First advance report

David Arcila1, Daniel Badel2, Santiago García Gómez3, Alejandro Guerra Fernández4, Manuela Lopera Gil5, Juliana
Ramírez López6, Santiago Rojas Jaramillo7
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana,

In this article the first advance of the project of aircraft design by and emerging
company is developed, the names of the project, forecast analysis, base line, mission profiles,
time line schedule and a first design approach with sketches and concepts is shown below
pretending to understand market needs and request of an aircraft of this category to
provide a coherent and innovative solution, adjusting ideas on design drivers which would
lead the design process allowing the company to impact the market through differentiating
parameters that include new technology and versatility for general aviation and training
airplanes.

Abbreviations and nomenclature

GA General Aviation
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
AOPA Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
YDT Year to date
GAMA General Aviation Manufacturers Association
CAE Commercial Aviation Training
UAEAC Unidad Administrativa Especial Aeronáutica Civil

I.Company

Designcraft is an emerging company specialized on light weight aircrafts

Figure 1. Company logo
and trainers especially designed for general aviation uses. The main mission
is to be a world leader in trainer aircrafts and general aviation by delivering
best flight training aviation experiences emphasizing on innovation, safety
and social responsibility through more efficient and effective airplanes. Our
global vision is boost regional market and open new aviation trends for future
aviation, maintenance and strategic planning, not only provide superior value
products and services but improving general aviation uses on current market
by decreasing acquisition and operating costs and increasing earnings.

1
Aerospace engineering student, ID 000259801, david.arcila@upb.edu.co, Univesidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
2
Aerospace engineering student, ID 000264292, daniel.badel@upb.edu.co, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana.
3
Aerospace engineering student, ID 000259801, santiago.garciag@upb.edu.co, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
4
Aerospace engineering student, ID 000271068, alejandro.guerra@upb.edu.co, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
5
Aerospace engineering student, ID 000269135, manuela.loperag@upb.edu.co, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
6
Aerospace engineering student, ID 000217686, juliana.ramirezl@upb.edu.co, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
7
Aerospace engineering student, ID 000167778, santiago.rojas@upb.edu.co, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
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As our name shows our main goal is developing aircraft design strategies and propose trainers aircraft designs
attached to our core values: integrity, sustainable development, innovation and safety. There are other challenges as
develop the entire manufacturing processes in Colombia, improve materials technologies and use Colombian
industry skills to develop suitable test processes and facilities for the aircraft design; certification issues by UAEAC
puts in outline the advantages of FAA certification because of facilities, formalities and processes; the certification
process in Colombia are reduced to one successful part certification done in 2017, it doesn’t mean that cannot be
carried out the certification but according to the hard work environment the U.S regulations or FAR regulations
offer easy and fast solutions.

First project of Design Craft company is named Atahualpa AT-1, a trainer aircraft with additional general aviation
purposes which has a two-seater configuration, a minimum service ceiling at 18000 ft and high-performance engine
offering safety, long range and high endurance. Atahualpa is an indigenous word of the Quechuas (an Andine group
of indigenous) which means bird of the fortune; relating to the purpose of this project which is light weight design
aircraft for mainly training pilots, the bird of fortune will lead to a project of creating a safe reliable high
performance aircraft.

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 II. Base line

Aircrafts chosen as a base line for our design are those who focus in accomplish training requirements based in the market study and market forecast. For
example, it´s necessary to understand the proposal of this machines, which has to reach high standards of safety and security, high performance and strength
knowing that the pilots who’s going to flight are students principally, which has bigger probability to make mistakes causing security issues.

For be a rentable business, it’s a priority to achieve good reliability of the aircraft and that reliability includes how often it´s necessary to inspect, repair, rebuild
or refurbish any part or set of the aircraft; also, it´s important to maintain a low cash flow due maintenance and operation reducing some parameters like the
weight involved in the material choose. Other important parameters we need to consider are basically the engine and propeller manufacturer, the service selling
and the dimension of the aircraft to ensure low cost. The table 1 shows all the aircrafts constituting the baseline.

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 Table 1. Baseline

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 III. Airplane sketch

For the Atahualpa AT-1 a initial brainstorm was made with all the possible ideas of the general configuration of
the aircraft , the ideas were made as the known napkin design, simple handmade draws generalizing all the ideas
brougth by the group of engineers. In the Fig 2 and 3 the brainstorming is shown, in the Fig 3 the handmade
draws are shown with the principal ideas highlighted.

