Introduction to Engineering

Doc. Ing. Vladimír Krepl, CSc.

Machining Flowchart
Classification of materials
MATERIALS

Metals Non-metals

Ferrous Non-ferrous Organic Inorganic

Alluninium
Grey cast iron Wood Minerals
Copper
Malleable iron Paper Cement
Magnesium
Steel Rubber Ceramics
Nickel
White cast iron Leather Glass
Lead
Wrough iron Petroleum products Graphite
Titanium
Classification of materials
Metals
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Characteristics: opacity, metallic lustre, malleability
Pure metals
called elements (iron or copper)
in the pure state very few practical uses
Metal alloys
Combinations of two or more metals or metals and
non-metals
Tin + copper, iron + carbon
Engineering materials
Metals
(alloying elements, processing techniques, refractory metals,
techniques, superelastic /superplastic metals, metallic glass,
shape memory alloys, etc.)
Ceramics
(glass, metal oxides, metal carbides, metal nitrides, etc.)
Polymers
(thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, copolymers, plastics
alloy, polyblend)
Composites
(laminated, braided, pultruded /fiberglass/, nanocompsoites)
Engineering materials
Plastics alloy
two or more different polymers that are physically
mixed during a melting process.
should not be considered as copolymer.
/copolymer chemically synthesized/

Polyblend
polymer that has been modified by adding an
elastomer to it.
No primary bonds are developed between two
dissimilar polymer chains.
Factors Affecting Material Performance

Structure-property-processing relationships
Hot work X cold work,
Solid solution strengthening
Precipitation hardening (age hardening)
Inclusions
Imperfections (e.g. number of dislocations)
Crystal structures: Crystalline X amorphous
Toughening
Heat treatment (annealing , normalizing, quenching /temper/)
žíhání

Residual stresses
Mechanical properties of metals
1. Strength (pevnost, tuhost, odolnost)

2. Hardness (tvrdost)

3. Toughness (houževnatost /pevnost/)

4. Elasticity (pružnost/ elasticita)

5. Plasticity (plasticita)

6. Brittleness (křehkost, lámavost, ostrost)

7. Ductility and malleability (kujnost a tvárnost /zpracovatelnost)

Mechanical properties of metals
1. Strength
Ability to resist the
application of force
without rupture
Types of load:
Compression
Tension
Torsion
Shear
Bending
Mechanical properties of metals
2. Hardness
property of a material to resist permanent
indentation by harder bodies
3. Toughness
property that enables a material to withstand shock
and to be deformed without rupturing
combination of strength and plasticity
= the amount of energy a material can absorb
before it fractures
4. Elasticity
the ability to return to the original shape after
removing of deformation load
Mechanical properties of metals
5. Plasticity
ability of a material to deform permanently without
breaking or rupturing
6. Brittleness
the property of breaking without being plastically
deformed
opposite of the property of plasticity
7. Ductility and Malleability
ductility is the property that enables a material to
stretch, bend, or twist without cracking or breaking
malleability is the property that enables a material to
deform by compressive forces without developing
defects
Mechanical properties of metals and alloys
Iron making
Iron = metal extracted from iron ore, almost never found
in the free elemental state
Most of the iron extracted is converted to steel, an alloy
of iron and carbon.
The common ores of iron are hematite [Fe2O3], limonite
[Fe2O3].xH2O, magnetite [Fe3O4] and siderite [FeCO3].
Iron from hematite is usually extracted through the
carbon reduction process.
The iron ore with carbon in the form of coke (once
charcoal) and limestone are added to a blast furnace
(temperatures of at least 1300°C, but now usually
2000°C).
The product of the blast furnace process is not pure iron,
but pig iron.
Flowchart of cast iron making