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To obtain the suitable size of the foundation, we apply the trial and error
method with some assumption as it was almost impossible to get the best fit
design at the first attempt. All the diagram, analysis and calculation which are
related to this project will be compiled together in this report.
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Figure 2.1: Interchange Bridge Along Inner Rings Road At Jalan Yahya Awal,
Johor Bahru
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Project Manager
ENGINEERS
S.I
INTERPRETATION COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
M Zaidi B. Che Daud
Norsharizal B. Sahlan
Hamirullah B. Zahari
FOUNDATION
DESIGN CHECKING
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En.M Zaidi Che Daud and En Norsharizal Bin Shahlan as our Site
Investigation. Interpretation engineers, En. Mohd Helmi Bin Zainuddin and
En. Navin A/L Vasudevan are responsible for the foundation design and
En. Hamirullah Bin Zahari responsible for the computer programming on
foundation and concrete design. Last but not least, part of checking and
inspection the whole project are responsible by Pn. Sharifah B. Atan and
Pn.Zaihazwaty.
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The specific scope of our services on this project consisted are summarized as
follows:
soil strata
thickness, length and width of each layer
groundwater table (level, fluctuation)
location of rock layer and rock conditions
sample for laboratory testing
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a) Plot the soil profile of the proposed project site. Borehole are 100m apart
b) Design the appropriate abutment with 4.5m high clearance and foundation
to support the proposed bridge. Assume the surcharge behind the
abutment due to traffic is 20 kN/m2, vertical load and horizontal traction
force on the top of abutment are 18,000 kN and 500kN, respectively.
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5.1 GENERAL
The investigation program included drilling boreholes and collecting soil samples
at desired intervals for subsequent observation and laboratory testing. The
investigation program will consist of soil boring and sampling at desired intervals
for subsequent observation and laboratory testing to determine the capacity of
pile foundation economically and safely.
c) Site visit
Type of vegetations can give clues soil type and conditions, nearby
open cut showing soil strata, cracks on nearby structures may
indicate the presence of soft soil and/or expansive soil
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The sum of the number of blows required for the second and third 6
in. of penetration is termed the "standard penetration resistance" or
the "N-value". In cases where 50 blows are insufficient to advance
it through a 150 mm (6 in) interval the penetration after 50 blows is
recorded. The blow count provides an indication of the density of
the ground, and it is used in many empirical geotechnical
engineering formulae.
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The usefulness of SPT results depends on the soil type, with fine-
grained sands giving the most useful results, with coarser sands
and silty sands giving reasonably useful results, and clays and
gravelly soils yielding results which may be very poorly
representative of the true soil conditions. Soils in arid areas, such
as the Western United States, may exhibit natural cementation.
This condition will often increase the standard penetration value.
Indian examples are missing.
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A rod with a four blade vane is pushed into the ground and rotated
generally at a slow rate of 6o to 12o per minute. Every 15 - 30 secs
the torque force is measured, once maximum torque has been
reached, the vane is rotated rapidly for ten revolutions to induce
shear failure. After shearing, the slow rotation rate is resumed to
determine the remolded shear strength. The shear strength is
proportional to the torque / blade diameter.
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The most common method used to obtain soil and rock details
directly is to drill a borehole. This method also estimates the
engineering properties and plasticity. The samples can be taken
from the borehole and sent to a laboratory for testing.
A core barrel fitted with a drill bit at the bottom end is rotated into
the soil and when withdrawn, a core sample is contained inside. To
obtain greater depths, several core barrels are connected together.
The core samples are carefully stored in coreboxes for further study
and geological description. Details on strata type, levels, colour,
stiffness, weathering grade, jointing, infilling, cavities etc. can be
obtained visually.
The use of trial pits enables a visual inspection of the in-situ soils
conditions and strata boundaries can be determined accurately. It is
also relatively easy to obtain samples, blocks can be cut by hand
from the bottom or sides of the pit and tube samples can also be
obtained from below the bottom of the pit.
Generally, the pit is dug using the back-shovel of a mechanical
excavator so trial pits can be excavated in all soils types, even
those in which obstructions such as cobbles and litter are
encountered.Trial pits are limited to 4-5m depth; sides must be
sloped at a safe angle, stepped or shored. If the excavation is
beneath the groundwater level in permeable soils, dewatering will
be required.
