Autonomic Nervous System

1
Compared to the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system secretes
A) acetylcholine only.
B) norepinephrine only.
C) acetylcholine or norepinephrine.
D) acetylcholine or dopamine.

2
Compared to the autonomic nervous system, receptors of the somatic nervous system include
A) nicotinic cholinergic receptors only.
B) muscarinic cholinergic receptors only.
C) nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors.
D) cholinergic and nicotinic receptors.

3
Compared to the somatic nervous system, which of the following describes the neuron arrangement from the central
nervous system (CNS) to the effector in the autonomic nervous system?
A) one motor neuron extending from the CNS to the effector
B) two motor neurons in series
C) three motor neurons in series
D) four motor neurons in series

4
The sympathetic division is also referred to as the _______________ division.
A) afferent
B) craniosacral
C) somatic
D) thoracolumbar

5
The parasympathetic division is also referred to as the _______________ division.
A) afferent
B) craniosacral
C) somatic
D) thoracolumbar

6
Nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in which of the following segments
of the central nervous system?
A) brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
B) cervical and thoracic regions of the spinal cord
C) lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord
D) thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

7
Nerve fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system originate in which of the following
segments of the central nervous system?
A) brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord
B) cervical and thoracic regions of the spinal cord
C) lumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord
D) thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord
8
Which of the following cranial nerves contain parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that innervate organs of the
thorax and upper abdomen?
A) facial
B) glossopharyngeal
C) oculomotor
D) vagus

9
Where do the parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers that send signals to organs within the pelvic cavity originate?
A) brainstem
B) cervical region of the spinal cord
C) sacral region of the spinal cord
D) thoracic region of the spinal cord

10
Which of the following ganglia are associated with the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
A) collateral
B) paravertebral
C) sympathetic
D) terminal

11
Sympathetic preganglionic axons originate from neurons in the _______________ of the spinal cord.
A) anterior horns
B) lateral funiculi
C) lateral horns
D) posterior horns

12
After traveling a short distance in a spinal nerve, sympathetic preganglionic axons exit the spinal nerve in a
A) gray ramus.
B) pelvic nerve.
C) sympathetic chain.
D) white ramus communicans.

13
Which of the following indicates the correct path sympathetic nerve fibers take when leaving the spinal cord before
returning to a spinal nerve on their way to stimulate arrector pili muscles and sweat glands in the skin?
1. white ramus
2. paravertebral ganglion
3. spinal nerve
4. ventral root
5. gray ramus
A) 3-4-1-2-5
B) 3-4-5-2-1
C) 4-3-1-2-5
D) 4-3-5-2-1

14
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons in pathways leading to effectors in the head occur in each of the following cranial
nerves EXCEPT the
 A) facial nerves.
B) glossopharyngeal nerves.
C) oculomotor nerves.
D) vagus nerves.

15
Which of the following types of ganglia occur in chains on either side of the vertebral column?
A) collateral ganglia
B) paravertebral ganglia
C) prevertebral ganglia
D) terminal ganglia

16
Nerve fibers of the _______________ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the brainstem and the sacral
region of the spinal cord.
A) parasympathetic
B) somatic
C) sympathetic
D) thoracolumbar

17
Which of the following is true about the nerve fibers of sympathetic neurons?
A) Preganglionic fibers originate in the brainstem.
B) Preganglionic fibers originate in the sacral region of the spinal cord.
C) Preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord in the ventral roots of spinal nerves.
D) Preganglionic fibers secrete the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

18
Which division of the autonomic nervous system contains preganglionic axons that originate in the brainstem and sacral
region of the spinal cord?
A) parasympathetic
B) somatic
C) sympathetic
D) thoracolumbar

19
All of the following are true about the autonomic sympathetic nervous system EXCEPT
A) preganglionic fibers synapse within paravertebral or collateral ganglia.
B) preganglionic fibers begin in the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord.
C) postganglionic nerve fibers return to spinal nerves by way of gray rami before extending to effectors.
D) preganglionic nerve fibers enter paravertebral ganglia after passing thorough white rami.

20
The parasympathetic fibers that control the secretion of saliva, tears and nasal secretions are conveyed in the
A) facial nerves.
B) glossopharyngeal nerves.
C) oculomotor nerves.
D) vagus nerves.

