Krav Maga

Krav Maga (/krɑːv məˈɡɑː/; Hebrew: ‫ˈ[ ְק ַרב מַ גָּע‬kʁav maˈɡa], lit. "contact-
Krav Maga
combat") is a military self-defence and fighting system developed for the Israel
Defense Forces (IDF) and Israeli security forces[1][2] that derived from a
‫קרב מגע‬
combination of techniques sourced from boxing, wrestling, Aikido, judo, and karate,
along with realistic fight training.[3][4]

Krav Maga is known for its focus on real-world situations and its extreme
efficiency.[5] It was derived from the street-fighting experience of Hungarian-Israeli
martial artist Imi Lichtenfeld, who made use of his training as a boxer and wrestler
while defending the Jewish quarter against fascist groups in Bratislava,
Czechoslovakia, during the mid-to-late 1930s.[6] In the late 1940s, following his
migration to Israel, he began to provide lessons on combat training to what was to
Krav Maga lesson at a paratrooper
become the IDF.
school in Israel, 1955
Focus Hybrid
From the outset, the original concept of Krav Maga was to take the most simple and
Country of Israel
practical techniques of other fighting styles (originally European boxing, wrestling,
[7] origin
and street fighting) and to make them rapidly teachable to military conscripts.
Creator Imi Lichtenfeld
Krav Maga has a philosophy emphasizing aggression,[8] and simultaneous defensive
Parenthood Boxing, Wrestling,
and offensive maneuvers.[9] Krav Maga has been used by the Israel Defense Forces'
Aikido, Judo, Karate &
special forces units, the security apparatus, and by regular infantry units.[10] Closely
KAPAP
related variations have been developed and adopted by Israeli law enforcement and
Olympic No
intelligence organizations. There are several organizations teaching variations of
sport
Krav Maga internationally.[11]

Contents
Etymology
Basic principles
Techniques
History
Krav Maga in the Israeli government
Competition in the Israeli government
Krav Maga for civilians
Grading system
Sparring
Competition for civilians
References
Further reading
External links

Etymology
The name in Hebrew can be translated as "contact combat". The root word krav (‫ )קרב‬means "combat" and maga (‫ )מגע‬means
"contact".

Basic principles
Like most martial arts, Krav Maga encourages students to avoid physical
confrontation.[12] If this is impossible or unsafe, it promotes finishing a fight as
quickly and aggressively as possible. Attacks are aimed at the most vulnerable parts
of the body, and training is not limited to techniques that avoid severe injury; some
even permanently injure or cause death to the opponent.

Students learn to defend against all variety of attacks and are taught to counter in the
quickest and most efficient way.

Ideas in Krav Maga include:[13] IDF soldier sparring in full combat

gear
Simultaneous attack and defence
Developing physical aggression (not to be confused with emotional
aggression or anger), with the view that physical aggression is the most
important component in a fight[14]
Continuing to strike the opponent until they are completely
incapacitated.[15]
Attacking preemptively or counterattacking as soon as possible
Using any objects at hand that could be used to hit an opponent. [16]

Targeting attacks to the body's most vulnerable points, such as: the
eyes, neck or throat, face, solar plexus, groin, ribs, knee, foot, fingers,
liver, etc.
Using simple and easily repeatable strikes.[16] US Air Force and British Royal Air
Maintaining awareness of surroundings while dealing with the threat in Force security personnel during Krav
order to look for escape routes, further attackers, objects that could be Maga training.
used to strike an opponent.
Recognising the importance of and expanding on instinctive response
under stress[17][18][19]
Training can also cover the study and development of situational awareness to develop an understanding of one's surroundings,
learning to understand the psychology of a street confrontation, and identifying potential threats before an attack occurs. It may also
cover ways to deal with physical and verbal methods to avoid violence whenever possible. It also teaches mental toughness, using
controlled scenarios to strengthen mental fortitude in order for students to control the impulse and not do something rash, but instead
attack only when necessary and as a last resort.

Techniques
Krav Maga is a continuously evolving system (reflecting real-world experience) and so it is not clear cut to specify a universal
curriculum, as may be the case for example within some eastern martial arts. However, of the major Krav Maga organizations
worldwide, techniques are largely similar.

