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Electrodes – Part I
Mohamad Sawan et al.
Laboratoire de neurotechnologies Polystim!
!
!
http://www.cours.polymtl.ca/gbm8320/!
mohamad.sawan@polymtl.ca!
M5418!
April 2013
Integrated Microelectrodes : Course outline
• Introduction
− Electrogenic cell
• Electrode/electrolyte interface
− Electrical double layer
− Half-cell potential
− Polarization
− Electrode equivalent circuits
• Biopotential electrodes
− Body surface electrodes
− Internal electrodes
− Implantable electrodes
− Electrode arrays
− Microfabricated electrodes
− Microelectrodes.
GBM5320 - Dispositifs Médicaux Intelligents
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Electrogenic cells
• Cells that exhibit the ability to generate electrical signals are called
electrogenic cells
Jenkner et al, “Cell-based CMOS sensor …,” IEEE ISSC, V. 39, 2004. GBM5320 - Dispositifs Médicaux Intelligents
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Electrogenic cells
• Electrical activity is explained by
differences in ion concentrations
within the body (sodium, Na+;
cloride, Cl–; potassium, K+)
• A potential difference occurs
between 2 points with different
ionic concentrations
• Cell membranes at rest are more
permeable to some ions (e.g. K+,
Cl–) than others (e.g. Na+)
– Na+ ions are pumped out of the cells, while K+ ions are pumped in
– Due to a difference in rates of pumping, a difference in positive ion
concentration results
– A negative potential (–70 mV ) is established between the inside and
outside of the cell.
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Electrogenic cells – Action potentials
• When a cell is electrically stimulated, the permeability of the cell
membrane changes
– Na+ ions rush into the cell, and K+ ions rush out
– Again, due to a difference in rates of flow, the ion concentration changes (more
positive ions inside cell than outside)
– Cellular potential becomes positive (40 mV)
– Cell is said to be depolarized.
• After the stimulus, the permeability of the cell membrane returns to its
original value, and the rest potential is restored
– Due to unequal pumping rates of ions
– Time taken for restoration is called the refractory
period
– Cell is said to be repolarized during this time
• The resulting variation in cellular potential
with time is known as the action potential.
• Biopotential electrodes
− Body surface electrodes
− Internal electrodes
− Implantable electrodes
− Electrode arrays
− Microfabricated electrodes
− Microelectrodes.
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Biopotential sensors/electrodes
• As a result, a
charge gradient
builds up between
the electrode and
electrolyte and this
in turn creates a
potential difference.
• Eo : Standard half-cell
potential.
• Electrode material
is metal + salt or
polymer selective
membrane.
Overpotential
Difference between observed and zero-current half-cell potentials
Activation
Resistance Concentration
The activation energy
Current changes resistance Changes in distribution
barrier depends on the
of electrolyte and thus, of ions at the electrode-
direction of current and
a voltage drop results. electrolyte interface
determines kinetics
RT & a a #
γ δ
• The Nernst equation for half-cell potential is E = E0 + ln $ Cα Dβ !
nF % a A a B "
where Eo and E are Standard & half-cell potentials, a : Ionic activity (generally same
as concentration), and n : Number of valence electrons involved.
Note: for a metal electrode, 2 processes can occur at the electrolyte interfaces:
– A capacitive process resulting from the redistribution of charged and polar particles with no
charge-transfer between the solution and the electrode
– A component resulting from the electron exchange between the electrode and a redox
species in the solution termed faradaic process.
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Electrode - electrolyte interface
Polarizable and Non-polarizable electrodes
• Perfectly Polarizable Electrodes Used for stimulation
These are electrodes in which no actual charge crosses the electrode-
electrolyte interface when a current is applied. The current across the
interface is a displacement current and the electrode behaves like a
capacitor.
Example : Platinum Electrode (Noble metal)
Ag ↔ Ag + + e −
Ag + + Cl − ↔ AgCl ↓
What
• If a pair of electrodes is in an electrolyte and one moves with
respect to the other, a potential difference appears across the
electrodes known as the motion artifact. This is a source of noise
and interference in bio-potential measurements.
Why
• When the electrode moves with respect to the electrolyte, the
distribution of the double layer of charge on polarizable electrode
interface changes. This changes the half-cell potential temporarily.
Note
• Motion artifact is minimal for non-polarizable electrodes
(Measurement electrodes – AgCl).
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Electrode - electrolyte interface
Electrode equivalent circuit
Rd+Rs
Corner frequency
Rs
Frequency Response
• Cd : Capacitance of electrode-electrolyte interface
• Rd : Resistance of electrode-electrolyte interface
• Rs : Resistance of electrode lead wire
• Ecell : Half-cell potential for electrode.
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Electrode - electrolyte interface
Electrode equivalent circuit (Cont’d)
Biopotential Recording
Amplifier
Vne2 = 4kTRN Δf
- RN is noise resistance (real part of probe impedance magnitude).
- Δf is recording bandwidth.
Webster, Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3Ed, Wiley 1998. GBM5320 - Dispositifs Médicaux Intelligents
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