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Chapter 3
Vector-Valued Functions
3.4 Motion in Space
Section Exercises
155. Given r(t ) (3t 2 2)i (2t sin(t )) j, find the velocity of a particle moving along this
curve.
Given the following position functions, find the velocity, acceleration, and speed in terms of
the parameter t.
Answer: v(t ) 2sin tj 3cos tk , a(t ) 2 cos tj 3sin tk , speed = 4sin 2 (t ) 9cos2 (t )
OpenStax Calculus Volume 3 Student Answer and Solution Guide
Find the velocity, acceleration, and speed of a particle with the given position function.
r(t ) et , et
161.
Answer: v(t ) et i et j, a(t ) et i et j, v(t ) e2t e2t
163. The position function of an object is given by r(t ) t 2 ,5t , t 2 16t . At what time is the
speed a minimum?
Answer: t 4
Consider the motion of a point on the circumference of a rolling circle. As the circle rolls, it
generates the cycloid r(t ) t sin( t ) i 1 cos( t ) j, where ω is the angular velocity
of the circle and b is the radius of the circle:
165. Find the equations for the velocity, acceleration, and speed of the particle at any time.
Answer: v(t ) cos( t ) i sin( t ) j, a(t ) 2 sin( t ) i 2 cos( t ) j,
A person on a hang glider is spiraling upward as a result of the rapidly rising air on a path
having position vector r(t ) (3cos t )i (3sin t ) j t 2k. The path is similar to that of a helix,
although it is not a helix. The graph is shown here:
Given that r(t ) e5t sin t , e5t cos t , 4e5t is the position vector of a moving particle, find
the following quantities:
A projectile is shot in the air from ground level with an initial velocity of 500 m/sec at an
angle of 60° with the horizontal. The graph is shown here:
A projectile is fired at a height of 1.5 m above the ground with an initial velocity of 100
m/sec and at an angle of 30° above the horizontal. Use this information to answer the
following questions:
181. A projectile is fired from ground level at an angle of 8° with the horizontal. The projectile
is to have a range of 50 m. Find the minimum velocity necessary to achieve this range.
Answer: v 42.16 m/sec
183. The acceleration of an object is given by a(t ) tj tk. The velocity at t 1 sec is
v (1) 5 j and the position of the object at t 1 sec is r (1) 0i 0 j 0k. Find the object’s
position at any time.
1 3 14 t 3 1 1
Answer: r (t ) 0i t 4.5t j t k
6 3 6 2 3
Answer: aT 0, aN a 2
OpenStax Calculus Volume 3 Student Answer and Solution Guide
For each of the following problems, find the tangential and normal components of
acceleration.
t3
r (t ) 2t , t 2 ,
3
189.
Answer: aT 2t , aN 4 2t 2
r(t ) 6t ,3t 2 , 2t 3
191.
6t 12t 3 1 4t 2 t 4
Answer: aT , aN 6
1 t4 t2 1 t2 t4
195. The force on a particle is given by f (t ) cos t i sin t j. The particle is located at point
(c, 0) at t 0. The initial velocity of the particle is given by v(0) v0 j. Find the path of the
particle of mass m. (Recall, F m a. )
1 1 sin t 1
Answer: r (t ) cos t c i v0 t j
m m m m
OpenStax Calculus Volume 3 Student Answer and Solution Guide
2GM
197. Using Kepler’s laws, it can be shown that v0 is the minimum speed needed
r0
when θ 0 so that an object will escape from the pull of a central force resulting from mass M.
Use this result to find the minimum speed when θ 0 for a space capsule to escape from the
gravitational pull of Earth if the probe is at an altitude of 300 km above Earth’s surface.
Answer: 10.94 km/sec
Suppose that the position function for an object in three dimensions is given by the
equation r (t ) t cos(t )i t sin(t ) j 3tk.
201. Find the tangential and normal components of acceleration when t 1.5.
Answer: aT 0.43 m/sec2 , aN 2.46 m/sec 2
OpenStax Calculus Volume 3 Student Answer and Solution Guide
d
u(t ) u(t ) 2u(t ) u(t )
203. dt
d
Answer: False, u(t ) u(t ) 0
dt
1
r (t ) et , ,sec(t )
207. 4t
n
Answer: t 4, t
2
Sketch the curves for the following vector equations. Use a calculator if needed.
Find the derivatives of u(t ), u(t ), u(t ) u(t ), u(t ) u(t ), and u(t ) u(t ). Find the unit
tangent vector.
u(t ) t 2 , 2t 6, 4t 5 12
213.