Adopted techniques
Some of the key focuses of techniques in Krav Maga are—as described above—effectiveness and instinctive response under stress.
To that end, Krav Maga is an eclectic system that has not sought to replace existing effective techniques, taking what is useful from
available systems, for example:

Strikes - as per karate, and boxing,

Take-downs and throws - per judo, aikido, and wrestling
Ground work - per judo and wrestling
Techniques taken from such systems have in some cases been modified to reflect the
fact that their genesis is in a sport with rules, which limits effectiveness in real fight
situations. Beyond this, Krav Maga has developed several supplementary
techniques, as necessary.

Examples of techniques that were developed within the system include

Escapes from chokes and holds:
Play media
As referred to above, often systems that employ holds, chokes, take- Media footage demonstrating Krav
downs, etc. are competitive sports and do not allow strikes. Maga techniques to deal with
Krav Maga thus supplements escapes taken from these systems with assailants in mock combat using
[20][21]
strikes including foot stomps, groin strikes, headbutts, etc. multiple different types of weapons;
Empty-hand weapon defences (based on the premise that the individual who is namely a pole, a knife, a gun, a rifle,
attacked in e.g. a mugging situation, is most likely to be unarmed), including: and hand-to-hand.

Defence against an attacker wielding a knife[22][23]

[24]
Defence against an attacker wielding a stick/bat
Pistol disarm[25]
As there is no universal authority on the system, students may find that different
schools advocate different approaches.[26][27][28][29]

History
Imre Lichtenfeld (also known as Imi Sde-Or) was born in 1910 in Budapest, Austro-
Hungary and grew up in Bratislava (Slovakia). Lichtenfeld became active in a wide
range of sports, including gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing. In 1928, Lichtenfeld
won the Slovak Youth Wrestling Championship, and in 1929 the adult championship
(light and middle weight divisions).[30] That same year, he also won the national
boxing championship and an international gymnastics championship. During the
ensuing decade, Imi's athletic activities focused mainly on wrestling, both as a
contestant and a trainer.

In the mid-1930s, anti-Semitic riots began to threaten the Jews of Bratislava, Krav Maga training
Czechoslovakia. Lichtenfeld became the leader of a group of Jewish boxers and
wrestlers who took to the streets to defend Jewish neighborhoods against the
growing numbers of national socialist party and anti-Semitic thugs. Lichtenfeld quickly discovered, however, that actual fighting was
very different from competition fighting, and although boxing and wrestling were good sports, they were not always practical for the
aggressive and brutal nature of street combat. It was then that he started to re-evaluate his ideas about fighting and started developing
the skills and techniques that would eventually become Krav Maga. Having become a thorn in the side of the equally anti-Semitic
local authorities, in 1940 Lichtenfeld left his home with his family and friends on the last refugee ship to escape Europe.

After making his way to Mandatory Palestine, Lichtenfeld joined the Haganah paramilitary organization to protect Jewish refugees
from Arabs.[31] In 1944 Lichtenfeld began training fighters in his areas of expertise: physical fitness, swimming, wrestling, use of the
knife, and defence against knife attacks. During this period, Lichtenfeld trained several elite units of the Haganah including Palmach
(striking force of the Haganah and forerunner of the special units of the Israel Defense Forces) and the Pal-Yam, as well as groups of
police officers.

In 1948, when the State of Israel was founded and the IDF was formed, Lichtenfeld became Chief Instructor for Physical Fitness and
Krav Maga at the IDF School of Combat Fitness.[32] He served in the IDF for about 20 years, during which time he developed and
refined his unique method for self-defense and hand-to-hand combat. Self-defense was not a new concept, since nearly all martial arts
had developed some form of defensive techniques in their quest for tournament or sport dominance. However, self-defense was based
strictly upon the scientific and dynamic principles of the human body. In 1965 judo training was added as part of the Krav Maga
training, and until 1968 there were no grades in Krav Maga. Then a trainee's grades were determined largely by his knowledge in
judo.[33]