Figure 2. Brainstorm scheme

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 Figure 3. Napkin designs

IV. Forecast
Over time globalization becomes a powerful phenomenon, its multidimensionality character and its social
transformation imposed by the trends of the economic system oriented to expansion points to an unavoidable social
link. As the trend increases, the needs and challenges imposed around it increase, by increasing needs such as
improving communications for the development of countries, (understanding communications not only as telephone
communication networks, Internet or mail); challenges for transportation increase as they are fundamental to
improve communications between populations. The effects of this phenomenon are political decisions, productive
and consumption policies that cannot be controlled but can be altered through sustainable development, in this point
the responsibilities of the aeronautical sector to provide efficient and fast solutions for sustainable development raise
exponentially and become key opportunities for industry.

Civilian aviation especially general aviation and special air works represents the biggest contribution to industry,
according to ICAO report 45% of passengers and 90% of flight are carried out by this sector (ICAO, 2010), GA is
the main source of pilots for the rest of aeronautical sector, facilitate access to regions with and underdeveloped
economy and infrastructure increasing their chances of improving their quality of life and economic income, this is
linked to modest investments in infrastructure because of the capabilities of these aircraft category to take off and
landing on much smaller and un-prepared field lengths. A global vision of GA is shown on table 1, the latest AOPA
statistics and YTD comparison from 2010.

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 Table 2. Global vision of GA and YTD comparison. (ICAO, 2010)

Specifying the concept of general aviation, per ICAO’s definition general aviation category includes civil aviation
operations other than commercial air transport services of public transport or special air operations which include,
among others, private aviation, flight sport, civil, experimental, teaching or flight instruction, and civilian state. The
FAA not far from that definition defines GA as any civil aviation activity except for commercial passenger and
cargo air carrier, regional airlines operating aircraft with a maximum of 60 seats and air taxi services. According to
these definitions GA plays an important role in the transport development because of as was previously said the
facilities to distribute passenger in small quantities, provide crew training to supply commercial and private aviation
demand (AOPA, 2010), police surveillance services, rescue using emerging technologies as COSPASS-SARSAT,
organ transplant service because of urgent transfer is necessary, such as an organ or blood transplant, inspection of
oil and gas pipelines and fumigation and planting are the most representatives activities.

Although general forecasts from 2010 to 2031 were encouraging for general aviation, in 2013 the Rule for Re-
Registration and Renewal of Aircraft Registration reduced GA fleet, the following years continue with gradual
decline in deliveries on GA industry, turboprop deliveries were down by 2.1% and single engine piston deliveries
declined 7.4% based on figures released by GAMA, U.S. Despite the low growths of GA sector in recent year, long
term forecast by FAA analyzing the low decrease of turbine aircraft market established a projection to increase at an
average annual rate of 0.1% over the forecast period while declines fixed wing piston fleet, the need of renew and
improve aircraft capabilities, the increasing cost of aircraft ownership and retirement of aging fleet will make shrink
over -0.8% the fixed wing piston aircraft.

Figure 4. Active GA aircaft and GA hours flown forecast 2017-2037 (FAA, 2017)

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Although GA fleet is not going to have a big increase, the hours flown are expected to keep increasing 0.9% per year
through 2037, a high increase is expected on light sport aircraft category approximately 4.6% (FAA, 2017); GAMA
data outlook shows national total economic contribution of GA at $219 billion annually and 1.1 million total jobs in
U.S. Besides, students research, Europe intents to update GA regulations, GA safety improves in 2016 by
modernization, offset aviation carbon emissions and continuous efforts to make certification process more efficient
and effective for new products and technologies (CAE, 2013) enhance the acceptance of certified products and
improve the investment trust for manufacturers, owners and operators on GA sector.

