Q 1 .

The capacity of steel production, amount of imported steel, amount of

exported steel and domestic demand of steel in the following three counties:
People's Republic of China, Japan and The United States of America.

Steel Production
The below units are in regards to Country-wise Steel Production (in Million Metric Tonnes)

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2008 91.9
2009 577.1 87.5 59.4 -35%
2010 638.7 10.67% 109.6 20.16% 80.5 -35.50%
2011 702 9.90% 107.6 -1.82% 86.4 7.32%
2012 731 4.13% 107.2 0% 88.7 2.66%

Steel Production
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-100
Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2012 731 107.2 88.7
2013 822 12.44% 110.6 3.17% 86.9 -2.02%
2014 822.8 0% 110.7 0% 88.2 1.40%
2015 798.8 -2.90% 105.2 -4.96% 78.8 -10.65%
2016 808.4 1.25% 104.8 0% 78.5 -0.30%
2017 831.7 2.80% 104.7 -0.10% 82 4.45%
 Steel Production
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-5

Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Steel Import
The below units are in regards to Country-wise Steel Import (in Million Metric Tonnes)

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2008 91.9
2009 22.2 3.4 14.8
2010 17 -21.20% 4.2 23.50% 21.8 47.29%
2011 16.1 -5.30% 5.4 28.57% 26 19.26%
2012 14 -13.04% 5.6 3.70% 30.5 17.30%

Steel Import
100

80

60

40

20

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-20
Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

 2012 14 5.6 30.5
2013 14.6 4.28% 5.3 -5.30% 29.2 -3.10%
2014 14.7 0% 6.5 18% 40.3 38%
2015 13 -11.56% 5.7 -12.30% 35.4 -12.15%
2016 13.4 3.07% 5.8 0.00% 30 -15.25%

Steel Import
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-5

Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Steel Export
The below units are in regards to Country-wise Steel Export (in Million Metric Tonnes)

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2008
2009 23 33.2 9.1
2010 40.5 76% 42.6 28% 11.6 27%
2011 46.5 16.00% 40.5 -469.00% 12.8 10.34%
2012 53.3 12.75% 41.3 2.00% 13.2 3.13%
 Steel Export
60

50

40

30

20

10

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-10
Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2012 53.3 41.3 13.2
2013 60.1 12.75% 42.4 2.66% 12.1 -8.33%
2014 91.3 52% 41.2 -3% 11.5 -5%
2015 110 20.48% 40.7 -1.20% 9.6 -16.25%
2016 106.6 -3.00% 40.4 0.00% 8.9 -7.29%

Steel Export
120

100

80

60

40

20

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-20
Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Domestic Demand for Steel

The below units are in regards to Country-wise Steel Domestic Demand (in Million Metric Tonnes)
Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change
2008
2009 576.3 57.2 65.1
2010 615.2 7% 71.3 25% 90.7 39%
2011 671.6 9.16% 72.5 1.68% 99.6 9.81%
2012 691.7 3.00% 71.5 1.30% 106 6.43%

Domestic Demand
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2012 691.7 71.5 106
2013 776.5 12.25% 73.5 2.80% 104 -1.88%
2014 746.2 -3.90% 76 3.40% 117 12.50%
2015 701.8 -5.95% 70.2 -7.63% 104.6 -10.60%
2016 715.2 1.90% 70.2 0.00% 99.7 -4.68%
 Domestic Demand
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-100

Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

SOURCES

https://www.statista.com/topics/1149/steel-industry/

http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/Steel/Production

Q 2 . The capacity of aluminum production, amount of imported aluminum,

amount of exported aluminum and domestic demand of aluminum in the following
three counties: People's Republic of China, Japan and The United States of
America.

