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How a car works

www.howacarworks.com
Contents
Basics
8 How the braking system works 21 How variable-jet carburettors work
10 How the charging system works 22 How the fuel system works - fixed-jet carburettors
11 How the starting system works 23 How the ignition system works
12 How an engine cooling system works 24 How engine timing works
13 How car heating and ventilation systems work 25 How the steering system works
14 The engine 26 How car suspension works
15 The engine - how power is created 27 How car springs and dampers work
16 The engine - how the valves open and close 28 How the transmission works
17 The engine - how it drives its ancillary parts 29 How a car clutch works
18 How car electrical systems work 30 How manual gearboxes work
20 How a fuel pump works 31 How automatic gearboxes work

Bodywork
50 Lubricating hinges, pedals and locks 60 Smoothing out a dent
51 How to clean a car interior 61 Patching rust holes
52 Cleaning the outside and checking for rust 62 Painting
53 Replacing and adjusting windscreen wipers 64 Applying underbody sealant
54 Checking windscreen wipers and washers 65 Adjusting catches and hinges
55 Cleaning and checking the underside 66 Renewing hinge pins and hinges
56 Removing a door trim panel 67 How to replace an exhaust
57 Adjusting and replacing window-winding mechanisms 68 How to fit a new exhaust
58 Drilling holes in car bodywork 69 Fitting a new windscreen-washer motor
59 Eliminating rust before painting
Brakes
70 Looking for leaks in the brake system 81 Bleeding the brakes
71 Adjusting the brakes 83 Replacing a drum-brake wheel cylinder
73 Adjusting the handbrake 85 Checking and renewing brake cables
75 Renewing disc-brake pads 86 Replacing a master cylinder and servo unit
78 Renewing drum-brake shoes

Electrical systems
88 Checking the batteries 96 Cleaning and replacing a control box
89 Checking battery leads and connections 97 How to fix a dynamo
90 Using a car battery charger 98 Replacing dynamo brushes
91 Checking, adjusting and refitting drive belts 99 Removing and refitting a dynamo pulley
93 How to test a car battery 100 Renewing alternator brushes
94 Testing an alternator and checking output 103 Fitting a new voltage regulator
95 Testing a dynamo and checking output

Cooling systems
104 Checking hoses and the radiator cap 109 Draining and refilling a fully sealed cooling system
105 Checking for coolant leaks 110 How to replace a car thermostat
106 Checking and topping up car antifreeze coolant 111 Replacing a water pump
107 Checking heater and ventilator output 112 How to remove a car radiator
108 How to flush an engine radiator 113 Replacing core plugs
Accessories
114 Checking and replacing fuses 125 How to check a relay switch
116 Checking headlamps and lights 126 Servicing the windscreen-wiper mechanism
118 Aligning the headlamps 127 Fixing a windscreen wiper motor
119 Fitting new lamps or sealed units 128 Working on the wiring system
120 Testing and replacing a flasher unit 130 Fitting a new speedometer cable
121 Car horn not working? 131 How to fix a car fan
122 Checking the instruments 132 Identifying and suppressing radio interference
124 How to test electrical circuits

Engine
134 How to drain engine oil and remove filter 147 Removing and refitting the cylinder head
135 Changing an oil filter 149 How to remove an overhead camshaft
136 Checking for oil leaks 151 Removing and grinding valves
138 Checking the emission valve and breather 153 Adjusting a camshaft timing belt
139 Checking and adjusting valves 155 Cylinder compression test
142 Replacing gaskets and oil seals 156 Checking the oil pump
145 Engine mount replacement 157 Engine oil pump replacement
146 Exhaust manifold gasket replacement 158 Air filter change
Fuel systems
159 Checking fuel pipes 169 Removing a carburettor for cleaning
161 Preparing for carburettor adjustment 170 Checking and cleaning an SU carburettor
162 Adjusting an SU carburettor 172 How to overhaul a Stromberg carburettor
163 Adjusting a Stromberg carburettor 174 Checking and cleaning a fixed-jet carburettor
165 Adjusting a fixed-jet carburettor 176 Checking and cleaning a GM Varajet carburettor
166 Adjusting an emission-control carburettor 178 Checking a Ford VV carburettor
167 Cleaning fuel-pump filters 180 Checking and replacing a fuel sender unit
168 Checking a mechanical fuel pump 181 Overhauling a mechanical fuel pump

Ignition System
182 Inspecting the ignition system 194 Adjusting the static timing
183 Cleaning and fitting spark plugs 195 Stroboscopic timing
184 Fitting new high-tension leads 196 Checking the starter circuit
185 Fitting and adjusting contact-breaker points 198 Checking and replacing the starter motor
188 Checking the dwell angle 199 Replacing the Bendix gear
189 Fitting a condenser 200 Stripping the starter motor
190 Checking the high 201 Replacing starter or dynamo bearings
191 Checking the low-tension circuit 202 Checking and replacing starter-motor brushes
192 Removing and refitting the distributor
Steering
204 Checking steering-box mountings 212 Adjusting and replacing a power-steering drive belt
205 Checking steering-rack security 213 Adjusting toe alignment on wheels
206 Lubricating steering swivel joints 215 Replacing steering-rack gaiters
207 How to lubricate the steering system 217 Replacing track-rod-end ball joints
208 Checking steering swivel pins 219 Replacing other types of track rod
209 Checking steering joints for wear 220 Refitting track rods and ball joints
210 Checking the steering box 221 Checking power-assisted steering
211 Checking rack and pinion steering

Suspension
222 Checking suspension joints and pivots 231 Fitting new dampers
224 Checking damper units 234 Replacing lever-arm dampers
226 Checking engine dampers 235 Renewing MacPherson-strut inserts
227 Cleaning and checking leaf springs 237 Coil springs replacement
229 How to replace anti-roll-bar bushes

Transmission
238 Checking the gearbox oil level, draining and refilling 248 Bleeding the clutch
240 Checking the rear axle for leaks and changing the oil 249 Checking the half shafts
241 How to check and change automatic transmission fluid 250 Checking and removing a clutch master cylinder
242 Checking the clutch cable 251 Fitting new clutch seals and removing a slave cylinder
243 How to check U-Joints 252 Replacing transmission oil seals
244 Adjusting the clutch
Wheels and Tyres
254 Checking for wheel and tyre damage 258 Adjusting wheel bearings
255 Avoiding tyre wear 259 Removing wheel bearings
256 Avoiding tyre and wheel damage 260 Lubricating and reassembling wheel bearings
257 Checking, removing and refitting road wheels 261 Replacing wheel bearings on driven wheels

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