Direc0ves,
Living
wills,
Euthanasia,
Withdrawing
and
with
holding
treatment,
Assisted
suicide
3. Bioethical
concerns
related
to
sustaining
Quality
of
Life
–
Organ
and
0ssue
Transplanta0on,
Gene0c
engineering,
human
cloning
Apa
Itu
Hidup?
• Kita
memakai
kata
“hidup”
untuk
– Kucing
ini
“hidup”
– Komputer
ini
“hidup”
• Sama-‐sama
“hidup”
tetapi
ar0
dan
kriterianya
beda.
• Jadi
apa
definisi
hidup??
Apa
kriteria
hidup??
Definisi
hidup
• Hidup
adalah
komposisis
dari
ikatan
m i c r o e n v i r o n m e n t s
d a l a m
s u a t u
thermodynamic
disequilibrium
dengan
lingkungan
di
luarnya,
mampu
mengubah
energi
dan
lingkungannya
untuk
menjaga
k e a d a a n
l o w
e n t r o p y
d a n
m a m p u
menyandikan
dan
mentransmisikan
informasi.
-‐Dirk
Schulze-‐Makuch
dan
Louis
N
Irwin-‐
Kriteria
hidup
• Mengkonsumsi/mengubah
energi,
Bertumbuh,
Bereproduksi,
Beradaptasi
• Elektron
à
bisa
mengubah
energi
• Kristal
mineral
à
bisa
tumbuh
• Apa
ini
juga
makhluk
hidup???
Kriteria
hidup
• Terorganisasi
• Bereproduksi
• Tumbuh
dan
berkembang
• Menggunakan
energi
• Merespon
terhadap
lingkungannya
• Homeostasis
atau
stabil
• Beradaptasi
secara
evolu0f
Kapan
awal
kehidupan?
• Pertanyaan
tentang
kapan
manusia
hidup
adalah
pertanyaan
biologis
bukan
masalah
filosofis,
agama,
hukum
dsb
• The
ques0on
of
when
human
life
begins
is
one
of
considerable
ethical,
legal,
and
po-‐
li0cal
importance,
par0cularly
for
public
policy
debates
over
abor0on
and
embryonic
stem
cell
research.
Kapan
awal
kehidupan?
• Modern
science
indicates
that
the
beginning
of
life
occurs
someAme
aBer
the
ferAlizaAon
of
an
ovum
by
a
sperm
cell,
yet
ferAlizaAon
itself
is
surprisingly
difficult
to
define.
Fer0lisasi
• Fer0lisasi
mengubah
kodrat
dan
esensi
dari
ovum
dan
sperma.
• Menjadi
en0tas
yang
baru
dan
lain
dari
asal-‐usulnya.
• Memiliki
kebaharuaan
(update)
àgenom
berbeda-‐beda
Embrio
sebagai
persona
• Peter
singer
à
persona
ditentukan
oleh
kesadaran
akan
keberadaan
dirinya
dan
kemampuan
untuk
memiliki
rencana
bagi
masa
depannya.
• Jadi
status
persona
0dak
serta
merta
didapat
ke0ka
lahir.
(helga
Kushe
dan
Peter
singer)
Embrio
sebagai
persona
• Persona
à
ada
otak,
relasi,
otonomi,
komunikasi,
dll
• Embrio
àsemua
sudah
ada
tapi
belum
berfungsi.
• Persona
à
memiliki
hak
hidup
• Hak
untuk
hidup
ar0nya
hak
untuk
menjaga
hidupnya
à
sesuai
dengan
The
universal
declara0on
of
human
rights
ar0kel
25.1:
“Se0ap
orang
mempunyai
hak
untuk
standar
hidup
yang
memadai
bagi
kesehatan
dirinya
dan
keluarganya,
termasuk
makanan,
pakaian,
perumahan,
pelayanan
kesehatan
dan
pelayanan
sosial
yang
diperlukan.”
Bioethical
issues
related
to
Beginning
of
Life
a. Family
planning,
b. Abor0on,
c. Prenatal
tes0ng,
d. Steriliza0on,
e. Surrogate
mother
f. Ar0ficial
insemina0on,
g. Assisted
reproduc0ve
technology
FAMILY
PLANNING
Refers
to
the
various
methods
used
to
control
the
size
of
one’s
family
or
to
space
birth.