Aluminium Production
The below units are in regards to Country-wise Aluminium Production (in Metric Tonnes)

http://www.world-aluminium.org/statistics/

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2008 13105 3923 8443
2009 12964 -1.10% 4400 10.80% 7267 16.20%
2010 16131 19.60% 2500 -76.00% 6994 -3.90%
2011 20072 19.60% 2533 1.30% 7154 2.20%
 2012 23534 14.70% 2535 0.10% 6903 -3.60%

Aluminium Production
25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
-5000
Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2012 23534 2535 6903
2013 26534 11.30% 2439 -3.90% 6824 -1.20%
2014 28317 6.30% 2429 -0.40% 6128 -11.40%
2015 31518 10.20% 3001 19.10% 5794 -5.80%
2016 31641 0.40% 3442 12.80% 5388 -7.50%

Aluminium Production
35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-5000
Chi na % Cha nge Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change
Q 3 . What is the size of car manufacturing industry, shipbuilding industry, crude steel
market, steel scrap market, Hot rolled coil and cold rolled coil steel market of the
following three countries :People's Republic of China, Japan and The United States of
America.

Car Manufacturing Industry

The below units are in regards to Annual Car Sales (in Millions) in a Country

(http://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/2017-statistics)

(https://mmta.co.uk/2017/06/22/chinese-automotive-market-much-just-large)

(https://countryeconomy.com/business/car-registrations)

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2008 9.29 11.57 8.67
2009 13.79 48.30% 7.93 -31.50% 5.7 -34.30%
2010 18.26 32.40% 9.62 21.40% 7.74 35.60%
2011 18.41 0.80% 8.39 -12.80% 8.66 11.90%
2012 19.27 4.60% 9.94 18.40% 10.3 19.30%
2013 22.11 14.80% 9.63 -3.10% 11.06 7.10%
2014 23.73 7.30% 9.77 1.50% 11.66 5.40%
2015 24.5 3.30% 9.27 -5.10% 12.1 3.80%
2016 28.18 14.50% 9.2 -0.80% 12.19 0.80%
2017 29.01 3.19% 9.69 5.31% 11.18 -8.13%
 Car Manufacturing Industry
35

30

25

20

15

10

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-5
Chi na % Change Ja pan % Cha nge USA % Change

Crude Steel Market

The below units are in regards to Annual Crude Steel Production (in Million Metric Tons) in a Country

(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production)

Year China % Change Japan % Change USA % Change

2008 500.3 118.7 91.4
2009 573.6 12.78% 87.5 -35.66% 58.2 -57.04%
2010 626.7 8.47% 109.6 20.16% 80.6 27.79%
2011 683.3 8.28% 107.6 -1.86% 86.2 6.50%
2012 724.7 5.71% 107.2 -0.37% 88.6 2.71%
2013 779 6.97% 110.6 3.07% 87 -1.84%
2014 822.7 5.31% 110.7 0.09% 88.2 1.36%
2015 803.8 -2.35% 105.2 -5.23% 78.9 -11.79%
2016 786.9 -2.15% 104.8 -0.38% 78.5 -0.51%
2017 831.7 5.39% 104.7 -0.10% 81.6 3.80%
 Crude Steel Market
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-100

Chi na % Change Ja pan % Change USA % Cha nge

Hot Rolled Steel Market

Market of Hot Rolled Steel (in thousand metric tonnes)

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
56607 69340 88519 107747 112557 111242
China (A) 4 613795 5 802014 5 950651 7 4 4 1138010
46865 57883 71767
China (B) 1 501196 6 791836 0 768026 859521 872636 849483 861000
10820
Japan 3 106082 76686 97765 95666 94807 96965 97882 93020 92636
USA 96551 89354 56396 75699 83339 87043 86567 89130 78514 78514

Count 200
ry 7 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-
China 8.430 12.970 15.663 10.371 7.3945 13.340 4.4638 1.168 2.3000
(A) - 17 13 14 51 29 96 54 29 22
- -
China 6.944 15.490 36.797 9.3663 7.0165 11.913 1.5258 2.653 1.3557
(B) - 4 95 99 3 95 01 5 23 66
- - - - - -
1.960 27.710 27.487 2.1469 0.8979 2.2762 0.9457 4.967 0.4128
Japan - 2 6 42 9 2 03 02 21 1
- - - -
7.454 36.884 34.227 10.092 4.4444 0.5468 2.9607 11.91
USA - 09 8 6 6 98 6 13 07 0
 Hot Rolled Coil Steel
1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Chi na A Chi na B Ja pan USA

