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PRINCIPAL
DECLARATION
Place:-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
~ Pratik Sarkar
OBJECTIVES
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used
in digital electronics to change one voltage level into another according
to some logic statement relating to them.
A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only one
output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output
voltages are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the inputs and
outputs that are possible for the logic gates.
The AND Gate: -
It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The AND
gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND. The Boolean expression:
A.B=Y
or
A x B=Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B.
BASIC ELEMENTS USED
BREADBOARD:-A breadboard is a reusable base board used to
prototype and experiment with electronic circuits without soldering any
components. Sections A and D are typically known as the power rails. In
a larger breardboard there may be multiple, disconnected power rails.
Breadboards make it convenient to connect components and build
circuits.
Components:
Two p-n junction diode (D1 and D2), a resistance R, a battery, LED,
logics, switch.
The AND gate s a basic digital logic gate that implements logical
conjunction- it behaves according to the truth table given below. A
HIGH output results only if both the inputs to the AND gate s HIGH. If
neither or only one input to the AND gate is HIGH, a low output results.
In another sense, the function of AND effectively finds the minimum
between two binary digits, just as the OR function finds the maximum
between two binary digits. Therefore, the output is always 0, except
when all the inputs are 1. between two binary digits. Therefore, the
output is always 0, pt when all the inputs are 1.
The following conclusion can be easily drawn from the working of this
circuit:
(i)If the switch A and B are kept open (A=0,B=0), then bulb does
not glow., hence Y=0.
(ii)If switch A is kept closed and B is kept open (A=1, B=0), then bulb
does not glow, hence Y=0.
(iii)If switch A is kept open and B is kept closed (A=0, B=1), then bulb
does not glow, hence Y=0.
(iv)If both switch A and B are kept closed (A=1, B=1), then bulb glows,
hence Y=1.
TRUTH TABLE
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
An AND gate requires two or more inputs and produce only one output.
The AND gate produces an output of logic 1 state when each of the
inputs are at logic 1 state and also produces an output of logic 0 state
even if any of its inputs are at logic 0 state. The symbol for AND
operation is ‘.’, or we use no symbol for representing. If the inputs are
of X and Y, then the output can be expressed as Z=XY. The AND gate
is so named because, if 0 is called “false” and 1 is called “true,” the gate
performs in the same way as the logical “and” operator. The AND gate
is also named as all or nothing gate. The logic symbols and truth tables
of two-input and three-input AND gates are given below.
1. AND gate s used to obtain the product of two digits. It is used for
various combinational and sequential circuits.
2. AND gates are used to combine multiple signals, if all the signals
are TRUE then the output will also be TRUE. F any f the signals
are FALSE, then the output will be FALSE.
3. ANDs aren’t as much as NAND gates; NAND gates use less
components and have the advantage that they can be used as an
inverter.
4. And is a logical function of two or more implication. To make a
statement to be true all inputs must be true otherwise the output s
FALSE.
5. While the application are extensively used in computer. This
function was used long before computer as a logic discussion or
statement.
APPLICATION OF AND GATE
There are mainly two applications of AND gate as Enable gate and
Inhibit gate. Enable gate means allowance of data through a channel
and Inhibit gate is just the reverse of that process i.e. disallowance of
data through a channel. We are going to show an enabling operation
to understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the measurement of
frequency of a pulsed waveform. For measurement of frequency a
gating pulse of known frequency is sent to enable the passage of the
waveform whose frequency is to be measured. The diagram below
shows the arrangement of the above explained operation.
RESULT
In this experiment the result is that when the input in the logics are
FALSE and if any one of is FALSE also FALSE the output of all the
resultant circuit is FALSE, but if both the inputs are TRUE then the
output s also TRUE that is the LED glows. If among the two input if
any one is FALSE the LED does not glows. Thus we can conclude that
the output is the resultant is the product of both the inputs.
Conclusion
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
This project would not be possible without the help and guidance of my
respected physics teacher and friends.
Even my family had also helped me with many information.
The books such as the:
NCERT Physics book
H.C. Varma
S.L. Arora
Many other information from various websites as.