In 1968 Eli Avikzar, Imi's principal student and first black belt, began learning aikido and in 1971 left for France where he received a
brown belt in aikido. Upon his return, Eli started working as an instructor alongside Imi where they worked together to improve Krav
Maga by incorporating aikido and counter defenses into Krav Maga. Then in 1974 Imi retired and handed Eli Avikzar the Krav Maga
training center in Netanya. Shortly after, in 1976, Eli joined the permanent force of IDF, as head of the Krav Maga section. The role
of Krav Maga in the army advanced greatly after Eli's appointment. More courses were given and every P.E. instructor was obliged to
learn Krav Maga. Eli continued to develop Krav Maga within the IDF until his retirement in 1987. Up to this date, Eli had trained
80,000 male soldiers and 12,000 female soldiers.[33]

Further pursuing excellence as a student of martial arts, Eli went to Germany in

1977 and received a black belt in aikido from the European Federation.[33][34] Then
in 1978 the Krav Maga association was established, and in 1989, as an active
member of the judo association, Eli Avikzar helped to establish the professional and
rank committees by founding the Israeli Krav Maga Association (IKMA or
KAMI).[33] Eli retired as the Chief Krav Maga instructor in 1987 and Boaz Aviram
became the third person to hold the position, being the last head instructor to have
vikzar.[35][36]
studied directly with both Lichtenfeld and A

Krav Maga in the Israeli government

[37]
The IDF Krav Maga instructor course is five weeks long.

Competition in the Israeli government

[38]
The IDF has had an annual Krav Maga competition since May 2013.

Krav Maga for civilians US Air Force Security forces

Upon Lichtenfeld's retirement from the IDF, he decided to open a school and teach members during Krav Maga training.
Krav Maga to civilians.[39] The first Krav Maga course took place at the Wingate
Institute, Netanya, Israel, in 1971, under the direct supervision of Imi
Lichtenfeld.[40] [41]

In 1978, Lichtenfeld founded the non-profit Israeli Krav Maga Association (IKMA) with several
senior instructors. Upon his retirement Imi nominated Haim Gidon as his successor to be Grand
Master and the president of the IKMA.[42] Lichtenfeld died in January 1998 in Netanya,
Israel.[43]

When Krav Maga started to spread beyond the borders of Israel, there arose a need to found an
international civilian organization. A few of Lichtenfeld's first- and second-generation students,
among these being Arviat Zagal, Asaf Halevi, and Dan Levy, eventually formed a new, civilian,
international Krav Maga federation.[44]
Krav Maga Grand Master
Imi Lichtenfeld and
Grading system Yaron Lichtenstein

Most of the Krav Maga organizations in Israel and in the world (like FEKM and Krav Maga
Academy Slovenia - Karli Zaniug in Europe or KMAA in USA or FSAKM in Brazil) use Imi
Lichtenfeld's original colored belt grading system which is based upon the judo ranking system.[45] It starts with White belt, and then
Yellow, Orange, Green, Blue, Brown and Black belts. Black belt students can move up
International Krav Maga Federation
the ranks from 1st to 9th Dan. The time and requirements for advancing have some belt colors/patches
differences between organizations.
White
Other organizations that teach Krav Maga in and outside of Israel use the same grading
system awarding a series of patches.[46] The patch system was developed by Eyal
Yanilov in the late 1980s. The grades are divided into 3 main categories; Practitioner,
Yellow
Graduate and Expert. Each of the categories, which are often abbreviated to their
initials, has 5 ranks. Grades P1 through to P5 are the student levels and make up the
majority of the Krav Maga community. After P5 are G1-G5, and in order to achieve
Graduate level the student has to demonstrate a proficiency in all of the P level
techniques before advancing. The majority of instructors hold a G level grade and are Orange
civilian instructors. However, passing the instructor's training course is a requirement,
and holding a Graduate rank does not necessarily make one an instructor. The Graduate
syllabus also builds on the Practitioner syllabus by focusing more on developing
fighting skills. The Expert grades cover more advanced military and third-party
Green
protection techniques as well as advanced sparring and fighting skills. People who hold
these ranks tend to teach in other sectors such as military and law enforcement in
addition to civilian. In order to progress to Expert level, one has to demonstrate
proficiency in all of the Practitioner and Graduate syllabi and have excellent fighting
skills. Beyond Expert 5 there is the rank of Master. However, this rank is held by only a Blue
small number of individuals and reserved only for those who have dedicated a lifetime
to Krav Maga and made valuable contributions in teaching and promoting the style.