Answer: u(t ) 2t , 2, 20t , u(t ) 2, 0,80t ,
4 3
d
u(t ) u(t ) 480t 3 160t 4 , 24 75t 2 ,12 4t ,
dt
d d
u(t ) u(t ) 480t 3 160t 4 , 24 75t 2 , 12 4t , u(t ) u(t ) 720t 8 9600t 3 6t 2 4,
dt dt
2t 2 20t 4
unit tangent vector: T(t ) i j k
400t 8 4t 2 4 400t 8 4t 2 4 400t 8 4t 2 4
t
4
ln(t ) 1
u(t )dt , u(t )
t
, ,sin
t 4
215. 1 with
Answer:
ln(4)2
i 2j
2 2 2
k
2
37 1
Answer: sinh 1 (6)
2 12
Reparameterize the following functions with respect to their arc length measured from
t 0 in direction of increasing t .
e 2t
Answer:
e 1
2t 2
223. Find the tangential and normal acceleration components with the position vector
r (t ) cos t ,sin t , et .
e 2t
, aN 2e 4e sin t cos t 1
2t 2t
Answer: aT
1 e 2t 2t
1 e
The following problems consider launching a cannonball out of a cannon. The cannonball
is shot out of the cannon with an angle and initial velocity v 0 . The only force acting on
the cannonball is gravity, so we begin with a constant acceleration a(t ) gj.
227. Find the position vector r(t ) and the parametric representation for the position.
g 2 g
Answer: r (t ) v 0t t j, r (t ) v 0 (cos )t , v 0 (sin )t , t 2
2 2
OpenStax Calculus Volume 3 Student Answer and Solution Guide
Student Project
Navigating a Banked Turn
1. Find the velocity function v (t ) of the car. Show that v is tangent to the circular curve.
This means that, without a force to keep the car on the curve, the car will shoot off of it.
Answer: The velocity is v t R sin t , R cos t , 0 To show that v is tangent to
the curve, we confirm that v r 0 :
R sin t , R cos t , 0 R cos t , R sin t , h
R 2 sin t cos t R 2 cos t sin t
0.
3. Find the acceleration a. Show that this vector points toward the center of the circle and
that a R 2 .
Answer: a v R 2 cos(t ), R 2 sin(t ), 0
A similar calculation as in 1. will show that a b 0, and therefore a is perpendicular to
v. The negative signs cause the vector to point inward (toward the origin) rather than
outward.
a R 2 4 cos2 t R 2 4 sin 2 t R 2 4 R 2
OpenStax Calculus Volume 3 Student Answer and Solution Guide
7. ( )
Show that v 2max = ( sinq + m cosq ) ( cosq - m sinq ) gR. Conclude that the maximum
speed does not actually depend on the mass of the car.
mv 2 max
Answer: From the equation Fcent and from 6. we have that
R
sin cos mv 2 max
mg
cos sin R
Multiplying both sides by R and dividing both sides by m yields the desired equation.
Since m does not appear on the right-hand side of the equation, the maximum speed
does not depend on the car’s mass.
9. In dry conditions, how fast can the car travel through the top of the turn without skidding?
Answer: In this setup, 0.98, R 251 feet, 28 degrees, and g 32.174 ft/s2 . Therefore
sin 28 0.98cos 28
v 2 max 32.174 251 25490.59
cos 28 0.98sin 28
Hence the maximum speed is approximately 159.66 ft/s. Converting to mph yields a
maximum speed of 108.86 mph.
OpenStax Calculus Volume 3 Student Answer and Solution Guide
11. Suppose the measured speed of a car going along the outside edge of the turn is 105 mph.
Estimate the coefficient of friction for the car’s tires.
Answer: In this setup, R 251 feet, 28 degrees, and g 32.174 ft/s2 . Furthermore, we
assume that a professional driver is driving at a speed as close to the maximum speed as
possible, so we estimate vmax to be 105 mph. Converting to feet per second gives a
maximum speed of 154 ft/s. Therefore
sin 28 cos 28
23716 32 174 251
cos 28 sin 28
and we solve this equation for . In this course of our calculations, we’ll keep four
digits after the decimal place in order in order to minimize rounding error.
sin 28 cos 28
2.9367
cos 28 sin 28
0.4695 0.8829
2.9367
0.8829 0.4695
2.5928 1.3788 0.4695 0.8829
2.1233 2.2617
0.9388.
Notice that this makes physical sense: since we have decreased the maximum speed by
a small amount ( 108 has dropped to 105 ), there is a corresponding small drop in the
coefficient of friction ( 0.98 down to 0.94 ).