of
V¢
the middle operating line (Eq. 4.80) is
L¢ 617.9
= = 1.10
V ¢ 560.8
é x D -z F
ê D
Additionally, the Y-intercept ê
F2 2 ( ) ù
ú
ú
ê V¢ ú
êë úû
of Eq. 4.80 can be computed as follows
(x D
D - z F F2
2
) = {éêë(0.72)(242.9)ùúû - éêë(0.4)(300)ùúû}
V¢ (560.8)
Y-intercept (middle op. line) = 0.098
120
With the slope and Y-intercept, the middle
operating line can be drawn
121
To draw the feed line for Feed 1 is rather
straightforward
123
From Figure 4.25, the number of stages is
found be 6.5 stages or 5.5 stages + 1 re-boiler,
and the optimal locations are
stage 1 (above the re-boiler) for Feed 1
stage 2 (above the re-boiler) for Feed 2
125
Partial Condenser
yD
y1
xo
x1
Thus,
the concentration of the distillate (yD ) is
no longer equal to the concentration of
the reflux (xo ), but x o can be read from
the equilibrium curve when yD is known
the partial condenser is considered an ad-
ditional equilibrium stage
126
4.7.2 Total Re-boiler
The re-boiler commonly used in the distilla-
tion operation is a partial re-boiler, in which
only a fraction of liquid flowing out of the last
stage of the distillation column is vaporised (see
Figure 4.4 on Page 9)
128
Since all the liquid flowing into the re-boiler
is vaporised and there is no reaction at the re-
boiler, the concentration of the vapour coming
out of the re-boiler is equal to that of the liquid
flowing in
129
4.7.3 Side streams or withdrawal lines
As mentioned earlier, in the real distillation
operation, there are more than the distillate (D )
and the bottom (B ); there are also additional
output streams, which are commonly called “side
streams” and “withdrawal lines”
132
Note that the middle operating line crosses
the y = x line at the point where
xDD + xS S
y =x = (4.90)
D +S
133
4.7.4 Intermediate re-boiler and intermediate
condenser
134
Figure 4.29: A distillation column with the
intermediate re-boiler
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
135
As x S > x B (do you know why?), it is easier
for this liquid side stream to be vaporised; thus,
the heat requirement (or the heating load) is
lower than that of the bottom re-boiler
137
4.7.5 Stripping and enriching columns
A stripping column is a distillation column
that has only a re-boiler with the feed fed into
the column from the top
138
Figure 4.30 depicts the stripping (A) and en-
riching (B) columns
139
Hence, the main purpose of using the strip-
ping column is to obtain the bottom with as high
concentration of a less volatile component as
possible
140
The top operating line equation:
y = yD
The bottom operating line equation:
L æL ö
y = x - çç - 1÷÷÷ x B (4.88)
V çèV ÷ø
141
Figure 4.31: The operating lines for a stripping
column
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
y =x
144
Figure 4.32: The total reflux distillation
condition
(from “Separation Process Engineering” by Wankat, 2007)
147
æL ö
The slope çç ÷÷÷ of the top operating line in
çèV ÷ø
æL ö æL ö
Once çç ÷÷÷ is obtained, the value of çç ÷÷÷
çèV ÷ø çè D ÷ø
min min
æL ö
çç ÷÷
æL ö çèV ÷÷ø
çç ÷÷ = min
(4.91)
çè D ÷÷ø æL ö
min
1 - çç ÷÷÷
çèV ÷ø
min
æL ö
The minimum reflux ratio or çç ÷÷÷ is used
çè D ÷ø
min
4.9 Efficiencies
151
By considering both Eqs. 4.93 and 4.94, the
concept of the Murphree efficiency is similar to
that of the overall efficiency, but it consider the
efficiency in each phase (i.e. either liquid or va-
pour phase) separately
152