The
religious,
beliefs
and
personal
values
of
individuals
usually
influence
the
methods
and
approaches
used
FAMILY
PLANNING
Natural
Family
Planning
ArEficial
Family
Planning
• I t
i s
b a s e d
o n
f e r 0 l i t y
• involves
the
use
of
birth
control
awareness,
which
revolves
pills,
devices,
and
steriliza0on
around
tracking
a
woman's
surgeries.
r e p r o d u c 0 v e
c y c l e
t o
• Steriliza0on,
while
permanent,
determine
the
days
of
the
has
the
highest
rate
of
month
that
she
is
most
likely
to
effec0veness
in
pregnancy
conceive
and
avoiding
sex
preven0on
and
can
some0mes
during
these
0mes.
be
reversed.
• Does
not
have
the
health
side
• Birth
control
methods
such
as
effects
associated
with
ar0ficial
condoms
and
spermicide
can
forms
of
birth
control.
be
purchased
over
the
counter,
and
have
high
rates
of
effec0veness
when
used
properly.
PROBLEMS
OF
CONSENT
AND
FAMILY
PLANNING
§ In
legal
term
the
age
of
consent
is
the
age
at
which
one
is
capable
of
giving
deliberate
and
voluntary
agreement.
§ The
age
of
consent
is
established
state
by
state
and
varies
from
14
to
age
18
and
may
different
for
males
&females
Emancipated
minor
:
is
an
individual
legally
under
the
age
of
majority
,who
are
financially
independed
,married
or
in
the
military
,may
give
consent
for
medical
treatment
Mature
minor
:
is
generally
applied
to
individual
In
their
mid
to
late
teens
who
are
considered
mature
enough
to
understand
the
treatment
being
recommended
and
provide
informed
consent
FAMILY
PLANNING
• Walaupun
ada
peningkatan
pengakuan
dunia
internasional
terhadap
hak
perempuan
untuk
mengontrol
kesuburannya,
termasuk
mencegah
kehamilan
yang
0dak
diinginkan,
dokter
tetap
harus
menghadapi
masalah
sulit
seper0
permintaan
kontrasepsi
mulai
dari
yang
sederhana
dan
menjelaskan
resiko
dari
berbagai
metode
kontrasepsi
yang
berbeda.
ABORTION
• Aborsi
telah
lama
menjadi
salah
satu
masalah
dalam
e0ka
kedokteran
yang
paling
beraneka
ragam,
baik
bagi
dokter
maupun
pemegang
kebijakan
publik.
Statement
on
Therapeu0c
Abor0on
yang
dikeluarkan
oleh
WMA
menghargai
keberagaman
pendapat
mengenai
masalah
ini
dan
menyimpulkan
bahwa:
”Ini
merupakan
masalah
keyakinan
dan
ha0
nurani
pribadi
yang
harus
dipahami”
ABORTION
Is
the
termina0on
of
pregnancy
before
the
viability
of
the
fetus
that
is,
any
0me
before
the
end
of
the
sixth
month
of
gesta0on.
Fetal
Rights
• Fetal
Rights
are
the
legal
or
ethical
rights
of
fetuses.
The
term
is
used
most
oeen
in
the
context
of
the
abor0on
debate,
as
the
basis
for
an
argument
in
support
of
the
pro-‐life
stance.
Legisla0ve
measures
some0mes
seek
to
establish
the
right
to
life
of
the
fetus
from
the
moment
of
fer0liza0on.
Such
laws
regard
the
fetus
as
a
person
whose
legal
status
is
on
par
with
that
of
any
other
member
of
the
species
homo
sapiens
Abor0on:
Its
Bio-‐ethical
Issues
• The
two
most
obvious
ways
the
issue
has
been
framed
is
as
a
debate
between
those
who
are
pro-‐life
and
those
who
are
pro-‐choice.
•
Instead,
pro-‐lifers
are
perpetua0ng
abusive
patriarchal
structures
in
which
women
are
denied
a
right
to
be
their
own
decision-‐makers
about
what
they
want
to
do
with
their
body.
• Both
of
these
posi0ons
oeen
center
the
debate
on
the
status
of
the
fetus:
is
it
a
full-‐fledged
person
with
all
the
rights
and
dignity
we
accord
to
other
fully
grown
persons.
PRENATAL
GENETIC
SCREENING
• Sekarang
ini
ada
tes-‐tes
gene0k
untuk
melihat
apakah
embrio
atau
fetus
menderita
suatu
abnormalitas
gene0k
dan
untuk
melihat
apakah
laki-‐laki
atau
perempuan.
Tergantung
dari
penemuannya,
dapat
diambil
keputusan
apakah
terus
meneruskan
kehamilan
atau
0dak.
Dokter
harus
menentukan
kapan
dapat
menawarkan
tes
seper0
itu
dan
bagaimana
menjelaskan
hasilnya
kepada
pasien.