21
Parasympathetic fibers that innervate organs in the abdominopelvic cavity are conveyed in the _______________ nerve
or arise from spinal nerves in the ______________ region.
A) glossopharyngeal; sacral
 B) glossopharyngeal; thoracic
C) vagus; sacral
D) vagus; thoracic

22
Parasympathetic ganglia are located near the _______________ and are called ______________.
A) spinal cord; collateral ganglia.
B) spinal cord; paravertebral ganglia.
C) target organs; collateral ganglia.
D) target organs; terminal ganglia.

23
The facial nerves include parasympathetic fibers that regulate
A) contraction of arrector pili muscles.
B) constriction of the pupils.
C) secretion of saliva, tears and nasal secretions.
D) secretion of sweat by sweat glands.

24
Parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerves form each of the following autonomic plexuses EXCEPT the
A) cardiac.
B) esophageal.
C) inferior hypogastric.
D) pulmonary.

25
Which of the following autonomic plexuses is formed by parasympathetic fibers that arise from spinal nerves S2 to S4?
A) cardiac
B) esophageal
C) inferior hypogastric
D) pulmonary

26
Parasympathetic axons exit the brainstem in all of the following cranial nerves EXCEPT which of the following?
A) facial(VII)
B) hypoglossal(XII)
C) oculomotor(III)
D) vagus(X)

27
Sympathetic splanchnic nerves
A) carry sympathetic preganglionic axons to the adrenal medullae.
B) carry sympathetic preganglionic axons into a spinal nerve.
C) carry preganglionic sympathetic axons to collateral ganglia after they pass through the sympathetic
chain ganglia without synapsing.
D) carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers from sympathetic chain ganglia to effector organs.

28
Sympathetic axons leave the sympathetic chain ganglia in all of the following EXCEPT
A) cranial nerves.
B) spinal nerves.
C) splanchnic nerves.
D) sympathetic nerves.
29
Which of the following is NOT a collateral ganglion of the sympathetic division?
A) celiac ganglion
B) inferior mesenteric ganglion
C) submandibular ganglion
D) superior mesenteric ganglion

30
Which of the following is a terminal ganglion of the parasympathetic division?
A) ciliary ganglion
B) celiac ganglion
C) inferior mesenteric ganglion
D) superior mesenteric ganglion

31
The axons of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division synapse within _______________ ganglia.
A) collateral
B) paravertebral
C) sympathetic chain
D) terminal

32
Nicotinic receptors occur in the membranes of which of the following?
A) postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons
B) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons and parasympathetic effectors
C) postganglionic sympathetic neurons and sympathetic effectors
D) parasympathetic and sympathetic effectors

33
Which of the following are NOT exclusively cholinergic neurons?
A) parasympathetic preganglionic
B) parasympathetic postganglionic
C) sympathetic preganglionic
D) sympathetic postganglionic

34
Which of the following are usually adrenergic neurons?
A) parasympathetic preganglionic
B) parasympathetic postganglionic
C) sympathetic preganglionic
D) sympathetic postganglionic

35
Nicotinic receptors in the autonomic nervous system are located in the membranes of
A) preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division.
B) effector cells innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
C) effector cells innervated by postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.
D) postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

36
Which of the following receptors occur in the membranes of target cells of sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
A) alpha and beta adrenergic
 B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) nicotinic cholinergic
D) alpha or beta adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic

37
Which of the following receptors occur in the membranes of target cells of parasympathetic postganglionic neurons?
A) alpha and beta adrenergic
B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) nicotinic cholinergic
D) alpha or beta adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic

38
Which of these receptors occur in the membranes of sympathetic postganglionic neurons?
A) alpha and beta adrenergic
B) muscarinic cholinergic
C) nicotinic cholinergic
D) alpha or beta adrenergic or muscarinic cholinergic

39
Acetylcholine is always the neurotransmitter released by each of the following EXCEPT
A) parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.
B) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
C) sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
D) sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

40
Norepinephrine is usually the neurotransmitter secreted by
A) parasympathetic preganglionic neurons.
B) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
C) sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
D) sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

41
What type of receptors occur in the membranes of the adrenal medulla cells that respond to sympathetic stimulation by
secreting the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine?
A) alpha adrenergic
B) beta adrenergic
C) muscarinic cholinergic
D) nicotinic cholinergic

42
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors occur in each of the following locations except the membranes of
A) parasympathetic effector cells.
B) postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
C) postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
D) skeletal muscle fibers.

