UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM), SHAH ALAM

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Program : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) Mechanical (EM220)

Course : Applied Mechanics Lab (Dynamic Lab)
Code : MEC424
Lecturer : Ir Dr. Mohd Azmi Bin Yunus
Group : EMD4M4A

MEC424 - LABORATORY REPORT

Title :
Physical Pendulum – Wooden Pendulum

No Name Student ID Signature

1 Mohamad Zharif Rahizi Bin Ramli 2017976759
2 Muhammad Haziq Bin Zamri 2017748431
3 Mohammad Harris Bin Mohammad Nasir 2017932139
4 Mohamad Danial Bin Darjat 2017791593

LABORATORY SESSION : 03/10/2018

(DATE)

REPORT SUBMISSION : 17/10/2018

(DATE)
Marking Scheme

No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
1.0 Abstract

From the experiment that we have done, we found that there are some
differences between the values of IO and IG for both from experiment data and also
from theoretical formula calculation. We had discussed for the potential factor that
cause to the differences. We found that there cause of might be comes from how the
experiment happened.
The wooden pendulum oscillates non uniform motion especially when its
suspended at second point O2. Based on the experiment, it is found that the yield of IG
and IO from both suspension points is totally different although they share the same
value of mass of the wooden pendulum. The period is also different for the both point
set. After data was taken, we obtained the period of oscillation, T1 and T2 from those
two different suspension point. Hence, after getting T value, we then can measure the
value of IG and IO. The errors that occur are might due to several unwanted errors such
as disturbing from surrounding and human error. The time for 10 oscillations was taken
manually by using stopwatch. By the end of this experiment, we are able to calculate
the value of IG & IO by using the theory and we have meet the objective. As a
conclusion, we had done the experiment successfully.
2.0 Table Of Contents

No Page
1 Abstract 2
2 Table Of Contents 3
3 List Of Table 4
4 List Of Figures 5
5 Objective 6
6 Introduction 7
7 Theory 8-9
8 Experimental Procedure 10-13
9 Result 14-23
10 Discussion
I. Mohamad Zharif Rahizi Bin Ramli
II. Muhammad Haziq Bin Zamri
III. Mohammad Harris Bin Mohammad Nasir 24-28
IV. Mohamad Danial Bin Darjat

11 Conclusion
I. Mohamad Zharif Rahizi Bin Ramli
II. Muhammad Haziq Bin Zamri 29-33
III. Mohammad Harris Bin Mohammad Nasir
IV. Mohamad Danial Bin Darjat

12 References 34
13 Appendices 35
14 Teamwork Assessment Form 36-43
3.0 List Of Table

No. Table Page

Table 1 Results of time taken at point 1 14

Table 2 Results of time taken at point 2 14

4.0 List Of Figure

Figure 1 : Physical pendulum with extensive mass distribution. Page 8

Figure 2 : Apparatus. Page 10.

Figure 3 : Universal Vibration System Apparatus Set Up. Page 11

Figure 4 : Wooden pendulum. Page 11

Figure 5 : Vee support. Page 12

Figure 6 : Rod support. Page 12

Figure 7 : Stopwatch. Page 12

Figure 8 : Sketch of point 1 & point 2 page 13

5.0 Objective

At the end of the session, student should be able to: -

 Determine the Mass Moment of Inertia (IG & IO) by oscillation and manual calculation.
6.0 Introduction

The idea of a simple pendulum consists of a point mass hanging on a length of mass less
sting supported rigidly. A small weight hanging by a light string from a retort stand
approximates these conditions. If displaced slightly from equilibrium the mass will
perform simple harmonic oscillation. An extended solid object free to swing on an axis
is called a physical pendulum, whose period is now dependant on the mass moment of
inertia about the rotational axis and it distance from the centre of mass2.

A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so that it can swing freely. When
a pendulum is displaced from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoring
force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. When
released, the restoring force combined with the pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate
about the equilibrium position, swinging back and forth. The time for one complete
cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called the period. A pendulum swings with a
specific period which depends (mainly) on its length. From its discovery around 1602
by Galileo Galilei the regular motion of pendulums was used for timekeeping, and was
the world's most accurate timekeeping technology until the 1930s.[2] Pendulums are
used to regulate pendulum clocks, and are used in scientific instruments such as
accelerometers and seismometers. Historically they were used as gravimeters to
measure the acceleration of gravity in geophysical surveys, and even as a standard of
length. The word 'pendulum' is new Latin, from the Latin pendulus, meaning 'hanging'.