Figure 5. General aviaton airplane shipments and billing worldwide (1994-2016) (GAMA, 2016)

Another reason that explains this increase as a vital part of aerospace industry in the coming decades is the rise of
the middle class with economic capacity to fly and leave the rural areas to migrate the city, population with greater
purchasing power and facilities will push the GA sector, this will explain also the Administration’s Mike Monroney
Aeronautical Center data which shows 584,362 active pilots certificated by FAA at 2016, evidencing private and
commercial pilot declining trends, the reason is new legislation on commercial and air transport pilot, under the
Airline Safety and Federal Administration Extension act of 2010 all flight crew members would hold and ATD
certificate by August 2013, they will not only require a commercial pilot license but an ATP certificate, students
pilots will increase 0.4% per year but ATP category to increase up to 0.5% yearly and by the certification facilities
and economic capabilities the sport pilots will increase 4.1% per year (ICAO, 2014); the lowest growth rate will be
presented in Rusia and CEI with 17000 pilots and highest in Pacific and Asia where fast growing aviation market
with traffic movements increasing by 10% rate per year will need approximately 226000 pilots (Oneair, 2016).

Figure 6. Pilot supply, based on CAE analysis (CAE, 2016)

Global economic activity reflected on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the major growth driver of the scenario
outlined above of aerospace industry, services and off course demand for aircraft, the GDP is expected to grow by
3.2% annually over the next 20 year, the result is the increase on average rate of passenger traffic, around 4.9%. To
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meet the demand for aviation services the number of aircraft in the world will grow at 3.2% per year reaching 36000
aircrafts by 2029 (Cruz, 2012); as the aircraft number rises personal, infrastructure and safety programs are needed;
the last mentioned point leaves a question on air: are pilots the new threat to aviation safety? (ICAO, 2014), as well
as improving aircraft system to increase safety and reliability, improvement of training programs becomes a focus of
trend; different airlines have create their own flight training academies to identify and meet their recruitment needs,
the most outstanding programs have been CAE’s training solutions (worldwide), AFSAC (France) , ATNS (South
Africa), ASSET (Australia) and Lufthansa Aviation Training, this training academies produce 6500 professional
pilots but small regional flight clubs and schools receive almost 10500 pilots interested on serving recreational and
GA aviation services.

Continuous evolution of pilot training regulations required new aircraft capabilities to train pilot on full stall and
adverse conditions training as bounced landing, icing and crosswinds, increase solo flights and its economic
accessibility are the most spoken needs, there are also rising numbers of students and renters looking for a
professionally-maintained and well equipped aircraft aircraft for training and renting (H, 2016), there are several
students unhappy with the quality of their current instruction and poorly maintained aircraft as this displeasure rises
there’s a new opportunity to impact the market. This tendency to stream pilot training has challenged the industry,
Atahualpa AT-1 is going to be designed around future needs for GA especially training aircrafts; high reliability,
low cost, high safety, lightweight and less and easy maintenance work as great performance are the parameters for
global training aircraft, and are our design drivers, the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Aerospace Engineering
R&D Group contest proposed to develop a new and optimized aircraft for GA and especially trainer activities allows
to Design Craft team provide a solution according to current needs of this sector; it’s general design requirements
defines a minimum range of 600 nm, minimum service ceiling of 18000 ft and engine propeller pitch control these
first indications force to make a decision according power plant: turboprop or piston engine, a few years ago the
question will be stupid because of the obviousness of the answer, however latest advances and the above forecast
data shows the reduction of piston engine production and the preference by turboprop engines because of reliability,
safety and efficiency on speed/power, the piston powered trainers are dying out and consequently the next decade
will be a small number of them, this reduction would difficult the maintenance because of the availability of spared
parts, tools and equipment for this devices. Although cost is lower for piston powered trainers this market in 2016
declined 3.5% and turboprop were up 4.5%, the specific mission proposed on the contest make the use of turboprop
engine more feasible because of the ceiling service, range and possibilities of integrating recent avionics systems
improving cockpit digitalization or automatically trim devices to compensate torque momentum (auto yaw
compensation).

Table 3. Representative of piston engine trainer (left) and turboprop trainer (right). (VLAČIĆ , 2012)

The first approach to design of the aircraft in question, supports the possibility of using a turboprop aircraft, two
seaters, latest avionics technology, composites manufacturing to reduce fuel consumption and short take-off and
landing spaces to achieve the mission requirements and respond to the market needs. The top 15 GA and trainer

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aircraft manufacturers in 2015 shows Cessna advantage over the other manufacturers, but the best-selling GA
aircraft models doesn’t show a big difference between competitors, the difference between Cesna 172 and Cirrus
SR22T is one aircraft, which shows that the differentiating factors thought for Atahualpa T-1 can open a major gap
in competition and open doors for more efficient and complete market, focused on training facilities for flight
schools and amateur pilots.