PRENATAL
TESTING
PRENATAL
TESTING
• Sonography,
Amniocentesis
and
CVS:
to
detect
gene0c
abnormali0es.
• Ethical
concern:
ü Govt.
may
make
amniocentesis
n
abor0on
of
all
defec0ve
fetuses
mandatory.
ü Couples
may
be
stressed
as
carrying
defec0ve
gene.
REPRODUKSI
BUATAN
• Bagi
pasangan
atau
pribadi
yang
0dak
bisa
menjadi
hamil
secara
alami
ada
berbagai
teknik
reproduksi
dengan
bantuan
sepr0
insemenasi
buatan
dengan
fer0lisasi
in
vitro
dan
transfer
embrio,
yang
mudah
didapat
di
pusat
kesehatan
utama.
Tidak
ada
satupun
teknik
yang
0dak
problema0k
baik
bagi
individu
maupun
bagi
kebijakan
publik.
ASSISTED
REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY
(ART)
• The
IVF
technology
is
a
boon
to
childless
couples.
• A
procedure
in
which
a
fine
catheter
(tube)
is
inserted
through
the
cervix
(the
natural
opening
of
the
uterus)
into
the
uterus
(the
womb)
to
deposit
a
sperm
sample
from
the
husband
or
from
a
donor.
• The
purpose
of
this
procedure
is
to
achieve
fer0liza0on
and
pregnancy.
• Ini0ally
this
technique
was
pioneered
by
Prof.
Robert
Winston
during
1970s
which
was
later
applied
by
P.
Steptoe
and
R.
Edwards
for
the
produc0on
of
first
test
tube
baby.
• The
first
IVF
baby
-‐
Louse
Joy
Brown,
who
was
born
on
July
25,
1978.
ArEficial
InseminaEon
AIH
(arEficial
inseminaEon
by
AID
(arEficial
inseminaEon
by
husband)
donor)
• AIH
is
also
known
as
• AID
is
also
called
homologous
insemina0on.
heterologous
insemina0on.
• A
procedure
in
which
a
fine
• A
procedure
in
which
a
fine
catheter
(tube)
is
inserted
catheter
(tube)
is
inserted
through
the
cervix
(the
through
the
cervix
(the
natural
opening
of
the
natural
opening
of
the
uterus)
into
the
uterus
(the
uterus)
into
the
uterus
(the
womb)
to
deposit
a
sperm
womb)
to
deposit
a
sperm
sample
from
the
woman's
sample
from
a
donor
other
mate
directly
into
the
than
the
woman's
mate
uterus.
directly
into
the
uterus.
Ethical
concerns
• Woman
may
have
mul0ple
births
as
several
fer0lized
ova
are
returned
to
uterus
to
ensure
that
at
least
one
will
survive.
• At
0mes
this
lead
to
abor0on
leading
to
financial
and
emo0onal
costs.
• What
to
be
done
with
fer0lized
ova
that
are
not
returned
to
the
uterus?
ü Donate,
freeze
(how
long)
or
thrown
away
(abor0on)?
SURROGATE
MOTHERS
• She
is
the
one
who
agrees
to
bear
a
child
conceived
through
ar0ficial
insemina0on
/
IVF
and
relinquish
the
baby
at
birth
to
others
for
rearing.
• A
formal,
contractual
rela0onship
is
usually
established
between
the
surrogate
&
the
contrac0ng
family.
ETHICAL
CONCERNS
• What
happens
if
the
child
is
born
with
an
anomaly
and
family
refuses
to
take
the
child?
• What
if
the
surrogate
becomes
alached
to
the
child
&
refuses
to
give
up
custody?
• What
happens
if
the
parents
divorce
before
the
child
is
born
&
wish
to
nullify
the
contract?
What
will
happen
to
the
child?
NEONATUS
DENGAN
KELAINAN
BERAT
NEONATUS
DENGAN
KELAINAN
BERAT
• Karena
prematuritas
ekstrim
atau
abnormalitas
kongenital,
beberapa
janin
mempunyai
prognosis
yang
buruk
untuk
dapat
bertahan.
Keputusan
yang
sulit
kadang
harus
diambil
apakah
mencoba
untuk
memperpanjang
hidup
ataukah
membiarkannya
meninggal.
PENELITIAN
• Ini
termasuk
produksi
embrio
baru
atau
penggunaan
’suku
cadang’
embrio
(yang
0dak
dimaksudkan
untuk
tujuan
reproduksi)
untuk
mendapatkan
stem
cell
yang
potensial
digunakan
dalam
aplikasi
terapi,
percobaan
teknik
baru
dalam
reproduksi
buatan,
dan
eksperimentasi
terhadap
janin.