The simple gravity pendulum is an idealized mathematical model of a pendulum.

This is a weight (or bob) on the end of a massless cord suspended from a pivot, without
friction. When given an initial push, it will swing back and forth at a constant amplitude.
Real pendulums are subject to friction and air drag, so the amplitude of their swings
declines.
7.0 Theory
A physical pendulum is a pendulum where the pendulum mass is not
concentrated at one point. In reality all pendulums are physical, since it is not possible
to achieve the ideal concentration of mass at a single point.
An equilibrium moment is formed about the suspension point to establish the
equation of motion.
The pendulum is deflected about the angle, 𝜃. The component 𝐹 r= 𝑚 ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
of the force due to the weight applied with the lever arm, rG, at the center of gravity, G,
likewise attempts to return the pendulum to its initial position.

Figure 1 : Physical pendulum with extensive mass distribution.

Given the Mass Moment of Inertia (MMI), IO, about the suspension point, o, and this
result in:
𝐼 O ∙ 𝜃̈ = ∑ 𝑀
𝐼 O ∙ 𝜃̈ = − 𝑟G∙ 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃
Substitution, linearization and normalization then produce Equation of Motion for the
physical pendulum.
𝑟𝐺
𝜃̈ + 𝑚𝑔𝜃 = 0
𝐼𝑂
Calculation of the natural frequency and period of oscillation is analogous to the
mathematical pendulum.

𝑚𝑔 ∙ 𝑟𝐺
𝜔=√
𝐼𝑂

2𝜋 𝐼𝑂
𝑇= = 2𝜋 ∙ √
𝜔 𝑚𝑔 ∙ 𝑟𝐺
8.0 Experimental Procedure

I. Statement of location of experiment

This experiment was held in the Dynamic Laboratory (B2-A6-2) of Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam
Campus, Selangor.

II. Apparatus

Figure 2 : Apparatus

Compases Guide Vee support

roller

Wooden pendulum
Stopwatch Ruler
List of apparatus: Universal Vibration System Apparatus.
1. Wooden pendulum.
2. Vee support.
3. Ruler.
4. Stopwatch.
5. Rod support.

Figure 3 : Universal Vibration System Apparatus Set Up.

Figure 4 : Wooden pendulum.

Figure 5 : Vee support.

Figure 6 : Rod support.

Figure 7 : Stopwatch.
III. Procedure :

Figure 8 : Sketch of point 1 & point 2

1. Wooden pendulum is hanged by a steel pin at first suspension point, O1.

2. The pendulum is allowed to oscillate from left side to right side.
3. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 10 oscillations is recorded by stopwatch.
4. Steps 2 and 3 are repeated 3 times to obtain 3 readings in order to get the average time
taken for 10 oscillations.
5. Next, the pendulum is allowed to oscillate from right side to left side.
6. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 10 oscillations is recorded by stopwatch.
7. Steps 5 and 6 are repeated 3 times to obtain 3 readings in order to get the average time
taken for 10 oscillations.
8. The wooden is hanged by a steel pin at second suspension point, O2.
9. Step 2 to 7 is repeated for the second suspension point, O2.
10. Finally, the Mass Moment of Inertia (MMI), IG and IO are determined by using the equations
of Mathematical and Physical Pendulum.
11. The value obtained is compared with the value obtained from manual calculation.

gure 2 : Experiment instructors TM 160

9.0 Results & Calculation

Results:

1. Time taken for 10 oscillations.

a. At first suspension point, O1.

T1, s T2, s Tavg, s

From left side 14.33 14.21 14.27

From right side 14.16 14.13 14.15

Table 1: Results of time taken at point 1

b. At second suspension point, O2.

T1, s T2, s Tavg, s

From left side 14.10 14.50 14.30

From right side 14.25 14.35 14.30

Table 2: Results of time taken at point 2

2. Dimension of wooden pendulum.

a. At first suspension point, O1.

700 mm

b. At second suspension point, O2.

720 mm

c.

10 mm 80 mm

800 mm
24 mm

10 mm

450 mm
Sample Calculations:

1. Volume of each component.

a. Component 1.

𝑉1 = 0.08 × 0.01 × 0.8

= 6.4 × 10−4 𝑚3

b. Component 2.

𝑉2 = 0.01 × 0.01 × 0.45

= 4.5 × 10−5 𝑚3

c. Component 3.

𝑉3 = 𝜋(0.012)2 × 0.01

= 4.524 × 10−6 𝑚3

d. Total volume of the wooden pendulum.

𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 − 𝑉3
= 6.4 × 10−4 − 4.524 × 10−6 − 4.5 × 10−5
= 5.9 × 10−4 𝑚3

2. Total density of wooden pendulum.

 𝑚𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝜌𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚 =
𝑣𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑚
0.6 𝑘𝑔
=
5.9 × 10−4 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
= 1016.13 ⁄𝑚3

3. Mass of each component.

a. 𝑚1 = 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣1
= 1016.13 ∙ (6.4 × 10−4 )
= 0.65 𝑘𝑔
b. 𝑚2 = 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣2
= 1016.13 ∙ (4.5 × 10−5 )
= 45.73 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
c. 𝑚3 = 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣3
= 1016.13 ∙ (4.524 × 10−6 )
= 4.6 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔

4. Moment of Inertia about point O1 and point O2 (Theoretical Calculation)

a. Point O1.
Component Area, A (m2) 𝑦̅ (m) 𝑦̅ A (m3)
1 0.8 x 0.08 = 0.064 0.4 0.0256
2 0.45 x 0.01 = 4.5 x 10-3 0.275 1.238 x 10-3
3 𝜋 (0.012)2 = 4.524 x 10-4 0.762 3.45 x10-4
∑A = 0.0689 ∑𝑦̅ A = 0.0272

∑ 𝑦̅ A 0.0272
𝑦̅O1 = ∑𝐴
= 0.0689 = 0.395 𝑚
Component 1:

I1 = 1/12 m l² + m d²

= 1/12 (0.65)(0.8)2 + (0.6)(0.4 – 0.395)2

= 0.0347 kgm3

Component 2:

I2 = 1/12 m l² + m d²

= 1/12 (45.73 x10-3)(0.45)2 + (45.73 x10-3)(0.395-0.275)2

= 1.43 x 10-3 kgm3

Component 3:

I3 = 1/4 m r² + m d²

= 1/4 (4.6 x10-3)(0.012)2 + (4.6 x10-3)(0.762-0.395)2

= 6.2 x 10-4 kgm3

Total:

IG1 = I1 – I2 – I3

= 0.0347 – 1.43 X 10-3 – 6.2 X10-4

= 0.03265 kgm3

Io1 = IG1 + md2

= 0.03265 + (0.6)(0.395)

= 0.1092 kgm3
 b. Point O2.
Component Area, A (m2) 𝑦̅ (m) 𝑦̅ A (m3)
1 0.8 x 0.08 = 0.064 0.4 0.0256
2 0.45 x 0.01 = 4.5 x 10-3 0.525 2.3265 x 10-3
3 𝜋 (0.012)3 = 4,524 x 10-4 0.038 1.719 x10-5
∑A = 0.0689 ∑𝑦̅ A = 0.028

∑ 𝑦̅ A 0.028
𝑦̅O2 = ∑𝐴
= 0.0689 = 0.4061 𝑚

Component 1:

I1 = 1/12 m l² + m d²

= 1/12 (0.65)(0.8)2 + (0.65)(0.4061 – 0.4)2

= 0.0347 kgm3

Component 2:

I2 = 1/12 m l² + m d²

= 1/12 (45.73 x10-3)(0.45)2 + (45.73 x10-3)(0.525 – 0.4061)2

= 1.418 x 10-3 kgm3

Component 3:

I3 = 1/4 m r² + m d²

= 1/4 (4.6 x10-3)(0.012)2 + (4.6 x10-3)(0.4061-0.038)2

= 6.234 x 10-4 kgm3

Total:

IG2 = I1 – I2 – I3

= 0.0347 – 1.418 X 10-3 – 6.234 X10-4

= 0.03266 kgm3

Io2 = IG2 + md2

= 0.03266 + (0.6)(0.4061)

= 0.2763 kgm3
5. Moment of Inertia about point O1 and point O2 (Experimental Calculation)
a. O1
Tavg = 14.21 s

Therefore:

T1 oscilations = 14.21 / 10 =1.421 sec

L
T1 oscilations = 2π
g

L01 = g T1 oscilations

2π

= 9.81 1.421

2π

L01 = 0.5018 m

IG1 = m rG ( L01 - rG )

= 0.6(0.355) (0.5018 - 0.355)

= 0.0313kg m³

IO1 = IG1 + m rG²

= 0.0313 + 0.6 (0.355) ²

= 0.1069 kg m²
b. O2
Tavg = 14.30s

Therefore:

T1 oscilations = 13.98/ 10 =1.398 sec

L
T2 oscilations = 2π
g

L02 = g T2 oscilations

2π

= 9.81 1.398

2π

L02 = 0.4857 m

IG2 = m rG ( L02 - rG )

= 0.6(0.355) (0.4857 - 0.355)

= 0.0278 kg m³

I02 = IG02 + m rG²

= 0.0278 + 0.6 (0.355) ²

= 0.1034 kg m²
 6. Percentage Error.
For IO1, percentage of error % = (0.1092– 0.1069) x 100%
0.1092

= 2.11 %

For IG1, percentage of error % = (0.03265 – 0.0313) x 100%

0.03265

= 4.13 %

For I02, percentage of error % = (0.2763 – 0.1034) x 100%

0.2763

= 62.58 %

For IG2, percentage of error % = (0.03266 – 0.0278) x 100%

0.03266

= `14.88 %

Point Moment of Theoretical Value Experimental Value Percentage Error (%)

Inertia (kg m³) (kg m³)

IO1 0.1092 0.1069 2.11

O1

IG1 0.03265 0.0313 4.13

IO2 0.2763 0.1034 62.58

O2

IG2 0.03266 0.0278 14.88

DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
12 References

Books

I. J.L.Meriam, L.Glenn Kraige, and Jeffry N.Bolton. Dynamics. 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ:
Wiley, 2016.
II. Hibbeler, R.C., and Kai Beng. Yap. Engineering Mechanices. Harlow: Pearson
Education, 2017.
III. David H. Hutton, Applied Mechanical Vibrations (1981), McGraw-Hill Series,
London.

Internet

I. Pendulum, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum

II. Moment Of Inertia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment_of_inertia

III. Compound Pendulum, http://amrita.vlab.co.in/?sub=1&brch=280&sim=210&cnt=1

IV. The Pendulum, http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/pendulum.html

APPENDICES
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

Teamwork Assessment Form

Group : EMD4M4A

Name : Mohamad Zharif Rahizi Bin Ramli

Member’s Name
I. Muhammad Haziq Bin Zamri
II. Mohammad Harris Bin Mohammad Nasir
III. Mohamad Danial Bin Darjat

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria

Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team
I did my assigned work well and always on time
I was fair to my teammates and myself
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive
I was very committed and focused in my team
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work
 Total
Comment
Self :
Member 1 :

Member 2 :

Member 3 :

Member 4 :
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

Teamwork Assessment Form

Group : EMD4M4A

Name : Muhammad Haziq Bin Zamri

Member’s name :
I. Mohamad Zharif Rahizi Bin Ramli
II. Mohammad Harris Bin Mohammad Nasir
III. Mohamad Danial Bin Darjat

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria.
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team
I did my assigned work well and always on time
I was fair to my teammates and myself
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive
I was very committed and focused in my team
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work
 Total
Comment

Self :
Member 1 :

Member 2 :

Member 3 :

Member 4 :
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

Teamwork Assessment Form

Group : EMD4M4A

Name : Mohammad Harris Bin Mohammad Nasir

Member’s Name :
I. Mohamad Zharif Rahizi Bin Ramli
II. Muhammad Haziq Bin Zamri
III. Mohamad Danial Bin Darjat

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria.
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team
I did my assigned work well and always on time
I was fair to my teammates and myself
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive
I was very committed and focused in my team
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work
 Total
Comment
Self :

Member 1 :

Member 2 :

Member 3 :

Member 4 :
 FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM) SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

Teamwork Assessment Form

Group : EMD4M4A

Name : Mohamad Danial Bin Darjat

Member’s name :
I. Mohamad Zharif Rahizi Bin Ramli
II. Muhammad Haziq Bin Zamri
III. Mohammad Harris Bin Mohammad Nasir

Scale 1 2 3 4 5
Level Poor Acceptable Excellent

You will rate yourself and your team’s member on the following criteria.
Earned Assessment
Element Members
Self
1 2 3 4
I was ready to work with my team
I did my assigned work well and always on time
I was fair to my teammates and myself
I listened to others appreciatively and was supportive
I was very committed and focused in my team
I put extra efforts to finish or accomplish our task
I encouraged others in my team and was helpful
I managed and coordinated team efforts effectively
I was able to lead discussions and provide solutions
Overall, I was very satisfied and enjoyed my work
 Total
Comment
Self :

Member 1 :

Member 2 :

Member 3 :

Member 4 :