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To get good quality of testing results, the samples retrieved from the
ground should be tested as soon as possible after arrival at the laboratory.
The type of laboratory test and the number of sample to be tested as
follows:
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The CBR is obtained as a relation of the unit load (per square inch)
needed to achieve certain penetration in the soil sample,
compacted at a given moisture content and density in respect of the
pattern unit load required to make the same penetration in a
standard sample of crushed material.
CBR tests are usually performed on compacted samples at the
optimum moisture content for the given soil using the standard
compaction test.Often times, two samples or soil are compacted:
one for immediate penetration and the other for penetration after
soaking for 96 hours. The latter is loaded with a similar weight to
that of the pavement but in no case less than 4.5 kg. It is necessary
to record randomized expansion readings in this period.
In both tests, the sample is loaded with the same weight as used
during the expansion test. The test on the soaked sample has two
objectives:
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By carrying out set of tests on a set of (usually three sets) same soil
sample under different normal pressures, the relationship between
measured shear stress at failure and normal applied stress can be
obtained. The shearbox apparatus is only suitable for carrying out
drained tests for the determination of effective shear strength
parameters. There is no control of drainage and the procedure
cannot be used for undrained tests.
Information on the groundwater level and any artesian pressure in any particular
strata is very important and should be determined carefully during site
investigation. Several problems related to the presence of groundwater table:
The location of ground water table is usually determined by measuring the depth
of water surface in a borehole after a suitable time lapse because water table in
boreholes may take some time to stabilize depending on the permeability of the
soil.
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This section describes the soil conditions encountered on site. Detailed soil
conditions are presented in a boring in the Appendices of Borehole Logs. Profile
with interpolated conditions between boreholes and are not necessarily accurate
representations of the true conditions on site.
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For abutments constructed of piles or posts and footings, the total loads
acting on the entire abutment were determined. For continuous abutments (such
as mass or reinforced concrete), the load per foot of abutment length were also
determined. The dead load acts vertically through the center line of the bearing
plate.
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W = Au
where ;
w = weight of any abutment section (1- foot- wide strip), in kpf
A = area of the abutment section, in square feet
u = unit weight of abutment material (concrete weighs 0.15 kips per
cubic foot)
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To compute on the weight of soil acting on the rear face and heel of the
abutment. To account for vehicular traffic approaching the abutment, assume
placing a hypothetical layer of soil (surcharge) over the backfill at the
abutment. Therefore, the height of the surcharge as follows:
hsu = MLC / 20
where :
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Soil Forces
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Hp = Kpuhp(hp/2) (7-11)
where :
Hp = horizontal force due to passive earth pressure, in kpf
Kp = coefficient of passive earth pressure (equation 7-8)
u = unit weight of backfill, in kips per cubic foot
hp = height of passive force, in feet
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Overturning.
Sliding
Soil bearing
Soil shear
Material
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1. Cost (affordable)
2. Construction Procedure (simple)
3. Materials (mostly concrete)
4. Labor (does not need expertise)
There are two calculations that can be used to determined the bearing
capacity that is Terzaghi’s and Meyerhof/Hansen’s.