Figure 7. Top 15 best-selling GA aircraft models (left) and top 15 GA aircraft manufacturer (right) (Forecast international's
aerospace portal, 2016)

As well, Atahualpa T-1 will be designed to provide solutions for the growing GA market; light sport aviation,
recreational are the easiest to mention uses that can take the aircraft, but other uses as humanitarian missions begin
to require manufacturers to look at their growth and offer solutions to the sector, a Harrys Poll study in 2015 a
quarter business aircraft pilots flew on humanitarian missions on 2014 (Alliance for aviation across America, 2016),
aerial laws enforcement is used in 46 states in U.S even at un-development countries as Ecuador almost 51 air
mobilization of organs (Dirección general de aviación civil, Ecuador, 2015), tissues and biological samples were
done in 2015; on the other hand in Spain up to 14500 ambulance flights were operated including the movement for
the removal of organs or medical equipment of National Transplant Organization (Apesteguía, 2017). Agricultural
issues as fumigation and landing can be cover by our turboprop aircraft offering more reliability and weight/power
ratios; in the begging were mentioned surveillance and monitoring oil pipelines but the increasing drone usage is
tending to replace this functions by UAVs their challenges is to increase autonomy, the largest range for UAV is DJI
Mavic Pro drone, which can fly 7 km with a battery time of 27 minutes (Drones globe, 2017) ; specific mission with
larger range could use aircraft for surveillance and monitoring but the trend is drones meet such demand according
to FAA who expects drones triple in size to 3.5 million units by 2021 (McCoy, 2017).

Finally, market forecast for GA and trainer aircraft and pilots outlook shows a growth trend that allows enter the
market with a modern design that meets the growing needs in training trends allowing update the fleets and improve
versatility on GA aircrafts.

V. Mission profiles

Three different mission profiles will be considered, the same way as pilots gradually advance on their training
career.

1. Basic flight

Basic flight is when a rookie pilot student has to be concentrated in simple maneuvers, as shown on Fig 8, which are
basically climb maneuvers in which the student maintains the ascent rate constant for a few minutes. After reach
3000 ft or 4000 ft, it´s time for maintain cruise speed for almost 10 minutes to finally make basics changes of
altitude and speed for 25 minutes. Finally, it begins the descent and approach stage in which the student has to land
approximately in 30 minutes after climb maneuvers at a speed of 70 knots using flaps configuration.

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 Figure 8. Mission profile for basic flight

2. Cruise flight with knife edge spins

When a pilot student is almost familiarized with the aircraft, is time to start to do more complicated maneuvers
including the knife edge spin, Fig 9. Initially, the pilot has to maintain approximately 14 minutes of climb at a
constant rate until reach 8000 ft of altitude in which has to maintain cruise speed for 2 hours practicing a few
commands in the aircraft. When cruise stage is over it begins the descent stage; after 10 minutes making descent, the
pilot practice knife edge spins for 45 minutes, in which he has to maintain circles around a point for finally finish
approach stage 15 minutes after spin stage.

Figure 9. Mission profile for intermediate flight

3. Final flight

This mission profile includes climb and descent stages and a few of shut down for check how quickly the student
reacts and perform a hot start having a good control of the aircraft. This profile (Fig 10) begins making a climbing
stage, then a cruise stage for 10 minutes when the aircraft reach 3000 ft until 500 ft. After that, it begins a new
climbing stage until reach 8000 ft in which the pilot performs a short cruise stage and then the shutdown stage.
When the pilot recovers the aircraft before 500 ft of altitude it begins a few more climb and descent stages for finally
perform an approach.

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 Figure 10. Mission profile for final flight

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 VI. Time line proposal

In the next graphics, a Timeline Infographic of the 2nd Semester of 2017 is shown as a proposal organization of the project, the graphic 1.a and 1.b shows the
dates expected to have an advance of each one of the aspects concerning the design of the aircraft needed to achieved the final product by the end of the semester
and the graphic 2 shows a illustrative diagram of the main tasks to developed and the order expected to follow.