43
The neurotransmitter acetylcholine binds to
A) alpha receptors.
B) beta receptors.
C) alpha and beta receptors.
D) nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
44
Which effectors would be stimulated after consumption of nicotine?
A) parasympathetic postganglionic neurons only
B) sympathetic postganglionic neurons only
C) both parasympathetic and sympathetic postganglionic neurons
D) neither parasympathetic neither/nor sympathetic postganglionic neurons

45
Because it selectively activates beta receptors, which of the following drugs is used to dilate bronchioles in respiratory
disorders such as asthma?
A) albuterol
B) atropine
C) phenylephrine
D) propranolol

46
Which of the following is a parasympathetic blocking agent used to dilate the pupils during an eye examination?
A) albuterol
B) atropine
C) phenylephrine
D) propranolol

47
Which of the following types of neurons is least likely to be cholinergic?
A) parasympathetic postganglionic
B) parasympathetic preganglionic
C) sympathetic postganglionic
D) sympathetic preganglionic

48
The binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors results in
A) an increase in heart rate.
B) an increase in intestinal motility.
C) contraction of skeletal muscles.
D) dilation of bronchioles in the lungs.

49
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT
A) contraction of the urinary bladder.
B) heart rate.
C) the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles.
D) the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs.

50
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system have antagonistic effects on which of the following?
A) contraction of the urinary bladder
B) gastrointestinal motility
C) sweating
D) the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles

51
_______________ stimulation leads to dilation of the pupils of the eyes and _______________ stimulation leads to
constriction of the pupils.
A) Increased parasympathetic; decreased parasympathetic
B) Increased sympathetic; decreased sympathetic
C) Parasympathetic; sympathetic
D) Sympathetic; parasympathetic

52
The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system have antagonistic effects on each of the following EXCEPT
A) the diameter of blood vessels in skeletal muscles.
B) the diameter of bronchioles in the lungs.
C) gastrointestinal peristalsis.
D) heart rate.

53
During stress the sympathetic division of the ANS would cause each of the following EXCEPT
A) bronchodilation
B) constriction of arteries to the gastrointestinal tract.
C) contraction of the urinary bladder.
D) dilation of arteries in skeletal muscles and the heart.

54
Which of the following is NOT a parasympathetic effect?
A) constriction of the pupils of the eyes
B) contraction of the urinary bladder
C) decreased heart rate
D) dilation of the bronchioles in the lungs

55
Which of the following is a sympathetic effect?
A) constriction of the pupils of the eyes
B) constriction of the bronchioles in the lungs
C) contraction of the urinary bladder
D) increased heart rate

56
The parasympathetic fibers that control the muscles involved in constriction of the pupils in response to a bright light
shined in eyes are conveyed in the
A) facial nerves.
B) glossopharyngeal nerves.
C) oculomotor nerves.
D) vagus nerves.

57
The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system normally controls target cells with ____ receptors.
A) nicotinic and muscarinic
B) all alpha and beta
C) alpha 1 and beta 1
D) alpha 2 and beta 2

58
Which of the following brain areas is the most important integrating center for autonomic nervous system functions?
A) hypothalamus
 B) midbrain
C) pons
D) thalamus

59
Each of the following areas of the central nervous system serves as an integrating center for autonomic nervous system
functions EXCEPT the
A) hypothalamus.
B) brainstem.
C) spinal cord.
D) thalamus.

60
All of the following are true about the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system EXCEPT which one?
A) Preganglionic fibers are relatively long.
B) Preganglionic fibers form synapses with postganglionic fibers in terminal ganglia.
C) Nerve fibers arise from the brainstem or sacral region of the spinal cord.
D) Each preganglionic neuron synapses with as many as 17 postganglionic neurons.

61
Which of the following is NOT true about the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
A) Fibers arise from spinal nerves in the thoracic and lumbar regions.
B) Preganglionic fibers are short.
C) Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons synapse in paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia.
D) Effects on target organs are specific and local.