50

40

30

20

10

0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
Chi na A Chi na B Japa n USA

Import of Steel Scrap

Percentage Change in Import of Steel Scrap (in thousand metric tons)

Country 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1369
China 3395 3590 2 5848 6767 4974 4465 2564 2328 2162
Japan 397 699 194 491 580 225 234 370 149 176
USA 3692 3570 2986 3773 4003 3711 3882 4215 3513 3864
Count 200
ry 7 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
- - - - - -
5.7437 281.39 57.288 15.714 26.496 10.233 42.575 9.2043 7.1305
China - 41 28 9 77 2 2 6 7 8
- - -
76.070 72.246 153.09 18.126 61.206 58.119 59.729 18.120
Japan - 53 1 28 27 9 4 66 7 81
- - - -
3.3044 16.358 26.356 6.0959 7.2945 4.6079 8.5780 16.654 9.9914
USA - 4 5 33 45 3 22 53 8 6

Import of Steel Scrap

16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Chi na Japa n USA

Percentage Change
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
-50
-100
Chi na Japa n USA
Q 4. The amount of manganese available in the global reserves. Percentage of
manganese required to make a ton of steel. Maximum amount of steel that can be
produced from the existi ng level of resources.

The amount of manganese available in global reserves is shown below:-

The percentage of manganese required to make a ton of steel depends upon the type of steel made as
shown below:

 Plain carbon steels – The usual Mn content in the plain carbon steels ranges from 0.05 % to 1.65
%. Hence, 0.5 Kg to 16.50 Kg manganese is required to produce 1 ton of plain carbon steel.
(Assumption- No wastage and reuse of material takes place in production process)
 Alloy steels – In alloy steels, HSLA steels, and tool steels, the Mn content is in the range of 0.05
% to 2.1 %. Hence, 0.5 Kg to 21 Kg manganese is required to produce 1 ton of Alloy steel.
(Assumption- No wastage and reuse of material takes place in production process)
 Austenitic manganese steels – These steels are also known as Hadfield steels and contain 10 %
to 15 % of Mn. Hence, 100 Kg to 150 Kg manganese is required to produce 1 ton of austenitic
manganese steel. (Assumption- No wastage and reuse of material takes place in production
process)
 Stainless steels – Mn content in stainless steels can vary from 0 % to 19 %. Mn is used as a
substitute for nickel (Ni) in some grades under 200 series of austenitic stainless steels. Hence, 0
 Kg to 190 Kg manganese is required to produce 1 ton of stainless steel. (Assumption- No wastage
and reuse of material takes place in production process)

The most important manganese ores are the oxides pyrolusite, romanechite, manganite, and
hausmannite and the carbonate ore rhodochrosite. Rhodonite and braunite, both silicate ores, are
frequently found with the oxides. Only ores containing greater than 35 percent manganese are
considered commercially exploitable.

Pure manganese is produced by hydrometallurgical and electrolytic processes, while ferromanganese

and silicomanganese are produced by the smelting of ores in a blast furnace or, more commonly, in
an electric furnace.
Now according to last available data of 2016(as shown above), and considering the following conditions:
 Approx. 50% of manganese can be extracted from total global reserves.
 Three types of manganese and its alloys namely pure manganese, ferromanganese and
silicomanganese can be extracted using different extraction process.
The following table shows the maximum mount steel that can be produced in different conditions:
SOURCES

https://www.statista.com/statistics/247609/world-manganese-reserves/

http://ispatguru.com/manganese-in-steels/

https://www.britannica.com/technology/manganese-processing