TERZAGHI’S
1
a) Strip footing : q u = cNc + qNq + γBNγ
2
B 1 B
b) Rectangular footing : q u = ( 1 + 0.3 )cNc + qNq + ( 1 − 0.2 ) γBNγ
L 2 L
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MEYERHOF / HANSEN’S
𝟏
𝐪𝐮 = 𝐜𝐍𝐜 𝐅𝐜𝐬 𝐅𝐜𝐝 𝐅𝐜𝐢 + 𝐪𝐍𝐪 𝐅𝐪𝐬 𝐅𝐪𝐝 𝐅𝐪𝐢 + 𝛄𝐁𝐍𝛄 𝐅𝛄𝐬 𝐅𝛄𝐝 𝐅𝛄𝐢
𝟐
Where;
c = cohesion of soil
q = overburden stress at base of footing
= γDf
γ = unit weight of soil
Df = depth of footing
B = width of footing
Nc , Nq , Nγ = bearing capacity factors
Fcs Fqs Fγs = shape factors
Fcd Fqd Fγd = depth factors
Fci Fqi Fγi = inclination factors
Shape factors
BNq
Fcs = 1 + LNc
B
Fqs = 1 + tan φ
L
B
Fγs = 1 + 0.4 L
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Depth factors
D
( Bf ≤ 1 )
Df
Fcd = 1 + 0.4 B
D
Fqd = 1 + 2 tan φ( 1 − sin φ)2 Bf
Fγd = 1
Depth factors
Df
( > 1)
B
D
Fcd = 1 + 0.4 tan−1 ( Bf )
D
Fqd = 1 + 2 tan φ( 1 − sin φ)2tan−1 ( Bf )
Fγd = 1
Inclination factors
β
Fci = Fqi = (1 − 90°)2
β
Fγi = (1 − φ)2
𝐷𝑓
Note: β = inclination angle of load with respect to vertical plane and tan−1 ( )
B
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Many systems are purposefully built much stronger than needed for normal
usage to allow for emergency situations, unexpected loads, misuse, or
degradation.
2. W(L+D)
weight of footing W f and weight of soil above the footing W s that the
soil can support.
Q(net)all or designed load is the load from the column that the soil
needs to carry (weight of footing and weight of soil above footing
are excluded.
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10.0 SETTLEMENTS
a) Immediate settlement
b) Consolidation Settlement
c) Secondary compression (creep)
𝐁𝐪𝐨
𝐒𝐞 = (𝟏 − 𝛍𝟐𝐬 )𝛂
𝐄𝐬
where
B = width of footing, m
qo = nett pressure from footing, kN/m2
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil, kN/m2
µs = poisson ratio of soil
α = factors depend on footing flexibility
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𝑪𝒄 𝑯𝟎 𝝈′𝟎 + ∆𝝈
𝑺𝒄 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( )
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝝈′𝟎
Where;
Cc = compression index
H0 = height of soil
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𝐐𝐮 = 𝐐𝐛 + ∑ 𝐐𝐬
Where;
Qu = the ultimate load
Qb = the end bearing
Qs = the skin friction
CLAY
𝐐𝐮 = 𝐜𝐮 𝐍𝐜∗ 𝐀𝐛 + ∑ 𝐩(∆𝐋)𝛂𝐜𝐮
Where;
Nc∗ = bearing capacity factor
Cu = undrained shear strenght
Ab = cross sectional area of pile base
p = perimeter of pile
ΔL = length of pile segment of interest
α = adhesion factor
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SAND
∗
𝐐𝐮 = 𝐪′𝐍𝐜 𝐀𝐛 + ∑ 𝐩(∆𝐋)𝐊𝛔′ 𝐯 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝛅
Where;
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End Bearing :
𝐋
𝐐𝐬 = 𝟒𝟎𝐍 𝐀𝐛 ≤ 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝐍𝐀𝐛
𝐃
Where;
Skin Friction :
𝐐𝐬 = 𝐩𝐋𝐟𝐬
Where;
P = perimeter of pile
L = length of embedded pile
fs = ̅ for low and no displacement pile
N
fs = ̅ for high displacement pile
2N
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A pile group must be considered as a composite block of piles and soil, and not a
multiple set of single piles. The capacity of each pile may be affected by the driving of
subsequent piles in close proximity. The parameters are the axial load, shear force and
bending moment carried by each individual vertical or batter pile in a piles group
foundation when subjected to a vertical load, bending moment and horizontal load.
a) The pile cap is infinitely rigid and rotates about the mass center of the piles
group.
b) The origin of the coordinate axes is always located at the point of application of
the vertical load.
c) The load carried by each pile is proportional to the displacement of the pile head.
d) The problem is two-dimensional, that is, all the pile movements take place in the
same plane.
𝐐 𝐌𝐱 𝐲 𝐌𝐲 𝐱
𝐐𝐦 = ± ±
𝐧 ∑ 𝐲𝟐 ∑ 𝐱𝟐
Where;
Qm = load to be carried by any pile
Q = applied vertical load
n = number of pile in group
Mx, My = Moment with respect to x and y axis respectively
x, y = distance of pile with respect to x and y axis
respectively
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14.1 BOREPILE
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Continue:
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