62
Which of the following is NOT true about the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
A) Postganglionic fibers are unmyelinated.
B) Stimulation affects several organs at the same time resulting in generalized effects.
C) Preganglionic fibers are relatively long.
D) Preganglionic fibers from synapses with postganglionic neurons in terminal ganglia.

63
A decrease in blood pressure is detected by _______________ in the common carotid arteries and leads to a
_______________ reflex that stimulates an increase in the heart rate and force of contraction.
A) baroreceptors; parasympathetic
B) baroreceptors; sympathetic
C) nociceptors; parasympathetic
D) nociceptors; sympathetic

PART II

1
In the ANS, the preganglionic neurons synapse with postganglionic neurons in the
A) autonomic ganglia.
B) brain stem.
C) spinal cord.
D) dorsal root ganglia.
E) skeletal muscle cells.

2
The effector organs for the somatic motor nervous system are
 A) cardiac muscle.
B) smooth muscle.
C) glands.
D) skeletal muscle.
E) all of these

3
Which of these characteristics describe the somatic motor nervous system?
A) one neuron between CNS and skeletal muscle
B) effect can be excitatory or inhibitory
C) cell bodies in lateral part of the spinal cord
D) receptor molecules can be nicotinic or muscarinic
E) all of these

4
Which of the following characteristics apply to the ANS?
1. sometimes innervates skeletal muscle
2. two neurons between the CNS and effector organs
3. all neurons myelinated
4. neurotransmitters can be acetylcholine or norepinephrine
A) 1,2
B) 1,3
C) 1,4
D) 2,3
E) 2,4

5
Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the
A) dorsal horn of the spinal cord gray matter.
B) ventral horn of the spinal cord gray matter.
C) lateral horn of the spinal cord gray matter.
D) sympathetic chain ganglia.
E) collateral ganglia.

6
Given these characteristics:
1. sometimes called the thoracolumbar division
2. preganglionic cell bodies are located in cranial nerve nuclei or S2-S4 in the spinal cord
3. preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine
4. preganglionic neurons project to chain ganglia
5. postganglionic neurons release acetylcholine or norepinephrine
Choose the characteristics that apply to the sympathetic division of the ANS.
A) 1,2,3,4
B) 1,3,4,5
C) 2,3,4,5
D) 2,3,4
E) 3,4

7
Sympathetic preganglionic axons enter the chain ganglia through the
A) gray ramus communicans.
B) splanchnic nerve.
C) afferent neurons.
 D) postganglionic neuron.
E) white ramus communicans.

8
Sympathetic postganglionic axons may pass through a(n) __________ and reenter a spinal nerve.
A) gray ramus communicans
B) splanchnic nerve
C) afferent neurons
D) postganglionic neuron
E) white ramus communicans

9
Some sympathetic preganglionic axons do not synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia, but exit via _______ nerves to
synapse with postganglionic nerves in collateral ganglia.
A) spinal
B) splanchnic
C) sympathetic
D) parasympathetic
E) somatic motor

10
Some sympathetic preganglionic axons pass through the chain ganglia and a collateral ganglion before synapsing with
cells in the
A) adrenal medulla.
B) brain.
C) heart.
D) kidneys.
E) blood vessels.

11
Collateral ganglia are associated with which of these nerves?
A) spinal nerves
B) splanchnic nerves
C) sympathetic nerves

12
Which of these characteristics is correct for the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
A) preganglionic cell bodies in the brainstem and lateral parts of spinal cord gray matter (S2-S4)
B) chain ganglia and collateral ganglia present
C) many postganglionic neurons for each preganglionic neuron
D) short preganglionic neurons, long postganglionic neurons
E) all of these are correct

13
Which of these is NOT a collateral ganglion?
A) celiac ganglion
B) inferior mesenteric ganglion
C) external iliac ganglion
D) superior mesenteric ganglion

14
Sympathetic nerves innervate which of these structures?
A) smooth muscle in the esophagus and lungs
 B) sweat glands in the skin of the head and neck
C) smooth muscle in the blood vessels of the head, the salivary glands, and the eye
D) smooth muscle in the wall of the pancreas
E) all of these

15
Splanchnic nerves innervate
A) smooth muscle in blood vessels.
B) the abdominopelvic organs.
C) walls of organs and glands in the abdomen.
D) the pancreas, liver, and prostate gland.
E) all of these

16
Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic axons are located in the
A) facial nerve (VII).
B) glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
C) oculomotor nerve (III).
D) vagus nerve (X).