Krav Maga organizations in the United States, South America and Europe also use a
Brown
belt ranking system like that of the IKMA, KMF and Bukan. Although there are some
subtle differences, the various organizations teach the same core techniques and
principles.[47] Some other organizations founded by Aaron Elbaze, and Urban Krav
Maga, have less formal grading ranks without belts or patches but do have levels by
which students can monitor their progress.[48]

Sparring
Black
In some organizations like Krav Maga Global (KMG), sparring is slow and light until
the student reaches G2 level. This takes approximately four to six years, because rising
one level in the Practitioner and Graduate categories takes at minimum half a year of
consistent training. (It is, however, more common to observe regular trainees grading
only once a year from P3 and up.)[49]

.[50]
Once in G2, students also do simulated "real" fighting with protective gear

Some organizations encourage sparring as soon as students start training. For

example, the International Kapap Association starts from beginner levels, and will
train full contact with minimal gear in both stand-up and ground fighting, using
semi-professional MMA rules for safety. Sparring should always be supervised and
monitored carefully by a qualified instructor.

Competition for civilians

U.S. Marines practicing Krav Maga
Some Krav Maga organizations do not support a competition component, taking the stance that Krav Maga is not a sport. So-called
"fighting" sports tend to operate under principles of using safe techniques, doing minimal harm, and consequently wearing down
opponents and using other tactics supported by the "rules" of safe competition. In its role as self-defence and as a hand-to-hand
combat system, Krav Maga operates under a completely different set of principles in which techniques may indeed cause significant
damage and fights are to be ended as quickly as possible when the conflict cannot be avoided. Krav Maga organizations that involve
competition are usually founded and named specifically to focus on using Krav Maga-based techniques specifically under a set of
sporting principles.

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Further reading
Imi Sde-Or (founder) and Eyal Yanilov (head instructor) How to Defend Yourself Against Armed Assault, Dekel
Publishing House, 2001. This book is the first one published out of the only three books that were written by the
founder (Imi) and his closest assistant (Eyal). It has been translated into 10 languages, including: Japanese,
Spanish, Czech, Hungarian, German, Dutch, French, Polish and more.
Aviram, Boaz. Krav Maga: Use of the Human Body as a Weapon: Philosophy and Application of Hand to Hand
Fighting Training System. US: Lulu Enterprises, 2009.ISBN 978-0-557-24846-9, ISBN 0-557-24846-9.
Ben Asher, David. Fighting Fit: The Israeli Defense Forces Guide to Physical Fitness and Self Defense . New York:
Perigee Books, 1983. ISBN 0-399-50624-1.
Cohen, Einat Bar-On. (2011)."Once We Put Our Helmets On, There are NoMore Friends: The "Fights" Session in
the Israeli Army Course for Close-Combat Instructors" . Armed Forces & Society37, No. 3: 512–533.
Kahn, David. Krav Maga: an essential guide to the renowned method for fitness and self-defence . London: Piatkus,
2005. ISBN 0-01-303950-4.
Levine, Darren. Complete krav maga: the ultimate guide to over 200 self-defense and combative techniques .
Berkeley, Calif.: Ulysses, 2007.ISBN 1-56975-573-6.
Philippe, Christophe. The essential Krav Maga: self-defense techniques for everyone . Berkeley, Calif.: Blue Snake,
2006. ISBN 1-58394-168-1.
Master Ofir. HAGANA SYSTEM: Self Protection Academy Founded by Ofir . Paris: Editions Amphora 2012.
Allan Stevo (23 June 2011)."The Martial Arts / Self-Defense Style Invented in Bratislava" . Retrieved 5 March 2013.
Krav Maga Systems (11 May 2017)."The Krav Maga Systems International Blog".

External links
Media related to Krav Maga at Wikimedia Commons
Krav Magá Gijón
Krav Maga Israeli Method

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This page was last edited on 16 November 2018, at 23:01(UTC).

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