Graph 1.a. Timeline infographic dates

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 Graph 1.b. Timeline infographic dates

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Following the schedule of activities throughout the initial design process, the following chart is presented to indicate each stage development.
From left to right the steps are listed below:

Sizing Fuselage Landing gear Drag Weight and

Wing Engine balance
Empenage
•Preliminar •Aerodyn •Choose •Choose LG •Drag Performance
•Aerodynamic amic •Aerodyna Analysis •Calculations
y sizing power and systems
•Structure •Structure mic •Design •Corrections
plant •Structure
•Control •Control •Stucture corrections
•Structure •Aerodynami
•Systems •Systems •Control c
•Aerodynam
integration integrati •Systems ic •Control
•CAD on integration
•Control •Systems
•CAD •CAD integration
•Systems
integration •CAD
•CAD

Graph 2. Flow diagram of tasks

Definition of the steps:

• Sizing: Once it has been completed and carefully reviewed and selected a mission specification, the main design drivers of the project, basic
requirements, type of configuration etc.
• It’s going to be defined the preliminary aircraft sizing using Roskam’s method which is based on baselines of similar aircraft and its design tendency
line.
• Wings: In this part of the process is going to be defined the most suitable type of wing planform and the aircraft systems integration with the control and
structure. Moreover, includes preliminary drawings of the wings.
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• Fuselage: By now it has been completed the wing aerodynamic and structural analysis, as well as the way they are integrated into the aircraft. This
section is designed to perform such analyzes on the fuselage and its integration with the wings.
• Empennage: Following the guidelines of the previous 2 steps for the tail section.
• Engine: Once the aircraft configuration and flight behavior are known, the engine type is selected and it’s initially drawn by computer-aids.
• Landing Gear: Confers all the aerodynamic and structural requirements and design features of the landing gear.
• Drag: For this moment, the behavior of the aircraft and the way in which each of its systems is related has been defined and well known. The Followings
are improvements in aerodynamic and design characteristics.
• W & B: Real estimation of center of gravity under different flight conditions.
• Performance: Continuous improvement of each of the previous steps.

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 VII. Project Design drivers

This section deals with topics related to aircraft design guidelines. These guidelines were studied by Design Craft's
team of engineers with the aid of pilots who from their experience recommended ways to improve the reliability,
form of flight and the typical inconvenience found on basic training aircraft.

For these improvements, it has been evaluated initially according to their economic and manufacturing feasibility
and that they present attractive changes to the client for the subsequent selection of the aircraft over other training
aircraft.

Then some ideas of what is expected to be in this aircraft, are given by which we will touch points such as versatility
and reduction of size, safety in flight, autonomy, consumption and helps in case of emergency. See the General ideas
that you have for this aircraft.

General Ideas:

• Elliptical lifting distribution in the aircraft so in this way the gliding time could increase in case of
emergency and improving the fuel consumption.

• Low wing and dihedral (2-3°) configuration to reach high and low velocities for better turn and yaw
maneuvers. Its union to the cantilevered fuselage to guarantee aerodynamic cleanliness and ease of
maintenance by being wing low

• Use variable pitch propellers to improve performance with short pitch for take-off and landing, and further
advance in cruise with long pitch.

• The aircraft should be made with a combination of composites and light metals for the structure.

Considering what has been said before and based on that ideas, the main objective is to make easy the pilot training
due to the maneuverability, low cost, high technology and finally the reliability. These will allow reaching the trends
of all the training schools.

Additionally, the aircraft is not only for training also could be used for general aviation like surveillance and also it
has the capacity to landing in a short track.

Based on the before ideas the main characteristics of the aircraft and the basic design guide lines will be.

LOW WIEGHT AND STRUCTURAL RESISTENCE

Due to the materials that the design team thought before, it is expected to have a light weight in the aircraft. It will
also have to withstand high decelerations due to the high lift generated since the characteristics of a STOL aircraft
will be considered.

MANOEUVRABILITY
It is expected that the aircraft could be used in general aviation so in this way it has to endure a hard landing or a
short landing in a bad terrain in an emergency case without any incident or accident while develop the landing.
As the aircraft is been designed as a training aircraft and it’s able to venture other fields of aviation must be stable
enough that inexperienced pilots can control it correctly.

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VERSATILITY AND SAFETY
As previously mentioned, it has initially been thought of including features characteristic of STOL’s aircraft to the
original design to increase landings easiness in any environment. This increases the safety of the flight and the
integrity of the vehicle because it is designed to land on almost any terrain either by training or by emergency
process.
As a consequence of this, the aircraft has the characteristics of flying in almost every environment that does not
sacrifice its performance characteristics.

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Arsenault, R. (September de 2014). Trends in aviation flight training. Recuperado el 06 de August de 2017, de
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