17
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons whose cell bodies are in the sacral region of the spinal cord travel through
__________ nerves that innervate the urinary bladder, lower colon, etc.
A) cranial
B) pelvic splanchnic
C) spinal
D) cranial splanchnic
E) sympathetic

18
About 80% of the cells in the adrenal medulla secrete
A) acetylcholine.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.

19
All preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are
A) adrenergic.
B) cholinergic.
C) myelinated.
D) unmyelinated.
E) both B and C.

20
Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division that innervate thermoregulatory sweat glands are
A) adrenergic.
B) cholinergic.

21
Most postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are
A) adrenergic.
B) cholinergic.
22
The membranes of all postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia and the membranes of skeletal muscle cells have
A) adrenergic receptors.
B) muscarinic receptors.
C) nicotinic receptors.

23
The membranes of effector cells that respond to acetylcholine released from autonomic postganglionic neurons have
A) adrenergic receptors.
B) muscarinic receptors.
C) nicotinic receptors.

24
When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors,
A) Na+ ion channels open.
B) G proteins are activated.
C) K+ channels open.
D) Cl- channels open.

25
When acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors,
A) Na+ ion channels open.
B) G proteins are activated.
C) K+ channels open.
D) Cl- channels open.

26
When acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors, the response is
A) always excitatory.
B) always inhibitory.
C) either excitatory or inhibitory.

27
When acetylcholine binds to muscarinic receptors, the response is
A) always excitatory.
B) always inhibitory.
C) either excitatory or inhibitory.

28
When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors,
A) Na+ ion channels open.
B) G proteins are activated.
C) K+ channels open.
D) Cl- channels open.

29
When norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors, the response is
A) always excitatory.
B) always inhibitory.
C) either excitatory or inhibitory.

30
When norepinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on the heart, the response is
 A) excitatory.
B) inhibitory.
C) either excitatory or inhibitory.

31
Epinephrine binds to
A) adrenergic receptors.
B) muscarinic receptors.
C) nicotinic receptors.

32
The effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the urinary bladder is to __________ the wall (detrusor) and __________
the internal urinary sphincter.
A) contract, contract
B) contract, relax
C) relax, contract
D) relax, relax

33
The effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the eye is to __________ the ciliary muscle and to __________ the pupil.
A) contract, constrict
B) contract, dilate
C) relax, constrict
D) relax, dilate

34
Which of these functions is NOT affected by parasympathetic stimulation?
A) secretion of tears
B) secretion of sweat
C) secretion of insulin from the pancreas
D) secretion of thin, watery, saliva
E) secretion of digestive glands

35
Which of these effects results from the stimulation of the parasympathetic division?
A) increased heart rate and force
B) increased blood flow to skeletal muscles
C) increased contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the digestive tract
D) increased glucose in the blood
E) contraction of arrector pili muscles

36
Given these parts of an autonomic reflex:
1. afferent neuron
2. association neuron
3. effector cell
4. efferent neuron
5. sensory receptor
Choose the correct order an action potential travels through them from a stimulus to the resulting action.
A) 1,2,3,4,5
B) 1,5,2,4,3
C) 2,1,3,4,5
D) 4,1,2,5,3
 E) 5,1,2,4,3

37
In the autonomic reflex that regulates blood pressure, the type of sensory receptors involved are
A) baroreceptors.
B) chemoreceptors.
C) nociceptors.
D) thermoreceptors.

38
Which of these structures is innervated almost entirely by the sympathetic division?
A) heart
B) gastrointestinal tract
C) urinary bladder
D) blood vessels
E) reproductive organs

39
The parasympathetic division
A) decreases blood flow to the skin.
B) mediates many reflexes that regulate the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
C) is responsible for the fight or flight response.
D) causes an increase in metabolism.
E) all of these

40
The enteric nervous system is found within the wall of the ________.
A) bladder
B) digestive system
C) heart
D) reproductive system